Ioenjeofturf nj Eonjeofs Jfturfins3 Hàsoef, Vuà`oef y Mogigbàf Mogquà`oef
Ojhgr`n #6. Ugiueogjns Muhhnrs y eurvfs kn [otuifeoõj
Qrnsnjtfkg pgr3 Qrfkg Qïrnz @fynriy
=165=6==6=2
]gcfs Efstfög Mrofjk Fjkrï
=165=6=56>?
[f`fyg Xfrbfs Ifurf Xfjnssf =16;66=85;<
Qrghnsgr [otuifr3 @NN. Iuos Cfvonr Jfrvænz Sf`grf
Jnovf (Luoif), Egig`mof
; kn Unpton`mrn kn =168
[fmif kn egjtnjokg
Ojtrgkueeoõj ................................................................................................ ....................... 5 Gmcntovgs ................................................ .................................................................................................... ............................................................................ ........................ ; @freg [nõroeg.................................................. .................................................................................................... .................................................................. ................ > 5.6 Kosgiueogjns muhhnr .................................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ..... > 5.= Neufeoõj kn Lnjknrsgj-Lfssnimfel ........................................................................ > Qrgenko`onjtg ............................................................................................ ........................ 8 ]nsuitfkgs .............................................. ................................................................................................. ............................................................................ ......................... 2 >.6) Qrnpfrfeoõj Qrn pfrfeoõj kn kosgiueogjns ................................................... .................................................................................... ................................. 2 >.=) Kntnr`ojfeoõj kn L+ ...................................................... .............................................................................................. ........................................ <
y ............................................................................. < >.;) Kntnr`ojfeoõj kn ............................................................ ........................................................................................... ............................... ? >.5) Kntnr`ojfeoõj kn
>.>) Kntnr`ojfeoõj kn k n pL tnõroeg ................................................. .................................................................................. ................................. ? Koseusoõj kn ]nsuitfkgs ]n suitfkgs ................................................. ................................................................................................. ................................................ 65 Eurvf kn totuifeoõj ....................................................................................................... ................................................................ ....................................... 65 Qgrenjtfcns kn Nrrgr Nr rgr ..................................................... ..................................................................................................... ................................................ 65 Eunstogjns .............................................. ................................................................................................. .......................................................................... ....................... 68 Egjeiusogjns ................................................... ...................................................................................................... ................................................................. .............. 6? Momiogbrfhàf ................................................................................................ ..................... =1
=
Ojtrgkueeoõj
Eufjkg sn trftfj ifs vgiu`ntràfs kn jnutrfiozfeoõj, f `njukg sn ojvgiuerfj fspnetgs o`pgrtfjtns qun knseromnj ni eg`pgrtf`onjtg æeokg-mfsn kn ifs kosgiueogjns y pfrf niig sn rnfiozfj ifs eurvfs kn totuifeoõj. Nstn frtàeuig knseromn if prnpfrfeoõj kn kosgiueogjns y ni eg`pgrtf`onjtg kn ujf kosgiueoõj muhhnr kn fentftgs `nkofjtn if totuifeoõj kn æeokg feïtoeg 1.11= @ n Lokrõxokg kn Ugkog fprgxo`fkf`njtn 1.6 @, fsà eg`g ni usg kn uj ojkoefkgr nspneàhoeg, y `nkokfs kn pL pgr `nkog kn eg`pfrfeogjns kn kftgs nxpnro`njtfins y tnõroegs.
5
Gmcntovgs
Qrnpfrfr uj muhhnr kn fentftgs
Kn`gstrfr if efpfeokfk kn f`grtobuf`onjtg kni muhhnr hgr`fkg nj if totuifeoõj æeokg- mfsn
;
@freg [nõroeg 5.6 Kosgiueogjns muhhnr
Qfrf (Jfrvænz Sf`grf, =168) sn punknj knseromor eg`g eg`mojfeogjns nspneofins kn pfrns egjcubfkgs son`prn y eufjkg sn njeunjtrnj nj `nkog feugsg. [f`moïj sn kostojbunj pgr nstfr egjhgr`fkgs pgr uj æeokg g ujf mfsn kïmoi y su sfi rnspnetovf, eg`g ig ns ni
ELEGGL y ni ELEGGJf g tf`moïj ni JL y ni JLEi.
Igs pfrns egjcubfkgs sgj sustfjeofs qun sn hgr`fj fi fkoeogjfr g nio`ojfr uj prgtõj
L+ kn sus æeokgs g sus mfsns. (Elfjb & Dnjjntl F, =165)
5.= Neufeoõj kn Lnjknrsgj-Lfssnimfel
Ifs kosgiueogjns rnbuifkgrfs tonjnj ujf nxprnsoõj pfrf efieuifr igs vfigrns kn pL custg eufjkg nj if totuifeoõj sn prnsnjtfj sgig efjtokfkns qun egjhgr`fj uj muhhnr3 sfi Feokg Neufeoõj ``gi sfi (neufeoõj pL0pDf+ igb ``gi æeokg pL0pDf+ igb
5 .
pDf0- igb Df
5.
)
Df0Egjstfjtn kn kosgeofeoõj kni æeokg
Qfrf eæieuigs nj vfigrfeogjns ns `uy ótoi utoiozfr if neufeoõj 5.=.= yf qun ifs efjtokfkns kn igs pfrns egjcubfkgs sn njeunjtrfj nj uj `os`g vgiu`nj.
Vuonj tf`pgjf nj nstgs sostn`fs sgj ifs `giïeuifs qun fój qunkfj fsgeofkfs. Nj uj ninetrgiotg kïmoi jg sunin snr `æs kni >% kn `giïeuifs qun sn kosgeofj (Jfrvænz Sf`grf, =168). Nj eonrtg `g`njtg ni pL jg ef`mof yf qun ni igbfrot`g kni pfr egjcubfkg ig o`pokn (bræhoef 5.6)
Brfhoef 5.6 Kohnrnjtns eurvfs kn
vfigrfeoõj pfrf fibujgs æeokgs
>
Qrgenko`onjtg Un ojoeof prnpfrfjkg ujf kosgiueoõj kn æeokf 1,11= @, pfrf niig sn fsporf =<,8 ¾I
kni rnfetovg æeokg feïtoeg bifeofi ??.<% utoiozfjkg ujf `oergpopntf (kn 1 f 6111 ¾I), iunbg sn rnfiozf if nxpuisoõj kni vgiu`nj `nkokg trfjshoroïjkgig f uj `ftrfz fhgrfkg kn =>1 `I, fiià sn eg`pintf f vgiu`nj egj fbuf knstoifkf lfstf ni fhgrg ojkoefkg nj ni `ftrfz, nstf efjtokfk sn utoiozf eg`g fiàeugtf y sn trfjsvfsf f uj Nrinj`nynr kn >11 `I fkoeogjæjkgin 5 bgtfs kn hnjgihtfinàjf. Kni `os`g `gkg sn prnpfrf if kosgiueoõj mæsoef fprgxo`fkf`njtn 1,6 @ pnsfjkg nj ujf mfifjzf fjfiàtoef egj uj vokrog kn rnigc, ujf pnrif kn 1,=11< brf`gs kn lokrõxokg sgkog fi ??%, nsf efjtokfk sn ojtrgkuen nj uj `ftrfz fhgrfkg kn >1 `I y sn eg`pintf f vgiu`nj egj fbuf knstoifkf. Nstf kosgiueoõj sn trfjshonrn fi hrfseg kn if murntf kobotfi. Egj ifs kosgiueogjns prnpfrfkfs sn fr`f ni `gjtfcn4 sucntfjkg if murntf kobotfi fi sgpgrtn ujovnrsfi y umoefjkg ni Nrinj`nynr kn if kosgiueoõj feokf sgmrn uj fbotfkgr `fbjïtoeg iunbg sn egigef if væivuif kn vfigrfeoõj nj pgsoeoõj pfrf purbfrif, sn njeonjkn if murntf vnrohoefjkg qun sn njeunjtrn nj enrg y sn prgenkn f vfigrfr föfkonjkg `oioiotrg f `oioiotrg kn mfsn fi æeokg . Egj uj `nkokgr kn pL sn rnbostrfj igs vfigrns nj efkf `oioiotrg kn sgiueoõj fbrnbfkf lfstf ni pujtg hojfi egj hnjgihtfinàjf.
8
]nsuitfkgs
>.
[fmif 6. Kftgs nxpnro`njtfins kn jnutrfiozfeoõj kn EL5 EGGL* 1.11= @ y JfGL 1.1??; @** + GLLFe Df pDf `I pL pGL L (@) (@) JfGL (@)
=,1;Ò61-61
6,52Ò61-;
6,2>Ò61->
;,28
;,12Ò61
-61
5,;5Ò61
->
6,2>Ò61
->
;,28
2,=;Ò61
-61
6,1?Ò61
->
6,2>Ò61
->
;,28
6,8=Ò61-?
=,62Ò61-8
6,2>Ò61
->
;,28
>,8=Ò61-?
6,<6Ò61
-2
6,2>Ò61
->
;,28
6,2>Ò61
->
;,28
T P
6 = 5 ; > >,25
-> ;,56 ?,8? ;,?1Ò61 -> ;,86 ?,5? =,;>Ò61 -> ;,<8 ?,6; 6,5<Ò61 -8 >,=6 <,2? 8,68Ò61 -8 >,2> <,=> 6,2<Ò61 -? <,;< >,>= 5,56Ò61 * EL5 EGGL ??.<% , φ06.1>b sij/`I sij ** JfGL ??%
5,1=Ò61
-8
8,5Ò61
-65
>.6) Qrnpfrfeoõj kn kosgiueogjns 6) =>1 `I EL5 EGGL 1.11=@ =>1`I sij EL5 EGGL
1.11= `gi EL5 EGGL
81.1>=b EL5 EGGL
6111 `I sij EL5 EGGL
6 `gi EL5 EGGL
…
EGGL 6`I sij EL EGGL 6111ιI sij EL EGGL 0… … 611??, b sij EL EGGL 6`I sij EL EGGL 5
5
5
5
5
5
…=<,8> ιI sij EL5 EGGL
=) >1 `I JfGL 1.6 @ >1 `I sij JfGL
1,6 `gi JfGL
5?,??2 b JfGL 611 b JfGL
6111 `I sij JfGL
6 `gi JfGL
-Fcustn pfrf if egjenjtrfeoõj kn JfGL 1.=11
1,6@ 1,=1=1b JfGL
01,1??; @
2
?? b JfGL
01.=1=1 b JfGL
T P
>.=) Kntnr`ojfeoõj kn L+
T PT P
-pL
pL0- igb L+ 4 L+ 061
Qfrf 6 `I egj pL0 ;,563
Qfrf ; `I egj pL0 >,=63
TL P061
TL P061
+
-;,56
->
->,=6
+
0 ;,?1Ò61
08,68Ò61-8
Qfrf = `I egj pL0 ;,863
Qfrf > `I egj pL0 >,2>3
TL P061
TL P061
+
-;,86
->
->,2>
+
0 =,;>Ò61
-8
06,2<Ò61
Qfrf 5 `I egj pL0 ;,<83
Qfrf >,25 `I egj pL0 <,;<3
TL P061
TL P061
+
-;,<8
->
>.5) Kntnr`ojfeoõj kn
-<,;<
+
06,5<Ò61
-?
05,56Ò61
y ∝
pGL06;-pL
-pGL
pGL0- igb GL- 4 GL- 061
Qfrf 6 `I egj pGL0?,8?3
Qfrf ; `I egj pGL0 <,2?3
GL 061
GL 061
-
-?,8?
-61
-
0=,1;Ò61
-<,2?
-?
06,8=Ò61
Qfrf = `I egj pGL0?,5? 3
Qfrf > `I egj pGL0 <,=>3
GL 061
GL 061
-
-?,5?
-61
-
0;,12Ò61
-<,=>
-?
0>,8=Ò61
Qfrf 5 `I egj pGL0 ?,6;3
Qfrf >,25 `I egj pGL0 >,>=3
GL 061
GL 061
-
-?,6;
-
-61
02,=;Ò61
<
->,>=
-8
05,1=Ò61
>.;) Kntnr`ojfeoõj kn
T P ∓ TL P 0 D LFe T P Qfrf uj æeokg kïmoi3 L+ 0 Df LFe + =
4 LFe 0
f
L+
=
D f
Qfrf 6, =, 5, ;, > y >,25 `I kn JfGL 1.1??; @ nj if vfigrfeoõj, sn hgr`frgj ifs sobuonjtns egjenjtrfeogjns `gifrns kn æeokg feïtoeg ( )
LFe
; `I)
6 `I)
LFe0 T;,?1Ò61 P 0 6,52Ò61 @
LFe0 T8,68Ò61 P 0 =,62Ò61 @
= `I)
> `I)
-8 =
-> =
-8
-;
->
->
6,2>Ò61
6,2>Ò61
LFe0 T=,;>Ò61 P 0 5,;5Ò61 @
LFe0 T6,2<Ò61 P 0 6,<6Ò61 @
5 `I)
>,25 `I)
-8 =
-> =
-2
->
->
->
6,2>Ò61
6,2>Ò61
LFe0 T6,5<Ò61 P 0 6,1?Ò61 @
LFe0 T5,56Ò61 P 0 8,=8Ò61
-> =
-? =
->
-65
->
->
6,2>Ò61
6,2>Ò61
>.>) Kntnr`ojfeoõj kn pL tnõroeg pL Ojoeofi kn kosgiueogjns EL5 EGGL 1.11=@
JfGL 1.1??; @
pGL0 - igb1,6 06 pGL0 - igb GL-
TL G P0∓ D @0 (6,2>Ò61 )(1,11= @) TL G P06,<2Ò61 @ pL0 - igb(6,<2Ò61 )05,25 5
5
+
+
->
f
-;
pL06; - 6065
-;
?
@
Qfrf igs eæieuigs kn pL nj ujf vfigrfeoõj sn rneg`onjkf trfmfcfr egj `oio`gins (Qntrueeo, Lfrwggk, & Lnrrojb, =115)
@0 ``gi ( `I
X @ 0``gi (>. 6) >. =)
Egj =>1 `I kn EL5EGGL 1,11= @ y 6 `I kn JfGL 1.1??; @4 ^toiozfjkg if neufeoõj (>.>.6) ifs efjtokfkns kn ifs kosgiueogjns kn æeokg y kn mfsn sgj rnspnetovf`njtn 1.> y 1.1??; ``gi [fmif >.>.6 Fkoeoõj kn 6`I kn JfGL 1,1??;@ EL5 EGGL(fe) JfGL(fe) EL5EGGJf(fe)
Ojoeofi (``gi) Ef`mog (``gi) Hojfi (``gi)
⟸
1,> -1,1??; 1,;118
1,1??; -1,1??; 1
1 +1,1??; 1,1??;
L= G(i)
-
^toiozfjkg if neufeoõj (5.=.=) sn tonjn3
``gi sfi 4egj pDf0;,28 pL0pDfigb``gi æeokg ``gi 0;,6> pL0pDfigb1,1,1;??; 118 ``gi [fmif >.>.=. Fkoeoõj kn = `I kn JfGL 1,1??;@ EL5 EGGL(fe) JfGL(fe) EL5EGGJf(fe)
Ojoeofi (``gi) Ef`mog (``gi) Hojfi (``gi)
1,> -1,6?<< 1,516=
⟸
-1,6?<< -1,6?<< 1
1 +1,6?<< 1,6?<<
L= G(i)
L= G(i)
-
``gi 0;,>< pL0pDfigb1,1,65?<< 16= ``gi [fmif >.>.5 Fkoeoõj kn 5 `I kn JfGL 1,1??;@ EL5 EGGL(fe) JfGL(fe)
Ojoeofi (``gi) Ef`mog (``gi) Hojfi (``gi)
1,> -1,=?<= 1,=16<
⟸
1,=?<= -1,=?<= 1
61
EL5EGGJf(fe)
1 +1,=?<= 1,=?<=
-
pL0pDf+ igb
``gi 1,=?<= 0;,?5 1,=16< ``gi
[fmif >.>.; Fkoeoõj kn ; `I kn JfGL 1,1??;@ EL5 EGGL(fe) JfGL(fe)
Ojoeofi (``gi) Ef`mog (``gi) Hojfi (``gi)
pL0pDf+ igb
1,> -1,5?28 1,61=;
⟸
1,5?28 -1,5?28 1
EL5EGGJf(fe)
1 +1,5?28 1,5?28
L= G(i)
L= G(i)
L= G(i)
-
``gi 1,5?28 0>,5; 1,61=; ``gi
[fmif >.>.>. Fkoeoõj kn > `I kn JfGL 1,1??;@ EL5 EGGL(fe) JfGL(fe) EL5EGGJf(fe)
Ojoeofi (``gi) Ef`mog (``gi) Hojfi (``gi)
pL0pDf+ igb
1,> -1,;?2 1,115
⟸
1,;?2 -1,;?2 1
1 +1,;?2 1,;?2
-
``gi 1,;?2 08,?< 1,115 ``gi
[fmif >.>.8. Fkoeoõj kn >,25 `I kn JfGL 1,1??;@ EL5 EGGL(fe) JfGL(fe) EL5EGGJf(fe)
Ojoeofi (``gi) Ef`mog (``gi) Hojfi (``gi)
1,> -1,> 1
⟸
1,>8?8 -1,> 1,18?8
1 +1,> 1,>
-
If prnkg`ojfjeof kni pL nj nstn pujtg kn if vfigrfeoõj ns knmokf f if mfsn hunrtn pgr ig tfjtg sn knmn lfiifr G ∝ 3
L
GL 0 JfGL4 utoiozfjkg if neufeoõj ( JfGL JfGL0 ``gi 4 `I sij -
>.>.=)4
Ni vgiu`nj kn kosgiueoõj nj nsn `g`njtg kn if vfigrfeoõj ns3 =>1 `I +>,25 `I 0=>>,25`I
66
``gi JfGL JfGL0 1,18?8 0=,2=Ò61 @0GL =>>,25 `I sij pGL0 -igbGL pGL0 -igbT=,2=Ò61 @P 05,>8 -;
-
-
-;
pL06; - 5,>8 pL061,;5
6=
Koseusoõj kn ]nsuitfkgs Eurvf kn totuifeoõj 6; 6= 61 =
< 8 ; pL (nxpnro`njtfi)
6
=
pL (tnõroeg)
1 1
=
;
8
<
61
6=
6;
68
Bræhoef 8.6. Eurvfs kn [otuifeoõj Nxpnro`njtfi y [nõroef kn
uj Feokg kïmoi egj ujf Mfsn hunrtn Nj if bræhoef sn egjstruyn ifs eurvfs kn vfigrfeoõj nxpnro`njtfi y tnõroef, kgjkn sn ojkoefj ifs rnbogjns o`pgrtfjtns gmtnjokfs. Nj if zgjf 6 sn rnifeogjf ni pL egj uj ojtnrvfig f`piog fjtns kni pujtg kn nquovfinjeof kn if kosgiueoõj rnbuifkgrf hgr`fkf
ELEGGL) y su sfi (ELEGGJf)4 nj if zgjf = sn vosufiozf ni pL nj
pgr æeokg kïmoi (
hujeoõj kn if kosgiueoõj kn if sfi qun sn lokrgiozf nj ni pujtg kn nquovfinjeof (Qntrueeo, Lfrwggk, & Lnrrojb, =115), if eurvf nxpnro`njtfi sn fcustf f nstfs prneosogjns y ns `uy enrefjf f if nxpnro`njtfi. Qgrenjtfcns kn Nrrgr
N0
|Xfigr præetoeg-Xfigr tnõroeg| Ò611% Xfigr præetoeg
65
[fmif. 8.6. Qgrenjtfcns kn nrrgr nj `nkokfs kn pL `I kn JfGL pL [nõroeg pL Nxpnro`njtfi % kn nrrgr 1
6 = 5 ; > >,25
5,25 ;,6> ;,>< ;,?5 >,5> 8,?< 61,;5
5,<1 ;,56 ;,86 ;,<8 >,=6 >,2> <,;<
6.<; 5.26 1,8> 6,;; =,8? =6,5? =5
Kurfjtn igs pro`nrgs euftrg `oioiotrgs kn fkoeoõj kn mfsn nj if vfigrfeoõj sn gmsnrvf uj `àjo`g `frbnj kn nrrgr. Nstgs vfigrns gseoifj knskn uj 1,8> f 5.26% ig eufi snöfif ujf munjf prneosoõj egjtrfstfkf egj igs vfigrns tnõroegs. Uoj n`mfrbg sn njeunjtrfj vfigrns egjsoknrfmins nj ni pujtg, y knspuïs kni pujtg kn nquovfinjeof egj pgrenjtfcns kni =6,5? y =5 %. Nstfs vfrofeogjns punknj snr prgkuetg kn if prnpfrfeoõj kn ifs kosgiueogjns f pnsfr kn qun sn loeonrgj egj if `fygr prneosoõj pgsomin ns kneor sn tg`frgj =<,8 kn =<,8>¾I pfrf if prnpfrfeoõj kn Æeokg Feïtoeg, y 1,=11< kn 1,=1=1b pfrf ni lokrõxokg kn sgkog pgr niig sn rnfiozf uj fcustn nj kgjkn if egjenjtrfeoõj kn mfsn ns fprgxo`fkf`njtn 1,6 @ nj if prnpfrfeoõj punkn ojhiuor ni usg kn if `oergpopntf fi `g`njtg kn fsporfr y nxpuisfr ni rnfetovg, pfrf niig sn subonrn rnsmfifr if pujtf knsnelfmin sgmrn ifs pfrnkns kn igs rneoponjtns kn vokrog pfrf qun jg qunknj nxensgs kn rnfetovg nj if pujtf. [f`moïj ifs egjkoeogjns kn ifmgrftgrog tfins eg`g if tn`pnrfturf ojhiuynj nj if `nkoeoõj kn pL. Un punkn kneor qun igs rnsuitfkgs kn nstf præetoef sgj `uy egjhofmins nj rnifeoõj f igs pgrenjtfcns kn nrrgr gmtnjokgs. If eg`pfrfeoõj njtrn igs kftgs sn fjfiozfj nj if bræhoef 8.6 kgjkn if eurvf nxpnro`njtfi sn snpfrf uj pgeg f if knrnelf kn if tnõroef. Fuj fsà if eurvf nxpnro`njtfi tg`f if hgr`f prgpof kn ujf vfigrfeoõj kn uj æeokg kïmoi egj ujf mfsn hunrtn. If brfhoef sgig `unstrf ujf pgreoõj kn if eurvf nxpnro`njtfi yf qun nj niif sn trfmfcõ lfstf ni pujtg hojfi egj hnjgihtfinàjf y sn kncõ kn vfigrfr. Un rneg`onjkf rnbostrfr nxpnro`njtfr ni pL nj trns pujtgs o`pgrtfjtns (Udggb, Rnst, Lgiinr, & Erguel, =16>), fjtns kn, nj ni pujtg, y knspuïs kni pujtg kn
6;
nquovfinjeof pfrf qun sn gmsnrvn eifrf`njtn ifs rnbogjns projeopfins kn if eurvf nj nstn topg kn vfigrfeogjns
6>
Eunstogjns
Eg`pintfr if sobuonjtn tfmif3
6)
[fmif 2.6. Fibujgs ojkoefkgrns nj rnfeeogjns kn jnutrfiozfeoõj nj 3 (Bg`nz Ugsf,
=168) y (Udggb, Rnst, Lgiinr, & Erguel, =16>) Ojkoefkgr
Fzui kn [o`gi Fzui kn Mrg`ghnjgi ]gcg kn @ntoig Mrg`gernsgi Qórpurf ]gcg kn Hnjgi Hnjgihtfinàjf
Egigr kni ojkoefkgr Feokg Mfsn
]gcg F`froiig ]gcg F`froiig F`froiig ojegigrg
F`froiig Qórpurf F`froiig Qórpurf ]gcg ]gsf-Xogintf
pDf
6,8> ;,6 > 8,6 2,<6 ?,8
Ià`otn ótoi kn pL
6,=-=< 5,1-;,8 ;,=-8,5 >,=-8,< 8,<-<,; <,5-61
=) Kntnr`ojfr ni prgenko`onjtg pfrf rnpfrfr ujf sgiueoõj kn igs fjtnrogrns
ojkoefkgrns pgtnjeofi`njtn ótoins nj if kntnr`ojfeoõj kn muhhnrs Unbój (OjhgINB, =168) sn punknj prnpfrfr kn if sobuonjtn hgr`f3 Fzui kn to`gi3 Kosgivnr 611 `b kn fzui kn to`gi nj 611 `i kn fieglgi y hoitrfr so hunrf
jnensfrog. Fzui kn Mrg`ghnjgi3 Kosgivnr 611 `b kn fzui kn Mrg`ghnjgi nj 611 `i kn fieglgi
koiuokg y hoitrfr so hunrf jnensfrog. ]gcg kn `ntoig3 Kosgivnr 611 `b kn rgcg kn `ntoig nj 611 `i kn fieglgi y hoitrfr so
hunrf jnensfrog. Qórpurf kn Mrg`gernsgi3 Kosgivnr =>1 `b kn pórpurf kn Mrg`gernsgi nj =1 `i kn
lokrõxokg kn sgkog 1,1> J y koiuor egj fbuf f =>1 `i. ]gcg kn hnjgi3 Kosgivnr 611 `b kn hnjgisuihghtfinàjf nj 611 `i kn fieglgi y hoitrfr so
hunrf jnensfrog. Hnjgihtfinàjf3 Kosgivnr 6 b kn hnjgihtfinàjf nj 611 `i kn fieglgi.
5) Efieuifr ni pL kni muhhnr prnpfrfkg nj if præetoef, so f 611 `I kn ïi sn in
fbrnbfj pgr snpfrfkg = `I kn LJG5 1.16@ y 5 `I kn JL;GL 1.16 @.
68
Unineeogjfjkg frmotrfrof`njtn nj ni `I = kn fkoeoõj kn lokrõxokg kn sgkog fi æeokg feïtoeg sn tonjn ujf kosgiueoõj muhhnr kn efjtokfkns 1,516= ``gi kn EL5 EGGL y 1,6?<< ``gi kn EL5 EGGJf egj pL obufi f ;,>< nj uj vgiu`nj kn =>= `I (tfmif >.>.=). Fi tg`fr 611 `I kn nstf kosgiueoõj sn tonjnj ifs sobuonjtns efjtokfkns3
611 `I sij EL= EGGL
611 `I sij EL= EGGL
1,516= ``gi EL5 EGGL =>= `I sij EL5 EGGL
1,6??< ``gi EL5 EGGL =>= `I sij EL5 EGGL
01,66?> ``gi EL5 EGGL
01,12
Qfrf eg`prgmfr ni pL3 pL0pDf+ igb
``gi 1,12< 1,66?> ``gi +
f) Egj = `I kn LJG5 1.16@4 sn fkoeogjfj 1.1= ``gi kn L5 G
[fmif 2.5.f. Fkoeoõj kn = `I kn LJG5 1,16 @ f kosgiueoõj rnbuifkgrf + EL5 EGG (fe) EL5 EGGL(fe) L= G(i) L5 G (fe)
Ojoeofi (``gi) Fkoeoõj (``gi) Ef`mogs (``gi) Hojfi (``gi)
pL0pDf+ igb
1,12
1 1,1= -1,1= 1
⇉
1,66?> 1 +1,1= 1,65?>
-
``gi 1,1> ``gi
m) Egj 5 `I kn JL; GL 1,16@4 sn fkoeogjf 1,15 ``gi kn GL- 3 [fmif 2.5.m. Fkoeoõj kn 5 `I kn JL; GL 1,16 @ f kosgiueoõj rnbuifkgrf EL5 EGGL(fe) G -(fe) EL5 EGG (fe) L= G(i)
Ojoeofi (``gi) Fkoeoõj (``gi) Ef`mogs (``gi) Hojfi (``gi)
1,66?> 1 -1,15 1,1
1 1,15 -1,15 1
62
⇉
1,12
-
pL0pDf+ igb
1,61 0;,<; ``gi
Unbój (Qntrueeo, Lfrwggk, & Lnrrojb, =115), nj uj eæieuig kgjkn sn ojvgiuernj kosgiueogjns rnbuifkgrfs ns o`pgrtfjtn qun ni ef`mog nj ni pL snf uj vfigr pnqunög y qun sn prgkuzef nj korneeoõj egrrnetf3 -Knsenjsg nj if nsefif kn pL pgr fkoeoõj kn uj æeokg -Fu`njtg nj if nsefif kn pL pgr fkoeoõj kn ujf mfsn
6<
Egjeiusogjns
Un prnpfrõ ujf sgiueoõj muhhnr kn fentftgs tnjonjkg `nkofjtn if rnfeeoõj kn uj æeokg kïmoi y ujf mfsn hunrtn, nstf kosgiueoõj sn prnsnjtõ nj ujf eurvf kn totuifeoõj nj ujf zgjf prnvof fi pujtg kn nquovfinjeof kgjkn igs pgrenjtfcns kn nrrgr hunrgj pnqunögs. Knspuïs kni pujtg nquovfinjeof sn gmtuvg uj `frbnj kn nrrgr kni =5% y sn rnsfitfrgj fibujfs o`prneosogjns nj eufjtg fi `fjncg y prnpfrfeoõj kn igs rnfetovgs.
Un kn`gstrõ qun if projeopfi hujeoõj kn ujf sgiueoõj muhhnr fi `nzeifr uj pfr egjcubfkg (æeokg feïtoeg egj lokrõxokg kn sgkog) ns qun sn nvotf if vfrofeoõj kræstoef kni pL brfeofs f su efpfeokfk kn f`grtobuf`onjtg4 pfrf nstf præetoef sn gmsnrvõ qun ni ef`mog kn pL nj ni muhhnr kn fentftgs ef`moõ iobnrf`njtn eufjkg sn föfkàfj pnqunöfs efjtokfkns kn GL- ns kneor kn Lokrõxokg kn sgkog 1,1??; @ fi æeokg feïtoeg fi 1,11= @.
6?
Momiogbrfhàf
Elfjb, ]., & Dnjjntl F, B. (=165). Vuà`oef (^jkïeo`f nk.). @ïxoeg3 @fe-BrfwLoii Ojtnrf`nroefjf. Bg`nz Ugsf, B. (5 kn Unpton`mrn kn =168). Hfeuitfk kn Vuà`oef ^JF@ . Gmtnjokg kn Knpfrtf`njtg kn sostn`fs Fukogvosufins3 lttp3//knpf.hquo`.ujf`.`x/f`yk/frelovnrg/6=.OjkoefkgrnsknpLW?6>=.pkh OjhgINB. (5 kn Unpton`mrn kn =168). Gmtnjokg kn Ojhgr`feoõj Inbosiftovf3 lttp3//snrvoeogs.ojhginb.bgm.fr/ojhginbOjtnrjnt/fjnxgs/<>111). Hujkf`njtgs kn Vuà`oef Fjfiàtoef (Jgvnjf nk.). @ïxoeg KH.3 Enjbfbn Infrjojb Nkotgrns, U.F.
=1
