SUMMARY OF REACTION PATHWAYS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ALKANES
POLYALKENES
PRIMARY AMINES
ALKENES
DIHALOALKANES
ALKYL
HALOALKANES
EPOXYALKANES
HYDROGEN
DIOLS
SULPHATES
ALCOHOLS
NITRILES CARBONYLS
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
You need to know the equations, conditions, reagents and type of reaction for all these reactions. You need to know the mechanism for some of them. 1.
Alkane chloroalkane reagents: Cl2 conditions: UV light mechanism: free radical substitution equation: RH + Cl2 RCl + HCl
2.
Alkene polyalkene Conditions: low T, high p. Equation: n
C
C
C
C n
Type of reaction: addition polymerisation (free radical)
3.
Alkene bromoalkane Reagent: HX(g) Conditions: room T Equation: C
+
C
H
Br
C
C
Br
H
Type of reaction: electrophilic addition 4.
Alkene dibromoalkane Reagent: Br 2 in water or in an organic solvent Conditions: room T Equation: C
+
C
Br
Br
C
C
Br
Br
Mechanism: electrophilic addition 5.
Alkene alkylhydrogensulphate Reagent: concentrated sulphuric acid Conditions: cold Equation: C
+
C
H
OSO3H
C
C
H
OSO3H
Mechanism: electrophilic addition 6.
Alkylhydrogensulphate Reagent: water Conditions: warm Equation: C
C
+ H
alcohol
H2O
OSO3H
Type of reaction: hydrolysis 7.
Alkene alkane Reagent: hydrogen Conditions: 150 oC, Ni catalyst Equation: C
C
+
H
H
Type of reaction: hydrogenation
C
C
H
H
C
C
H
OH
+
H
OSO3H
8.
Alkene alcohol Reagent: steam Conditions: 300 oC, 60 atm, H3PO4 catalyst Equation: H
H C
+
C
O
C
C
OH
H
Type of reaction: hydration 9.
Alkene epoxyalkane Reagent: oxygen Conditions: 300 oC, silver catalyst Equation: O C
C
+
1/2 O
O
C
C
Type of reaction: oxidation 10.
Epoxyalkane diol Reagent: water Conditions: 60 oC, H2SO4 catalyst Equation: O C
C
+
H
H O
Type of reaction: hydrolysis
11.
Haloalkane
alcohol
Reagent: NaOH(aq) or KOH(aq) Conditions: warm under reflux Equation: R-X + OH- R-OH + XType of reaction: nucleophilic substitution 12.
Haloalkane nitrile Reagent: KCN in aqueous ethanol Conditions: boil under reflux Equation: R-X + CN- R-CN + XType of reaction: nucleophilic substitution
13.
Haloalkane Amine Reagent: ammonia in ethanol in a sealed tube Conditions: heat Equation: R-X + 2NH3 R-NH2 + NH4X
HO
C
C
OH
Type of reaction: nucleophilic substitution 14.
Haloalkane alkene Reagent: KOH in ethanol Conditions: heat Equation: R
H
R
C
C
R
R
R C
X
R
+ X +
C
H2O
R
R
Type of reaction: elimination
15.
Primary alcohol aldehyde Reagent: potassium dichromate and dilute sulphuric ac id Conditions: warm, distillation Equation: RCH2OH + [O] RCHO + H2O Type of reaction: mild oxidation
16.
Secondary alcohol ketone Reagent: potassium dichromate and dilute sulphuric ac id Conditions: heat, distillation Equation: R 1CH(OH)R 2 + [O] R 1COR 2 + H2O Type of reaction: oxidation
17.
aldehyde carboxylic acid Reagent: potassium dichromate and dilute sulphuric ac id Conditions: heat, reflux Equation: R-CHO + [O] R-COOH Type of reaction: oxidation
18.
Alcohols alkenes Reagent: concentrated sulphuric acid Conditions: heat Equation:
C
C
H
OH Type of reaction: elimination 19.
glucose ethanol reagent: yeast conditions: 35 – 55 oC, no air equation: C 6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 type of reaction: fermentation
C
C
+
H2O
