STEM CELL THERAPY Presented by Mrs. S.Jeyalakshmi, S.Jeyalakshmi, M Sc (N), Asst. Professor
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STEM CELLS Stem cells are the body¶s master cells Primitive cells Stem Stem cell cells s has has the the ability to renew themselves through mitotic cell division and differentiating into a diverse range of specialized cell types .
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STEM CELLS Rare
Stem
cells that are found in bone marrow, marrow, peripheral blood, blood , and cord blood are called ³Hematopoietic Stem Cells´ These are building blocks of the blood and immune systems.
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Cell differentiation
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History of stem cells
Stem
cells themselves have actually been around for almost almost as long as life has been on earth. In essence all life evolved from stem cells of some kind .
Stem
cell field research developed from studies in the 1960s by Canadian scientists Ernest A. McCulloch and James E . Till .
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Forty Forty-fo -four ur years ears later later,, they they have have been been honoured with the 2005 Albert Lasker award for Basic for Basic Medical Research, an award often referred to as "America's Nobel."
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Drs. Ernest McCulloch (left) and James Till (Irma Council for the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame)
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History of Human Stem Cell Research In 1968, the first bone marrow transplant was successfully used in treatment of SCID
Since
the 1970¶s, bone marrow transplants have been used for treatment for treatment of immunodeficiencies and leukemias
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Bone Marrow Stem Cells
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History of Human Embryonic Cell Research 1954 ± John Enders received a Nobel prize in Medicine for growin for growing g polio virus in human embryonic kidney cells
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History of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research In 1998, James Thomson (University of WisconsinMadison) isolated cells from the inner cell mass of the early embryo, embryo, and developed the first human embryonic stem cell lines. In 1998, John Gearhart (Johns Hopkins University) derived human embryonic germ cells from cells in fetal gonadal tissue (primordial (primordial germ cells).
Pluripotent Pluripotent stem s tem cell ³lines´ were developed from both sources
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History of Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (Cloning) 1952 ± Briggs an and Ki King cl cloned tadpoles 1996 ± The The fifirst mamm mamma al cloned from adult cells was Dolly, the sheep. 1998 1998 ± Mice Mice clo clone ned d
1998 1998 ± Cow Cows clone cloned d
2000 2000 ± Pigs Pigs clo clone ned d Powerpoint Templates
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History of Cloning
³CC´
Carbon Copy
2001 ± Cat cloned
2002 2002 ± Rabbit Rabbits s clon cloned ed 2003 2003 ± Mule Mule clon cloned ed 2004 2004 ± Bull Bull serial serial-cl -clon oned ed 2005 2005 ± Dog Dog clo clone ned d
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Kinds of Stem Cells Stem cell type Totipotent
Description Each cell can develop into a new individual
Examples Cells from early (1-3 days) embryos Some
cells of blastocyst (5 to 14 days)
Pluripotent
Cells can form any (over 200) cell types
Multipotent
Cells differentiated, Fetal tissue, cord but can form a number blood, and adult of other tissues stem cells Powerpoint Templates
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Types of Stem cells 1. Embryonic stem cells
2. Adult stem cells
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Embryonic stem cell Derived f rom rom th the e inner cell mass Pluripo luripotten entt Can develop in intto more than than 200 diff di ff erent erent cells Diff Di ff erent erentia iatte in intto cells of th the e 3 germ germ cell layers Because of their Bec their capa apac city of f unlimi unlimitted expansion and pluripo pluripotten enc cy ² ² use usef f ul ul in reg re genera enerattive medi medic cine Powerpoint Templates
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Two Sources of Embryonic Stem Cells 1. Excess fertilized eggs from IVF (in-vitro fertilization) clinics 2. Therapeutic cloning (somatic cell nuclear transfer)
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Excess fertilized eggs from IVF (in-vitro fertilization) clinics Tens of thousands of frozen embryos are routinely destroyed when couples finish their treatment. These surplus embryos can be used to produce stem cells. Regenerative medical research aims to develop these cells into new, healthy tissue to heal severe illnesses. Powerpoint Templates
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Therapeutic cloning (somatic cell nuclear transfer) The nucleus of a donated egg is removed and replaced with the nucleus of a mature, "somatic cell" (a skin cell, for example). No sperm is involved in this process, and no embryo is created to be implanted in a womans womb. The resulting stem cells can potentially develop into specialized cells that are useful for treating severe illnesses. Powerpoint Templates
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Tissue or adult stem cells They produce cells specific to the tissue in which they are found They are relatively unspecialized However they are predetermined p redetermined to give rise to specific cell types when they differentiate Eg: haematopoietic, bone marrow, neural
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