PROCESAMIENTO DEL GAS NATURAL
Traducción y arreglos: Marco A Calle
CAPÍTULO 1 EXTRACCIÓN DE LÍQUIDOS DEL GAS NATURAL Y EL CONTROL DEL PUNTO DE ROCÍO POR HIDROCARBUROS 1. 1 Introducción Los líquidos del gas natural comprenden los componentes que se pueden extraer del gas natural para mantenerlos en estado líquido; por lo tanto, es la parte más pesada de la mezcla de hidrocarburos y se refiere al propano y los componentes más pesados. De ordinario, se habla del GPM, indicando con esta expresión la cantidad de galones de líquido C3+ que se pueden separar por mil pies cúbicos cúbic os de gas, medidos en condiciones normales. La bibliografía habla del GPM = 3 como un gas rico, es decir con un elevado contenido de C3+, por otra parte, en la actualidad valores menores de GPM se consideran rentables debido al alza del precio del petróleo y los demás hidrocarburos a nivel mundial. También se pueden calcular valores de GPM C2+ ó GPM C1+ de acuerdo a los requerimientos de la norma.
El punto de rocío de los hidrocarburos (PRH), para una presión determinada, es la temperatura a la cual se empiezan a condensar los hidrocarburos de la mezcla de gas. El punto de rocío al agua (PRA) es la temperatura a la cual el
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PROCESAMIENTO DEL GAS NATURAL
vapor de agua se empieza a condensar de la mezcla gaseosa, a una presión determinada. Por otra parte, el gas de venta debe cumplir especificaciones no solamente por contenido de agua sino cumplir ciertos requerimientos con respecto al punto de rocío por hidrocarburo. Dado que el punto de rocío por hidrocarburo varía con la composición, la presión y la temperatura, la definición de punto de rocío por hidrocarburo incluye los parámetros de presión y temperatura.
Normalmente el punto de rocío por hidrocarburo se especifica como una temperatura máxima a una presión seleccionada. En estados Unidos estas especificaciones son 15 ºF máximo a 800 Psia, mientras tanto en Venezuela la especificación es de 36 ºF. la diferencia radica en el hecho de que las temperaturas ambientales son diferentes. Estos valores de presión se seleccionan porque generalmente esta cerca de la temperatura cricondentérmica para el gas de venta.
La razón para el valor de la temperatura de PRH es asegurar que no se formen hidrocarburos líquidos en la tubería, cuando la línea se enfría a la temperatura de la tierra, o cuando hay enfriamiento debido a la expansión. Dicha especificación de punto de rocío es adecuada a fin de evitar hidrocarburos líquidos en los sistemas de distribución de gas natural. Para alcanzar la especificación de punto de rocío por hidrocarburo, es necesario tratar el gas para remover prácticamente todos los hidrocarburos pesados de d e la mezcla.
El procesamiento del gas natural generalmente de dos tipos de procesos:
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PROCESAMIENTO DEL GAS NATURAL
Procesos de fraccionamiento de gas natural Estos procesos realizan la división o partición de una mezcla de
hidrocarburos por destilación, de tal modo que las partes separadas tengan las propiedades específicas que exige el mercado.
Algunas tecnologías
efectúan este este trabajo y combinan combinan los dos anteriores
proceso y son:
Ciclos cortos de adsorción Refrigeración mecánica Absorción con aceite pobre Turboexpansión
Según el GPSA la selección de uno de estos procesos para una aplicación específica depende de:
Composición del gas Caudal de flujo de gas Economía de la extracción de GLP Economía de la recuperación de etano
A continuación se describen los anteriores procesos explicando con detalle las variables de funcionamiento.
1.2 Ciclo Corto De Adsorción. Este proceso es similar al proceso de adsorción cubierto en deshidratación,
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PROCESAMIENTO DEL GAS NATURAL
Este proceso es apropiado para gases que contengan menos de 1 GPM (Galones de propano y más pesados por 1000 pies cúbicos normales). El adsorbente utilizado generalmente es sílica gel. Hay dos diferencias básicas entre estos procesos para control de punto de rocío por agua y por hidrocarburo como son, para control por hidrocarburo se requieren tres torres y el tiempo de duración del ciclo en cada torre es más corto, usualmente entre 20 a 30 minutos contra 8 a 10 horas para deshidratación.
La característica atractiva en un ciclo corto de adsorción, es que recupera entre el 60 a 70 % de los pentanos y más pesados contenidos en el gas, y que se cumple con el punto de rocío por hidrocarburo, como por agua. En la Fig. 1-1 se muestra un arreglo típico de una unidad de ciclo corto de adsorción con tres torres. Es muy importante que un separador antes de esta unidad remueva todo el líquido libre y los sólidos que traiga el gas en producción.
Un bache de líquido dentro del lecho puede dañar el adsorbente y hacer necesario su cambio. cambio. La temperatura de adsorción debe ser tan baja posible sin originar la formación de hidratos, a fin de que se adsorban la mayor cantidad de hidrocarburos pesados. Una regeneración apropiada del lecho es muy importante, usándose para este propósito una porción del gas de proceso. La temperatura del gas de regeneración esta en el orden del 550 - 575 ºF (288 – 302 ºC). La temperatura de salida de la torre en calentamiento se lleva a 400 ºF (204 ºC).
Así como la adsorción y la desorción son importantes, una adecuada condensación de los hidrocarburos desorbidos es también muy importante. Si la
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PROCESAMIENTO DEL GAS NATURAL
FIG. 1-1 Ciclo corto de adsorción M
Gas rico Enfriamiento
Calentamiento
Adsorción
-5-
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PROCESAMIENTO DEL GAS NATURAL
1.3 Refrigeración Mecánica El proceso de refrigeración se usa para cumplir con las especificaciones de punto de rocío por hidrocarburo y por agua para el gas de venta. La temperatura a la cual debe ser enfriado el gas depende del nivel requerido para alcanzar las especificaciones de punto de rocío. Este será el requerimiento mínimo de enfriamiento. Enfriar el gas a niveles de temperatura por debajo de este mínimo debe ser justificado por la economía de la recuperación del GLP. Esto requiere de una evaluación económica que considere el beneficio de la recuperación adicional de GLP y los costos de inversión y operación de las facilidades para ello. La recuperación adicional de GLP se consigue enfriando el gas a temperaturas tan bajas como -20 a -40 ºF o por contacto del gas con aceite pobre en una torre absorbedora. Puesto que el gas que entra a la unidad de refrigeración esta saturado con vapor de agua y la temperatura a la cual se enfría esta sustancialmente por debajo del punto de congelación del agua, se requiere prevenir la formación de hielo o hidratos. hid ratos. Como se explicó detalladamente en el capitulo anterior, la temperatura de formación de hidratos a una presión dad puede ser deprimida por la dicción de químicos tales como metanol o glicoles. Como puede observarse en la Fig. 1-2, en dicho proceso se encuentran tres circuitos totalmente definidos como son:
Circuito de gas natural, al cual se le remueve agua y líquidos para acondicionarlo a gas de venta. Circuito de glicol, el cual se utiliza para inhibir la formación de hidratos
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PROCESAMIENTO DEL GAS NATURAL
FIG. 1-2 Proceso de refrigeración con propano (Sistema típico de inyección de glicol)
-7-
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PROCESAMIENTO DEL GAS NATURAL
FIG. 1-3 Diagrama de flujo del proceso – diagrama diagrama Entalpía - presión
Diagrama de flujo del proceso
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PROCESAMIENTO DEL GAS NATURAL
ETAPA DE EXPANSIÓN Siguiendo el circuito de propano, vemos que es un ciclo simple de refrigeración conformado por:
Expansión Evaporación Compresión Condensación
Este ciclo de refrigeración por compresión de vapor se representa por la Fig. 1-3 y se muestran las cuatro etapas que lo conforman se explican a continuación.
El punto de inicio del ciclo de refrigeración es la disponibilidad del refrigerante líquido. El punto A en la Fig. 1-3 representa un líquido en su punto de burbuja a la presión de saturación PA, y entalpía h LA .
En la etapa de expansión la presión y la temperatura se reducen al pasar a través de la válvula de control en la cual cae la presión al valor de P B, el cual lo determina la temperatura deseada del refrigerante TB.
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PROCESAMIENTO DEL GAS NATURAL
(X)hLB + (1-X)hVB = hLA
Ec. 1
X= (hVB- hLA) / (hVB- hLB)
Ec. 2
(1-X) = (hLA- hLB) / (hVB- hLB)
Ec. 3
FIG 1.4 Válvula de expansión electrónica CAREL E2V
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PROCESAMIENTO DEL GAS NATURAL
ETAPA DE EVAPORACIÓN El vapor formado en el proceso de expansión (A-B) no suministra ninguna refrigeración al proceso. Calor es absorbido del proceso por la evaporación de la parte líquida de refrigerante.
Como se muestra en la Fig.1 - 3 esto es a temperatura y presión constante. La entalpía del vapor en el punto C es hVB.
Físicamente la evaporación ocurre en un intercambiador de calor denominado evaporador o chiller. El líquido frío X suministra la refrigeración y su efecto refrigerante está definido como X(h VB-hLB) y sustituyendo en la Ec. 2 dicho efecto se representa como:
EfectoR = hVB-hLA
Ec. 4
La capacidad de refrigeración o “duty” referido a la cantidad total de calor absorbido en el chiller por el proceso, generalmente se expresa como toneladas
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PROCESAMIENTO DEL GAS NATURAL
FIG. 1-5 Condensador evaporativo
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PROCESAMIENTO DEL GAS NATURAL
El valor h’VD está determinado por las propiedades del refrigerante a P A y una entropía SC. Como el refrigerante no es un fluido ideal y los compresores no operan idealmente, se define el término término eficiencia isentrópica ηi para compensar las ineficiencias en el proceso de compresión (Esta eficiencia se denomina también adiabática).
El trabajo real de compresión puede ser calculado así:
W = Wi /ηi = m(h’VD – h hVB)/ ηi
Ec. 7
La entalpía a la descarga está dada por
hVD = (h’VD – h hVB)/ ηi + hVB El trabajo de compresión puede expresarse como:
Ec. 8
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PROCESAMIENTO DEL GAS NATURAL
FIG. 1.6(b). Compresor del ciclo de refrigeración
ETAPA DE CONDENSACIÓN
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PROCESAMIENTO DEL GAS NATURAL
FIG 1-7 Condensadores del ciclo
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PROCESAMIENTO DEL GAS NATURAL
EJEMPO 1 (GPSA) Se van a enfriar 51.4 MMscfd del gas (gravedad específica 0.6564 y capacidad calorífica 0.67 Btu/lb·ºF) desde 60ºF a 0ºF, mediante un sistema de refrigeración con propano.
De la masa de gas que entra al chiller se condensa el 3.5% y el calor de condensación λ c es 200 Btu/lb.
El chiller de propano opera a -10 ºF. La
eficiencia isentrópica del compresor es 75%.
Ver diagrama de flujo del proceso en Fig. 1-3. Calcular:
a. El duty del chiller b. La fracción de líquido y vapor después de la expansión
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PROCESAMIENTO DEL GAS NATURAL
Masa de líquido condensado,
mlc = 107,140 * 0.035 = 3,750lb/h
Q(chiller) = m(gas)Cp(gas)ΔT + mlcλ c = Qref
Q(chiller) = 107,140lb/h * 0.67Btu/lb·ºF * 60ºF + 3.750lb/h * 200Btu/h
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PROCESAMIENTO DEL GAS NATURAL
FIG. 1-8 Diagrama P-H del propano Para el ejemplo 1
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PROCESAMIENTO DEL GAS NATURAL
Ubicar punto a la salida del evaporador (chiller),
@(TB=-10ºF y línea de vapor saturado), se lee h VB419Btu/lb
PC=PB=32psia, TC=TB=-10ºF
De la Ec 2,
X = (h
h )/(h
h ) = (419 300)/(419 244) = 0.68 fracción en peso de
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PROCESAMIENTO DEL GAS NATURAL
d. Calcular el trabajo real del compresor y los caballos de fuerza de gas (GHP). Ubicar punto D’ a la salida del condensador,
@(compresión isentrópica de C a D’ hasta P A=145psia), se lee h’VD=450Btu/lb
De Ec. 6
W = m(h’
h ) = 42,521(450 419) = 1.32*106Btu/h
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PROCESAMIENTO DEL GAS NATURAL
1.4 Proceso Ifpexol Como se observó en el proceso de refrigeración anterior, es necesario usar glicol para prevenir la formación de hielo e hidratos, y por tanto se requiere la incorporación de un proceso de regeneración del glicol, el cual adiciona costos de inversión y operación.
Estos costos pueden ser disminuidos usando un proceso relativamente nuevo
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PROCESAMIENTO DEL GAS NATURAL
El gas se enfría en los tubos del intercambiador gas – gas y el enfriador “chiller” del proceso frío, con lo cual el metanol se condensa con el agua previniendo la formación de hidratos.
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PROCESAMIENTO DEL GAS NATURAL
1.5 Absorción Con Aceite Pobre
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PROCESAMIENTO DEL GAS NATURAL
Por el fondo de la torre de destilación se obtiene el aceite absorbente pobre, que pasa a un proceso de deshidratación para retornar nuevamente a las torre absorbedora y reabsorbedora para continuar con el proceso de absorción.
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PROCESAMIENTO DEL GAS NATURAL
FIG. 1-11 SISTEMA DE EXTRACCIÓN CON ACEITE POBRE
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PROCESAMIENTO DEL GAS NATURAL
El aceite rico sale por el fondo de la torre bajo control de nivel, intercambia calor con la corriente de aceite pobre y entra al tanque “flash”, el cual opera alrededor de la mitad de la presión de la torre de absorción. Una gran
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