A Seminar Report Report ON
“SOLAR TREE”
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology Technology in Department of Electronics Electronics and Communication Communication Engineering Engineering
Submitted to:
Submitted By:
Mr. Ram Niwas
Vikas Vikas Yadav
Asst. Professor
10ESME0!"
Department of Electronics and communication Engineering S.M.E.C Neemrana Raast!an Te Tec!nical c!nical "ni#ersit$% &ota April '()*
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Department of Electronics Electroni cs and Communication Engineering
St. Mar#aret E$#i$eeri$# o%%e#e Neemra$a& N'()& A%war&*Ra+., A%war&*Ra+.,
CERTIFICATE
TREE” submitted by Mr. V2AS YA3AV i$ 4artia% -is is to /ertify tat te Semi$ar tit%ed SOLAR TREE”
fu%fi%%me$t of te /ourse work re5uireme$t for B.-e/. Pro#ram i$ te Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering& St. Margaret Engineering College Neemrana ave bee$ /om4%eted by
im u$der my #uida$/e a$d su4ervisio$. -is Semi$ar Re4ort as bee$ fou$d 5uite satisfa/tory.
+ead of Department
Seminar ,uide
Rakes aua$ Asst. Professor 3e4artme$t of EE S.M.E S.M.E. . Neem Neemra ra$a $a
Mr. Maya$k Sarma Asst. Professor 3e4artme$t of EE S.M. S.M.E. E. Neem Neemra ra$a $a
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AC&NO-LED,EMENT
e74res e74resss my si$/er si$/eree ta$ks ta$ks to my #uide #uide Mr. Mr. Maya$k Maya$k Sarma& Sarma& Assista Assista$t $t Profes Professor sor&& E.. E.. 3e4artm 3e4artme$t e$t&& St. Mar#ar Mar#arat at E$#i$ee E$#i$eeri$ ri$# # o%%e# o%%e#ee Neemra$ Neemra$a& a& for #uidi$ #uidi$# # me ri#t ri#t from from te i$/e4tio$ ti%% te su//essfu% /om4%etio$. si$/ere%y a/k$ow%ed#e im for e7te$di$# is va%uab%e #uida$/e& su44ort for %iterature& /riti/a% reviews of semi$ar re4ort a$d above a%% te mora% su44ort e ad 4rovided to me wit a%% sta#es of te semi$ar. 8i$a%%y& wou%d %ike to add few eartfe%t words for te 4eo4%e wo were te 4art of te semi$ar i$ various ways& es4e/ia%%y my frie$ds a$d /%assmates wo #ave me u$e$di$# su44ort ri#t from te be#i$$i$#. My fami%y as bee$ te most si#$ifi/a$t i$ my %ife so far a$d tis 4art of my %ife as $o e7/e4tio$. 9itout teir su44ort& 4ersiste$/e a$d %ove wou%d $ot be were am today.
Vikas yadav
10ESME0!"
ASTRACT Now a days wit te #rowi$# 4o4u%atio$ a$ d e$er#y dema$d we sou%d take a re$ewab%e o4tio$ of e$er#y sour/e a$d a%so we sou%d kee4 i$ mi$d tat e$er#y sou%d $ot /ause 4o%%utio$ a$d oter $atura% a;ards. $ tis /ase te so%ar e$er#y is te best o4tio$ for us. $dia is a i#%y 4o4u%ated /ou$try& so we sou%d take te adva$ta#e of su/ a$ e$er#y wi/ re5uires a very %ess s4a/e to 4rodu/e e$er#y effi/ie$t%y. $ tis /ase so%ar tree /ou%d be te best o$e for us. 9e /a$ a%so use te te/$i5ue /a%%ed SPRA<<N= P'Y<
Y? P'Y<Y? to im4rove te effi/ie$/y of te 4%a$t. t /a$ be a44%ied i$ street %i#te$i$# system& i$dustria% 4ower su44%y et/. t is mu/ better ta$ te traditio$a% so%ar PV system i$ area 4oi$t of view a$d a%so more effi/ie$t. So tis wi%% be a very #ood o4tio$ a$d sou%d be im4%eme$ted.
/NTROD"CT/ON
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t is a form of re$ewab%e e$er#y resour/e tat is some measure /om4etitive wit fossi% fue%s. 'ydro 4ower is te for/e of e$er#y of movi$# water. t 4rovides about !@ of te re$ewab%e e$er#y i$ i$ te u$ited u$ited state. 'ydro 'ydro e%e/tri/ e%e/tri/ 4ower 4ower 4%a$ts do $ot $ot use a$y resour/es resour/es
to /reate /reate
e%e/tri/ity or tey do $ot 4o%%ute te air. -e su$ is a ydrody$ami/ s4eri/a% body of e7treme%y ot io$i;ed #ases*4%asma,& #e$erati$# e$er#y by te 4ro/ess of te termo$u/%ear fusio$. -e tem4erature of i$terior of su$ is estimated at )10C@ k to "010C@ k& were e$er#y is re%eased by fusio$ of ydro#e$ a$d e%ium. So%ar e$er#y is avai%ab%e i$ abu$da$/e a$d /o$sidered as te easiest a$d /%ea$est mea$s of ta44i$# te re$ewab%e e$er#y. 8or dire/t /o$versio$ of so%ar radiatio$ i$to usab%e form& te routes are: so%ar terma%& so%ar 4otovo%tai/ a$d so%ar ar/ite/ture. 'owever te mai$ 4rob%em asso/iated wit ta44i$# so%ar e$er#y is te re5uireme$t to i$sta%% %ar#e so%ar /o%%e/tors re5uires a very bi# s4a/e. -o avoid tis 4rob%em we /a$ i$sta%% a so%ar tree i$ s4ite of a $o of so%ar 4a$e%s wi/ re5uire a very sma%% s4a/e.
-+AT /S A SOLAR TREE
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A so%ar tree is a de/orative mea$s of 4rodu/i$# so%ar e$er#y a$d a%so e%e/tri/ity. t uses mu%ti4%e $o of so%ar 4a$e%s wi/ forms te sa4e of a tree. -e 4a$e%s are arra$#ed i$ a tree fasio$ i$ a ta%% tower4o%e. TREE stands for
-F -REE =ENERA-N= RFRENE9AB
t is a te/$i5ue te/$i5ue used i$ desi#$i$# of so%ar tree . it 4rovides te way to e%4 te %ower 4a$e%s from te sadow of u44er o$es& o$ es& so tat it /a$ tra/k ma7imum 4ower from su$.
So%ar -ree
/NTROD"CT/ON /NTROD"CT/ ON AO"T SOLAR CELL
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A so%ar /e%% *4otovo%tai/ /e%% or 4otoe%e/tri/ /e%%, is a so%id state e%e/tri/a% devi/e tat /o$verts te e$er#y of %i#t dire/t%y i$to e%e/tri/ity by te 4otovo%tai/ effe/t. -e e$er#y of %i#t is tra$sm tra$smitt itted ed by 4oto$s 4oto$s(sm (sma%% a%% 4a/kets 4a/kets or 5ua$tu 5ua$tum m of %i#t. %i#t. E%e/tr E%e/tri/a% i/a% e$er#y e$er#y is store stored d i$ e%e/troma#$eti/ fie%ds& wi/ i$ tur$ /a$ make a /urre$t of e%e/tro$s f%ow. Assemb%ies of so%ar /e%%s are used to make so%ar modu%es wi/ are used to /a4ture e$er#y from su$%i#t. 9e$ mu%ti4%e modu%es are assemb%ed to#eter *su/ as 4rior to i$sta%%atio$ o$ a 4o%e( mou$ted tra/ker tra/ker system,& system,& te resu%ti$# resu%ti$# i$te#rated i$te#rated #rou4 of modu%es a%% orie$ted orie$ted i$ o$e 4%a$e is referred as a so%ar 4a$e%. -e e%e/tri/a% e$er#y #e$erated from so%ar modu%es& is a$ e7am4%e of so%ar so%ar e$er#y e$er#y.. Potovo% Potovo%tai tai// is te fie%d of te/$o% te/$o%o#y o#y a$d resear resear/ / re%ate re%ated d to te 4ra/ti 4ra/ti/a% /a% a44%i/atio$ of 4otovo%tai/ /e%%s i$ 4rodu/i$# e%e/tri/ity from %i#t& tou# it is ofte$ used s4e/if s4e/ifi/a i/a%%y %%y to refer refer to te #e$erat #e$eratio$ io$ of e%e/tr e%e/tri/i i/ity ty from from su$%i# su$%i#t. t. e%%s e%%s are des/ri des/ribed bed as 4otovo%tai/ /e%%s we$ te %i#t sour/e is $ot $e/essari%y su$%i#t. -ese are used for dete/ti$# %i#t or oter e%e/troma#$eti/ radiatio$ $ear te visib%e ra$#e& for e7am4%e i$frared dete/tors& or measureme$t of %i#t i$te$sity.
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+O- SOLAR CELL -OR&S So%ar /e%%s& wi/ %ar#e%y are made from /rysta%%i$e si%i/o$ work o$ te 4ri$/i4%e of Potoe%e/tri/ Effe/t tat tis semi/o$du/tor e7ibits. Si%i/o$ i$ its 4urest form( $tri$si/ Si%i/o$( is do4ed wit a do4a$t im4urity to yie%d E7tri$si/ Si%i/o$ of desired /ara/teristi/ *4(ty4e or $(ty4e Si%i/o$,. 9e$ 4 a$d $ ty4e si%i/o$ /ombi$e tey resu%t i$ formatio$ of 4ote$tia% barrier. 9orki$# 9orki$# of So%ar /e%%s /a$ tus be based o$ two /rysta%%i$e stru/ture • •
$tri$si/ Si%i/o$ E7tri$si/ Si%i/o$
0ure Silicon 3/ntrinsic4 Cr$stalline Structure Si%i/o$ as some s4e/ia% /emi/a% 4ro4erties& es4e/ia%%y i$ its /rysta%%i$e form. A$ atom of si%i/o$ as 1" e%e/tro$s& arra$#ed i$ tree differe$t se%%s. -e first two se%%s( wi/ o%d two a$d ei#t e%e/tro$s e%e/tro$s res4 res4e/tive% e/tive%y( y( are /om4%et /om4%ete%y e%y fu%%. -e outer se%%& owever& owever& is o$%y a%f fu%% wit +ust four e%e/tro$s *Va%e$/e e%e/tro$s,. A si%i/o$ atom wi%% a%ways %ook for ways to fi%% u4 its %ast se%%& a$d to do tis& it wi%% sare e%e/tro$s wit four $earby atoms. tHs %ike ea/ atom o%ds a$ds wit its $ei#bours& e7/e4t tat i$ tis /ase& ea/ atom as four a$ds +oi$ed to four $ei#bours. -atHs wat forms te /rysta%%i$e stru/ture. -e o$%y 4rob%em is tat 4ure /rysta%%i$e si%i/o$ is a 4oor /o$du/tor of e%e/tri/ity be/ause $o$e of its e%e/tro$s are free to move about& u$%ike te e%e/tro$s i$ more o4timum /o$du/tors %ike /o44er
)
/mpurit$ Silicon 3E5trinsic46 07t$pe and N7t$pe Semiconductors E7tri$si/ si%i/o$ i$ a so%ar /e%% as added im4urity atoms 4ur4osefu%%y mi7ed i$ wit te si%i/o$ atoms& maybe o$e for every mi%%io$ si%i/o$ atoms. Pos4orous as five e%e/tro$s i$ its outer se% se%%. %. t bo$ds bo$ds wit wit its its si%i si%i/o$ /o$ $ei#b $ei#bor or atom atomss avi$ avi$# # va%e va%e$/y $/y of "& but i$ a se$s se$se& e& te te 4os4orous as o$e e%e/tro$ tat does$Ht ave a$yo$e to bo$d wit. t does$Ht form 4art of a bo$d& but bu t tere is a 4ositive 4roto$ i$ te 4os4orous $u/%eus o%di$# it i$ 4%a/e. 4 %a/e. 9e$ e$er#y is added to 4ure si%i/o$& i$ te form of eat& it /auses a few e%e/tro$s to break free of teir bo$ds a$d %eave teir atoms. A o%e is %eft bei$d i$ ea/ /ase. -ese e%e/tro$s& /a%%ed free /arriers& te$ wa$der ra$dom%y arou$d te /rysta%%i$e %atti/e %ooki$# for a$oter o%e to fa%% i$to a$ d /arry a$ e%e/tri/a% /urre$t. $ Pos4orous(do4ed Si%i/o$& it takes a %ot %ess e$er#y to k$o/k %oose o$e of Ie7traI 4os4orous e%e/tro$s be/ause tey are$Ht tied u4 i$ a bo$d wit a$y $ei#bori$# atoms. As As a resu%t& most of tese e%e/tro$s break free& a$d re%ease a %ot more free /arriers /arriers ta$ i$ 4ure si%i/o$. -e 4ro/ess of addi$# im4urities o$ 4ur4ose is /a%%ed /a %%ed do4i$#& a$d we$ do4ed wit 4os4orous& te resu%ti$# si%i/o$ is /a%%ed N(ty4e *I$I for $e#ative, be/ause of te 4reva%e$/e of free e%e/tro$s. N(ty4e do4ed si%i/o$ is a mu/ better /o$du/tor ta$ 4ure si%i/o$. -e oter 4art of a ty4i/a% so%ar /e%% is do4ed wit te e%eme$t boro$& wi/ as o$%y tree e%e/tro$s i$ its outer se%% i$stead of four& to be/ome P(ty4e si%i/o$. $stead of avi$# free e%e/tro$s& P(ty4e *I4I for 4ositive, as free o4e$i$#s a$d /arries te o44osite 4ositive /ar#e
8ormation of 0otential arrier and 0!otoelectric Effect
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-e e%e/tri/ fie%d is formed we$ te N(ty4e a$d P(ty4e si%i/o$ /ome i$to /o$ta/t. Sudde$%y& te free e%e/tro$s o$ te N side /ombi$e te o4e$i$#s o$ te P side. Ri#t at te +u$/tio$& tey /ombi$e a$d form someti$# of a barrier& maki$# it arder a$d arder for e%e/tro$s o$ te N side to /ross over to te P side */a%%ed PJ-EN-A< BARRER,. Eve$tua%%y& e5ui%ibrium is rea/ed& a$d a$ e%e/tri/ fie%d se4arati$# te two sides is set u4. -is e%e/tri/ fie%d a/ts as a diode& a%%owi$# *a$d eve$ 4usi$#, e%e/tro$s to f%ow from te P side to te N side& but $ot te oter way arou$d. tHs %ike a i%% (( e%e/tro$s /a$ easi%y #o dow$ te i%% *to te N side,& but /a$Ht /%imb it *to te P side,.
9e$ %i#t& i$ te form of 4oto$s& its so%ar /e%%& its e$er#y breaks a4art e%e/tro$(o%e 4airs *Potoe%e/tri/ effe/t,. effe/t,. Ea/ 4oto$ wit e$ou# e$er#y wi%% $orma%%y free e7a/t%y o$e e%e/tro$& resu%ti$# i$ a free o%e as we%%. f tis a44e$s /%ose e$ou# to te e%e/tri/ fie%d& or if free e%e/tro$ a$d free o%e a44e$ to wa$der i$to its ra$#e of i$f%ue$/e& te fie%d wi%% se$d te e%e/tro$ to te N side a$d te o%e to te P side. -is /auses furter disru4tio$ of e%e/tri/a% $eutra%ity& a$d if a$ e7ter$a% /urre$t 4at is 4rovided& e%e/tro$s wi%% f%ow trou# te 4at to te P side to u$ite wit o%es tat te e%e/tri/ fie%d se$t tere& doi$# work for us a%o$# te way. -e e%e/tro$ f%ow 4rovides te /urre$t& a$d te /e%%Hs e%e/tri/ fie%d /auses a vo%ta#e.
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-e fi$a% ste4 is to i$sta%% someti$# tat wi%% 4rote/t te /e%% from te e7ter$a% e%eme$ts( ofte$ a #%ass /over 4%ate. PV modu%es are #e$era%%y made by /o$$e/ti$# severa% i$dividua% /e%%s to#eter to a/ieve usefu% %eve%s of vo%ta#e a$d /urre$t& a$d 4utti$# tem i$ a sturdy frame /om4%ete wit 4ositive a$d $e#ative termi$a%s.
Manufacturing Tec!nolog$ and process of Solar Cell STEP 1 - PURIFICATION OF SILICON:
-e basi/ /om4o$e$t of a so%ar /e%% is i$tri$si/ si%i/o$& wi/ is $ot 4ure i$ its $atura% state. -o make so%ar /e%%s& te raw materia%sKsi%i/o$ dio7ide of eiter 5uart;ite #rave% or /rused 5uart; Kare first 4%a/ed i$to a$ e%e/tri/ ar/ fur$a/e& were a /arbo$ ar/ is a44%ied to re%ease te o7y#e$. A =ra4ite a$d -erma% i$su%ator tra4 te eat a$d mai$tai$ te fur$a/e at re5uired tem4erature for #a$#ue *im4urity, to form a s%a#. -e 4rodu/ts are /arbo$ dio7ide a$d mo%te$
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si%i/o$. Si%i/o$ i$#ot is 4u%%ed dow$ from te mo%te$ si%i/o$ usi$# seed si%i/o$ /rysta%%i;atio$ a$d f%oati$# ;o$e te/$i5ue. Passi$# im4ure si%i/o$ i$ same dire/tio$ severa% times tat se4arates im4uri im4uritie ties( s( a$d im4ure im4ure e$d is %ater %ater remove removed. d. -is -is 4ro/es 4ro/esss yie%ds yie%ds si%i/o si%i/o$ $ wit wit o$e 4er/e$t 4er/e$t im4urity& usefu% i$ ma$y i$dustries but $ot te so%ar /e%% i$dustry. At tis 4oi$t& te si%i/o$ is sti%% $ot 4ure e$ou# to be used for so%or /e%%s a$d re5uires furter 4urifi/atio$. Pure si%i/o$ is derived from su/ si%i/o$ dio7ides as 5uart;ite #rave% *te 4urest si%i/a, or /rused 5uart;.
STEP 2- INGOT AND WAFER PREPARATION:
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So%ar /e%%s are made from si%i/o$ bou%es& 4o%y/rysta%%i$e stru/tures tat ave te atomi/ stru/ture of a si$#%e /rysta%. -e most /ommo$%y used 4ro/ess for /reati$# te bou%e is /a%%ed te ;o/ ;o/r ra% a%sk skii meto etod. d. $ tis tis 4ro/ 4ro/es ess& s& a seed seed /ry /rysta% sta% of si%i si%i/o /o$ $ is di44 di44ed ed i$to i$to me%t me%ted ed 4o%y/rysta%%i$e si%i/o$. As te seed /rysta% is witdraw$ a$d rotated& a /y%i$dri/a% i$#ot or Ibou%eI of si%i/o$ is formed. -e i$#ot witdraw$ is u$usua%%y 4ure& be/ause im4urities te$d to remai$ i$ te %i5uid. 8rom te bou%e& si%i/o$ wafers are s%i/ed o$e at a time usi$# a /ir/u%ar saw wose i$$er diameter /uts i$to te rod& or ma$y at o$/e wit a mu%ti wire saw. *A diamo$d saw 4rodu/es /uts tat are as wide as te waferK. D mi%%imeter ti/k., J$%y about o$e(a%f of te si%i/o$ is %ost from te bou%e to te fi$ised /ir/u%ar waferKmore if te wafer is te$ /ut to be re/ta$#u%ar or e7a#o$a%. Re/ta$#u%ar or e7a#o$a% wafers are sometimes used i$ so%ar /e%%s be/ause tey /a$ be fitted to#eter 4erfe/t%y& tereby tereb y uti%i;i$# a%% avai%ab%e s4a/e o$ te fro$t surfa/e of te so%ar /e%%. -e wafers are te$ 4o%ised to remove saw marks. STEP 3 - DOPING:
-e traditio$a% way of do4i$# si%i/o$ wafers wit boro$ a$d 4os4orous is to i$trodu/e a sma%% amou$t of boro$ duri$# te ;o/ra%ski 4ro/ess. -e wafers are te$ sea%ed ba/k to ba/k a$d 4%a/ed i$ a fur$a/e to be eated to s%i#t%y be%ow te me%ti$# 4oi$t of si%i/o$ *6&DG0 de#rees 8are$eit or 1&"10 de#rees e%sius, i$ te 4rese$/e of 4os4orous #as. -e 4os4orous atoms IburrowI i$to te si%i/o$& wi/ is more 4orous be/ause it is /%ose to be/omi$# a %i5uid. -e tem4erature a$d time #ive$ to te 4ro/ess is /arefu%%y /o$tro%%ed to e$sure a u$iform +u$/tio$ of 4ro4er de4t. -ese diffusio$ 4ro/esses are usua%%y 4erformed trou# te use of a bat/ tube fur$a/e or a$ i$(%i$e /o$ti$uous fur$a/e. -e basi/ fur$a/e /o$stru/tio$ a$d 4ro/ess are very simi%ar to te 4ro/ess ste4s used by 4a/ka#i$# e$#i$eers. STEP 4 - SCREEN PRINTING:
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E%e/tri/a% /o$ta/ts are formed trou# s5uee;i$# a meta% 4aste trou# mes s/ree$s to /reate a meta% #rid. -is meta% 4aste *usua%%y A# or A%, $eeds to be dried so tat subse5ue$t %ayers /a$ be s/ree$(4ri$ s/ree$(4ri$ted ted usi$# te same metod. As a %ast ste4& te wafer is eated i$ a /o$ti$uous firi$# fur$a/e at tem4eratures ra$#i$# from G)0 to !00L. -ese #rid( 4atter$ meta% s/ree$s a/t as /o%%e/tor e%e/trodes tat /arry e%e/tro$s a$d /om4%ete te e%e/tri/a% /o$ti$uity i$ te /ir/uit. STEP 5 - STRINGING AND TABBING:
E%e/tri/a% /o$ta/ts /o$$e/t ea/ so%ar /e%% to a$oter a$d to te re/eiver of 4rodu/ed /urre$t. -e /o$ta/ts must be very ti$ *at %east i$ te fro$t, so as $ot to b%o/k su$%i#t to te /e%%. Meta%s su/ as 4a%%adiumsi%ver& $i/ke%& or /o44er are va/uum(eva4orated After te /o$ta/ts are i$ 4%a/e& ti$ stri4s *Ifi$#ersI, are 4%a/ed betwee$ /e%%s. -e most /ommo$%y used stri4s are ti$(/oated /o44er.
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STE0 9 7 ANT/RE8LECT/:E COAT/N,6
Be/ause 4ure si%i/o$ is si$y& it /a$ ref%e/t u4 to D 4er/e$t of te su$%i#t. -o redu/e te amou$t of su$%i#t %ost& a$ a$ti(ref%e/tive /oati$# is 4ut o$ te si%i/o$ wafer( most%y tita$ium dio7ide& si%i/o$ o7ide a$d some oters are used. -e materia% used for /oati$# is eiter eated u$ti% its mo%e/u%es boi% off a$d trave% to te si%i/o$ a$d /o$de$se& or te materia% u$der#oes s4utteri$#. $ tis 4ro/ess& a i# vo%ta#e k$o/ks mo%e/u%es off te materia% a$d de4osits tem o$to te si%i/o$ at te o44osite e%e/trode. Yet Yet a$oter metod is to a%%ow te si%i/o$ itse%f to rea/t wit o7y#e$( or $itro#e $itro#e$(/ $(/o$t o$tai$ ai$i$# i$# #ases #ases to form form si%i/o si%i/o$ $ dio7ide dio7ide or si%i/ si%i/o$ o$ $itrid $itride. e. ommer ommer/ia /ia%% so%ar so%ar /e%% /e%% ma$ufa/turers use si%i/o$ $itride. A$oter metod to make si%i/o$ absorb more %i#t is to make its to4 surfa/e #rai$ed& i.e. 4yramid sa4ed $a$ostru/tures tat yie%d G0 absor4tio$ tat rea/es te /e%% surfa/e after 4assi$# trou# a$ti(ref%e/tive /oati$#.
STEP 7 - MODULE MANUFACTURING MANUFACTURING
-e fi$ised so%ar /e%%s are te$ e$/a4su%ated tat is& sea%ed i$to si%i/o$ rubber or ety%e$e vi$y% a/etate. So%ar modu%e assemb%y usua%%y i$vo%ves so%deri$# /e%%s to#eter to 4rodu/e a @(/e%%
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stri$# *or %o$#er, a$d %ami$ati$# it betwee$ tou#e$ed #%ass o$ te to4 a$d a 4o%ymeri/ ba/ki$# seet o$ te bottom. -e e$/a4su%ated so%ar /e%%s are te$ 4%a/ed i$to a$ a%umi$um frame tat as a My%ar or ted%ar ba/k seet a$d a #%ass or 4%asti/ /over. 8rames are usua%%y a44%ied to a%%ow for mou$ti$# i$ te fie%d& or te %ami$ates may be se4arate%y i$te#rated i$to a mou$ti$# system for a s4e/ifi/ a44%i/atio$ su/ as i$te#ratio$ i$to a bui%di$#.
Ad#antages of Solar 0anels Private Private ome ow$ers ow$ers are dis/overi$# dis/overi$# te be$efits to our e$viro$me$t e$viro$me$t a$d a way to %ive a44i%y off te #rid or are /o$sideri$# i$sta%%i$# a #rid(tied so%ar 4ower system to offset teir e%e/tri/ bi%% or due to a be%ief b e%ief i$ redu/i$# teir /arbo$ emissio$s. -ese are #reat reaso$s to I#o so%arI... •
Ecologicall$ 8riendl$ ( 8or obvious reaso$s& reaso$s& te use of so%ar 4a$e%s is E/o(frie$d%y E/o(frie$d%y a$d
/o$sidered o$e of te most I#ree$I e%e/tri/ity resour/es. Be/ause be/ause tey o4erate by i$tera/ti$# wit a re$ewab%e e$er#y sour/e& su$%i#t& tere is $o fear of de4%eti$# yet a$oter $atura% resour/e. •
Decreased Decreased Electrical Electrical ill ( By swit/i$# to so%ar e$er#y& you wi%% save mo$ey o$ your
e%e/tri/a% bi%%s every mo$t. Eve$ if e%e/tri/ity bi%%s /o$ti$ue raisi$# i$ te $e7t few mo$ts you wi%% ave te 4ea/e of mi$d k$owi$# tat your e$er#y sour/e is based o$ so%ar 4ower. •
Lo; Maintenance ( So%ar 4a$e%s ave $o moveab%e 4arts a$d are very sim4%e to use.
After bei$# set u4 4ro4er%y& tey do $ot $eed to be ti$kered wit a$d wi%% /o$ti$ui$# worki$# for ma$y years. $ fa/t& ma$y ma$ufa/turers ave 6D year warra$ties o$ teir 4a$e%s.
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•
Efficienc$ ( No matter were you %ive& te /a$/es are tat you /a$ su//essfu%%y use so%ar
4a$e%s for you e%e/tri/a% $eeds. -ey are ru##ed a$d are very ada4tab%e to /%imate /o$ditio$s /o$ditio$s a$d te %atest 4a$e% mode%s mode%s are effi/ie$t effi/ie$t e$ou# to work we%% witout fa/i$# dire/t%y sout a$d some wi%% eve$ 4rodu/e e%e/tri/ity u$der /%oud /over. Re#ard%ess of wo you are or wat ty4e of ome you ave& so%ar 4ower is o$e of te best ways to 4rovide you a$d your fami%y wit e%e/tri/ity witout /ausi$# more dama#e to our 4%a$et. -ere are ma$y ways to take adva$ta#e of te savi$#s #ai$ed from so%ar 4a$e% systems. Not o$%y does it e%4 you save by /utti$# your e$er#y re5uireme$t from te uti%ity /om4a$y& it may a%so a%%ow you to %o/k i$ a %ower so%ar 4ower rate. By usi$# te e%e/tri/ity 4rodu/ed by your u$it duri$# te day& *we$ rates are at teir i#est,& a$d usi$# te uti%ity /om4a$yHs 4ower i$ te eve$i$#& *we$ te rates are at teir %owest,& you wi%% %ower your overa%% /ost for a%% of your e%e/tri/a% use. -ere are a%so ma$y rebates avai%ab%e to e%4 you save "0(@0 o$ te /ost of a/5uiri$# your system. 8or more i$formatio$ o$ rebates a$d i$/e$tives for i$sta%%i$# a so%ar 4ower system o$ your ome or busi$ess %ook u4 IE$er#y $/e$tivesI o$ te RS website or /e/k wit your %o/a% ta7 adviser for detai%s.
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-+1 -E CALLED /T AS SOLAR TREE As we k$ow trees are 4rese$t i$ $ature a$d tey /a$ 4rodu/e teir ow$ food materia% by te 4ro/ess /a%%ed P'J-JSYN-'ESS. t is te 4ro/ess by wi/ te #ree$ 4%a$t /o%%e/ts e$er#y from su$ a$d te water 4rese$t i$ soi% at te day time a$d /a$ 4rodu/es teir ow$ food materia%. By tis tis 4ro/ 4ro/es esss tey tey are are i$di i$dire re/t /t%y %y 4rov 4rovid idi$ i$# # food food to te te uma$ uma$ so/i so/iety ety be/au be/ause se we are are de4e$di$# o$ te #ree$ 4%a$ts for our food dire/t%y or i$dire/t%y. 'ere we are /o$sideri$# te e7am4%e for u$dersta$di$# about te so%ar tree. -is is a tree i$ wi/ te stems /o$$e/ted a/ts as te bra$/es of te tree a$d te so%ar 4a$e%s are %ike te %eaves. =ree$ %eaves are 4rodu/i$# food materia%s for uma$ bei$#s %ikewise tis %eaves are 4rodu/i$# e$er#y for te so/iety. So it is very a44ro4riate to /a%%ed it as a tree.
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Natura% -ree -ree
So%ar -ree -ree
-+1 /T /S NEEDED Due to less land re
t is te best o4tio$ of e$er#y #e$eratio$ be/ause it re5uires very %ess %a$d as /om4are to te traditio$a% PV system. Now a days %a$d be/omes te /ost%iest /ommodity for te uma$ so/iety be/ause of i# 4o4u%atio$ #rowt. E7am4%e O -o #e$erate 6 M9 4ower from a PV modu%e we re5uires 10 (16 a/res of %a$d for ousi$# of 4a$e%s o$%y. But for te same amou$t of e$er#y we re5uire o$%y 0.10(0.16 a/res of %a$d i$ /ase of so%ar tree. tree. So we re5uire su/ a 4%a$t wi/ /a$ #e$erate ma7imum e$er#y usi$# mi$imum %a$d. Efficient energ$ generation6
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t /a$ #e$erate e$er#y very effi/ie$t%y as /om4are to traditio$a% system. 3ue to te te/$i5ue /a%%ed s4ira%i$# s4ira%i$# 4y%%ata7y 4y%%ata7y its effi/ie$/y effi/ie$/y furter i$/rease. i$/rease. 9e /a$ a%so use te te/$i5ue te/$i5ue /a%%ed /a%%ed SPRA<<N= P'Y<Y? to im4rove te effi/ie$/y of te 4%a$t. t /a$ be a44%ied i$ street %i#te$i$# system & i$dustria% 4ower su44%y et/. t is mu/ better ta$ te traditio$a% so%ar PV system i$ area 4oi$t of view a$d a%so more effi/ie$t. -ou# it is someow /ost%y but as /om4are to a%% /ost i$vo%ve i$ traditio$a% system it is more effi/ie$t. /t can collect energ$ from ;ind6
As te $ame su##est tis is a devi/e to #e$erate e$er#y from su$ but it as some u$i5ue feature to #e$erate e$er#y from wi$d. -e stem are f%e7ib%e so tat tey /a$ rotate i$ a$y dire/tio$ a$d by saki$# temse%ves tey 4rodu/e e$er#y a%so from wi$d as i$ te /ase of a $atura% tree. -e u$i5ue te/$i5ue is tat f%e7ib%e f%e7ib%e 4a$e%s /o$$e/ted to te stem wi/ /a$ be rota rotate ted d as our desi desire re.. So tat tat f%e7 f%e7ib ibi% i%it ity y avoi avoida$ da$/e /e of wi$d wi$d 4res 4ressu sure re /a$ /a$ be 4ossi 4ossib% b%e. e. 8%e7ibi%ity offers ma$ua% rotati$# so tat ma7imum 4ower /a$ be obtai$ed.
CONSTR"CT/ON AND -OR&/N, -e so%ar tree /o$sists of some im4orta$t 4arts i$ its desi#$. -ey are as fo%%ows: • • • • •
So%ar 4a$e%s
• • •
Batteries are /ar#ed duri$# te day time.
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•
Batteries are a%so used to store te e$er#y so tat we /a$ use it at $i#t a$d i$ /%oudy days we$ $o su$%i#t is tere.
LEDs =.) Lig!t Emittin E mitting g Diode 3LED4
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Lig!t Emitting Diode
A %i#t(emitti$# diode *
/nternal Description of LED 9e$ a %i#t(emitti$# diode is forward(biased *swit/ed o$,& e%e/tro$s are ab%e to re/ombi$e wit e%e/tro$ o%es witi$ te devi/e& re%easi$# e$er#y i$ te form of 4oto$s. -is effe/t is /a%%ed e%e/tro%umi$es/e$/e a$d te /o%or of te %i#t */orres4o$di$# to te e$er#y of te 4oto$, is determi$ed by te e$er#y #a4 of te semi/o$du/tor. A$
/nternal description of LED
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Electronic S$m>ol of LED
-+1 /T /S ETTER T+AN A TRAD/T/ONAL S1STEM $dia is a i#%y 4o4u%ated /ou$try& so we sou%d take te adva$ta#e of su/ a$ e$er#y wi/ re5uires a very %ess s4a/e to 4rodu/e e$er#y effi/ie$t%y. $ tis /ase so%ar tree /ou%d be te best o$e for us. t is mu/ better ta$ te traditio$a% so%ar PV system i$ area 4oi$t of view a$d a%so more effi/ie$t. So tis wi%% be a very #ood o4tio$ a$d sou%d be im4%eme$ted. 8or te traditio$a% system we re5uire %ar#e si;e of %a$d to #e$erate a sma%% amou$t of 4ower. t re5uir re5uires es about about 1 %a$d %a$d as /om4ar /om4aree to te traditi traditio$a% o$a% system. system. So%ar So%ar e$er#y e$er#y is avai%a avai%ab%e b%e i$ abu$da$/e a$d /o$sidered as te easiest a$d /%ea$est mea$s of ta44i$# te re$ewab%e e$er#y. 8or dire/t dire/t /o$vers /o$versio$ io$ of so%ar so%ar radiat radiatio$ io$ i$to i$to usab%e usab%e form& form& te routes routes are: are: so%ar so%ar terma terma%& %& so%ar so%ar 4otovo%tai/ a$d so%ar ar/ite/ture. 'owever te mai$ 4rob%em asso/iated wit ta44i$# so%ar e$er#y is te re5uireme$t to i$sta%% %ar#e so%ar /o%%e/tors re5uires a very bi# s4a/e. -o avoid tis 4rob%em we /a$ i$sta%% a so%ar tree i$ s4ite of a $o of so%ar 4a$e%s wi/ re5uire a very sma%% s4a/e.
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E7am4%e O -o #e$erate 6 M9 4ower from a 4v modu%e we re5uires 10 (16 a/res of %a$d for ousi$# of 4a$e%s o$%y but for te same amou$t of e$er#y we re5uire o$%y 0.10(0.16 a/res of %a$d i$ /ase of so%ar tree.
-raditio$a% PV so%ar System
So%ar -ree
A00L/CAT/ON • • •
Street %i#t 'ouse su44%y $dustria% 4ower su44%y
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AD:ANTA,ES • • • • •
No air 4o%%utio$ 9e wou%d$t wou%d$t ave to worry as mu/ about future e$er#y sour/es Peo4%e i$ 4oor /ou$try wou%d ave a//ess to e%e/tri/ity Peo4%e /a$ save mo$ey
• • •
ost is i# May /ause a;ards to te birds b irds a$d i$se/ts 'a;ards to eyesi#t from so%ar ref%e/tors
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