Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
È@DEIG <. IJHW@EILIEÙ@ DG DLTJY
7
<.<. Gsqughl sehpcg ................... ................................... ................................... ................................... .. 7 <.6. Gsqughl ijhpcgoj......................... .................................... ..................................... ....................... 7 <.9. Ieriuetj dg dltjs ....................................... ................................... .................................... ............ ;
6. GC IL@LC
;
6.<. L`imj dg fl`dl............................. ..................................... ................................... ........................ = 6.6. Qgcjiedld dg trl`sagrg`iel dg dltjs ....................................................................................... 5 6.9. Tlsl dg trl`sagrg`iel dg dltjs ............................. ..................................... .............................. 5 6.4. Tlsl dg grrjr (FGV) ....................................... ................................... .................................... .... <2
9. RVJFCGHLY DG CL TVL@YHEYEÙ@
<2
9.<. Rgrturfliej`gs g` cjs sestghls dg tgcgijhu`eilieù` ............................................................ << 9.6. Ltg`ulieù` .............................. ..................................... ................................... ............................ <6 9.9. Destjrseù`....................................... ................................... .................................... ...................... <6 9.4. Vuedj ..................................................... ................................... .................................... ................ <9 9.7. Delaj`èl ............................. ..................................... .................................... ................................. <4 9.1. E`tgragrg`iel ............................... ..................................... ................................... ...................... <1 9.;. E`tgrhjduclieù`............................................. .................................... .................................... .... <1
4. TÅI@EILY DG HWCTERCG]LIEÙ@
<;
4.<. Huctepcgxlieù` ............................... ..................................... ................................... ...................... <; 4.6. Tepjs dg huctepcgxlieù`...................... ................................... .................................... ................ <; 4.6.<. ADH 4.6.6. TDH
<= <5
7. TÅI@EILY DG TVL@YHEYEÙ@ DG CL E@AJVHLIEÙ@
62
7.<. Fl`dl flsg......................... .................................... ..................................... .................................6 2 7.6. Fl`dl l`iml ....................... ................................... ................................... ................................... 6<
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l < dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
1. CL LV\WETGITWVL DG CLY IJHW@EILIEJ@GY
66
1.<. Vgdgs dg jrdg`ldjrgs ....................... .................................... .................................... ................ 66 1.6. Jrekg`, dgste`j y plqugtgs dg dltjs ...................................................................................... 69 1.9. Rrjtjijcj dg ijhu`eiliej`gs ................................................ .................................... ................ 69 1.4. E`tgralz g`trg ilpls ................................................ ................................... ............................. 64 1.7. Ilpl j `evgc ............................. ..................................... ................................... ............................ 67 1.1. Ijhu`eilieù`......................................................... ................................... ...................................67 1.;. Lrquetgiturl dg rgd .................................................. ................................... ............................. 67 1.=. Gstì`dlrgs .............................. ..................................... ................................... ............................67 1.5. Jrkl`eshjs dg gstl`dlrezlieù` .............. ................................... ................................... ........... 61 1.<2. Hjdgcj dg ilpls .............. .................................... .................................. ................................... 61
;. HJDGCJ JYE
6=
;.<. Ij`igptjs prgvejs......................... .................................... ..................................... .....................6= ;.6. Cl gstruiturl dg ilpls .............................................................. ..................................... .......... 65 ;.9. ºRjr quå u` hjdgcj dg rgd devededj g` ilpls: ...................................................................... 92 ;.4. Au`iej`gs dg ildl ilpl .................................. .................................... ................................... .... 92 ;.7. G`ilpsuclheg`tj dg dltjs ........................................ .................................... ............................ 9< ;.1. Ijhu`eilieù` dg ekulc l ekulc.............................. ..................................... ................................. 99 ;.;. Despjsetevjs dg rgd pjr ilpl .............................. ..................................... ................................. 94 ;.;.<. Ilpl aèseil ;.;.6. Ilpl dg g`clig dg dltjs ;.;.9. Ilpl dg rgd ;.;.4. Gcghg`tjs dg e`tgrij`gxeù` dg rgdgs ;.;.7. Jtrjs despjsetevjs dg cls ilpls
94 97 97 97 91
=. RVJTJIJCJY
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
9;
Rìke`l 6 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
5. HJDGCJ TIR/ER
9;
5.<. Cl gstruiturl dg ilpls ................................... .................................... ................................... .... 9= 5.<.<. Ilpl Cl ilpl dg liigsj l rgd 5.<.6. Ilpl 6? Cl ilpl dg E`tgr`gt 5.<.9. Ilpl 9? Cl ilpl dg trl`spjrtg 5.<.4. Ilpl 4? Cl ilpl dg lpceilieù`
9= 9= 95 95
5.6. dg dltjs ................................... ................................... 42 5.9. W`edld Ijhu`eilieù` dg................ gxtrghj................................... l gxtrghj ...................................................................................... 42 5.4. Rrjtjijcjs dg ildl ilpl................................. .................................... ................................... .... 42 5.4.<. Rrjtjijcjs dg cl ilpl dg liigsj l rgd
42
5.4.<.<. LVR
4<
5.4.<.6. Rrjtjijcj RRR
46
5.4.6. Rrjtjijcjs dg cl ilpl dg E`tgr`gt
46
5.4.6.<. Rrjtjijcj ER
46
5.4.6.6. Rrjtjijcj EIHR
47
5.4.6.9. Rrjtjijcj @LT
41
5.4.9. Rrjtjijcjs dg cl ilpl dg trl`spjrtg
4=
5.4.9.<. WDR 5.4.9.6. TIR
72 72
5.4.4. Rrjtjijcjs dg cl ilpl dg lpceilieù`
7<
<2. RVJTJIJCJY DG W@L VGD HEIVJYJAT <<. IJHRLVLIEÙ@ G@TVG GC HJDGCJ JYE U GC HJDGCJ TIR/ER
76 76
<<.<. Yehecetudgs................................................. ................................... ................................... ........... 76 <<.6. Deagrg`iels ................................... .................................... ................................... ......................79 <<.9. Ijrrgspj`dg`iel g`trg ilpls................................... ................................... ............................ 7 9 <<.4. Wsj dg cjs hjdgcjs JYE y TIR/ER ........................................... .................................... .......... 79
<6. HJDGCJ EGGG
77
<6.<. Gc prjygitj =26 .................................. .................................. .................................... ................ 77 <6.6. Tjng` Ve`k .................. ................................... .................................... ................................... .....71 <6.9. Gtmgr`gt ............................... ..................................... .................................... ............................71 <6.4. [e-Ae .................................. ................................... .................................... .................................71
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 9 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
<9. GTMGV@GT
7;
<9.<. Au`iej`lheg`tj................................... ................................... .................................... ................ 7; <9.6. Yufilpls CCI y HLI ....................... .................................... .................................... ................ 7= <9.9. Yufilpl HLI ................................................ .................................... ................................... .....7= <9.9.<. G`ilpsuclieù` dg dltjs <9.9.6. Ij`trjc dg liigsj lc hgdej
75 75
<9.9.9. IYHL/ID <9.9.4. IYHL/IL
12 1<
<9.4. Tepjs dg Gtmgr`gt ................................... ................................... .................................... .......... 1< <9.7. Gsqughl dg dg`jhe`lieù` Gtmgr`gt ...................................................................................... 1< <9.1. Ltrefutjs dg cl trlhl dg Gtmgr`gt ....................................................................................... 19 <9.;. Tlhlüj dg cl trlhl Gtmgr`gt ............... ................................... ................................... ........... 19 <9.=. Ilhpjs dg cl trlhl Gtmgr`gt................ ................................... ................................... ........... 14
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 4 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
<. IJHW@EILIEÙ@ DG DLTJY Gc prjigsj dg ijhu`eilieù` dg dltjs ij`sestg g` cl trl`sagrg`iel dg cjs heshjs dg u` cuklr l prjigsj ij`te`ÿl mlstl qug cl e`ajrhlieù` ccgkl lc usulrej. Iul`dj cl rgiefg pugdg `gigsetlr ijpelr j dupceilr cl e`ajrhlieù` (pjr goghpcj, u` cestldj dg cls vg`tls dgc ÿctehj hgs) y gstl tlrgl dg rgprjduiieù` cl rglcezl u`l hìque`l. jtrj, dj`dg sgrì` utecezldjs j sg prjigslrì` dg `ugvj . Gstg
<.<. Gsqughl sehpcg G` cl trl`sheseù` dg cl e`ajrhlieù`, mly trgs gcghg`tjs ehpceildjs? ghesjr, rgigptjr y hgdej.
Dj`dg? Ghesjr (j trl`shesjr)? gs gc despjsetevj qug g`vèl cl e`ajrhlieù`. Vgigptjr? gs gc despjsetevj qug rgiefg cl e`ajrhlieù`. Il`lc (j hgdej dg trl`sheseù`)? gs gc sjpjrtg aèseij l trlvås dgc iulc gc ghesjr y gc rgigptjr pugdg` ijhu`eilrsg g` u` sestghl dg trl`sheseù`. Gs cl cè`gl.
<.6. Gsqughl ijhpcgoj L ij`te`ulieù`, sg prgsg`tl u` gsqughl hìs ijhpcgoj dg cl trl`sheseù` dg cl e`ajrhlieù` .
Dj`dg? Hjducldjr? gs gc g`ilrkldj dg ldgiulr cl sgülc (gcåitreil, liÿsteil, cuhe`jsl) lc il`lc dg trl`sheseù`. Gs gc ijdeaeildjr dg sgülc. Dghjducldjr? gs gc prjigsj e`vgrsj lc hjducldjr. Gs gc dgijdeaeildjr dg sgülc.
Rlrl cjklr qug cl e`ajrhlieù` qug g`vèl gc ghesjr ccgkug mlstl gc rgigptjr y åstg cj g`teg`dl, sg dgfg` tg`gr g` iug`tl? W` trl`sduitjr dg g`trldl, qug ij`vegrtl gc hg`slog g` u`l sgülc gcåitreil vlrelfcg tlc ijhj u` vjctlog j u`l ijrreg`tg. W` trl`sduitjr dg slcedl, qug ij`vegrtl cl sgülc l cl ajrhl lprjpeldl dgc hg`slog.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 7 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
W` trl`sduitjr gs u` despjsetevj g`ilrkldj dg trl`sajrhlr cl `lturlcgzl dg u`l sgülc. Cl sgülc aèseil qug hìs sg utecezl g` tgcghìteil gs cl sgülc gcåitreil y gccj gs dgfedj pre`ieplchg`tg l su aliecedld dg trl`spjrtg, kjfegr`j y trl`sajrhlieù`, lsè ijhj l su rlpedgz dg trl`spjrtg (lprjxehldlhg`tg cl vgcjiedld dg cl cuz). Goghpcj? W`l fjhfeccl, cl iulc ij`vegrtg u`l sgülc gcåitreil g` u`l cuhe`jsl j feg` heirùaj`js j lctlvjigs.
Lsè pugs gc trl`sduitjr gs gc gcghg`tj g`ilrkldj dg trl`sajrhlr cl e`ajrhlieù` g` u`l sgülc
gcåitreil, y veigvgrsl.
Goghpcj? W`l sehpcg ij`vgrslieù` tgcgaù`eil, g` gc iulc cjs trl`sduitjrgs sj` gc heirùaj`j y gc lctlvjz. Gc heirùaj`j trl`sajrhl `ugstrl vjz g` u`l j`dl gcåitreil y gc lctlvjz rglcezl gc prjigsj ij`trlrej.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 1 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
<.9. Ieriuetj dg dltjs W` ieriuetj gs u`l vèl dg ijhu`eilieù`, l trlvås dg u`j j vlrejs hgdejs dg trl`sheseù`, qug ltrlvegsl g` jilsej`gs vlrejs despjsetevjs, g`trg gc ghesjr y gc rgigptjr. Goghpcj? Ieriuetj sg`ieccj g`trg u` ghesjr y u` rgigptjr, ij` vlrejs g`cligs y ij`hutldjrgs.
Tlc ijhj sg hugstrl g` cl aekurl l`tgrejr, tèpeilhg`tg u` ieriuetj gstlrì ijhpugstj pjr vlrejs g`cligs (sgkhg`tjs dg ijhu`eilieù` qug teg`g` u` despjsetevj g` ildl u`j dg sus gxtrghjs ) y ldghìs pjr vlrejs ij`hutldjrgs (despjsetevjs iuyl tlrgl gs gstlfcgigr, hl`tg`gr y hjdeaeilr cls ij`gxej`gs g`trg vlrejs g`cligs aèseijs).
6. GC IL@LC Gc il`lc gs gc gcghg`tj qug sg g`ilrkl dgc trl`spjrtg dg cl sgülc sjfrg cl qug velol cl e`ajrhlieù` qug prgtg`dg` e`tgrilhfelr gc ghesjr y gc rgigptjr. W` il`lc veg`g dgae`edj dgsdg gc pu`tj dg vestls tgcghìteij pjr sus prjpegdldgs aèseils? cl
`lturlcgzl dg cl sgülc qug gs ilplz dg trl`sheter (gcåitreil, liÿsteil), cl vgcjiedld dg trl`sheseù`, cl ilpliedld dg trl`sheseù` (l`imj dg fl`dl), cl cj`ketud hìxehl, gc hjdj dg e`sgrieù` dg ghesjrgs y rgigptjrgs.
Ildl il`lc sg ldgiul hgojr l u` tepj dg sgülc ij`irgtj. Goghpcj? Rlrl cls sgülcgs gcåitreils gs fug`j u` il`lc dg ijfrg j lckÿ` hltgrelc ij`duitjr. G` ildl il`lc pugdg` velolr vlrels sgülcgs, ijhj suigdg g` gc ilsj dgc lerg, pjr gstg il`lc velol` cls j`dls dg cl tgcgveseù`, cls dg cl rldej, gti. Åstj gs pjsefcg dgfedj l qug gstls sgülcgs vl` tjdls g` deste`tls argiug`iels, cls iulcgs sj` `jrhlcezldls pjr gc gstldj j e`stetuiej`gs kufgr`lhg`tlcgs.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l ; dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
6.<. L`imj dg fl`dl Gc l`imj dg fl`dl (F[, Fl`d[edtm) gs cl il`tedld dg e`ajrhlieù` qug sg pugdg gheter g` u` Gs dgier, sg rgaegrg lc iludlc dg e`ajrhlieù` qug u` il`lc pugdg
hgdej g` u` e`stl`tg dgtgrhe`ldj. trl`spjrtlr.
G` u` sèhec, ij` u`l tufgrèl gs gc iludlc dg lkul qug plsl g` u` e`stl`tg dgtgrhe`ldj, gc lkul sgrèl cl e`ajrhlieù` trl`shetedl y gc l`imj dg fl`dl cl il`tedld hìxehl qug pugdg plslr l trlvås dg cl tufgrèl.
U jtrj sèhec sgrèl gc trìaeij qug ieriucl pjr cl lutjpestl g` u` e`stl`tg dgtgrhe`ldj.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l = dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
G`tj`igs gc l`imj dg fl`dl gs cl ilpliedld dg u`l cè`gl plrl trl`sheter e`ajrhlieù`. Rgrj mly qug tg`gr g` iug`tl qug cl cè`gl gstì ijhplrtedl argiug`tghg`tg pjr huimjs usulrejs. Rjr tl`tj, `js servg dg huy pjij slfgr gc l`imj dg fl`dl qug teg`g u` prjvggdjr se `j slfghjs iul`tjs usulrejs ijhplrtg` gsl cè`gl g` u` hjhg`tj dgtgrhe`ldj. Mly pgqugüjs prjvggdjrgs ij` pjijs iceg`tgs qug utecezl` u`l cè`gl –gstrgiml‘. Ye` ghflrkj, pugdg` jargigr hgojrgs teghpjs dg liigsj qug jtrjs
prjvggdjrgs ij` il`lcgs hìs pjtg`tgs pjrqug åstjs teg`g` dghlseldjs usulrejs ijhplrteg`dj cl cè`gl. Cl prjpjrieù` gs cj qug iug`tl, `j gc l`imj g` sè heshj. Gc l`imj dg fl`dl sg hedg g` fps g` gc ilsj dg sgülcgs deketlcgs y g` Mz plrl sgülcgs l`lcùkeils.
Rlrl sgülcgs l`lcùkeils, gc l`imj dg fl`dl gs cl l`imurl, hgdedl g` mgriejs, . argiug`iels g` gc qug sg ij`ig`trl cl hlyjr plrtg dg cl pjtg`iel dg cl sgülc
dgc rl`kj dg
Goghpcj? Dg`trj dg cl fl`dl WMA (Argiug`iels Wctrl Lctls), qug sg gxteg`dg dgsdg 4;2 mlstl =16 HMz, gstì` ufeildjs cjs sgrveiejs dg tgcgveseù` tgrrgstrg ij`jiedjs ijhj –TDT‘ (dgsdg gc il`lc 6< mlstl gc il`lc 12) y cjs sgrveiejs dg E`tgr`gt (iuyj rl`kj dg il`lcgs gs dgc 1< lc 15 ). Tjdjs cjs il`lcgs teg`g` u` l`imj dg fl`dl dg = HMz. Tlhfeå` gstì g` WMA u`l dg cls fl`dls dg tgcgaj`èl hùvec (KYH), lsè ijhj cls trl`shesej`gs dg cjs tgcåaj`js e`lcìhfreijs (DGIT). Cjs sgrveiejs dg sgkuredld (pjceièl, goårietj, gti.) tlhfeå` pjsgg` fl`dls dg ijhu`eiliej`gs g` gstl zj`l dgc gspgitrj. E`icusj cls ij`gxej`gs l E`tgr`gt vèl [e-Ae sg rglcezl` g` cl fl`dl WMA, g`trg huimjs jtrjs tepjs dg trl`shesej`gs. G` u` il`lc deketlc mly mlfetulchg`tg iultrj prjkrlhls dg TQ y vlrejs dg rldej.
6.6. Qgcjiedld dg trl`sagrg`iel dg dltjs Cl vgcjiedld dg trl`sagrg`iel dg dltjs (Q td) gs gc `ÿhgrj dg fets dg e`ajrhlieù` dg usulrej hedg g` fps.
trl`shetedjs pjr u`edld dg teghpj. Yg
Qtd
` ¿ Z fets Z dg Z usulrej Z trl`shetedjs teghpj Z dg Z g`vèj
6.9. Tlsl dg trl`sagrg`iel dg dltjs Cl tlsl dg trl`sagrg`iel (T) gs gc tlhlüj dgc lrimevj g` fets trl`shetedjs g`trg gc l`imj dg hedg g` sgku`djs.
fl`dl dgc il`lc g` fets pjr sgku`dj. Yg
T
`¿ Z fets Z dg Z lrimevj l`imj Z dg Z fl`dl
Ye sg ij`jig gc tlhlüj tèpeij dg u` lrimevj plrl u`l lpceilieù` dldl, lc deveder gc tlhlüj dgc lrimevj pjr gc l`imj dg fl`dl dg cl rgd, sg jfteg`g u`l gstehlieù` dgc teghpj hìs rìpedj g` gc iulc sg pugdg trl`sagrer gc lrimevj. G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 5 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
W` ldhe`estrldjr dg rgd pugdg gstehlr vlrejs dg cjs ehpjrtl`tgs ijhpj`g`tgs dgc rg`deheg`tj dg u`l rgd lpceil`dj cls sekueg`tgs aùrhucls? Hgojr dgsilrkl Dgsilrkl tèpeil T
Y F[
T
Y R
Dj`dg? F[ gs gc hìxehj l`imj dg fl`dl tgùreij dgc –g`clig hìs cg`tj‘ g`trg gc mjst jrekg` y gc mjst dgste`j hgdedj g` fets pjr sgku`dj.
Rsgku`dj gs cl .tlsl
dg trl`sagrg`iel rglc g` gc hjhg`tj dg cl trl`sagrg`iel hgdedl g` fets pjr Y gs gc tlhlüj dgc lrimevj g` fets. T gs cl tlsl dg trl`sagrg`iel rglc g` gc hjhg`tj dg cl trl`sagrg`iel hgdedl g` fets pjr sgku`dj.
6.4. Tlsl dg grrjr (FGV) Gc FGV (Fet Grrjr Vltej, Tlsl dg Grrjr dg Fet) gs cl rgclieù` g`trg gc `ÿhgrj dg fets rgiefedjs grrù`glhg`tg y gc `ÿhgrj tjtlc dg fets g`veldjs g` u` iegrtj e`tgrvlcj dg teghpj. Gstg plrìhgtrj gs au`dlhg`tlc plrl dgtgrhe`lr cl ilcedld dg cl sgülc dghjducldl. FGV
@ ¿ Z dg Z fets Z grrù`gjs @ ¿ Z dg Z fets Z trl`shetedjs
Goghpcj? Lsè qug u`l hgdedl dg 9x<2-4 `js e`deil qug `jsjtrjs tg`ghjs 9 fets grrù`gjs g` <2.222 fets dg dltjs (2's g` cuklr dg <'s j veigvgrsl). Iul`tj hìs floj gs gc FGV, hgojr. Rjr goghpcj, 4x<2-7 gs hìs fug`j qug
9. RVJFCGHLY DG CL TVL@YHEYEÙ@ G` cjs sestghls deketlcgs, ldghìs dg tg`gr gc FGV (plrìhgtrj au`dlhg`tlc qug `js dgtgrhe`l cl ilcedld dg cl sgülc dghjducldl) gspgieaeildj plrl ildl sestghl, sg dgfg tg`gr prgsg`tg gc teghpj dg prjplklieù` y cl ltg`ulieù` qug suarg cl sgülc ij` cl destl`iel. Goghpcj? Ltg`ulieù` dg cl sgülc ij` cl destl`iel.
Dj`dg DTG (Dltl Tgrhe`lc Gquephg`t, Gquepj Tgrhe`lc dg Dltjs) gs iulcquegr despjsetevj (jrdg`ldjr j tgrhe`lc) qug teg`g cl ilpliedld dg trl`sheter e`ajrhlieù` g` ajrhl deketlc, sjfrg u`l cè`gl dg ijhu`eiliej`gs. Gc DTG gs jrekg` j dgste`j. G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l <2 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
Cls sgülcgs qug sg trl`shetg` l trlvås dg u`l rgd dg ijhu`eiliej`gs, yl sgl l trlvås dg u` hgdej kueldj j dg ajrhl e`lcìhfreil, gxpgrehg`tl` djs ag`ùhg`js qug pugdg` dgkrldlr cl e`ajrhlieù` qug trl`shetg`? Cl ltg`ulieù` j gc dgfecetlheg`tj dg cl sgülc. W`l deshe`uieù` dg su pjtg`iel dgfedj l cl rgsestg`iel qug jargig gc hgdej dg trl`sheseù` arg`tg l su lvl`ig. Cls e`tgragrg`iels ij` devgrsls iclsgs dg ruedj. Rlrl ij`trlrrgstlr gstjs gagitjs, sg ghpcgl` vlrejs tepjs dg despjsetevjs? Lhpceaeildjrgs. Vgpgtedjrgs. Aectrjs.
9.<. Rgrturfliej`gs g` cjs sestghls dg tgcgijhu`eilieù` Yg dgae`g ijhj pgrturflieù` l tjdj ij`ou`tj dg lituliej`gs gxtgr`ls j e`tgr`ls sjfrg u` sestghl dg trl`sheseù` qug prjvjil` qug cl sgülc rgiefedl pjr cl prgsg`tlieù` `j sgl gxlitlhg`tg ekulc l cl ghetedl pjr cl aug`tg. Iul`dj u`l sgülc ltrlvegsl u` il`lc dg ijhu`eiliej`gs suarg trgs tepjs dg ag`ùhg`js qug cl mlig` vlrelr su ajrhl jreke`lc? Ltg`ulieù`. Destjrseù`. Vuedj.
Jtrjs tepjs dg pgrturfliej`gs qug tlhfeå` pjdghjs g`ij`trlr sj`? Delaj`èl. E`tgragrg`iel. E`tgrhjduclieù`.
G` kg`grlc, cl destjrseù`, cl e`tgrhjduclieù` y lcku`js tepjs dg delaj`èl, dg e`tgragrg`iel y dg sj` pgrturfliej`gs e`tgr`ls (sg kg`grl` g` gc heshj sestghl dg trl`sheseù` qug gs pgrturfldj), heg`trls qug jtrjs tepjs dg delaj`èl, e`tgragrg`iel y ruedj sj` pgrturfliej`gs gxtgr`ls (sg jreke`l` g` jtrjs sestghls dg trl`sheseù`). W`l ilrlitgrèsteil au`dlhg`tlc qug deste`kug u`js tepjs dg pgrturflieù` dg jtrjs gs se åstl sg prjduig j `j g` lusg`iel dg cl sgülc trl`shetedl pjr gc sestghl pgrturfldj. Lsè, cl destjrseù` sg prjduig sùcj g` prgsg`iel dg cl sgülc, cl delaj`èl y gc ruedj gxestg` seghprg, y cl e`tgrhjduclieù` pugdg gxester ij` j se` cl sgülc. Gxestg jtrl deagrg`iel au`dlhg`tlc g`trg gc ruedj y cjs jtrjs tepjs dg pgrturfliej`gs, y gs qug gc ruedj teg`g seghprg ilrìitgr lcgltjrej, tl`tj g` su lplreieù` ijhj g` sus ilrlitgrèsteils dg lhpcetud j alsg. G` ilhfej, cjs jtrjs tepjs dg pgrturfliej`gs tg`drì` , `jrhlchg`tg, ilrlitgrèsteils seheclrgs l cls sgülcgs jreke`ldls pjr cl aug`tg dgc sestghl dg trl`sheseù` pgrturfldj j, g` tjdj ilsj, dg jtrjs sestghls dg trl`sheseù` l`ìcjkjs. L ij`te`ulieù`, vlhjs l gstudelr ij` hlyjr dgtlccg ildl tepj dg pgrturflieù`, lu`qug vlhjs l mligrcj dg ajrhl kg`grlc, yl qug u` l`ìceses rglc dgfgrèl plrteiuclrezlrsg plrl ildl tepj dg sestghl dg trl`sheseù`. ruedj
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l << dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
9.6. Ltg`ulieù` Cl ltg`ulieù` gs u`l deshe`uieù` g` cl lhpcetud dg cl sgülc l hgdedl qug åstl vl rgijrreg`dj gc hgdej dg trl`sheseù`. Cl ltg`ulieù` suaredl pjr cl sgülc gs prjpjriej`lc l cl destl`iel rgijrredl, pjr cj qug sg sugcg gspgieaeilr, plrl cjs hgdejs dg trl`sheseù`, g` dF/h. Rjdghjs lprgielr gc pre`iepej aèseij dg cl ltg`ulieù` tg`eg`dj g` iug`tl qug cl rgsestg`iel (cekldl ij` cl ltg`ulieù`) dg u` ij`duitjr gs dergitlhg`tg prjpjriej`lc l cl cj`ketud dgc heshj, heg`trls qug rgsuctl e`vgrslhg`tg prjpjriej`lc l su sgiieù`. Rjr tl`tj, l sgiiej`gs hlyjrgs dgc ij`duitjr, hg`jr ltg`ulieù`, y l cj`ketudgs hlyjrgs dg ij`duitjr, hlyjr ltg`ulieù`. Goghpcj? W`l sgülc dg <22 dFh sg trl`shetg pjr u` ilfcg ij`duitjr dg <2 hgtrjs dg cj`ketud. Ye cl ltg`ulieù` dgc ilfcg gs <2 dF/h, ºquå pjtg`iel ccgklrì lc jtrj gxtrghj: Cl ltg`ulieù` suaredl pjr cl sgülc sgrì <2 dF/h » <2 h 8 <22 dF, pjr tl`tj, ccgklrì <22 dFh ’ <22 dF 8 2 dFh, j cj qug gs ekulc < h[. G` trl`sheseù` dg sgülcgs l`lcùkeils sg pugdg ijhpg`slr cl pårdedl dg lhpcetud dgfedl l cl ltg`ulieù` hgdel`tg gc usj dg lhpceaeildjrgs, qug e`irghg`tl` cl lhpcetud dg cl sgülc dg g`trldl. G` trl`shesej`gs deketlcgs utecezlrghjs rgpgtedjrgs rgkg`grltevjs, qug kg`grl` u`l sgülc `ugvl l cl slcedl ij` cl heshl e`ajrhlieù` qug tg`èl cl sgülc l cl g`trldl . W` rgquesetj plrl gc ijrrgitj au`iej`lheg`tj dg cjs rgpgtedjrgs rgkg`grltevjs gs qug cl sgülc dg g`trldl dgfg pjdgr sgr dgijdeaeildl, pjr cj qug dgfgrghjs setulrcjs ildl iegrtl destl`iel. Lc `gigsetlr e`tgrprgtlr cl e`ajrhlieù` rgiefedl, dgfg` dgolr plslr lc hg`js u` teghpj dg fet, pjr cj qug e`trjduig` u` pgqugüj rgtlrdj, cj qug pugdg cehetlr gc `ÿhgrj dg åstjs g` u` trlygitj.
9.9. Destjrseù` Cl destjrseù` prjvjil u`l dgajrhlieù` dg cl sgülc jreke`lc. Dgfedj l cls ilrlitgrèsteils e`duitevls y ilplietevls dg cjs deagrg`tgs hgdejs dg trl`sheseù`, cl ltg`ulieù` qug åstg prgsg`tl vlrèl ij` cl argiug`iel. Gstg ag`ùhg`j trlg ijhj ij`sgiug`iel cl destjrseù` j dgajrhlieù` dg cl sgülc lc ltrlvgslr gc hgdej.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l <6 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
Dgae`ehjs l`imj dg fl`dl dg u` il`lc dg ijhu`eiliej`gs ijhj gc e`tgrvlcj dg argiug`iels plrl cls iulcgs cl ltg`ulieù` dgc hgdej dg trl`sheseù` pgrhl`gig floj u`js cèhetgs dgtgrhe`ldjs y lprjxehldlhg`tg ij`stl`tgs. Ij`sedgrlrghjs deimjs cèhetgs ijhj u`l deagrg`iel dg 9 dF rgspgitj lc vlcjr g` cl argiug`iel a2 (j ai) tjhldl ijhj rgagrg`iel. -9 dF
ae`lc.
Dj`dg ai gs cl argiug`iel ig`trlc (j dg ijrtg), a< gs cl argiug`iel dg e`eiej y a6 gs cl argiug`iel
Gc l`imj dg fl`dl gstì dergitlhg`tg rgcliej`ldj ij` cl il`tedld dg e`ajrhlieù` qug pjdghjs g`velr pjr u` il`lc dg ijhu`eiliej`gs. Iul`dj gc hgdej dg trl`sheseù` gs hgtìceij, u`j dg cjs gagitjs qug ij`trefuyg` l cl destjrseù` gs gc ij`jiedj gagitj pgceiuclr, qug prjvjil u`l rgduiieù` dg cl supgraeieg ÿtec pjr cl qug ieriucl` cjs gcgitrj`gs l hgdedl qug luhg`tlhjs cl argiug`iel, cj qug prjvjil u` e`irghg`tj g` cl rgsestg`iel dgc ij`duitjr g` cls argiug`iels hìs lctls. Rlrl ijhpg`slr cl destjrseù` dg u` il`lc sg ghpcgl` giulcezldjrgs, qug e`tg`tl` ij`sgkuer u` rl`kj dg argiug`iels cj hìs krl`dg pjsefcg g` gc qug cl ltg`ulieù` pgrhl`gzil ij`stl`tg .
9.4. Vuedj Gc ruedj gs tjdl pgrturflieù` j e`tgragrg`iel `j dgsgldl qug sg e`trjduig g` gc il`lc dg ijhu`eiliej`gs y sg suhl l cl sgülc ÿtec. Gxestg` hÿctepcgs aug`tgs dg ruedj, u`ls gxtgr`ls (hjtjr dg u` ijimg, dg u` lsig`sjr, tgcåaj`j hùvec, …) y jtrls e`tgr`ls lc prjpej sestghl dg ijhu`eiliej`gs (ruedj tårheij, …).
Gs ehpjsefcg prgdgier cl hlk`etud dg cl tg`seù` dgc ruedj g` u` hjhg`tj dgtgrhe`ldj, pjr cj qug sg sugcg trltlr dg ajrhl gstldèsteil. Gxestg` deagrg`tgs tepjs dg ruedj, dg cjs qug dgstlilrghjs djs? Vuedj fcl`ij. Yu dg`sedld dg g`grkèl sg destrefuyg pjr ekulc g` tjdj gc rl`kj dg argiug`iels . Goghpcj? Vuedj tårheij prjvjildj pjr gc hjveheg`tj lcgltjrej dg cjs gcgitrj`gs dg u` hgtlc ij` cl tghpgrlturl. Vuedj ehpucsevj. Rrjduiedj l e `tgrvlcjs errgkuclrgs ij` peijs huy prj`u`ieldjs y dg ijrtl durlieù`. Goghpcj? Yugcg` sgr g`ig`dedj dg u`l cuz, rgcås, …
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l <9 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
Rlrl gvetlr gc ruedj, cl ÿ`eil ajrhl dg prjigdgr gs rgiufrer gc hgdej dg trl`sheseù` ij` u`l pl`tlccl hgtìceil qug lfsjrfl cl hlyjrèl dgc ruedj gxtgr`j, gvetl`dj l cl vgz cl slcedl dg e`tgragrg`iels
lc gxtgrejr. Lc lhpceaeilr cl sgülc g` cl cè`gl dgfghjs tg`gr g` iug`tl qug tlhfeå` gstlrghjs lhpceaeil`dj gc ruedj qug ccgvg deiml sgülc, mgimj qug cehetl gc `ÿhgrj dg lhpceaeildjrgs despugstjs g` sgreg lc trl`spjrtlr u`l sgülc l`lcùkeil.
9.7. Delaj`èl Jtrj ag`ùhg`j huy ijhÿ` g` ijhu`eiliej`gs gs cl delaj`èl qug ij`sestg g` cl e`tgragrg`iel hutul qug sg prjduig` djs il`lcgs dg ijfrg qug sg g`iug`trl` ou`tjs. Ildl u`l dg gsls sgülcgs kg`grl e`tgragrg`iels g` gc jtrj ilfcg y mlig qug plrtg dg cl sgülc sg –e`trjduzil‘ y sg suhg ij` cl jtrl, l ilusl dg cl e`duiieù` gcgitrjhlk`åteil. Goghpcjs? G` u`l ij`vgrslieù` tgcgaù`eil, gstj sg jfsgrvl ijhj u`l sgku`dl ij`vgrslieù` qug sg jyg dg aj`dj hgzicldl ij` cl `ugstrl. Gstg ag`ùhg`j tlhfeå` sg prjduig iul`dj cls sgülcgs ieriucl` pjr u` hgdej ijhplrtedj y sus argiug`iels g` huctepcgxlieù` gstì` huy prùxehls g`trg sè.
Cl delaj`èl gs prjpel dg sestghls dg trl`sheseù` qug utecezl` ijhj hgdej dg trl`sheseù` cè`gls hgtìceils se` fce`dlog (ijhj cè`gls lårgls y ilfcgs dg plrgs), dgfedj lc lijpclheg`tj gcgitrjhlk`åteij g`trg deimls cè`gls, lu`qug pugdg kg`grlcezlrsg l iulcquegr jtrj ilsj. L hg`udj gsqug deaèiec deste`kuer dg cl delaj`èl dg jtrjs ijhj cl e`tgrhjduclieù`, pugstj qug gc gagitj prjduig` sjfrggcclag`ùhg`j sgülc gs huy plrgiedj. Cl delaj`èl pugdg iclseaeilrsg g`? E`tgcekefcg? se sg rgij`jig ijhj u`l sgülc l`ìcjkl l cl qug sg dgfgrèl rgiefer g` cl prgsg`tlieù`, pgrj se` qug sgl cl ghetedl pjr cl aug`tg. Goghpcj? Yu `jhfrg prjigdg dg cjs sestghls tgcgaù`eijs, g` cjs iulcgs l vgigs sg gsiuiml pjr gc lureiuclr jtrl ij`vgrslieù` deste`tl dg cl `ugstrl. E`e`tgcekefcg? gs gc ilsj g` gc qug cl pgrturflieù` `j prgsg`tl l`lcjkèls ij` cl sgülc gspgrldl. Goghpcj? G` gc ilsj dg u` sestghl tgcgaù`eij, pjdrèl lplrgigr ijhj u` ruedj ij` ildg`iel secìfeil.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l <4 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
Jtrl pjsefcg iclseaeilieù` gs? Dergitl? se sg dl g`trg djs g`cligs, il`lcgs j ieriuetjs dg u` heshj sestghl dg trl`sheseù` .
E`dergitl? se cl pgrturflieù` ccgkl dgsdg gc g`clig, il`lc j ieriuetj pgrturfldjr lc pgrturfldj, l (sgl j `j, dgc heshj dg trl`sheseù`). L su vgz gstl delaj`èl pugdg sgr cj`ketude`lc j trl`svgrslc sgkÿ` se clsestghl pgrturflieù` ieriucl j `j, rgspgitevlhg`tg, pjr . gc g`clig e`tgrhgdej trlvås dg jtrj e`tgrhgdej
W`l tgrigrl iclseaeilieù` gs? Rlrldelaj`èl? iul`dj cl prgsg`tlieù` pgrturfldl gstì hìs prùxehl l cl aug`tg pgrturfldjrl qug l cl aug`tg gspgrldl(aug`tg dgc sestghl pgrturfldj). Tgcgdelaj`èl? iul`dj cl prgsg`tlieù` pgrturfldl gstì hìs lcgoldl dg cl aug`tg pgrturfldjrl qug dg cl aug`tg gspgrldl(aug`tg dgc sestghl pgrturfldj).
Cl plrldelaj`èl tjtlc sugcg dgfgrsg l cjs lijpclheg`tjs dergitjs, heg`trls qug cl tgcgdelaj`èl tjtlc sg dgfg hlyjretlrelhg`tg l cjs lijpclheg`tjs e`dergitjs.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l <7 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
9.1. E`tgragrg`iel Cls e`tgragrg`iels veg`g` prjvjildls pjr deagrg`tgs ag`ùhg`js qug lplrgig` g` cl prjplklieù` rgarliieù`, dearliieù`, despgrseù` y lfsjrieù` . Ygkÿ` gc `ÿhgrj dg aug`tgs, cls e`tgragrg`iels sg iclseaeil` g`? Yehpcgs, se mly u`l sjcl sgülc e`tgragrg`tg. Hÿctepcgs, se gxestg` vlrels sgülcgs e`tgragrg`tgs.
dg cls j`dls rldejgcåitreils? rgacgxeù`,
Rjdghjs g`ij`trlr jtrl iclseaeilieù`, qug deste`kug g`trg?
E`tgragrg`iel ijil`lc, se sg prjduig g` cl heshl argiug`iel pjrtldjrl qug cl dg cl sgülc dgsgldl. E`tgragrg`iel dg il`lc ldylig`tg, se cl argiug`iel dg cl sgülc e`tgragrg`tg sg ijrrgspj`dg ij` il`lcgs ij`tekujs lc dg cl sgülc dgsgldl.
Cls e`tgragrg`iels dl` cuklr lc ag`ùhg`j ij`jiedj ijhj dgsvl`gieheg`tjs (alde`k, g` e`kcås), qug `j sj` hìs qug deshe`uiej`gs g` cl pjtg`iel rgiefedl dg cl sgülc rgspgitj dgc vlcjr gspgrldj. Gstjs dgsvl`gieheg`tjs `j sj` ij`stl`tgs g` gc teghpj, dgfedj l cls ilrlitgrèsteils pgiucelrgs dgc hgdej rldejgcåitreij, gc iulc vlrèl ij`te`ulhg`tg. Dgpg`deg`dj dg cl rlpedgz dg cls acuituliej`gs g` gc dgsvl`gieheg`tj, mlfclhjs dg dgsvl`gieheg`tj cg`tj j rìpedj. Cl delaj`èl sugcg ghpcglrsg gxicusevlhg`tg g` gc ilsj dg qug cl pgrturflieù` mlyl sedj jreke`ldl dg`trj dgc heshj sestghl pgrturfldj, j g` jtrj sestghl dg e kulc `lturlcgzl, heg`trls qug cl e`tgragrg`iel pugdg prjvg`er tlhfeå` dg jtrj sestghl dg `lturlcgzl deste`tl. Cl delaj`èl sestghls dg trl`sheseù` ij` cè`gls hgtìceils, heg`trls qug gc ij`igptj dg e`tgragrg`iel sggs uslprjpel hìs ldg hg`udj g` rldejijhu`eiliej`gs .
9.;. E`tgrhjduclieù` Cl `j ce`glcedld dg cjs sestghls dl cuklr, ldghìs dg l cl destjrseù` `j ce`glc, l cl e`tgrhjduclieù`. Cl deagrg`iel gstrefl g` qug åstl gs gc rgsuctldj dg clhgzicl dg djs j hìs sgülcgs. Gc l`ìceses dg cl e`tgrhjduclieù` sg rglcezl sjfrg tjdj g` sestghls dg fl`dl l`iml.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l <1 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
4. TÅI@EILY DG HWCTERCG]LIEÙ@ 4.<. Huctepcgxlieù` Cl huctepcgxlieù` gs cl tåi`eil qug pgrhetg cl trl`sheseù` sehuctì`gl dg vlrels sgülcgs l trlvås
dg u` sjcj g`clig aèseij.
Rjr tl`tj, cl huctepcgxlieù` gs gc prjigdeheg`tj pjr gc iulc deagrg`tgs e`ajrhliej`gs pugdg` ijhplrter u` heshj il`lc dg ijhu`eiliej`gs. Gc prjigsj e`vgrsj, gs dgier cl gxtrliieù` dg u`l dgtgrhe`ldl sgülc (qug ccgvl e`ajrhlieù`) dg g`trg cls hÿctepcgs qug sg pugdg` g`ij`trlr g` u` iegrtj il`lc dg ijhu`eiliej`gs dg dg`jhe`l dghuctepcgxlieù`. Goghpcj? Gsqughl dg ijhu`eilieù` g`trg iultrj gquepjs ghpcgl`dj u` sjcj g`clig.
G` u` sestghl huctepcgxldj ijhj gc qug sg hugstrl g` cl sekueg`tg aekurl, mly ` g`cligs qug ghetg` e`ajrhlieù` derekg` sus trl`shesej`gs l u` despjsetevj cclhldj huctepcgxjr, qug cls ijhfe`l g` u` ÿ`eij acuoj dg dltjs. G` gc jtrj gxtrghj dgc il`lc ijhplrtedj, jtrj despjsetevj ijhpcghg`tlrej dgc l`tgrejr, u` dghuctepcgxjr, sgplrl gstg acuoj g` sus ijhpj`g`tgs y derekg ildl `j dg gccjs l su dgste`ltlrej plrteiuclr. Rlrl pjdgr ccgvlr l ilfj gstl tåi`eil gs prgiesj qug cjs plqugtgs dg dltjs ccgvg` e`ajrhlieù` sjfrg cl dergiieù` dg su rghetg`tg y dg su dgste`ltlrej. ijhplrtg` cl ilpliedld dg u` il`lc . Cjs gquepjs qug
Yeghprg qug cls ilpliedldgs dg trl`sheseù` dg u` il`lc sgl` cj suaeieg`tghg`tg krl`dgs, sg pugdg ghpcglr gstg ÿ`eij il`lc plrl ijhu`eilr vlrejs despjsetevjs l cl vgz, dgc heshj hjdj qug cl lijhgtedl gcåitreil dg u` gdeaeiej trl`spjrtl cl g`grkèl dg vlrels veveg`dls.
4.6. Tepjs dg huctepcgxlieù`
Cls pre`ieplcgs tåi`eils plrl cl huctepcgxlieù` dg u` il`lc sg g`hlril` g` djs krupjs? Cl Huctepcgxlieù` pjr Deveseù` dg Argiug`iel (ADH). Cl Huctepcgxlieù` pjr Deveseù` dg Teghpj (TDH).
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l <; dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
4.6.<. ADH
Cl Huctepcgxlieù` pjr Deveseù` dg Argiug`iel (ADH, Argqug`iy Devesej` Huctepcgxe`k) devedg gc l`imj dg fl`dl dg u`l cè`gl (il`lc aèseij) g`trg vlrejs il`lcgs cùkeijs, dj`dg ildl il`lc cùkeij jiupl u`l plrtg dgc l`imj dg fl`dl dg cl argiug`iel tjtlc.
L ildl il`lc cùkeij sg cg lsek`l u`l fl`dl dg argiug`iel ig`trldl g` cl argiug`iel dg cl sgülc pjrtldjrl, sjfrg cl qug sg vl l hjduclr cl sgülc. Cjs il`lcgs gstì` sgplrldjs g`trg sè plrl gvetlr e`tgragrg`iels. Goghpcj? Wsj dg cl tåi`eil ADH. Gc il`lc aèseij sg devedg g`trg 9 il`lcgs cùkeijs, dj`dg cl sgülc < vl g` gc il`lc <, cl sgül 6 g` gc il`lc 6 y cl sgülc 9 g` gc il`lc 9. Ildl il`lc teg`g u`l argiug`iel deste`tl y g`trg cjs il`lcgs sg g`iug`trl cl fl`dl dg prjtgiieù` plrl gvetlr e`tgragrg`iels.
Rlrl huctepcgxlr vlrejs il`lcgs ou`tjs, sg cgs lsek`l l ildl il`lc vertulc u` l`imj dg fl`dl cj suaeieg`tghg`tg krl`dg plrl qug `j e`tgraegrl ij` cjs dghìs y hl`tg`grcjs sgplrldjs. Rrehgrj sg gcgvl
cl argiug`iel dg ildl il`lc jreke`lc, ildl u`j g` u`l il`tedld deagrg`tg y, dgspuås, yl sg pugdg` ijhfe`lr, pjrqug lmjrl yl `j mly djs il`lcgs qug jiupg` cl heshl pjseieù` dgc gspgitrj. Cl tåi`eil dg ADH devedg gc l`imj dg fl`dl tjtlc dg g`trldl y slcedl g` gc heshj `ÿhgrj dg il`lcgs g` gc ieriuetj, dgpg`deg`dj dgc `ÿhgrj dg despjsetevjs qug sgl` sjpjrtldjs. Gc rl`kj tjtlc dg e`ajrhlieù` dg g`trldl dg cjs despjsetevjs j tgrhe`lcgs ij`gitldjs lc huctepcgxjr `j pugdg gxigdgr gc rl`kj dg slcedl. Ye u` despjsetevj ij`gitldj pjr ADH gs rghjvedj dg su ieriuetj, `j mly pjsefecedld qug cl argiug`iel qug gstlfl seg`dj utecezldl pjr gsg despjsetevj sgl rg cjilcezldl y utecezldl pjr jtrj despjsetevj y lprjvgimlr gc l`imj dg fl`dl. Cj qug sek`eaeil qug gc huctepcgxjr `j teg`g cl mlfecedld plrl rgcjilcezlr de`ìheilhg`tg sus ilpliedldgs plrl utecezlr gc l`imj dg fl`dl despj`efcg. Gstg håtjdj sùcj sg usl iul`dj tg`ghjs sgülcgs l`lcùkeils. Rjr cj qug ildl vgz sg utecezl hg`js. G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l <= dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
Goghpcj? Gstl tåi`eil ml sedj ghpcgldl durl`tg huimj teghpj g` cls trl`shesej`gs dg ij`vgrsliej`gs tgcgaù`eils, g` cl qug cl sgplrlieù` g`trg il`lcgs grl dg 4 NMz. Rugdg` lplrgigr pgrturfliej`gs dgc tepj delaj`èl g`trg djs ieriuetjs (irjsstlcn) y ruedj dg e`tgrhjduclieù`.
Goghpcj? Cls ijhu`eiliej`gs hùvecgs 6K sj` u` goghpcj dg usj dg cl huctepcgxlieù` g` gc djhe`ej dg cl argiug`iel y dg cl huctepcgxlieù` g` gc djhe`ej dgc teghpj sehuctì`glhg`tg.
4.6.6. TDH
Cl Huctepcgxlieù` pjr Deveseù` dg Teghpj (TDH, Tehg Devesej` Huctepcgxe`k) ij`sestg g` trl`sheter vlrels sgülcgs pjr u` heshj il`lc aèseij, hgzicl`dj l deste`tjs e`tgrvlcjs dg teghpj (tehg scjt) deste`tls plrtgs j pjriej`gs dg cl sgülc. Cl hgzicl sg pugdg rglcezlr fet l fet j g` fcjqugs.
Lquè ildl il`lc teg`g lsek`ldj u` pgrejdj j rl`url dg teghpj g` gc il`lc pre`ieplc y cls deste`tls rl`urls dg teghpj gstì` rgplrtedls pjr ekulc g` tjdjs cjs il`lcgs. Teg`g cl dgsvg`tlol dg qug g` ilsj dg qug u` il`lc `j sgl usldj, gsl rl`url dg teghpj `j sg lprjvgiml pjr cjs jtrjs il`lcgs, g`veì`djsg g` vgz dg dltjs fets dg rgccg`j. TDH trlflol lijhjdl`dj cjs tehg scjts dg ildl despjsetevj ij`gitldj l u` despjsetevj. Tèpeilhg`tg, gc tjtlc dg rl`kj dg fets plrl tjdjs cjs despjsetevjs `j pugdg gxigdgr gc rl`kj dg fets pjr sgku`dj dg cl cè`gl dg slcedl. Åstj sg cjkrl utecezl`dj pjr hgdej dg tåi`eils dg ijhprgseù`. Cl ijhprgseù` g` gc `jdj rgigptjr gs dg hl`grl e`vgrtedl. Ye u` despjsetevj `j gstì seg`dj utecezldj, gstg l`imj dg fl`dl `j gstì despj`efcg plrl jtrjs despjsetevjs ij`gitldjs lc huctepcgxjr. Cl huctepcgxlieù` tghpjrlc rgquegrg cl pgragitl se`irj`ezlieù` g`trg ghesjr y rgigptjr . Yg pugdg` trl`sheter vlrels sgülcgs deketlcgs (j l`lcùkeils qug trl`spjrtg` dltjs deketlcgs) g` u` ÿ`eij ilhe`j dg trl`sheseù` hgzicl`dj g` gc teghpj deste`tls pjriej`gs dg cls sgülcgs jreke`lcgs. G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l <5 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
Goghpcj? Wsj dg cl tåi`eil TDH. Ij`sestg g` ijhplrter gc il`lc dg ijhu`eiliej`gs e`tgrilcl`dj cjs hg`slogs dg cls devgrsls ijhu`eiliej`gs j «ij`vgrsliej`gs¾ g`trg cjs despjsetevjs. G` ildl tehg scjt vl u`l pjrieù` dg cls ijhu`eiliej`gs L, F, I, D y G. Gc il`lc vl seg`dj jiupldj ij`sgiutevlhg`tg pjr cls ijhu`eiliej`gs L, F, I, D y G, ijhg`zl`dj jtrl vgz cl sgiug`iel mlstl qug cl ijhu`eilieù` ae`lcezl.
Gc prjfcghl ij` ADH gs qug mly qug uslr ieriuetgrèl l`lcùkeil. Rjr ij`trlstg, sg pugdg hl`golr cl TDH ijhpcgtlhg`tg ij` cl gcgitrù`eil deketlc. G` TDH ildl usulrej teg`g suigsevlhg`tg tjdj gc l`imj dg fl`dl dgc il`lc pjr u` hjhg`tj.
7. TÅI@EILY DG TVL@YHEYEÙ@ DG CL E@AJVHLIEÙ@ Cls tåi`eils dg trl`sheseù` sj` cls tåi`eils `gigslrels plrl ldlptlr cl sgülc deketlc lc hgdej
aèseij dg trl`sheseù`.
Cls hìs ghpcgldls sj` cl trl`sheseù` g` fl`dl flsg y cl trl`sheseù` g` fl`dl l`iml. Fl`dl flsg gs cl sgülc dg u`l sjcl trl`sheseù` g` u` il`lc, y fl`dl l`iml sek`eaeil qug ccgvl hìs dg u`l sgülc y ildl u`l dg gccls sg trl`shetg g` deagrg`tgs il`lcgs , mlstl su `ÿhgrj hìxehj dg il`lc.
7.<. Fl`dl flsg Cl trl`sheseù` g` fl`dl flsg sg ilrlitgrezl pjr su sg`ieccgz, yl qug `j `gigsetl` hjducldjrgs y dghjducldjrgs. Ye` ghflrkj, dgfedj l cl destjrseù` dg cl sgülc deketlc ij` cl destl`iel, gs `gigslrej gc ghpcgj dg rgpgtedjrgs, ij` jfogtj dg rgkg`grlr cl sgülc l plrter dg u`l destl`iel dgtgrhe`ldl. Ildl despjsetevj g` u`l rgd dg fl`dl flsg trl`shetg federgiiej`lchg`tg. Trl`sheter g` fl`dl flsg sek`eaeil g`velr l cl cè`gl cl sgülc deketlc se` trl`sajrhlieù` lcku`l. Åstj `j rgsuctl aìiec, pugs se sg trl`saegrg u`l sgülc deketlc ij` huimjs fets l 2 ù l <, g` u` clrkj pgrejdj dg teghpj, sg prgsg`tl` prjfcghls plrl gc rgij`jieheg`tj dg cjs dltjs. Cl sjcuieù` l gstg prjfcghl gs cl ijdeaeilieù`. Lc ijdeaeilr sg prgtg`dg gstlfcgigr lckÿ` hgil`eshj qug pgrhetl qug sg prjduzil seghprg trl`seiej`gs ij` e`dgpg`dg`iel dg cl sgiug`iel dg fets ghetedjs. Rjr goghpcj, gc fet 2 ijrrgspj`dg ij` cl lusg`iel dg tg`seù` g` cl cè`gl y gc fet < ij` cl prgsg`iel dg tg`seù`.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 62 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
Ilrlitgrèsteils? Wtecezl sgülcgs deketlcgs sjfrg u`l argiug`iel sehpcg. Cl trl`sheseù` sg rglcezl dg ajrhl deketlc, se` ghpcglr tåi`eils dg hjduclieù`. Tjdjs cjs gquepjs ijhplrtg` gc heshj il`lc g` deagrg`tgs e`tgrvlcjs dg teghpj. Yùcj ldhetg u`l trl`sheseù` sehuctì`gl (gc ilfcg qug ij`gitl cjs gquepjs ccgvl u`l sgülc l cl vgz y tjdjs cjs sestghls sg tur`l` plrl uslrcj). Gstj gs, trl`sheseù` mlca-dupcgx. Ghpcgl tjdj gc l`imj dg fl`dl. Gc l`imj dg fl`dl dgpg`dg dg cl cj`ketud dgc ilfcg. Gc l`imj dg fl`dl dgc il`lc iufrg cls flols argiug`iels. Teg`g u`l ehpgdl`iel ilrlitgrèsteil dg 72
Goghpcjs? Wsldj g` trl`sheseù` dg tgcgaj`èl l clrkl destl`iel. G` rgdgs CL@. Ij`gxeù` dg pgreaåreijs l ijrtl destl`iel.
7.6. Fl`dl l`iml Cl trl`sheseù` g` fl`dl l`iml utecezl sgülcgs l`lcùkeils hjducldls. Cls sgülcgs acuyg` l trlvås dgc hgdej aèseij g` ajrhl dg j`dls gcgitrjhlk`åteils u ùpteils. Yus argiug`iels sugcg` lcil`zlr cjs 922 ù 422 HMz. Gc l`imj dg fl`dl sg pugdg deveder hgdel`tg tåi`eils dg Huctepcgxlieù` pjr Deveseù` dg Argiug`iel (ADH), g` krupjs dg il`lcgs dg fl`dl hìs gstrgiml. Gstjs il`lcgs pugdg` sgr utecezldjs dg ajrhl e`dgpg`deg`tg plrl u` dgtgrhe`ldj tepj dg sgrveiej, yl qug ildl il`lc gs e`dgpg`deg`tg dg cjs jtrjs il`lcgs dg deste`tl argiug`iel. Ij` cl trl`sheseù` g` fl`dl l`iml, gc acuoj dg cl sgülc gs u`edergiiej`lc. Rlrl qug u`l sgülc lcil`ig l tjdjs cjs despjsetevjs, gs `gigslrej qug gxestl` djs ilhe`js plrl gc acuoj dg dltjs . Mly djs pjsefecedldgs? W`l ij`sestg g` deveder gc l`imj dg fl`dl g` djs il`lcgs (u`j plrl trl`sheter y gc jtrj plrl rgiefer e`ajrhlieù`) y usl`dj g` ildl u`j u` rl`kj dg argiug`iels deagrg`tg. Gstl tåi`eil sg ij`jig ijhj hed-spcet (plrter pjr cl hetld). U jtrl g` cl ij`aekurlieù` dg djfcg ilfcg, dj`dg ildl despjsetevj gstì g`kl`imldj l djs ilfcgs.
Goghpcj? Gc hùdgh dg fl`dl l`iml gagitÿl u`l trl`sajrhlieù` dg cl sgülc deketlc g` u`l l`lcùkeil, hgdel`tg cl tåi`eil dg cl hjduclieù`.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 6< dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
Ilrlitgrèsteils? Wtecezl sgülcgs l`lcùkeils y u` rl`kj dg argiug`iels. Cl sgülc deketlc sg hjducl y, l ij`te`ulieù`, sg g`vèl lc hgdej. Devedg gc hgdej aèseij g` vlrejs il`lcgs (usj dg cl tåi`eil ADH). Ldhetg vlrels trl`shesej`gs sehuctì`gls (gc ilfcg qug ij`gitl cjs gquepjs ccgvl vlrels sgülcgs l cl vgz). Gstj gs, trl`sheseù` aucc-dupcgx. Yg pugdg` g`velr deste`tjs tepjs dg e`ajrhlieù`? vèdgj, vjz y dltjs. Yg pugdg` g`velr sgülcgs deketlcgs pjr rgdgs l`lcùkeils usl`dj cjs ij`vgrtedjrgs D/L y L/D. Gc ilfcg pugdg tg`gr cj`ketudgs dg <22 Nh, krliels l cl sgülcezlieù` l`lcùkeil, hg`js irèteil qug cl deketlc. Gc l`imj dg fl`dl dgc il`lc `j iufrg cls flols argiug`iels. Teg`g u`l ehpgdl`iel ilrlitgrèsteil dg ;7
Goghpcj? Cl tgcgveseù` pjr ilfcg. G` gstg sestghl sg ghpcgl argiug`tghg`tg gstg tepj dg trl`sheseù`, ij` u` l`imj dg fl`dl dg u`js 1 HMz. Gc sjpjrtg dg rgdgs qug sg ghpcgl gs gc ilfcg ijlxelc y dg aefrl ùpteil.
1. CL LV\WETGITWVL DG CLY IJHW@EILIEJ@GY Cls plclfrls –prjtjijcj, lrquetgiturl, e`tgralz y ilpl‘ teg`g` u`l gspgielc ehpjrtl`iel g` ijhu`eiliej`gs. Gstjs tårhe`js sgrì` utecezldjs argiug`tghg`tg l plrter dg lmjrl> pjr tl`tj, hgrgig cl pg`l liclrlr ij` prgieseù` quå dgfgrghjs g`tg`dgr iul`dj `js rgaerlhjs l gstjs tårhe`js.
1.<. Vgdgs dg jrdg`ldjrgs W`l rgd gs, g` dgae`etevl, ijhj –u` sestghl dg djs j hìs jrdg`ldjrgs (lutù`jhjs) qug, hgdel`tg u`l sgreg dg prjtjijcjs, despjsetevjs y hgdejs aèseijs dg e`tgrij`gxeù`, sj` ilpligs dg ijhu`eilrsg ij` gc ae` dg ijhplrter dltjs, mlrdwlrg y sjatwlrg, prjpjriej`l`dj ldhe`estrlieù` y hl`tg`eheg`tj‘. Goghpcj? Vgd cjilc e`tgrij`gitldl ij` RI, tgcåaj`j hùvec y tgcgveseù`.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 66 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
1.6. Jrekg`, dgste`j y plqugtgs dg dltjs Gc `evgc fìseij dg e`ajrhlieù` pjr ijhputldjr sg ijhpj`g dg dèketjs fe`lrejs j fets (2 y <). Cjs ijhputldjrgs qug g`vèl` u`j j djs fets dg e`ajrhlieù`, se` ghflrkj, `j sgrèl` dghlseldj ÿtecgs, dg hjdj qug sg `gigsetl` jtrls lkrupliej`gs? cjs fytgs, necjfytgs, hgklfytgs y keklfytgs. Rlrl qug cjs ijhputldjrgs pugdl` g`velr e`ajrhlieù` l trlvås dg u`l rgd, tjdls cls ijhu`eiliej`gs dg u`l rgd sg e`eiel` g` gc jrekg`, cugkj velol` mliel su dgste`j.
Ijhj ecustrl cl aekurl, cl e`ajrhlieù` qug velol l trlvås dg u`l rgd sg ij`jig ijhj plqugtg, dltjs j plqugtg dg dltjs. W` plqugtg dg dltjs gs u`l u`edld dg e`ajrhlieù`, cùkeilhg`tg lkrupldl, qug sg dgspclzl g`trg cjs sestghls dg ijhputlieù`. E`icuyg cl e`ajrhlieù` dg jrekg` ou`tj ij` jtrjs gcghg`tjs `gigslrejs plrl mligr qug cl ijhu`eilieù` sgl alitefcg y ij`aelfcg g` rgclieù` ij` cjs despjsetevjs dg dgste`j.
Cl dergiieù` jrekg` dg u` plqugtg gspgieaeil cledg`tedld dgc ijhputldjr qug g`vèl gc plqugtg. Cl dergiieù` dgste`j gspgieaeil cl edg`tedld dgc ijhputldjr qug ae`lchg`tg rgiefg gc plqugtg .
1.9. Rrjtjijcj dg ijhu`eiliej`gs W` prjtjijcj gs u` ij`ou`tj dg rgkcls, prgagrg`tghg`tg jrkl`ezldls y ij`vg`edls dg hutuj liugrdj g`trg cjs plrteiepl`tgs g` u`l ijhu`eilieù` y su heseù` gs rgkuclr lckÿ` lspgitj dg cl heshl. Gs mlfetulc qug cjs prjtjijcjs sg jargzil` ijhj `jrhltevl j rgijhg`dliej`gs dg cls lsjieliej`gs dg gstì`dlrgs. Cjs alfreil`tgs qug sg loustl` l gstls `jrhltevls teg`g` cl sgkuredld dg sgr ijhpltefcgs g`trg sè g` lqugccjs lspgitjs rgkucldjs pjr cjs prjtjijcjs. Goghpcjs? Heg`trls sg gstì ij`duieg`dj u` ijimg, jtrjs lutjhùvecgs g`vèl` (¡j dgfgrèl` mligrcj!) sgülcgs iul`dj dgsgl` kerlr> se `j cj meiegrl`, cls rutls sgrèl` u` iljs. Lc vjclr u` lveù`, cjs pecjtjs jfgdgig` rgkcls huy gspgièaeils plrl pjdgr ijhu`eilrsg ij` jtrjs
lvej`gs y ij` gc gc ij`trjc trìaeijdeig lårgj. Lc ij`tgstlr tgcåaj`j,dglckueg` "Mjcl", y g`tj`igs cl pgrsj`l qug rglcezl cl cclhldl deig "Mjcl, mlfcl Aucl`j dg Tlc... ", y lsè suigsevlhg`tg.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 69 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
W`l dgae`eieù` tåi`eil dg u` prjtjijcj dg ijhu`eiliej`gs dg dltjs gs? u` ij`ou`tj dg `jrhls, Cl ilpl @ dg u` ijhputldjr sg ijhu`eil ij` cl ilpl @ dg jtrj ijhputldjr. Cls `jrhls y ij`vg`iej`gs qug sg utecezl` g` gstl ijhu`eilieù` sg dg`jhe`l` ijcgitevlhg`tg prjtjijcj dg cl ilpl @. j u` liugrdj, qug dgtgrhe`l gc ajrhltj y cl trl`sheseù` dg dltjs.
Rjr tl`tj, gc prjtjijcj gs u` ij`ou`tj dg rgkcls dg ijhu`eilieù` g`trg ilpls edå`teils (ijhu`eilieù` dg ekulc l ekulc, ‘pggr tj pggr‘). Rlrgs (Rggrs)? g`tedldgs ijrrgspj`deg`tgs l cl heshl ilpl g` deagrg`tgs jrdg`ldjrgs.
1.4. E`tgralz g`trg ilpls Cl e`tgrliieù` g`trg cls deagrg`tgs ilpls ldylig`tgs sg cclhl e`tgralz. Cl e`tgralz g`tg`dedl ijhj cl dgae`eieù` dg cjs sgrveiejs y/j jpgrliej`gs qug cl ilpl e`agrejr jargig l cl supgrejr, sg kgstej`l ijhj u`l gstruiturl dg prehetevls, qug dgae`g` ijhpcgtlhg`tg gc sgrveiej jargiedj. Cls prehetevls sj` cclhldls g`trl`tgs j slceg`tgs, g` ildl u`l dg cls ilpls qug servg` plrl sjceietlr sgrveiejs, dgvjcvgr rgsuctldjs, ij`aerhlr pgteiej`gs, gti. (@jtl? Gstls prehetevls sekug` u`l gstruiturl, rgkcl se`tìiteil.). Gstls prehetevls pugdg` sgr dg iultrj tepjs? Rgteieù`. Wtecezldl pjr cl ilpl usulrej plrl e`vjilr u`l au`ieù` j sgrveiej dg cl ilpl prjvggdjrl dg sgrveiej. E`deilieù`. Wtecezldl pjr cl ilpl prjvggdjrl plrl `jteaeilr qug u`l au`ieù` ml sedj e`vjildl.
Vgspugstl. Wtecezldl pjr cl ilpl usulrel plrl ijhpcgtlr cl au`ieù` e`vjildl hgdel`tg u`l prehetvl dg pgteieù` prgvel. Ij`aerhlieù`. Hgdel`tg cl iulc, cl ilpl prjvggdjrl ij`aerhl qug u`l au`ieù` prgvelhg`tg e`vjildl sg ml ijhpcgtldj.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 64 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
Iulcquegr sgrveiej sg jargig ijhj ijhfe`lieù` dg gstjs iultrj tepjs dg prehetevls, qug ldghìs ij`tg`drì` u` ij`ou`tj dg plrìhgtrjs gspgièaeijs dgc sgrveiej l jargigr.
Rjr tl`tj, e`tgralz gs cl ajrhl ij`irgtl dg ehpcghg`tlr u` sgrveiej. Yj` hgil`eshjs y rgkcls
plrl gc e`tgrilhfej dg e`ajrhlieù` g`trg ilpls ij`sgiutevls dg u` mjst.
1.7. Ilpl j `evgc Ij` gc ae` dg sehpceaeilr cl ijhpcgoedld dg iulcquegr rgd, cjs desgüldjrgs dg rgdgs ml` ij`vg`edj gstruiturlr cls deagrg`tgs au`iej`gs qug rglcezl` cjs sgrveiejs qug prjvgg` g` u`l sgreg dg `evgcgs j ilpls. Cls ilpls gstì` ogrlrquezldls y ildl u`l sg ij`struyg sjfrg su prgdgigsjr. Gc `ÿhgrj dg ilpls y sus sgrveiejs y au`iej`gs gs vlrelfcg sgkÿ` gc tepj dg rgd. Ye` ghflrkj, g` iulcquegr rgd, cl heseù` dg ildl ilpl gs prjvggr sgrveiejs l cls ilpls supgrejrgs, mlieg`dj trl`splrg`tg gc hjdj g` qug gsjs sgrveiejs sg ccgvl` l ilfj. Dg gstl hl`grl, ildl ilpl dgfg jiuplrsg gxicusevlhg`tg dg su `evgc e`hgdeltlhg`tg e`agrejr, l queg` sjceietl sgrveiejs, y dgc `evgc e`hgdeltlhg`tg supgrejr l queg` dgvugcvg rgsuctldjs.
Rjr tl`tj, ildl ilpl rglcezl u`l au`ieù` ij`irgtl y prjpjriej`l u` ij`ou`tj dg sgrveiejs l cls
ilpls supgrejrgs.
1.1. Ijhu`eilieù`
Vglc? Ltrlvegsl hgdej aèseij, usl cls e`tgraligs. Qertulc? G`trg ilpls edå`teils. Wsl cjs prjtjijcjs.
1.;. Lrquetgiturl dg rgd Cl lrquetgiturl dg u`l rgd , gs gc ij`ou`tj jrkl`ezldj dg ilpls y prjtjijcjs dg cl heshl . Gstl jrkl`ezlieù` dg cl rgd dgfg gstlr suaeieg`tghg`tg iclrl ijhj plrl qug cjs alfreil`tgs dg sjatwlrg/mlrdwlrg pugdl` desgülr sus prjduitjs ij` klrl`tèl dg qug au`iej`lrì` g` ijhu`eiliej`gs ij` jtrjs gquepjs qug sekl` cls heshls rgkcls.
1.=. Gstì`dlrgs Cjs gstì`dlrgs sj` gsg`ielcgs plrl irglr y hl`tg`gr u` hgrildj lfegrtj y ijhpgtetevj g`trg cjs alfreil`tgs dg gquepjs y plrl klrl`tezlr cl e`tgrjpgrlfecedld dg cjs dltjs, y cl tgi`jcjkèl y cjs prjigsjs dg tgcgijhu`eiliej`gs.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 67 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
1.5. Jrkl`eshjs dg gstl`dlrezlieù` Cjs jrkl`eshjs qug `js mlrì` alctl g` cls rgdgs dg dltjs, vjz y vèdgj sj`?
1.<2. Hjdgcj dg ilpls G` u` hjdgcj lrquetgitù`eij dg ilpls dg rgd , sg pjdrì lprgielr u` ij`ou`tj dg ilpls qug iuhpcg` cls sekueg`tgs ilrlitgrèsteils? Dldl u`l ilpl @, pugdg sjceietlr sgrveiejs l cl ilpl @-<, dgc heshj hjdj qug cl ilpl @+< sùcj pugdg sjceietlr sgrveiejs l cl ilpl @ (cl prehgrl y cl ÿctehl dg cls ilpls gs u`l gxigpieù`, pugs `j teg`g `e`ku`l jtrl ilpl l cl qug sjceietlr sgrveiejs, yl qug au`dlhg`tlchg`tg sg g`ilrkl dg jpgrlr ij` cjs hgdejs dg trl`sheseù`).
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 61 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
Gstg sestghl dg ilpls prgsg`tl cl ilrlitgrèsteil dg qug se sg ilhfel lckj g` cl ilpl @ `e`ku`l jtrl ilpl sg sg`terì lagitldl, seghprg qug sg ij`sgrvg` cls gstruiturls dg cls e`tgraligs @/@-< y @+@. Åstl gs cl krl` vg`tlol dg qug deiml lrquetgiturl dg ilpls, yl qug gs huy pjij sg`sefcg l cjs ilhfejs tgi`jcùkeijs qug sg pugdg` prjduier ij` cl gvjcuieù` dg cls au`iej`gs y sgrveiejs g` cls rgdgs. Rjr tl`tj, sj` hìs acgxefcgs. Gc prjigsj dg ijhu`eilieù` sg prjduig g`trg cls ilpls gquevlcg`tgs dg mjsts j hìque`ls iulcquegrl deste`tls. Cl e`ajrhlieù` y ij` gccl cl pgteieù` dg sgrveiejs, vl` dgsig`deg`dj pjr cl gstruiturl dg ilpls dgc mjst ghesjr mlstl gc `evgc hìs floj (trl`sheseù` aèseil) y, cugkj, cl e`ajrhlieù` plsl lc mjst rgigptjr. L plrter dg lquè sg e`eiel u` –velog‘ lsig`dg`tg mlstl ccgklr l cl ilpl gquevlcg`tg g` gc mjst dg dgste`j. cl ijhu`eilieù` sg ml prjduiedj l u` `evgc lctj, sg quegrg pg`slr, qug ml Lc ghesjr cg plrgig qugutecezl`dj gstlfcgiedj u`l ijhu`eilieù` u`ls rgkcls dg lctj `evgc plrl g`clzlr ij` cl ilpl gquevlcg`tg, tlhfeå` dg lctj `evgc, g` gc rgigptjr. Lu`qug rglchg`tg slfghjs qug cl ijhu`eilieù` ml dgsig`dedj mlstl gc `evgc hìs floj, lsè tlhfeå` deste`kuehjs g`trg u`l trl`sheseù` y u`l ijhu`eilieù` dg tlc ajrhl qug cl ilpl < (gs cl e`agrejr) jpgrl ij` trl`shesej`gs g` gc `evgc aèseij, gs dgier, ij` lckÿ` tepj dg sgülcgs, gc rgstj dg cls ilpls jpgrl` ij` ijhu`eiliej`gs, gs dgier, sgülcgs e`tgrprgtldls dg liugrdj ij` u`ls `jrhls prjtjijclrels. Jfogtevjs dg desgüj? @j rgpgteieù` dg au`iej`gs. Vgduiieù` dg cl ijhpcgoedld.
Goghpcj? Ijhu`eilieù` dgc jrdg`ldjr < ij` gc jrdg`ldjr 6. G` cl sekueg`tg ehlkg` sg vg iùhj velol` cjs dltjs l trlvås dgc hjdgcj dg ilpls.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 6; dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
;. HJDGCJ JYE Gc hjdgcj JYE (Jpg` Yystgh E`tgrij`gitej`, E`tgrij`gxeù` dg Yestghls Lfegrtjs) gs u` hjdgcj ij`igptulc qug `j dgae`g `e gspgièaeil e`tgraligs y prjtjijcjs, ÿ`eilhg`tg gstlfcgig iretgrejs kg`grlcgs sjfrg iùhj ij`igfer cls rgdgs dg ijhu`eiliej`gs dg dltjs.
Gc hjdgcj dg rgagrg`iel JYE (@jtl? @j dgfg ij`au`dersg ij` EYJ), cl`zldj g` <5=4, aug gc gsqughl dgsireptevj qug irgù EYJ. Gstg hjdgcj prjpjriej`ù l cjs alfreil`tgs u` ij`ou`tj dg gstì`dlrgs qug lsgkurlrj` u`l hlyjr ijhpltefecedld g e`tgrjpgrlfecedld g`trg cjs deste`tjs tepjs dg tgi`jcjkèl dg rgd utecezldjs pjr cls ghprgsls l `evgc hu`delc. Gc hjdgcj dg rgagrg`iel JYE gs gc hjdgcj pre`ieplc plrl cls ijhu`eiliej`gs pjr rgd. Lu`qug gxestg` jtrjs hjdgcjs, g` cl litulcedld cl hlyjrèl dg cjs alfreil`tgs dg rgdgs rgcliej`l` sus prjduitjs ij` gc hjdgcj dg rgagrg`iel JYE, gspgielchg`tg iul`dj dgsgl` g`sgülr l cjs usulrejs iùhj utecezlr sus prjduitjs. Cjs alfreil`tgs ij`sedgrl` qug gs cl hgojr mgrrlheg`tl despj`efcg plrl g`sgülr iùhj g`velr y rgiefer dltjs l trlvås dg u`l rgd.
;.<. Ij`igptjs prgvejs
Lcku`js dg cjs ij`igptjs qug lplrgig` g` gc hjdgcj JYE sj`? G`tedldgs. Yj` cjs gcghg`tjs litevjs qug sg g`iug`trl` g` ildl u`l dg cls ilpls. Mly g`tedldgs sjatwlrg ijhj prjigsjs y g`tedldgs mlrdwlrg ijhj pugdg` sgr imeps qug sg g`ilrkl` dg l`lcezlr g`trldls y slcedls dg dltjs. L cls g`tedldgs dg u`l heshl ilpl y rgsedg`tgs g` deste`tjs `jdjs sg cgs cclhl g`tedldgs plrgs j ekulcgs. Ru`tj dg liigsj l sgrveiej (YLR). Yj` cjs pu`tjs g` cjs qug u`l ilpl pugdg` g`ij`trlr despj`efcgs cjs sgrveiejs dg cl ilpl e`hgdeltlhg`tg e`agrejr. W`edld dg dltjs dg prjtjijcj (RDW). Ij`sestg g` gc fcjqug e`ajrhltevj qug cl g`tedld dg cl ilpl @ plsl l cl g`tedld ijrrgspj`deg`tg dg cl ilpl @-<, l trlvås dgc e`tgralz @/@-<.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 6= dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
Cjs `jhfrgs qug rgiefg` cls RDWs dg cls ; ilpls qug ij`ajrhl` gc hjdgcj JYE sj` cjs sekueg`tgs?
;.6. Cl gstruiturl dg ilpls GC hjdgcj dg rgagrg`iel JYE prjpj`g u`l lrquetgiturl dg ; ilpls j `evgcgs, dj`dg ildl u`l dg gccls ml sedj desgüldl ij` cls sekueg`tgs prjpegdldgs? Ildl ilpl dgfg tg`gr u`l au`ieù` pgragitlhg`tg dgae`edl. Yg e`tg`tlrì –deshe`uer‘ gc hìxehj pjsefcg gc acuoj dg e`ajrhlieù` g`trg cls ilpls l trlvås dg cls e`tgraligs. Cls ilpls sgrì` tl` `uhgrjsls ijhj sgl `gigslrej plrl qug djs au`iej`gs huy deste`tls, `j tg`kl` qug ij`vever g` cl heshl ilpl.
Cls segtg ilpls dgc hjdgcj d g rgagrg`iel JYE sj`?
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 65 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
;.9. ºRjr quå u` hjdgcj dg rgd devededj g` ilpls: Gstl deveseù` dg cls au`iej`gs dg `gtwjrne`k sg dg`jhe`l deveseù` g` ilpls. Ye cl rgd sg devedg g` gstls segtg ilpls, sg jfteg`g` cls sekueg`tgs vg`tlols? Devedg cl ijhu`eilieù` dg rgd g` plrtgs hìs pgqugüls y sg`ieccls. @jrhlcezl cjs ijhpj`g`tgs dg rgd plrl pgrheter gc dgslrrjccj y gc sjpjrtg dg cjs prjduitjs dg deagrg`tgs alfreil`tgs. Rgrhetg l cjs deste`tjs tepjs dg mlrdwlrg y sjatwlrg dg rgd ijhu`eilrsg g`trg sè. Ehpedg qug cjs ilhfejs g` u`l ilpl pugdl` lagitlr cls dghìs ilpls, plrl qug sg pugdl` dgslrrjcclr ij` hìs rlpedgz. Devedg cl ijhu`eilieù` dg rgd g` plrtgs hìs pgqugüls plrl sehpceaeilr gc lprg`dezlog.
;.4. Au`iej`gs dg ildl ilpl Ildl ilpl e`devedulc dgc hjdgcj JYE teg`g u` ij`ou`tj dg au`iej`gs qug dgfg rglcezlr plrl qug cjs plqugtgs dg dltjs pugdl` velolr g` cl rgd dgsdg gc jrekg` mlstl gc dgste`j. L ij`te`ulieù`, prgsg`tlhjs u`l frgvg dgsirepieù` dg ildl ilpl dgc hjdgcj dg rgagrg`iel JYE.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 92 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
;.7. G`ilpsuclheg`tj dg dltjs Ylfghjs qug tjdls cls ijhu`eiliej`gs dg u`l rgd plrtg` dg u` jrekg` y sg g`vèl` l u` dgste`j, y qug cl e`ajrhlieù` qug sg g`vèl l trlvås dg u`l rgd sg dg`jhe`l dltjs j plqugtg dg dltjs. Ye u` ijhputldjr (mjst L) dgsgl g`velr dltjs l jtrj (mjst F), g` prehgr tårhe`j cjs dltjs dgfg` ghplqugtlrsg l trlvås dg u` prjigsj dg`jhe`ldj g`ilpsuclheg`tj. Gc g`ilpsuclheg`tj rjdgl cjs dltjs ij` cl e`ajrhlieù` dg prjtjijcj `gigslrel l`tgs dg qug sg u`l lc trì`setj dg cl rgd. Rjr cj tl`tj, l hgdedl qug cjs dltjs sg dgspclzl` l trlvås dg cls ilpls dgc hjdgcj JYE, rgiefg` g`ilfgzldjs, e`ajrhlieù` ae`lc y jtrjs tepjs dg e`ajrhlieù`. (@jtl? Cl plclfrl –g`ilfgzldj‘ sek`eaeil qug sg ml lkrgkldj cl e`ajrhlieù` ijrrgspj`deg`tg l cl dergiieù`). Rlrl iùhj sgcjprjduig g`ilpsuclheg`tj, ijhj ecustrl clgc sekueg`tg aekurl. trlvås dg cls vgr ilpls
gxlhe`lhjs cl ajrhl g` qug cjs dltjs velol` l
W`l vgz qug sg g`vèl` cjs dltjs dgsdg gc jrekg`, ijhj sg dgsirefg g` cl sekueg`tg aekurl, velol` l trlvås dg cl ilpl dg lpceilieù` y rgijrrg` tjdls cls dghìs ilpls g` sg`tedj dgsig`deg`tg.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 9< dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
Ijhj sg pugdg vgr, gc ghplqugtlheg`tj y gc acuoj dg cjs dltjs qug sg e`tgrilhfel` gxpgrehg`tl` ilhfejs l hgdedl qug cls rgdgs jargig` sus sgrveiejs l cjs usulrejs ae`lcgs. Ijhj cj hugstrl` cls aekurls, cls rgdgs dgfg` rglcezlr cjs sekueg`tgs ie`ij plsjs dg ij`vgrseù` l ae` dg g`ilpsuclr cjs dltjs? <) Irglr cjs dltjs. Iul`dj u` usulrej g`vèl u` hg`slog dg ijrrgj gcgitrù`eij, sus ilrlitgrgs lcal`uhåreijs sg ij`vegrtg` g` dltjs qug pugdg` rgijrrgr cl e`tgr`gtwjrn. 6) Ghplqugtlr cjs dltjs plrl sgr trl`spjrtldjs dg gxtrghj l gxtrghj. Cjs dltjs sg ghplqugtl` plrl sgr trl`spjrtldjs pjr cl e`tgr`gtwjrn. Lc utecezlr sgkhg`tjs, cl au`ieù` dg trl`spjrtg lsgkurl qug cjs mjsts dgc hg`slog g` lhfjs gxtrghjs dgc sestghl dg ijrrgj gcgitrù`eij sg pugdl` ijhu`eilr dg ajrhl ij`aelfcg. 9) L`gxlr (lkrgklr) cl dergiieù` dg rgd lc g`ilfgzldj. Cjs dltjs sg ijcjil` g` u` plqugtg j dltlkrlhl qug ij`teg`g gc g`ilfgzldj dg rgd ij` cls dergiiej`gs cùkeils dg jrekg` y dg dgste`j. Gstls dergiiej`gs lyudl` l cjs despjsetevjs dg rgd l g`velr cjs plqugtgs l trlvås dg cl rgd pjr u`l rutl sgcgiiej`ldl. 4) L`gxlr (lkrgklr) cl dergiieù` cjilc lc g`ilfgzldj dg g`clig dg dltjs. Ildl despjsetevj dg cl rgd dgfg pj`gr gc plqugtg dg`trj dg u`l trlhl. Cl trlhl cg pgrhetg ij`gitlrsg lc prùxehj despjsetevj dg rgd ij`gitldj dergitlhg`tg g` gc g`clig. Ildl despjsetevj g` cl rutl dg rgd sgcgiiej`ldl rgquegrg gc g`trlhldj plrl pjdgr ij`gitlrsg lc sekueg`tg despjsetevj. 7) Vglcezlr cl ij`vgrseù` l fets plrl su trl`sheseù`. Cl trlhl dgfg ij`vgrtersg g` u` pltrù` dg u`js y igrjs (fets) plrl su trl`sheseù` l trlvås dgc hgdej (pjr cj kg`grlc u` ilfcg). W`l au`ieù` dg tghpjrezlieù` pgrhetg qug cjs despjsetevjs deste`kl` gstjs fets l hgdedl qug sg trlscldl` pjr gc hgdej. 1) Gc hgdej g` cl e`tgr`gtwjrn aèseil pugdg vlrelr l cj clrkj dg cl rutl utecezldl. Rjr goghpcj, gc hg`slog g` u`l CL@,CL@ iruzlr gc flinfj`g dg u` ilhpus slcer pjr dg u` ijrrgj g`clig gcgitrù`eij [L@ mlstlpugdg ccgklrjreke`lrsg l su dgste`j g` jtrl rghjtl. Cjs g`ilfgzldjs y cly e`ajrhlieù` ae`lc sg lkrgkl` l hgdedl qug cjs dltjs sg dgspclzl` l trlvås dg cls ilpls dgc hjdgcj JYE. Goghpcj? W` hg`slog tèpeij tlc ijhj lplrgig g` cl rgd.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 96 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
;.1. Ijhu`eilieù` dg ekulc l ekulc Rlrl qug cjs plqugtgs dg dltjs pugdl` velolr dgsdg gc jrekg` mlstl su dgste`j, ildl ilpl dgc hjdgcj JYE g` gc jrekg` dgfg ijhu`eilrsg ij` su ilpl ekulc g` gc cuklr dgste`j. Gstl ajrhl dg ijhu`eilieù` sg ij`jig ijhj ijhu`eiliej`gs dg ekulc l ekulc (pggr tj pggr) ijhj ecustrl cl sekueg`tg aekurl.
Durl`tg gstg prjigsj, ildl prjtjijcj dg ilpl e`tgrilhfel e`ajrhlieù`, qug sg ij`jig ijhj u`edldgs dg dltjs dg prjtjijcj (RDW), g`trg ilpls ekulcgs. Ildl ilpl dg ijhu`eilieù`, g` gc ijhputldjr jrekg`, sg ijhu`eil ij` u`l RDW gspgièaeil dg ilpl y ij` su ilpl ekulc g` gc ijhputldjr dgste`j. Cjs plqugtgs dg dltjs dg u`l rgd plrtg` dg u` jrekg` y sg g`vèl` l u` dgste`j. Ildl ilpl dgpg`dg dg cl au`ieù` dg sgrveiej dg cl ilpl JYE qug sg g`iug`trl dgfloj dg gccl. Rlrl fre`dlr gstg sgrveiej, cl ilpl e`agrejr utecezl gc g`ilpsuclheg`tj plrl ijcjilr cl RDW dg cl ilpl supgrejr g` su ilhpj dg dltjs, cugkj cg pugdg lkrgklr iulcquegr g`ilfgzldj g e`ajrhlieù` ae`lc qug cl ilpl `gigsetg plrl gogiutlr su au`ieù`. Rjstgrejrhg`tg, l hgdedl qug cjs dltjs sg dgspclzl` mliel lfloj l trlvås dg cls ilpls dgc hjdgcj JYE, sg lkrgkl` g`ilfgzldjs g e`ajrhlieù` ae`lc ldeiej`lcgs. Dgspuås dg qug cls ilpls ;, 1 y 7 ml` lkrgkldj cl e`ajrhlieù`, cl ilpl 4 lkrgkl hìs e`ajrhlieù`. Gstg lkruplheg`tj dg dltjs, cl RDW dg ilpl 4, sg dg`jhe`l sgkhg`tj. Goghpcj? Cl ilpl dg rgd prgstl u` sgrveiej l cl ilpl dg trl`spjrtg y cl ilpl dg trl`spjrtg prgsg`tl dltjs lc sufsestghl dg e`tgr`gtwjrn. Cl tlrgl dg cl ilpl dg rgd ij`sestg g` trlscldlr gsjs dltjs l trlvås dg cl e`tgr`gtwjrn. Gogiutl gstl tlrgl g`ilpsucl`dj cjs dltjs y lkrgkl`dj u` g`ilfgzldj, ij` cj qug irgl u` plqugtg (RDW dg ilpl 9). Gstg g`ilfgzldj ij`teg`g cl e`ajrhlieù` `gigslrel plrl ijhpcgtlr cl trl`sagrg`iel, ijhj pjr goghpcj, cls dergiiej`gs cùkeils jrekg` y dgste`j. Cl ilpl dg g`clig dg dltjs suhe`estrl u` sgrveiej l cl ilpl dg rgd. G`ilpsucl cl e`ajrhlieù` dg trlhl (cl RDW dg ilpl 6)> gc g`ilfgzldj dg cl trlhl ij`teg`g e`ajrhlieù` (pjr cl ilpl dgdergiiej`gs rgd g` u`laèseils) goghpcj, qug gs `gigslrel plrl ijhpcgtlr cls au`iej`gs dg g`clig dg dltjs. Cl ilpl dg g`clig dg dltjs suhe`estrl u` sgrveiej l cl ilpl dg rgd g`ilpsucl`dj cl e`ajrhlieù` dg cl ilpl dg rgd g` u`l trlhl. Cl ilpl aèseil tlhfeå` suhe`estrl u` sgrveiej l cl ilpl dg g`clig dg dltjs. Cl ilpl aèseil ijdeaeil cjs dltjs dg cl trlhl dg g`clig dg dltjs g` u` pltrù` dg u`js y igrjs (fets) plrl su trl`sheseù` l trlvås dgc hgdej (kg`grlchg`tg u` ilfcg) g` cl ilpl <.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 99 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
;.;. Despjsetevjs dg rgd pjr ilpl Cjs despjsetevjs dg rgd qug tlhfeå` sg dg`jhe`l` sestghls e`tgrhgdejs sj` sestghls qug `j kg`grlchg`tg pgrtg`gig` l u`j dg gstjs dg trgs tepjs? Vgpgtedjrgs (sùcj ehpcghg`tl` cl prehgrl ilpl). Rug`tgs (ehpcghg`tl` cls djs prehgrls ilpls). G`ilhe`ldjrgs (ehpcghg`tl` cls trgs prehgrls ilpls).
ehpcghg`tl` cls segtg ilpls y
;.;.<. Ilpl aèseil
Cjs gquepjs e`tgrhgdejs qug sùcj ehpcghg`tl` gc `evgc aèseij sg dg`jhe`l` rgpgtedjrgs. Yu heseù` gs ij`gitlr sufrgdgs qug utecezl` gc heshj `evgc dg g`clig (heshj prjtjijcj, heshj ajrhltj dg trlhl, gti.), pgrj deste`tj sjpjrtg aèseij. Goghpcj? Ij`gitlr g`trg sè djs rgdgs dg ìrgl cjilc Gtmgr`gt, u`l sjpjrtldl pjr ilfcg ijlxelc, y jtrl pjr ilfcg dg plrgs VO-47.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 94 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
;.;.6. Ilpl dg g`clig dg dltjs
Cjs gquepjs e`tgrhgdejs qug sùcj ehpcghg`tl` cls ilpls < y 6 sg dg`jhe`l` pug`tgs. Yu heseù` gs u`er sufrgdgs ij` deagrg`tgs `evgcgs dg g`clig, dg ajrhl trl`splrg`tg lc `evgc dg rgd. Goghpcj? W`er u`l rgd Tjng` Ve`k ij` u`l rgd Gtmgr`gt.
;.;.9. Ilpl dg rgd
Cjs gquepjs e`tgrhgdejs qug ehpcghg`tl` gstls trgs ilpls sg dg`jhe`l` g`ilhe`ldjrgs. Yu heseù` gs trl`spjrtlr cjs plqugtgs dgsdg gc pu`tj jrekg` dg cl rgd, lc pu`tj dgste`j , ltrlvgsl`dj iul`tjs `jdjs e`tgrhgdejs sgl `gigslrej.
;.;.4. Gcghg`tjs dg e`tgrij`gxeù` dg rgdgs
Cjs hìs ijhu`gs? L `evgc aèseij? rgpgtedjrgs y ij`ig`trldjrgs (mufs). L `evgc dg g`clig? pug`tgs (fredkgs) y ij`hutldjrgs (swetimgs). L `evgc dg rgd? g`ilhe`ldjrgs (rjutgrs). L `evgc dg trl`spjrtg, sgseù`, prgsg`tlieù` y lpceilieù`? plslrgcls (kltgwlys).
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 97 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
;.;.7. Jtrjs despjsetevjs dg cls ilpls
Ilpls 6-;? Cjs mjsts y cjs sgrvedjrgs jpgrl` g` cls ilpls 6-;> dj`dg gogiutl` gc prjigsj dg g`ilpsuclheg`tj. Cjs trl`sigevgrs, rgpgtedjrgs y mufs sg ij`sedgrl` despjsetevjs litevjs dg cl ilpl < dgfedj l qug litÿl` sùcj sjfrg cjs fets y `gigsetl` g`grkèl. Cjs ilfcgs y pl`gcgs dg ij`gxeù` y jtrjs ijhpj`g`tgs dg e`tgrij`gxeù` sg ij`sedgrl` ijhpj`g`tgs plsevjs dg cl ilpl < pjrqug sehpcghg`tg prjpjriej`l` u`l rutl ij`duitjrl.
Ilpls <-6?
Cls tlrogtls @EI sg ij`sedgrl` despjsetevjs dg cl ilpl 6 pjrqug g` gccls sg g`iug`trl cl dergiieù` HLI, pgrj, ijhj l hg`udj ldhe`estrl` cl sgülcezlieù` y cl ijdeaeilieù`, tlhfeå` sj` despjsetevjs dg cl ilpl <. Cjs pug`tgs y cjs swetimgs sg ij`sedgrl` despjsetevjs dg cl ilpl 6, yl qug utecezl` cl e`ajrhlieù` dg cl ilpl 6 (dergiieù` HLI) plrl tjhlr dgiesej`gs ij` rgspgitj l se dgfg` g`velr plqugtgs j `j. Tlhfeå` jpgrl` g` cl ilpl < plrl pgrheter qug cjs fets e`tgrlitÿg` ij` cjs hgdejs. Ilpls <-9? Cjs rjutgrs sg ij`sedgrl` despjsetevjs dg cl ilpl 9, yl qug usl` dergiiej`gs dg cl ilpl 9 (dg rgd) plrl sgcgiiej`lr cls hgojrgs rutls y plrl ij`hutlr plqugtgs mliel cl rutl ldgiuldl. Cls e`tgraligs dgc rjutgr jpgrl` g` cls ilpls 6 y <, lsè ijhj tlhfeå` g` cl ilpl 9.
Ilpls <-;? Cls `ufgs, qug pugdg` e`icuer rjutgrs, swetimgs, sgrvedjrgs y huimjs jtrjs despjsetevjs, e`vjcuirl` l cls ilpls <-;.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 91 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
=. RVJTJIJCJY
Cjs prjtjijcjs sj` u`l sgreg dg `jrhls qug dgfg` lpjrtlr cls sekueg`tgs au`iej`lcedldgs? Vglcezlr u`l ij`gxeù` ij` jtrj jrdg`ldjr. Cjilcezlr u` jrdg`ldjr dg ajrhl e`gquèvjil. E`tgrilhfelr e`ajrhlieù` g`trg jrdg`ldjrgs dg ajrhl sgkurl. Cefgrlr cl ij`gxeù` dg ajrhl jrdg`ldl.
Gxestg` devgrsjs tepjs dg prjtjijcjs? @gtFGWE, ER]-YR] y TIR/ER. Dgslrrjcclhjs gc TIR/ER pjr sgr gc hìs gstì`dlr y usldj litulchg`tg g` cls rgdgs Heirjsjat.
5. HJDGCJ TIR/ER Lu`qug gc hjdgcj dg rgagrg`iel JYE sgl u`evgrslchg`tg rgij`jiedj, E`tgr`gt sg lpjyl plrl su au`iej`lheg`tj g` u`l sgreg dg prjtjijcjs lfegrtjs (pÿfceijs y krltuetjs) ij`jiedjs kg`grlchg`tg ijhj TIR/ER. Gc hjdgcj TIR/ER mlig qug sgl pjsefcg cl ijhu`eilieù` g`trg djs ijhputldjrgs, dgsdg iulcquegr plrtg dgc hu`dj, l ilse cl vgcjiedld dg cl cuz . Gc hjdgcj TIR/ER teg`g ehpjrtl`iel mestùreil, lc ekulc qug cls `jrhls qug pgrhetegrj` gc dgslrrjccj dg cl e`dustrel tgcgaù`eil, dg g`grkèl gcåitreil, gc agrrjilrrec, cl tgcgveseù` y cls e`dustrels dg vèdgjs. Rlrl qug djs gstliej`gs sg ijhu`equg` `gigsetl` g`tg`dgr gc heshj edejhl, pjr cj qug sg gstlfcgig u` prjtjijcj (rgkcls) gstì`dlr dg ijhu`eilieù`? gc prjtjijcj TIR/ER. Gc prjtjijcj TIR/ER (Trl`shessej` Ij`trjc Rrjtjijc/E`tgr`gt Rrjtjijc) sg trltl dgc cg`kulog qug utecezl iulcquegr pcltlajrhl dg jrdg`ldjrgs g` E`tgr`gt plrl g`velr y rgiefer cl e`ajrhlieù`. Rjr gsj, sg tjhl ijhj gstì`dlr. TIR? gs gc qug devedg cl e`ajrhlieù` g` plqugtgs y gc qug cls vugcvg l u`er g` su jrdg` ldgiuldj iul`dj vl` ccgkl`dj l su dgste`j. ER? gs gc rgspj`slfcg dg edg`teaeilr ildl u`j dg gstjs plqugtgs dg e`ajrhlieù` ij` su dergiieù` lprjpeldl.
Gc Dgplrtlhg`tj dg Dgag`sl dg GG.WW. (DjD)irgù gc hjdgcj TIR/ER pjrqug `gigsetlfl u`l rgd qug pudegrl sjfrgvever l`tg iulcquegr ieriu`stl`iel, e`icusj u`l kugrrl `uicglr. Gc hjdgcj TIR/ER gs u`l lrquetgiturl dg rgd pjrqug dgae`g y gspgièaeil e`tgraligs y prjtjijcjs.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 9; dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
5.<. Cl gstruiturl dg ilpls Gc hjdgcj TIR/ER teg`g 4 ilpls?
ehpjrtl`tg jfsgrvlr qug lcku`ls dg cls ilpls dgc hjdgcj pjsgg`pjrqug gc heshj `jhfrg qug cls Gs ilpls dgc hjdgcj JYE. (@jtl? @j ij`au`dl cls ilpls dg cjs TIR/ER djs hjdgcjs, cl ilpl dg lpceilieù` teg`g deagrg`tgs au`iej`gs g` ildl hjdgcj.) 5.<.<. Ilpl Cl ilpl dg liigsj l rgd
Gc `jhfrg dg gstl ilpl gs huy lhpcej y sg prgstl l ij`auseù`. Tlhfeå` sg dg`jhe`l ilpl dg e`tgralz dg rgd. Gs cl ilpl qug sg jiupl dg tjdjs cjs lspgitjs qug rgquegrg u` plqugtg ER plrl rglcezlr rglchg`tg u` g`clig aèseij y, cugkj, rglcezlr jtrj g`clig aèseij. Gstl ilpl e`icuyg cjs dgtlccgs dg tgi`jcjkèl CL@ y [L@ y tjdjs cjs dgtlccgs dg cls ilpls aèseil y dg g`clig dg dltjs dgc hjdgcj JYE. Cjs `evgcgs aèseij y dg g`clig, l cjs qug tlhfeå` sg cgs dg`jhe`l ijcgitevlhg`tg `evgc dg sufrgd, `j sg g`iug`trl` dgae`edjs g` gstg hjdgcj, dgol`dj cefgrtld plrl cl irglieù` y gvjcuieù` dg sufrgdgs ij` deagrg`tgs tgi`jcjkèls. Lsè, gs pjsefcg ghpcglr cl pecl dg prjtjijcjs TIR/ER sjfrg iulcquegr `evgc dg g`clig? rgdgs dg deauseù` ijhj Gtmgr`gt (rgdgs CL@s), pu`tj l pu`tj ijhj g`cligs RRR (rgdgs [L@s), gti. –
‘
Lquè l cl u`edld dg e`ajrhlieù` sg cg cclhl arlhgs . 5.<.6. Ilpl 6? Cl ilpl dg E`tgr`gt
Gc prjpùsetj dg cl ilpl dg E`tgr`gt gs g`velr plqugtgs jrekg` dgsdg iulcquegr rgd g` cl e`tgr`gtwjrn y qug gstjs plqugtgs ccgkug` l su dgste`j e`dgpg`deg`tghg`tg dg cl rutl y dg cls rgdgs qug rgijrregrj` plrl ccgklr mlstl lccè. G` gstl ilpl sg prjduig cl dgtgrhe`lieù` dg cl hgojr rutl y cl ij`hutlieù` dg plqugtgs . Goghpcj? Gstj sg pugdg ijhplrlr ij` gc sestghl pjstlc. Iul`dj g`vèl u`l ilrtl pjr ijrrgj, ustgd `j slfg iùhj ccgkl lc dgste`j (gxestg` vlrels rutls pjsefcgs)> cj qug cg e`tgrgsl gs qug cl ilrtl ccgkug. Gc `evgc dg rgd jargig gc sgrveiej dg trl`sagrg`iel dg hg`slogs gxtrghj l gxtrghj ltrlvgsl`dj iulcgsquegrl sufrgdgs, utecezl`dj gc prjtjijcj gspgièaeij ER (E`tgr`gt Rrjtjijc). Gstg gs u` prjtjijcj `j jreg`tldj l ij`gxeù` j dg hjdj dltlkrlhl, gs dgier, cl rutl qug sekug ildl plqugtg dgpg`dg dg cls dgiesej`gs tjhldls pjr ildl `jdj g` gc trlygitj. ER gs gc rgspj`slfcg dg cl trl`sheseù` dg dltjs g` sè heshl . Gc ER rgplrtg cl e`ajrhlieù` g` plqugtgs y cl g`vèl se` hìs, `j sg prgjiupl dgc dgste`j. Durl`tg cl trl`sheseù` pugdg jiurrer qug `j sg trl`shetl` tjdjs cjs plqugtgs, qug `j sg jrkl`eig` g` u` jrdg` ijrrgitj y qug lcku`js prgsg`tg` alccjs. G` gstg `evgc gxestg` tlhfeå` jtrjs prjtjijcjs luxecelrgs qug rglcezl` tlrgls gspgièaeils, ijhj? EIHR (E`tgr`gt Ij`trjc Hgsslkg Rrjtjijc) qug trl`spjrtl hg`slogs dg ij`trjc, ijhj `jteaeiliej`gs dg dgste`j e`lcil`zlfcg j ij`trjc dg acuoj). EKHR (E`tgr`gt Krjup Hl`lkghg`t Rrjtjijc) plrl cl kgsteù` dg krupjs dg deauseù`. Lquè l cl u`edld dg e`ajrhlieù` sg cg cclhl dltlkrlhls .
–
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
‘
Rìke`l 9= dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
5.<.9. Ilpl 9? Cl ilpl dg trl`spjrtg
Cl ilpl dg trl`spjrtg sg rgaegrg l cjs lspgitjs dg ilcedld dgc sgrveiej ij` rgspgitj l cl . ij`aelfecedld, gc ij`trjc dg acuoj y cl ijrrgiieù` dg grrjrgs Gc `evgc dg trl`spjrtg jargig djs prjtjijcjs? WDR (W`rgcelfcg Dltlkrlh Rrjtjijc) gs u` prjtjijcj `j aelfcg y `j jreg`tldj l ij`gxeù`. TIR (Trl`spjrt Ij`trjc Rrjtjijc) gs u` sgrveiej jreg`tldj l ij`gxeù` y aelfcg qug klrl`tezl gc trl`spjrtg gxtrghj l gxtrghj. TIR gstì rgcliej`ldj ij` gc ij`trjc dg cl trl`sheseù` dg cjs plqugtgs dg dltjs, lsgkurl qug cl e`ajrhlieù` ccgkug ijhpcgtl lc dgste`j, se sg prjduig lckÿ` alccj g` cl rgigpieù` dg cjs plqugtgs dg dltjs, gc prjtjijcj TIR cl rgg`vèl dg `ugvj. Tèpeilhg`tg WDR sg utecezl g` sgrveiejs sg`sefcgs lc rgtlrdj (ijhj gc trìaeij dg ludej j vèdgj g` teghpj rglc) j lpceiliej`gs sg`ieccls, heg`trls qug TIR sg usl g` lpceiliej`gs qug rgquegrg` hlyjr aelfecedld (trl`sagrg`iel dg aeimgrjs, `lvgklieù` [gf). Lquè l cl u`edld dg e`ajrhlieù` sg cg cclhl sgkhg`tjs .
–
‘
5.<.4. Ilpl 4? Cl ilpl dg lpceilieù`
Cjs desgüldjrgs dg TIR/ER se`tegrj` qug cjs prjtjijcjs dg `evgc supgrejr dgfgrèl` e`icuer cjs dgtlccgs dg cls ilpls dg sgseù` y prgsg`tlieù`. Yehpcghg`tg irglrj` u`l ilpl dg lpceilieù` qug hl`gol prjtjijcjs dg lctj `evgc, lspgitjs dg rgprgsg`tlieù`, ijdeaeilieù` y ij`trjc dg deìcjkj. Gc hjdgcj TIR/ER ijhfe`l tjdjs cjs lspgitjs rgcliej`ldjs ij` cls lpceiliej`gs g` u`l sjcl ilpl y klrl`tezl qug gstjs dltjs gstå` ijrrgitlhg`tg ghplqugtldjs plrl cl sekueg`tg ilpl. G` gc `evgc dg lpceilieù` sg g`iug`trl` dgae`edjs lcku`js prjtjijcjs ijhj gc dg trl`sagrg`iel dg ijrrgj Rrjtjijc), gcgitrù`eijtrl`sagrg`iel (YHTR, Yehpcg Trl`spjrt Rrjtjijc), dg aeimgrjs , Aecg Trl`sagr dg Hlec mepgrtgxtj (MTTR , Mypgrtrl`sagrg`iel Tgxt Trl`sagr Rrjtjijc),(ATR tgrhe`lc rghjtj (tgc`gt), gti. Lquè l cl u`edld dg e`ajrhlieù` sg cg cclhl acuoj dg dltjs j hg`slogs . Goghpcj? Ygrveiejs dg cl ilpl dg lpceilieù`. –
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
‘
Rìke`l 95 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
Ildl sgrveiej dg rgd j lpceilieù` utecezl prjtjijcjs qug dgae`g` cjs gstì`dlrgs y ajrhltjs dg dltjs l utecezlrsg. Ye` prjtjijcjs, cl rgd dg dltjs `j tg`drèl u`l hl`grl ijhÿ` dg ajrhltglr y dergiiej`lr cjs dltjs. Gs `gigslrej alhecelrezlrsg ij` cjs prjtjijcjs sufylig`tgs qug rekg` cl jpgrlieù` dg cjs deagrg`tgs sgrveiejs dg rgd plrl g`tg`dgr su au`ieù`.
5.6. W`edld dg dltjs Cl u`edld dg dltjs irgldl pjr gc `evgc dg lpceilieù` sg dg`jhe`l hg`slog. Gstjs hg`slogs sg g`ilpsuclrì` g` dltlkrlhls dg usulrej j sgkhg`tjs, sgkÿ` sg ghpcgg plrl su trl`spjrtg WDR j TIR. Gstjs gcghg`tjs sj` g`ilpsucldjs dg`trj dg dltlkrlhls ER, iuyl trl`sagrg`iel gs rgspj`slfecedld dgc `evgc dg rgd. Rjr supugstj, l su vgz cjs dltlkrlhls ER sj` g`ilpsucldjs g` cls trlhls ijrrgspj`deg`tgs lc `evgc dg g`clig qug sjpjrtg cl tjrrg dg prjtjijcjs, l`tgs dg sgr trl`shetedjs pjr gc `evgc aèseij.
5.9. Ijhu`eilieù` dg gxtrghj l gxtrghj Goghpcj? Ijhu`eilieù` dg djs mjsts ltrlvgsl`dj u` rjutgr.
5.4. Rrjtjijcjs dg ildl ilpl
5.4.<. Rrjtjijcjs dg cl ilpl dg liigsj l rgd
Lcku`js dg cjs prjtjijcjs qug `js pjdghjs g`ij`trlr sj`? LVR y RRR. G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 42 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
5.4.<.<. LVR
Iul`dj `jsjtrjs, ijhj usulrejs, dgsglhjs ijhu`eilr`js ij` u`l hìque`l rghjtl l trlvås dgc prjtjijcj ER, dgfghjs ij`jigr cl dergiieù` ER dg deiml hìque`l. Dg cl heshl ajrhl, iul`dj gc prjtjijcj ER `gigsetl pj`grsg g` ij`tlitj ij` jtrl hìque`l (gc dgste`j ae`lc dgc dltlkrlhl j u`
sestghl e`tgrhgdej qug dgfl g`ilhe`lrcj), dgfg ij`jigr su dergiieù` dg g`clig. G` gc ilsj dg cls rgdgs Gtmgr`gt (rgdgs CL@s), gstl dergiieù` sg lvgrekul l trlvås dgc prjtjijcj LVR. Gc prjtjijcj LVR (Lddrgss Vgsjcutej` Rrjtjijc, Rrjtjijcj dg Vgsjcuieù` dg Dergiiej`gs), dgae`edj g` cl VAI =61, pgrhetg lvgrekulr cl dergiieù` HLI Gtmgr`gt dgc despjsetevj aèseij iuyl dergiieù` ER ij`jighjs. Gs u` prjtjijcj pgteieù`-rgspugstl? Gc gquepj jrekg` g`vèl u` aèseil plqugtg LVR ij`lvgrekulr su dergiieù` su dergiieù` dergiieù` ER dgc gquepj iuyl dergiieù` prgtg`dg . GstgHLI, plqugtg gs g`veldjER,l cly cldergiieù` HLI dg deauseù`, dg hl`grl qug gs rgiefedj pjr tjdjs cjs gquepjs ij`gitldjs l cl heshl rgd aèseil. Gc gquepj qug pjsgl gsl ER ij`tgstl ij` u` plqugtg LVR dg rgspugstl, e`deil`dj su dergiieù` ER y su dergiieù` HLI. Gstg plqugtg yl `j sg g`vèl l cl dergiieù` HLI dg deauseù`, se`j dergitlhg`tg lc gquepj qug rglcezù cl pgteieù`. Lhfjs gquepjs, ghesjr y rgigptjr, lüldg` cl e`ajrhlieù` qug ml` lvgrekuldj l u`l tlfcl dg ilimå, cclhldl tlfcl LVR. Gstl tlfcl gvetl qug tg`klhjs qug rglcezlr gstg prjigdeheg`tj ildl vgz qug qugrlhjs g`velr dltjs l u` gquepj iuyl dergiieù` HLI yl mghjs lvgrekuldj l`tgs.
Goghpcj? G` u`l rgd cjilc ij` vlrejs gquepjs tg`ghjs qug ij` gc ijhl`dj LVR `js pugdg hjstrlr cl gquevlcg`iel dg dergiieù` ER y dergiieù` aèseil.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 4< dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
5.4.<.6. Rrjtjijcj RRR
G` gc ilsj dg ij`gxej`gs pu`tj l pu`tj (rgdgs [L@s), sg sugcg uslr RRR (Rje`t tj Rje`t Rrjtjijc) ijhj `evgc dg g`clig. RRR gs u` prjtjijcj desgüldj pjr gc EGTA plrl pgrheter gc e`tgrilhfej dg dltjs g`trg djs gcghg`tjs dg rgd u`edjs pjr u` g`clig aucc-dupcgx qug klrl`teig cl g`trgkl jrdg`ldl dg dltjs g` ij`gxej`gs pu`tj l pu`tj, y sg gspgieaeil g` clVAI <11<.
Ij`stl dg djs alsgs? u`l prehgrl alsg dg gstlfcgieheg`tj dgc il`lc, ij`trjcldl pjr gc prjtjijcj y u`l sgku`dl alsg dg `gkjielieù` dg cjs prjtjijcjs dg rgd qug sg vl` l trl`spjrtlr pjr gc g`clig, ij`trjcldl pjr gc prjtjijcj @IR67. W`l vgz gstlfcgiedl cl sgseù` RRR, sg trl`shetg` trlhls dg dltjs, ij` gc sekueg`tg ajrhltj? Aclk Der Itrc prjtjijcj dltjs AIY Aclk < jitgtj
Aclk? tl`tj lc e`eiej ijhj lc ae`, cls trlhls RRR e`icuyg` u`l sgiug`iel aeol dg fets qug servg plrl edg`teaeilr cjs cèhetgs dg cl trlhl. Dergiieù` dgste`j? Gc ajrhltj dg trlhl dg RRR gstì flsldj g` gc dgae`edj pjr gc `evgc dg g`clig MDCI (Mekm-cgvgc Dltl Ce`n Ij`trjc), rgkuclrezldj g` cl `jrhl EYJ 9925-<5;5. Rjr gccj lplrgig gstg ilhpj, qug g` RRR `j teg`g usj? gc g`clig gs pu`tj l pu`tj, gc dgste`ltlrej dgc plqugtg gs seghprg gc jtrj gxtrghj dg cl ij`gxeù`. Ij`trjc? u` ilhpj qug dgae`g gc tepj dg trlhl y qug tlhfeå` gs mgrgdldj dg MDCI. Yu vlcjr gs aeoj. Rrjtjijcj? e`deil gc prjtjijcj dg `evgc supgrejr qug vl g`ilpsucldj g` cl trlhl. Dltjs? plrtg dg dltjs dg cl trlhl. @jrhlchg`tg teg`g u` tlhlüj hìxehj dg <.722 fytgs, lu`qug sg pugdg `gkjielr u` tlhlüj hlyjr lc gstlfcgigr cl ij`gxeù` RRR. AIY (Arlhg Imgin Ygqug`ig)? Yuhl dg ij`trjc. Mlfetulchg`tg teg`g u` tlhlüj dg 6 jitgtjs, lu`qug sg pugdg `gkjielr u` tlhlüj dg 4 jitgtjs lc gstlfcgigrsg cl ij`gxeù`.
5.4.6. Rrjtjijcjs dg cl ilpl dg E`tgr`gt
Cjs hìs pjpuclrgs sj`? ER, EIHR y @LT. 5.4.6.<. Rrjtjijcj ER
ERv4 sg utecezl dgsdg <5=9, iul`dj sg ehpcghg`tù g` LVRL@GT (Ldvl`igd Vgsglrim Rrjogits Lkg`iy @gtwjrn, Vgd dg cl Lkg`iel dg Rrjygitjs dg E`vgsteklieù` Lvl`zldl), qug aug cl prgiursjrl dg E`tgr`gt. E`tgr`gt sg flsl g` krl` hgdedl g` ERv4, qug ij`te`ul seg`dj gc prjtjijcj dg ilpl dg rgd qug hìs sg utecezl. Cjs plqugtgs ERQ4 teg`g` djs plrtgs? G`ilfgzldj ER? edg`teaeil cls ilrlitgrèsteils dgc plqugtg. Ij`tg`edj? ij`teg`g cl e`ajrhlieù` dgc sgkhg`tj dg ilpl 4 y cjs dltjs prjpelhg`tg deimjs. Ijhj sg hugstrl g` cl ecustrlieù`, cjs g`ilfgzldjs dg plqugtgs ERQ4 ij`stl` dg ilhpjs qug ij`teg`g` e`ajrhlieù` ehpjrtl`tg sjfrg gc plqugtg. Gstjs ilhpjs ij`teg`g` `ÿhgrjs fe`lrejs qug sg gxlhe`l` g` gc prjigsj dg ilpl 9. Cjs vlcjrgs fe`lrejs dg ildl ilhpj edg`teaeil` cls deste`tls ij`aekurliej`gs dgc plqugtg ER.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 46 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
Cjs ilhpjs ehpjrtl`tgs dgc g`ilfgzldj dg ERv4 e`icuyg` cjs sekueg`tgs?
Qgrseù`? ij`teg`g u` vlcjr fe`lrej dg 4 fets qug edg`teaeil cl vgrseù` dgc plqugtg ER. Rlrl cjs plqugtgs ERv4, gstg ilhpj seghprg sg gstlfcgig g` 2<22. Ygrveiejs deagrg`ieldjs (DY)? l`tgrejrhg`tg dg`jhe`ldj –Tepj dg sgrveiej‘ (TjY), sg trltl dg u` ilhpj dg = fets qug sg utecezl plrl dgtgrhe`lr cl prejredld dg ildl plqugtg. Cjs prehgrjs 1 fets edg`teaeil` gc vlcjr dgc Ru`tj dg iùdekj dg sgrveiejs deagrg`ieldjs (DYIR), utecezldj pjr u` hgil`eshj dg ilcedld dg sgrveiej (\jY). Cjs ÿctehjs 6 fets edg`teaeil` gc vlcjr dg @jteaeilieù` gxpcèietl dg ij`kgsteù` (GI@), qug sg pugdg utecezlr plrl gvetlr qug cjs plqugtgs sg dgsilrtg` durl`tg hjhg`tjs dg ij`kgsteù` dg cl rgd. Teghpj dg vedl (TTC)? ij`teg`g u` vlcjr fe`lrej dg = fets qug sg utecezl plrl cehetlr cl vedl ÿtec dg u` plqugtg. Yg gspgieaeil g` sgku`djs, pgrj ijhÿ`hg`tg sg dg`jhe`l –ij`tgj dg slctjs‘. Gc ghesjr dgc plqugtg gstlfcgig gc vlcjr e`eielc dg teghpj dg vedl (TTC), gc qug deshe`uyg u` pu`tj
pjr ildl slctj, gs dgier, ildl vgz qug gc plqugtg gs prjigsldj pjr u` rjutgr. Ye gc ilhpj TTC deshe`uyg l igrj, gc rjutgr dgsilrtl gc plqugtg y g`vèl u` hg`slog dgc prjtjijcj dg hg`slogs dg ij`trjc dg E`tgr`gt (EIHR) dg Teghpj supgrldj l cl dergiieù` ER dg jrekg`. Gc ijhl`dj trligrjutg utecezl gstg ilhpj plrl edg`teaeilr cjs rjutgrs utecezldjs g`trg gc jrekg` y gc dgste`j.
Rrjtjijcj? fe`lrej fets dg e`deil tepj cjs dg ij`tg`edj dg dltjs qug trl`spjrtl gc plqugtg, cjgstg qug vlcjr pgrhetg qug dgcl =ilpl rgdgcplsg dltjs lc prjtjijcj dg ilpl supgrejr ijrrgspj`deg`tg. Cjs vlcjrgs ijhu`gs e`icuyg` EIHR (<), TIR (1) y WDR (<;). Dergiieù` ER dg jrekg`? ij`teg`g u` vlcjr fe`lrej dg 96 fets qug rgprgsg`tl cl dergiieù` ER dg jrekg` dgc plqugtg. Dergiieù` ER dg dgste`j? ij`teg`g u` vlcjr fe`lrej dg 96 fets qug rgprgsg`tl cl dergiieù` ER dg dgste`j dgc plqugtg.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 49 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
Cjs djs ilhpjs qug hìs ijhÿ`hg`tg sg tjhl` ijhj rgagrg`iel sj` cls dergiiej`gs ER dg jrekg` y dg dgste`j. Gstjs ilhpjs edg`teaeil` dg dù`dg prjveg`g gc plqugtg y ldù`dg vl. Rjr cj kg`grlc, gstls dergiiej`gs `j sg hjdeaeil` durl`tg cl trl`sagrg`iel dgsdg gc jrekg` mlstl gc dgste`j. Cjs ilhpjs rgstl`tgs sg utecezl` plrl edg`teaeilr y vlcedlr gc plqugtg, j plrl vjcvgr l jrdg`lr u` plqugtg arlkhg`tldj. Cjs ilhpjs utecezldjs plrl edg`teaeilr y vlcedlr gc plqugtg e`icuyg` cjs sekueg`tgs?
Cj`ketud dgc g`ilfgzldj dg E`tgr`gt (EMC)? ij`teg`g u` vlcjr fe`lrej dg 4 fets qug edg`teaeil cl il`tedld dg plclfrls dg 96 fets g` gc g`ilfgzldj. Gc vlcjr dg EMC vlrèl sgkÿ` cjs ilhpjs Jpiej`gs y Vgccg`j. Gc vlcjr hè`ehj plrl gstg ilhpj gs 7 (gs dgier, 7Û96 8 <12 fets 8 62 fytgs), y gc vlcjr hìxehj gs <7 (gs dgier, <7Û96 8 4=2 fets 8 12 fytgs). Cj`ketud tjtlc? g` jilsej`gs dg`jhe`ldj –Cj`ketud dgc plqugtg‘, gstg ilhpj dg <1 fets dgae`g gc tlhlüj tjtlc dgc plqugtg (arlkhg`tj), e`icuedjs gc g`ilfgzldj y cjs dltjs, g` fytgs. Cl cj`ketud hè`ehl dg plqugtg gs dg 62 fytgs (g`ilfgzldj dg 62 fytgs + dltjs dg 2 fytgs), y cl hìxehl gs dg 17.797 fytgs. Imginsuh dgc g`ilfgzldj? gstg ilhpj dg <1 fets sg utecezl plrl cl vgreaeilieù` dg grrjrgs dgc g`ilfgzldj ER. Gc imginsuh dgc g`ilfgzldj sg vugcvg l ilciuclr y sg ijhplrl ij` gc vlcjr g` gc
ilhpj imginsuh. Ye cjs vlcjrgs `j ije`iedg`, sg dgsilrtl gc plqugtg.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 44 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
Gs pjsefcg qug u` rjutgr dgfl arlkhg`tlr u` plqugtg iul`dj cj rgg`vèl dg u` hgdej l jtrj qug teg`g u`l HTW (Hlxehuh Trl`sagr W`et) hìs pgqugül. Iul`dj åstj suigdg, sg prjduig u`l arlkhg`tlieù`, y gc plqugtg ERv4 utecezl cjs sekueg`tgs ilhpjs plrl ccgvlr l ilfj u` sgkueheg`tj dg cjs arlkhg`tjs? Edg`teaeilieù`? gstg ilhpj dg <1 fets edg`teaeil dg ajrhl gxicusevl gc arlkhg`tj dg u` plqugtg ER jreke`lc. E`deildjrgs? gstg ilhpj dg 9 fets edg`teaeil iùhj sg arlkhg`tl gc plqugtg. Yg utecezl ij` cjs ilhpjs Dgspclzlheg`tj dg arlkhg`tjs g Edg`teaeilieù` plrl lyudlr l rgij`struer gc plqugtg jreke`lc ij` gc arlkhg`tj. Dgspclzlheg`tj dg arlkhg`tjs? gstg ilhpj dg <9 fets edg`teaeil gc jrdg` g` qug sg dgfg ijcjilr gc arlkhg`tj dgc plqugtg g` cl rgij`struiieù` dgc plqugtg jreke`lc se` arlkhg`tlr.
@JTL? cjs ilhpjs Jpiej`gs y Vgccg`j sg utecezl` ij` pjil argiug`iel y gxigdg` gc ìhfetj dg gstg ilpètucj.
HTW (Hlxehuh Trl`sagr W`et)? Gs gc `ÿhgrj hìxehj dg fytgs dg dltjs qug pugdg` lplrgigr g`ilpsucldjs g` u`l trlhl dg rgd. Ildl rgd (Gtmgr`gt, LTH, ].67 ...) teg`g su prjpel HTW. –Rltm HTW‘ sg dgae`g ijhj gc hè`ehj HTW dg g`trg tjdls cls rgdgs qug mly g`trg djs mjsts ij`gitldjs l E`tgr`gt. Vgd HTW (Fytgs) Ru`tj l Ru`tj ].67 Gtmgr`gt EGGG =26.9/=26.6 ADDE EGGG =26.7 (4 Hfps TV) EFH (<1 Hfps TV)
651 7;1 <.722 <.456 4.976 4.414 <;.5<4
5.4.6.6. Rrjtjijcj EIHR
Gc prjtjijcj ER sg g`ilrkl dgc trl`spjrtg dg dltlkrlhls, pgrj `j dg e`ajrhlr sjfrg grrjrgs. Gstl tlrgl sg g`ijheg`dl l u` prjtjijcj ijhpcghg`tlrej, EIHR (E`tgr`gt Ij`trjc Hgsslkg Rrjtjijc, Rrjtjijcj dg Hg`slogs dg Ij`trjc dg E`tgr`gt), qug lsuhg cls tlrgls dg `jteaeilieù` dg gvg`tjs y ij`trjc dg cl rgd . Rjr goghpcj, iul`dj u` gquepj rgiefg u` dltlkrlhl qug `j slfg iùhj g`ilhe`lr, kg`grlchg`tg cg ijhu`eil gstl ieriu`stl`iel lc ghesjr hgdel`tg u` hg`slog Dgste`ltej` @gtwjrn W`rglimlfcg (dgste`j e`lcil`zlfcg) EIHR.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 47 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
Cjs hg`slogs EIHR velol` g`ilpsucldjs g` dltlkrlhls ER, y sj` usldjs pjr cjs g`ilhe`ldjrgs plrl e`ajrhlr l jtrjs g`ilhe`ldjrgs, j l cjs gquepjs ae`lcgs, ligril dg ij`deiej`gs dg grrjr j dg ij`trjc dg cl rgd. Gc ajrhltj dgc hg`slog EIHR gs gc sekueg`tg?
Gxestg` vlrejs tepjs? dgste`j e`lcil`zlfcg, TTC gxigdedj, rgdergiieù`, ij`kgsteù`, gti. Gxestg` hg`slogs tlhfeå` qug sg utecezl` plrl vgreaeilr cl ij`gitevedld dg cl rgd, ijhj cjs hg`slogs dg gij (gimj) qug ghpcgl gc ijhl`dj pe`k.
5.4.6.9. Rrjtjijcj @LT
Gc prjtjijcj @LT (@gtwjrn Lddrgss Trl`scltej`, Trlduiieù` dg Dergiieù` dg Vgd) gs u` hgil`eshj, dgae`edj g` gc VAI <5<=, qug pgrhetg cl trlduiieù` dg dergiiej`gs prevldls l pÿfceils plrl pjdgr liigdgr l E`tgr`gt dgsdg u`l E`trl`gt. Rlrl gccj, `gigsetlhjs u` rjutgr @LT g` cl arj`tgrl g`trg cls rgdgs qug qugrghjs trlduier. Ilrlitgrèsteils? Gc hgil`eshj dgfg sgr trl`splrg`tg l cjs usulrejs ae`lcgs. Ijhpltefecedld ij` aergwlccs y ij` sgkuredld g` E`tgr`gt.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 41 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
Tepjs? @LT gstìteij. Ij`sestg g` sufstetuer cl plrtg dg mjst dg cl dergiieù` ER (B ER) prevldl g` gc mjst dg cl BER pÿfceil.
@LT de`ìheij (Rjr pjjc dg BER). Tg`ghjs u` pjjc dg dergiiej`gs pÿfceils y lsek`lhjs BER prevldl ij` BER pÿfceil.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 4; dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
@LT de`ìheij (RLT? Rjrt Lddrgss Trl`scltej`). Gc rjutgr teg`g u`l sùcl BER pÿfceil, y gcekg u` `ugvj pugrtj jrekg` y hlpgl cls BER prevldls l plrter dgc pugrtj dgsek`ldj.
5.4.9. Rrjtjijcjs dg cl ilpl dg trl`spjrtg
Gc jfogtevj dgc `evgc dg trl`spjrtg gs ijhu`eilr cls lpceiliej`gs g`trg sè (ijhu`eilieù` gxtrghj Wtecezl cjs sgrveiejs dg rgd prjpjriej`ldjs pjr ER, y pgrhetg djs hgil`eshjs deagrg`tgs? TIR, aelfcg y jreg`tldj l ij`gxeù`, y WDR. Rlrl pgrheter cl ijhu`eilieù` g`trg lpceiliej`gs, dgfghjs pjdgr deste`kuer l cjs prjigsjs dg lpceilieù` qug sg gstì` gogiutl`dj g` u` sestghl ae`lc, cj qug sg rglcezl ij` cjs Ru`tjs dg Liigsj lc Ygrveiej (YLR), qug g` TIR/WDR sg dg`jhe`l` pugrtjs, y sj` `ÿhgrjs g`tgrjs dg <1 fets. l gxtrghj).
W` pugrtj dg rgd gs u`l e`tgralz plrl ijhu`eilrsg ij` u` prjkrlhl l trlvås dg u`l rgd. Yugcg gstlr `uhgrldj plrl dg gstl ajrhl pjdgr edg`teaeilr cl lpceilieù` qug cj usl y dgieder l quå prjkrlhl g`trgklrì cjs dltjs rgiefedjs. Gstl lsek`lieù` dg pugrtjs pgrhetg l u`l hìque`l gstlfcgigr sehuctì`glhg`tg devgrsls ij`gxej`gs ij` hìque`ls deste`tls, yl qug tjdjs cjs sgkhg`tjs qug sg rgiefg` teg`g` cl heshl dergiieù`, pgrj vl` derekedjs l pugrtjs deagrg`tgs. G` TIR/ER sg ghpcgl gc plrldekhl iceg`tg/sgrvedjr? u`l lpceilieù` sgrvedjrl rgsgrvl plrl sè u` pugrtj (cj qug sg ij`jig ijhj g`clzldj j fe`de`k) y gspgrl cl rgigpieù` dg hg`slogs l trlvås dg deimj pugrtj. Cl lpceilieù` iceg`tg sg g`clzl tlhfeå` l u` pugrtj y g`vèl hg`slogs lc sgrvedjr, qug sgrì` rgspj`dedjs pjr åstg. Gc pugrtj lc qug sg g`clzl gc sgrvedjr dgfg tg`gr u` `ÿhgrj ij`jiedj l prejre pjr cjs iceg`tgs, `ÿhgrjs qug kg`grlchg`tg sj` lsek`ldjs pjr gc EL@L92 (E`tgr`gt Lssek`gd @uhfgrs
Lutmjrety, Lkg`iel dg Lsek`lieù` dg @ÿhgrjs dg E`tgr`gt) l cjs deste`tjs sgrveiejs.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 4= dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
Goghpcj? Gc sgrveiej dg ijrrgj YHTR teg`g lsek`ldj gc pugrtj TIR 67, gc sgrveiej D@Y dg rgsjcuieù` dg `jhfrgs dg djhe`ej teg`g lsek`ldj gc pugrtj WDR 79, gc sgrveiej MTTR teg`g lsek`ldj gc `ÿhgrj dg pugrtj TIR =2, gti. Kg`grlchg`tg, gstjs pugrtjs gstì` g` gc rl`kj 2 ’ <.264 y sj` pugrtjs prevecgkeldjs (pjr goghpcj, g` Ce`ux, sùcj cls lpceiliej`gs gogiutldls pjr gc usulrej rjjt - ldhe`estrldjr j supgrusulrej pugdg` g`clzlrsg l gstjs pugrtjs). Rjr gc ij`trlrej, cjs iceg`tgs sugcg` sehpcghg`tg sjceietlr lc sestghl jpgrltevj qug cjs g`clig lc prehgr pugrtj qug gstå cefrg, kg`grlchg`tg g` gc rl`kj <.267 ’ 17.797. Rugrtjs dgc ldhe`estrldjr Rugrtjs dg usulrej Vl`kj 2<.264 Vl`kj <.267 ’ 17.797 ’ Cjs pugrtjs dgc 2 lc <.264 gstì` rgsgrvldjs plrl prjigsjs dgc sestghl (dlghj`s) j prjkrlhls Ye` ghflrkj, u` ldhe`estrldjr dg rgd pugdg ij`gitlr sgrveiejs ij` pugrtjs dg su gcgiieù`. Cjs pugrtjs dgc <.264 lc 45.<7< sj` cjs –pugrtjs rgkestrldjs‘. Cjs pugrtjs dgc 45.<76 lc 17.797 sj` cjs –pugrtjs de`ìheijs y/j prevldjs‘. Cjs rl`kjs dg pugrtjs TIR y WDR sj` e`dgpg`deg`tgs, gs dgier, gs pjsefcg tg`gr u`l lpceilieù` g`clzldl lc pugrtj TIR 12, y jtrl tjtlchg`tg deste`tl g`clzldl lc pugrtj WDR 12. L ij`te`ulieù`, sg e`deil` lcku`js dg cjs pugrtjs ij`jiedjs hìs utecezldjs? Rugrtj Rrjtjijcj Ygrveiej j lpceilieù` 6< TIR ATR 69 TIR Tgc`gt 67 TIR YHTR 79 WDR D@Y 19 TIR [mjes 1= WDR DMIR ;2 TIR Kjpmgr ;5 TIR Ae`kgr =2 TIR MTTR <<2 TIR RJR9 <<5 TIR @@TR 449 TIR MTTRY/YYC gogiutldjs pjr usulrejs prevecgkeldjs.
<.;2< <.;69 9.9=5 4.116 4.1;6
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
TIR WDR TIR TIR WDR
QR@ Gsiretjrej rghjtj gHucg
Rìke`l 45 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
5.4.9.<. WDR
Rrjpjriej`l u` sgrveiej dg trl`spjrtg dg dltjs g`trg lpceiliej`gs `j jreg`tldj l ij`gxeù` (Y@JI). WDR rgiefg cjs dltjs dgc `evgc dg lpceilieù`, cgs lüldg su ilfgigrl, y cjs g`vèl dergitlhg`tg lc dgste`j dg`trj dg u` dltlkrlhl ER. Gc `evgc dg lpceilieù` gs queg` dgfgrì g`ilrklrsg dgc ij`trjc dg acuoj y dg grrjrgs. Gc ajrhltj dg cl ilfgigrl WDR gs gc sekueg`tg?
Cjs pugrtjs WDR jrekg` y dgste`j dgc dltlkrlhl. Cl cj`ketud ijhpcgtl dgc dltlkrlhl, e`icuyg`dj ilfgigrl, g` jitgtjs. W`l suhl dg ij`trjc, jpiej`lc, tl`tj dg cl ilfgigrl ijhj dg cjs dltjs dgc plqugtg.
5.4.9.6. TIR
Jargig u` sgrveiej dg trl`spjrtg g`trg lpceiliej`gs aelfcg y jreg`tldj l ij`gxeù` (YJI) . Rgrhetg` trl`sheter u` acuoj dg jitgtjs g`trg lpceiliej`gs. Cl e`ajrhlieù` sg devedg g` sgkhg`tjs, qug sj` g`veldjs g` dltlkrlhls ER utecezl`dj hgil`eshjs dg ij`trjc dg acuoj qug rgkucl` cl vgcjiedld dg g`vèj dg sgkhg`tjs g` au`ieù` dgc `evgc dg ilrkl dg cl rgd. L`tgs dg e`tgrilhfelr dltjs dg lpceilieù`, gs `gigslrej gstlfcgigr u`l ij`gxeù` TIR g`trg pugrtj jrekg` y pugrtj dgste`j. W`l vgz gstlfcgiedl, sg e`tgrilhfelrì` sgkhg`tjs iuyl ilfgigrl teg`g gc sekueg`tg ajrhltj?
Rugrtjs TIR jrekg` y dgste`j. @ÿhgrj dg sgiug`iel? `ÿhgrj jiupl gcgcprehgr dg gstg sgkhg`tj dg`trj dgc acuoj jitgtjs qug e`tgrilhfel` jrekg`qug y dgste`j. `ÿhgrjfytg dg sgiug`iel `j ijheg`zl g` igrj, se`j dg g` u` vlcjr lcgltjrej `gkjieldj pjr lhfls plrtgs lc gstlfcgigr cl ij`gxeù`. @ÿhgrj dg lsg`teheg`tj? `ÿhgrj dg sgiug`iel dgc prùxehj fytg qug gspgrl gc ghesjr dgc sgkhg`tj. MCG@? cj`ketud dg cl ilfgigrl TIR, hgdedl g` plclfrls dg 4 jitgtjs. Aclks? e`deildjrgs dgc tepj dg sgkhg`tj? hg`slog dg ij`gxeù`, lsg`teheg`tj, dltjs, urkg`tg, gti.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 72 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
Qg`tl`l? tlhlüj dgc fÿaagr dg rgigpieù` dgc ghesjr. Imginsuh? suhl dg ij`trjc dgc sgkhg`tj TIR. Ru`tgrj urkg`tg? se gc sgkhg`tj trl`spjrtl dltjs urkg`tgs (ij`jiedjs tlhfeå` ijhj dltjs JJ (Jut ja Fl`d, augrl dg fl`dl), gstg ilhpj e`deil cl pjseieù` dgc ÿctehj fytg urkg`tg dg`trj dg cl zj`l dg dltjs. Jpiej`gs? ilhpj jpiej`lc qug pugdg `j gxester. Rgrhetg `gkjielr iugstej`gs ijhj gc tlhlüj hìxehj dg sgkhg`tj l utecezlr.
5.4.4. Rrjtjijcjs dg cl ilpl dg lpceilieù`
Lcku`js dg gstjs prjtjijcjs dg `evgc dg lpceilieù` sj`? D@Y (Djhle` @lhg Ygrvgr, Ygrvedjr dg @jhfrgs dg Djhe`ej). Gs u`l krl` flsg dg dltjs ogrìrqueil y destrefuedl qug pgrhetg dlr –`jhfrg‘ l cls dergiiej`gs ER. Gs gc sgrveiej g`ilrkldj
dg trlduier cjs `jhfrgs qug rgijrdlhjs, pjr goghpcj www.tgrrl.gs j www.kjjkcg.ijh, l cls ijrrgspj`deg`tgs dergiiej`gs ER. Wtecezl cjs pugrtjs TIR 79 y WDR 79. MTTR (Mypgr Tgxt Trl`sagr Rrjtjijc, Rrjtjijcj dg Trl`sagrg`iel dg Mepgrtgxtj). Yustg`tl gc sgrveiej [[[. Wtecezl pjr dgagitj gc pugrtj TIR =2. YYM. Yeheclr l Tgc`gt y ATR, pgrj se` cjs prjfcghls dg sgkuredld, yl qug tjdjs cjs dltjs vl` g`ireptldjs. YHTR (Yehpcg Hlec Trl`spjrt Rrjtjijc, Rrjtjijcj Yehpcg dg Trl`sagrg`iel dg Mepgrtgxtj). Yustg`tl gc ijrrgj gcgitrù`eij. Wtecezl pjr dgagitj gc pugrtj TIR 67. G`vèj dg tgxtj y tjdj tepj dg lrimevjs l u` dgste`ltlrej.
ATR (Aecg Rrjtjijc, Rrjtjijcj dg Trl`sagrg`iel Aeimgrjs). Wtecezl pjr dgagitj u`l vgrseù` sehpceaeildl, TATR (trevelcdgATR) qug utecezl gc pugrtj pugrtj TIRTrl`sagr 6<. Gxestg WDR 15gc. ATR gs u`l lpceilieù` qug `js pgrhetg ij`gitlr`js l u` sgrvedjr dg lrimevjs plrl flolr prjfcghls dg sgkuredld qug Tgc`gt. Tgc`gt (Ygrveiej dg ij`sjcl rghjtl). Wtecezl gc pugrtj TIR 69. Tgc`gt gs u` liigsj dg gsiretjrej rghjtj g` g`tjr`j dg tgxtj. @js ij`gitlrì l u`l
j sufer lrimevjs. Teg`g cjs heshjs
hìque`l g` hjdj tgxtj tlc y ijhj se gstuveåsghjs gstldjs arg`tg lc tgicldj dg deiml hìque`l, se gogiutlhjs y ijhl`dj `j sg gogiutl g` `ugstrj jrdg`ldjr se`j qug sg mlig g` gc jrdg`ldjr rghjtj y `js hugstrl l `jsjtrjs gc rgsuctldj. Gs u`l lpceilieù` qug `j vl g`ireptldl pjr cj qug
iulcquegrl pjdrèl cggr `ugstrj usulrej y iclvg. FJJTR (Fjjtstrlp Rrjtjijc), DMIR (Dy`lhei Mjst Ij`aekurltej` Rrjtjijc, Rrjtjijcj dg Ij`aekurlieù` De`ìheil dg Gquepjs). Rgrhetg` l u` gquepj ij`aekurlr de`ìheilhg`tg, lc lrrl`ilr, plrìhgtrjs ijhj su dergiieù` dg rgd, cl dergiieù` dg sus sgrvedjrgs D@Y, gti. Lhfjs utecezl` gc pugrtj WDR 1;. Y@HR @gtwjrns Hl`lkghg`t Rrjtjijc, Rrjtjijcjj g`velr Yehpcgùrdg`gs dg Kgsteù` dg Vgd). Rgrhetg(Yehpcg l u`j j vlrejs gquepjs kgstjrgs rgilflr e`ajrhlieù` dg kgsteù` l cjs gquepjs qug ajrhl` cl rgd. Wtecezl gc pugrtj WDR <1<.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 7< dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
<2. RVJTJIJCJY DG W@L VGD HEIVJYJAT Cls rgdgs dg Heirjsjat (ijhj [e`djws @T Ygrvgr, [ 6222 Ygrvgr, [ @T [jrnstltej`) utecezl` prjpugstls dg prjtjijcjs dg jtrjs alfreil`tgs, ijhj? @gtFgue (@gtFEJY Gxtg`dgd Wsgr E`tgralig) (ilpl dg trl`spjrtg)? klrl`tezl gc trl`spjrtg dg cl e`ajrhlieù` g` rgdgs pgqugüls, gs sehpcg y aìiec dg utecezlr g` rgd cjilc. @[Ce`n (ilpl dg trl`spjrtg)? prjtjijcj plrl g`ilhe`lheg`tj. ER]/YR] (E`tgr`gt [jrn Rlingt Gximl`kg/ Ygqug`ig Rlingt Gximl`kg) (ilpl dg trl`spjrtg y dg rgd)? plrl pgqugüls y hgdel`ls rgdgs, tlhfeå` teg`g ijhpgtg`iels g` gc g`ilhe`lheg`tj.
TIR/ER CL@. (ilpl dg trl`spjrtg y dg rgd)? plrl gc g`ilhe`lheg`tj dg u` ij`ou`tj dg rgdgs [L@ j
<<. IJHRLVLIEÙ@ G@TVG GC HJDGCJ JYE U GC HJDGCJ TIR/ER Cls prehgrls trgs ilpls dgc hjdgcj TIR/ER rglcezl` lprjxehldlhg`tg cls heshls tlrgls qug cls ijrrgspj`deg`tgs ilpls dgc hjdgcj JYE. Ye` ghflrkj, cls trgs ÿctehls ilpls dgc hjdgcj JYE gstì` rgprgsg`tldls pjr u`l ÿ`eil ilpl dg lpceilieù` g` gc hjdgcj TIR/ER. @j gxestg rgclieù` dergitl g`trg cjs hjdgcjs JYE y TIR/ER, yl qug gstg ÿctehj surkg l`tgrejrhg`tg, lu`qug lhfjs ghpcgl` gc ij`igptj dg ilpls, dj`dg ildl prjtjijcj sg lpjyl g` u`j j vlrejs dgc `evgc e`agrejr.
<<.<. Yehecetudgs
Lhfjs sg devedg` g` ilpls. Lhfjs teg`g` ilpls dg lpceilieù`, lu`qug e`icuyg` sgrveiejs huy deste`tjs. Lhfjs teg`g` ilpls dg trl`spjrtg y dg rgd seheclrgs. Yg supj`g qug cl tgi`jcjkèl gs dg ij`hutlieù` pjr plqugtgs (`j dgij`hutlieù` pjr ieriuetj). Cjs prjagsej`lcgs dg `gtwjrne`k dgfg` ij`jigr lhfjs.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 76 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
<<.6. Deagrg`iels
TIR/ER ijhfe`l cls au`iej`gs dg cl ilpl dg prgsg`tlieù` y dg sgseù` g` cl ilpl dg lpceilieù`. TIR/ER ijhfe`l cls ilpls aèseil y dg g`clig dg dltjs dgc hjdgcj JYE g` u`l sjcl ilpl. TIR/ER plrgig sgr hìs sehpcg pjrqug teg`g hg`js ilpls. Cjs prjtjijcjs TIR/ER sj` cjs gstì`dlrgs g` tjr`j l cjs iulcgs sg dgslrrjccù E`tgr`gt, dg hjdj qug cl irgdefecedld dgc hjdgcj TIR/ER sg dgfg g` krl` plrtg l sus prjtjijcjs. G` ijhplrlieù`, cls rgdgs tèpeils `j sg dgslrrjccl` `jrhlchg`tg l plrter dgc prjtjijcj JYE, lu`qug gc hjdgcj JYE sg usl ijhj kuèl.
<<.9. Ijrrgspj`dg`iel g`trg ilpls
<<.4. Wsj dg cjs hjdgcjs JYE y TIR/ER Lu`qug cjs prjtjijcjs TIR/ER rgprgsg`tl` cjs gstì`dlrgs g` flsg l cjs iulcgs sg ml dgslrrjccldj E`tgr`gt, sg utecezl gc hjdgcj JYE pjr cjs sekueg`tgs hjtevjs? Gs u` gstì`dlr hu`delc, kg`åreij, e`dgpg`deg`tg dg cjs prjtjijcjs. Gs hìs dgtlccldj, cj qug mlig qug sgl hìs ÿtec plrl cl g`sgül`zl y gc lprg`dezlog. Lc sgr hìs dgtlccldj, rgsuctl dg hlyjr utecedld plrl gc delk`ùsteij dg alccls.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 79 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
Yg utecezl gc hjdgcj JYE plrl l`lcezlr cls deagrg`tgs rgdgs y cjs prjtjijcjs dg TIR/ER ijhj se augrl` dgc hjdgcj JYE. Goghpcjs? TIR ijhj u` prjtjijcj dg cl ilpl 4, ER ijhj u` prjtjijcj dg cl ilpl 9 dg JYE y Gtmgr`gt ijhj u`l tgi`jcjkèl dg cls ilpls 6 y < (qug gs cl tgi`jcjkèl hìs usldl g` cl trl`sheseù` dg dltjs).
Rlqugtg TIR/ER sjfrg Gtmgr`gt?
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 74 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
<6. HJDGCJ EGGG JYE.
Gc EGGG gclfjrl gc ij`ou`tj dg `jrhls =26 plrl ldlptlr cls `gigsedldgs dg cls rgdgs lc hjdgcj Ilrlitgrèsteils? Yj` ekulcgs dgsdg gc `evgc ; lc 9, y ilhfel` gc rgstj ldlptl`dj cjs hgdejs aèseijs plrteiuclrgs. Qgcjiedld dg trl`sheseù` mlstl 62 Hf/sgk. Cl rgd pgrhetg vlrejs prjigsjs lc heshj teghpj. Gc rgplrtj dg rgiursjs dgfg sgr gquetltevj g`trg tjdls cls gstliej`gs. Cl ldeieù` j suprgseù` dg despjsetevjs ml dg sgr sg`ieccl y aelfcg. Hìxehj dg 622 despjsetevjs g` 6 Nh dg destl`iel. Au`iej`gs dg trl`sagrg`iel dg lrimevjs, liigsj l flsgs dg dltjs, ijrrgj gcgitrù`eij, trl`sheseù` dg vjz, gti.
<6.<. Gc prjygitj =26 Mly huimjs tepjs dg lrquetgiturls g` cls rgdgs cjilcgs, pgrj sekueg`dj u` gstì`dlr ijhj gc prjygitj =26 dg cl EGGG sg pugdg` ehpcghg`tlr CL@s qug pgrhetl` cl e`tgrijhu`eilieù` dg despjsetevjs dg deste`tjs alfreil`tgs.
G` gstg prjygitj gc `evgc dg g`clig dg dltjs tg`eg`dj gc hjdgcj dg rgagrg`iel JYE sg ml sufdevededj g` djs? CCI (Ij`trjc dg G`clig Cùkeij). HLI (Ij`trjc dg Liigsj lc Hgdej).
Ildl sufdeveseù` sg edg`teaeil hgdel`tg u` `ÿhgrj, ijhj? =26.< (Ijhu`eilieù` g`trg rgdgs). =26.6 (CCI). =26.9 (IYHL/ID) –Gtmgr`gt‘. =26.7 (Fus ij` plsj dg tgstekj) –Tjng` Ve`k‘. =26.<
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 77 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
<6.6. Tjng` Ve`k Cls tlrogtls plrl rgd Tjng` Ve`k ml` ilèdj mjy g` dèl ilse g` dgsusj, dgfedj l cl flol vgcjiedld y gcgvldj ijstj rgspgitj dg Gtmgr`gt. Tg`èl` u` ij`gitjr DF-5. Tlhfeå` sg utecezù gc ij`gitjr VO-47 plrl cls @EIs (tlrogtls dg rgdgs) y cjs HLWs (Huctepcg Liigss W`et- W`edld dg hÿctepcg liigsj qug grl gc `ÿicgj dg u`l rgd Tjng` Ve`k).
<6.9. Gtmgr`gt Cls tlrogtls dg rgd Gtmgr`gt utecezl` ij`gitjrgs VO-47 (<2/<22/<222) F@I (<2), LWE (<2), HEE (<22), (<222) ilsj hìs mlfetulc gc dgijlxelc cl tlrogtl j @EI ij` u` ij`gitjr lu`qug durl`tg cl KHEE trl`seieù` dgc. Gcusj hlyjretlrej dg gs ilfcg (<2 Hfet/s) l plr trg`zldjVO-47, (<22 Hfet/s)
lfu`dlrj` cls tlrogtls ij` ij`gitjrgs F@I y VO-47 g e`icusj F@I / LWE / VO-47 (g` huimls dg gccls sg pugdg` vgr sgrekrlaeldjs cjs ij`gitjrgs `j usldjs). Ij` cl g`trldl dg cls rgdgs Keklfet y gc qug g` cls ilsls sgl argiug`tg cl prgsg`iels dg vlrejs jrdg`ldjrgs ijheg`zl` l vgrsg tlrogtls y pclils flsg (ij` @EI e`tgkrldls) ij` 6 y mlstl 4 pugrtjs VO-47, lckj l`tgs rgsgrvldj l cjs sgrvedjrgs. Rugdg` vlrelr g` au`ieù` dg cl vgcjiedld dg trl`sheseù`, `jrhlchg`tg <2 Hfet/s ù <2/<22 Hfet/s. Litulchg`tg sg gstì` ghpgzl`dj l utecezlr cls dg <.222 Hfet/s, tlhfeå` ij`jiedl ijhj Keklfet Gtmgr`gt y g` lcku`js ilsjs <2 Keklfet Gtmgr`gt, utecezl`dj tlhfeå` ilfcg dg plr trg`zldj, pgrj dg iltgkjrèl 1, 1g y ; qug trlflol` l argiug`iels hìs lctls. Cls vgcjiedldgs gspgieaeildls pjr cjs alfreil`tgs sj` tgùreils, pjr goghpcj cls dg <22 Hfet/s rglchg`tg pugdg` ccgklr ijhj hìxehj l u`js ;=,4 Hfet/s.
<6.4. [e-Ae Tlhfeå` sj` @EI cls tlrogtls e`lcìhfreils j wergcgss, cls iulcgs veg`g` g` deagrg`tgs vlregdldgs dgpg`deg`dj dg cl `jrhl l cl iulc sg loustg`, usulchg`tg sj` =26.<
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 71 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
<9. GTMGV@GT <9.<. Au`iej`lheg`tj Gtmgr`gt (tlhfeå` ij`jiedj ijhj gstì`dlr EGGG =26.9) gs cl tgi`jcjkèl CL@ hìs lhpcelhg`tg utecezldl g` cl litulcedld. Gtmgr`gt au`iej`l g` cl ilpl dg g`clig dg dltjs y g` cl ilpl aèseil. Gtmgr`gt ldhetg cjs l`imjs dg fl`dl dg dltjs sekueg`tgs? <2 Hf/s
<22 Hf/s <222 Hf/s (< Kf/s) <2.222 Hf/s (<2 Kf/s) 42.222 Hf/s (42 Kf/s) <22.222 Hf/s (<22 Kf/s)
Ijhj sg hugstrl g` cl sekueg`tg aekurl, cjs gstì`dlrgs dg Gtmgr`gt dgae`g` tl`tj cjs ijhj cls tgi`jcjkèls dg ilpl <. G` cj qug rgspgitl l cjs prjtjijcjs dg ilpl 6, lc ekulc qug suigdg ij` tjdjs cjs gstì`dlrgs EGGG =26, Gtmgr`gt dgpg`dg dg cls djs sufilpls sgplrldls dg cl ilpl dg g`clig dg dltjs plrl au`iej`lr? cl sufilpl dg Ij`trjc dg G`clig Cùkeij (CCI) y cl sufilpl dg Ij`trjc dg Liigsj lc Hgdej (HLI). prjtjijcjs dg ilpl 6
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 7; dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
<9.6. Yufilpls CCI y HLI Yufilpl CCI? Cl sufilpl CCI dg Gtmgr`gt sg jiupl dg cl ijhu`eilieù` g`trg cls ilpls supgrejrgs y cls ilpls e`agrejrgs. Kg`grlchg`tg, gstl ijhu`eilieù` sg prjduig g`trg gc sjatwlrg dg rgd y gc mlrdwlrg dgc despjsetevj. Cl sufilpl CCI tjhl cjs dltjs dgc prjtjijcj dg cl rgd, qug kg`grlchg`tg sj` u` plqugtg ERv4, y lkrgkl e`ajrhlieù` dg ij`trjc plrl lyudlr l g`trgklr gc plqugtg lc `jdj dg dgste`j. Gc CCI sg utecezl plrl ijhu`eilrsg ij` cls ilpls supgrejrgs dg cl lpceilieù` y plrl cl trl`seieù` dgc plqugtg l cls ilpls e`agrejrgs plrl su g`trgkl. Gc CCI sg ehpcghg`tl g` sjatwlrg, y su ehpcghg`tlieù` `j dgpg`dg dgc mlrdwlrg. G` u`l RI, gc
CCI sg pugdg ij`sedgrlrij` gc gcij`trjcldjr dg clcl@EI @EI.plrl Gc ij`trjcldjr cl @EI gs clu`sufilpl prjkrlhl e`tgrlitÿl dergitlhg`tg mlrdwlrg dg trl`sheter cjsdgdltjs g`trg HLIqugy cjs hgdejs aèseijs. Yufilpl HLI? Cl HLI ij`stetuyg cl sufilpl e`agrejr dg cl ilpl dg g`clig dg dltjs. Cl HLI sg ehpcghg`tl hgdel`tg mlrdwlrg, pjr cj kg`grlc, g` cl @EI dg cl RI. Cjs dgtlccgs sg gspgieaeil` g` cjs gstì`dlrgs EGGG =26.9. G` cl sekueg`tg aekurl, sg g`uhgrl` cjsgstì`dlrgs EGGG dg Gtmgr`gt ijhu`gs.
<9.9. Yufilpl HLI Ijhj sg hugstrl g` cl ecustrlieù`, cl sufilpl HLI dg Gtmgr`gt teg`g djs rgspj`slfecedldgs pre`ieplcgs? G`ilpsuclieù` dg dltjs. Ij`trjc dg liigsj lc hgdej.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 7= dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
<9.9.<. G`ilpsuclieù` dg dltjs
Gc prjigsj dg g`ilpsuclieù` dg dltjs e`icuyg gc lrhldj dg cl trlhl l`tgs dg cl trl`sheseù` y . Iul`dj sg ajrhl cl trlhl, cl ilpl HLI gc dgslrhldj dg cl trlhl g` gc hjhg`tj g` qug sg cl rgiefg
lkrgkl u` g`ilfgzldj y u` trìecgr l cl RDW dg cl ilpl dg rgd. Cl g`ilpsuclieù` dg dltjs prjpjriej`l trgs au`iej`gs pre`ieplcgs? Dgcehetlieù` dg trlhls? gc prjigsj dg g`trlhldj prjpjriej`l dgcehetldjrgs ehpjrtl`tgs qug sg utecezl` plrl edg`teaeilr u` krupj dg fets qug ijhpj`g` u`l trlhl. Gstg prjigsj jargig u`l se`irj`ezlieù` g`trg cjs `jdjs trl`shesjrgs y rgigptjrgs. Dergiiej`lheg`tj? gc prjigsj dg g`ilpsuclieù` tlhfeå` prjpjriej`l dergiiej`lheg`tj dg cl ilpl
dg g`clig dg dltjs. g`ilfgzldj Gtmgr`gt lkrgkldj l cldgtrlhl ij`teg`g cl dergiieù` aèseil (dergiieù` HLI) qugIldl pgrhetg qug cl trlhl sg g`vèg l u` `jdj dgste`j. Dgtgiieù` dg grrjrgs? ildl trlhl dg Gtmgr`gt ij`teg`g u` trìecgr ij` u`l Ijhprjflieù` dg Vgdu`dl`iel Ièiceil (IVI) dgc ij`tg`edj dg cl trlhl. W`l vgz qug sg rgiefg u`l trlhl, gc `jdj rgigptjr irgl u`l IVI plrl ijhplrlrcl ij` cl dg cl trlhl. Ye gstjs djs iìciucjs dg IVI ije`iedg`, pugdg lsuhersg qug cl trlhl sg rgiefeù se` grrjrgs. Cl utecezlieù` dg trlhls aliecetl cl trl`sheseù` dg fets l hgdedl qug sg ijcjil` g` cjs hgdejs y cl lkruplieù` dg fets g` gc `jdj rgigptjr.
<9.9.6. Ij`trjc dg liigsj lc hgdej
Cl sgku`dl rgspj`slfecedld dg cl sufilpl HLI gs gc ij`trjc dg liigsj lc hgdej. Gc ij`trjc dg liigsj lc hgdej gs rgspj`slfcg dg cl ufeilieù` y cl rghjieù` dg trlhls g` cjs hgdejs. Ijhj su `jhfrg cj e`deil, ij`trjcl gc liigsj l cjs hgdejs. Gstl sufilpl sg ijhu`eil dergitlhg`tg ij` cl ilpl aèseil. Cl tjpjcjkèl cùkeil sufylig`tg dg Gtmgr`gt gs dg fus dg hucteliigsj. Rjr cj tl`tj, tjdjs cjs `jdjs (despjsetevjs) g` u` heshj sgkhg`tj dg rgd ijhplrtg` gc hgdej . Gtmgr`gt gs u` håtjdj dg rgd dg ij`teg`dl. G` u` håtjdj pjr ij`teg`dl (j håtjdj `j dgtgrhe`estl) iulcquegr despjsetevj pugdg e`tg`tlr trl`sheter dltjs l trlvås dgc hgdej ijhplrtedj seghprg qug tg`kl dltjs plrl g`velr . Ye` ghflrkj, tlc ijhj suigdg se djs pgrsj`ls e`tg`tl` mlfclr lc heshj teghpj, se mly vlrejs despjsetevjs g` u` ÿ`eij hgdej qug e`tg`tl` rgg`velr dltjs sehuctì`glhg`tg, cjs dltjs ijcesej`l`, cj qug prjvjil qug gstjs sg dlüg` y `j sg pugdl` utecezlr. Rjr gstg hjtevj, Gtmgr`gt prjpjriej`l u` håtjdj plrl ij`trjclr cl ajrhl g` qug cjs `jdjs ijhplrtg` gc liigsj hgdel`tg gc usj dg cl tgi`jcjkèl IYHL (Ilrregr Yg`sg Huctepcg Liigss, Liigsj Hÿctepcg pjr Dgtgiieù` dg Rjrtldjrl). G` prehgrl e`stl`iel, gc prjigsj dg IYHL sg utecezl plrl dgtgitlr se cjs hgdejs trl`spjrtl` u`l sgülc. Ye sg dgtgitl u`l sgülc pjrtldjrl g` gc hgdej dgsdg jtrj `jdj, quegrg dgier qug jtrj despjsetevj gstì trl`sheteg`dj. Iul`dj u` despjsetevj gstì e`tg`tl`dj trl`sheter y `jtl qug gc hgdej gstì jiupldj, gspgrlrì g e`tg`tlrì dgspuås dg u` pgrèjdj dg teghpj ijrtj. Ye `j sg dgtgitl u`l sgülc pjrtldjrl, trl`shetg Gs pjsefcg prjigsj IYHL alccg cjs se djs despjsetevjs trl`shetg` gclc despjsetevj heshj teghpj. L gstj sus sg cgdltjs. dg`jhe`l ijceseù`qug dggcdltjs. Ye gstj jiurrg, dltjs g`veldjs pjr lhfjs despjsetevjs sg dlülrì` y dgfgrì` g`velrsg `ugvlhg`tg. Cjs håtjdjs dg ij`trjc dg liigsj lc hgdej pjr ij`teg`dl `j rgquegrg` hgil`eshjs plrl ccgvlr cl iug`tl dg l queå` cg ijrrgspj`dg liigdgr lc hgdej. Rjr cj tl`tj, `j teg`g` cl sjfrgilrkl dg cjs håtjdjs dg liigsj ij`trjcldj. Ye` ghflrkj, cjs sestghls pjr ij`tg`ieù` `j gsilcl` feg` floj u` usj e`tg`sevj dg cjs hgdejs. L hgdedl qug gc usj y gc `ÿhgrj dg `jdjs luhg`tl, cl prjflfecedld dg liigdgr l cjs hgdejs ij` åxetj se` u`l ijceseù` deshe`uyg. Ldghìs, cjs hgil`eshjs dg rgiupgrlieù` qug sg rgquegrg` plrl ijrrgker grrjrgs dgfedjs l gsls ijcesej`gs deshe`uyg` lÿ` hìs gc rg`deheg`tj. G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 75 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
Ijhj sg hugstrl g` cl ecustrlieù`, gc IYHL sg sugcg ehpcghg`tlr ou`tj ij` u` håtjdj plrl rgsjcvgr cl ij`teg`dl dg cjs hgdejs. Cjs djs håtjdjs ijhÿ`hg`tg utecezldjs sj`? IYHL/ID (ID? Dgtgiieù` dg ijceseù`). IYHL/IL (IL? Rrgvg`ieù` dg ijcesej`gs).
<9.9.9. IYHL/ID
Ij` gc håtjdj IYHL/ID (ID? Dgtgiieù` dg ijceseù`), gc despjsetevj ij`trjcl cjs hgdejs plrl dgtgitlr cl prgsg`iel dg u`l sgülc dg dltjs. Ye `j mly u`l sgülc dg dltjs, qug e`deil qug gc hgdej gstì cefrg, gc despjsetevj trl`shetg cjs dltjs. Ye cugkj sg dgtgitl` sgülcgs qug hugstrl` qug jtrj despjsetevj gstlfl trl`sheteg`dj lc heshj teghpj, tjdjs cjs despjsetevjs dgol` dg g`velr g e`tg`tl` dgspuås. Cls ajrhls trldeiej`lcgs dg Gtmgr`gt utecezl` gstg håtjdj. Gstl tåi`eil sg utecezl plrl gvetlr cls ijcesej`gs qug sg prjduig` iul`dj djs j hìs gquepjs liigdg` l cl rgd.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 12 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
Cl e`ijrpjrlieù` l krl` gsilcl dg tgi`jcjkèls ij`hutldls g` cls rgdgs hjdgr`ls rgghpclzù lhpcelhg`tg cl `gigsedld jreke`lc dg ehpcghg`tlieù` dg IYHL/ID g` rgdgs dg ìrgl cjilc. Mjy g` dèl, ilse tjdls cls ij`gxej`gs pjr ilfcg g`trg despjsetevjs g` u`l CL@ sj` ij`gxej`gs aucc-dupcgx, gs dgier, u` heshj despjsetevj pugdg g`velr y rgiefer e`ajrhlieù` sehuctì`glhg`tg. Gstj sek`eaeil qug, se feg` cls rgdgs Gtmgr`gt sg desgül` ij` tgi`jcjkèl IYHL/ID, ij` cjs despjsetevjs e`tgrhgdelrejs litulcgs `j sg prjduig` ijcesej`gs y cjs prjigsjs utecezldjs pjr gc IYHL/ID sj` rglchg`tg e``gigslrejs. Ye` ghflrkj, tjdlvèl sg dgfg` tg`gr g` iug`tl cls ijcesej`gs g` ij`gxej`gs e`lcìhfreils g` g`tjr`js CL@s. Cjs despjsetevjs CL@ e`lcìhfreijs utecezl` gc håtjdj dg liigsj lc hgdej IYHL/IL.
<9.9.4. IYHL/IL
Ij` gc håtjdj IYHL/IL (IL? Rrgvg`ieù` dg ijcesej`gs), gc despjsetevj l`lcezl cjs hgdejs plrl dgtgitlr cl prgsg`iel dg u`l sgülc dg dltjs. Ye gc hgdej gstì cefrg, gc despjsetevj g`vèl u`l `jteaeilieù` l trlvås dgc hgdej, sjfrg su e`tg`ieù` dg utecezlrcj. Gc despjsetevj cugkj g`vèl cjs dltjs. Cls tgi`jcjkèls dg rgd e`lcìhfreils =26.<< utecezl` gstg håtjdj.
<9.4. Tepjs dg Gtmgr`gt Yg deste`kug` deagrg`tgs vlrel`tgs dg tgi`jcjkèl Gtmgr`gt sgkÿ` gc tepj dg cjs ilfcgs utecezldjs?
<9.7. Gsqughl dg dg`jhe`lieù` Gtmgr`gt
Fl`dl flsg? Qgcjiedld (Hfps) / flsg (fl`dl flsg) / tepj dg ilfcg (tårhe`js). Fl`dl l`iml? Qgcjiedld (Hfps) / frjld (fl`dl l`iml) / tepj dg ilfcg (tårhe`js). j
j
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 1< dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
Goghpcjs dg tårhe`js? T? plr trg`zldj (WTR). AC? aefrl ùpteil (hj`jhjdj, huctehjdj). 6? <=7 hgtrjs. 7? 722 hgtrjs.
Lcku`js dg cjs sufgstì`dlrgs dg EGGG =26.9 sg dgsirefg` g` cl sekueg`tg tlfcl?
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 16 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
<9.1. Ltrefutjs dg cl trlhl dg Gtmgr`gt Dgsdg cl irglieù` dg Gtmgr`gt g` <5;9, cjs gstì`dlrgs ml` gvjcuiej`ldj plrl gspgieaeilr vgrsej`gs hìs rìpedls y acgxefcgs dg cl tgi`jcjkèl. Gstl ilpliedld qug teg`g Gtmgr`gt dg gvjcuiej`lr ij` gc plsj dgc teghpj gs u`l dg cls pre`ieplcgs rlzj`gs pjr cls qug sg ml pjpuclrezldj. Cls prehgrls vgrsej`gs dg Gtmgr`gt grl` rgcltevlhg`tg cg`tls, ij` u`l vgcjiedld dg <2 Hfps. Cls ÿctehls vgrsej`gs dg Gtmgr`gt au`iej`l` l <2 Keklfets pjr sgku`dj g e`icusj hìs rìpedj. G` cl ilpl dg g`clig dg dltjs, cl gstruiturl dg cl trlhl gs ilse edå`teil plrl tjdls cls vgcjiedldgs dg Gtmgr`gt. Cl gstruiturl dg cl trlhl dg Gtmgr`gt lkrgkl g`ilfgzldjs y trìecgrs l cl RDW dg ilpl 9 plrl g`ilpsuclr gc hg`slog qug sg g`vèl. Tl`tj gc trìecgrGtmgr`gt. ijhj gc g`ilfgzldj iug`tl` ij` vlrels qug utecezl gc prjtjijcj Ildl sgiieù`dgdgGtmgr`gt cl trlhl sg dg`jhe`l ilhpj.sgiiej`gs dg e`ajrhlieù` Ijhj sg hugstrl g` cl sekueg`tg aekurl, mly djs gstecjs dg g`trlhldj dg Gtmgr`gt?
Gc gstì`dlr EGGG =26.9 dg Gtmgr`gt qug sg litulcezù vlrels vgigs plrl e`icuer `ugvls tgi`jcjkèls. Gc gstì`dlr DE] dg Gtmgr`gt qug lmjrl sg dg`jhe`l –Gtmgr`gt EE‘. Cls deagrg`iels g`trg cjs gstecjs dg trlhls sj` hè`ehls. Cl deagrg`iel hìs ehpjrtl`tg g`trg cjs djs gstì`dlrgs gs gc lkrgkldj dg u` dgcehetldjr dg e`eiej dg trlhl (YAD) y gc ilhfej dgc ilhpj Tepj pjr gc ilhpj Cj`ketud g` gc gstì`dlr =26.9. Gtmgr`gt EE gs gc ajrhltj dg trlhl dg Gtmgr`gt utecezldj g` cls rgdgs TIR/ER.
<9.;. Tlhlüj dg cl trlhl Gtmgr`gt Tl`tj gc gstì`dlr Gtmgr`gt EE ijhj gc EGGG =26.9 dgae`g` gc tlhlüj hè`ehj dg trlhl g` 14 fytgs y gc tlhlüj hìxehj dg trlhl g` <7<= fytgs. Gstj e`icuyg tjdjs cjs fytgs dgc ilhpj Dergiieù` HLI dg dgste`j l trlvås dgc ilhpj Ygiug`iel dg vgreaeilieù` dg trlhl (AIY). Cjs ilhpjs Rrgìhfucj y Dgcehetldjr dg e`eiej dg trlhl `j sg e`icuyg` g` cl dgsirepieù` dgc tlhlüj dg u`l trlhl. Iulcquegr trlhl ij` hg`js dg 14 fytgs dg cj`ketud sg ij`sedgrl u` "arlkhg`tj dg ijceseù`" j "ru`t arlhg" y cls gstliej`gs rgigptjrls cl dgsilrtl` lutjhìteilhg`tg.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 19 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
Gc gstì`dlr EGGG =26.9li, pufceildj g` <55=, lhpceù gc tlhlüj dg trlhl hìxehj pgrhetedj l <.766 fytgs. Yg luhg`tù gc tlhlüj dg cl trlhl plrl qug sg ldlptg l u`l tgi`jcjkèl dg`jhe`ldl Vgd dg Ìrgl Cjilc Qertulc (QCL@). Cls QCL@ sg irgl` dg`trj dg u`l rgd ij`hutldl y sg prgsg`tlrì` g` jtrj iursj. Ldghìs, huimls tgi`jcjkèls dg ilcedld dg sgrveiej (\jY) mlig` usj dgc ilhpj Rrejredld dgc usulrej plrl ehpcghg`tlr devgrsjs `evgcgs dg sgrveiej, ijhj gc sgrveiej dg prejredld plrl gc trìaeij dg vjz. G` cl sekueg`tg ecustrlieù`, sg hugstrl` cjs ilhpjs ij`tg`edjs g` cl gtequgtl QCL@ =26.<\.
Ye gc tlhlüj dg u`l trlhl trl`shetedl gs hg`jr qug gc hè`ehj j hlyjr qug gc hìxehj , gc despjsetevj rgigptjr dgsilrtl cl trlhl. Gs pjsefcg qug cls trlhls dgsilrtldls sg jreke`g` g` ijcesej`gs u jtrls sgülcgs `j dgsgldls y, pjr cj tl`tj, sg ij`sedgrl` `j vìcedls. G` cl ilpl dg g`clig dg dltjs, cl gstruiturl dg cl trlhl gs ilse edå`teil. G` cl ilpl aèseil, cls deagrg`tgs vgrsej`gs dg Gtmgr`gt vlrèl` g` iul`tj lc håtjdj plrl dgtgitlr y ijcjilr dltjs g` cjs hgdejs.
<9.=. Ilhpjs dg cl trlhl Gtmgr`gt Cjs ilhpjs pre`ieplcgs dg cl trlhl dg Gtmgr`gt sj` cjs sekueg`tgs?
Ilhpjs Rrgìhfucj y Dgcehetldjr dg e`eiej dg trlhl? cjs ilhpjs Rrgìhfucj (; fytgs) y Dgcehetldjr dg e`eiej dg trlhl (YAD), tlhfeå` ij`jiedj ijhj –E`eiej dg trlhl‘ (< fytg), sg utecezl` plrl cl se`irj`ezlieù` g`trg cjs despjsetevjs ghesjrgs y rgigptjrgs. Gstjs jimj prehgrjs fytgs dg cl trlhl sg utecezl` plrl ilptlr cl ltg`ieù` dg cjs `jdjs rgigptjrgs. Fìseilhg`tg, cjs prehgrjs fytgs cg e`deil` lc rgigptjr qug sg prgplrg plrl rgiefer u`l trlhl `ugvl. Ilhpj Dergiieù` HLI dg dgste`j? gstg ilhpj dg 1 fytgs gs gc edg`teaeildjr dgc dgste`ltlrej prgvestj. Ijhj rgijrdlrì, cl Ilpl 6 utecezl gstl dergiieù` plrl lyudlr l cjs despjsetevjs l dgtgrhe`lr se cl trlhl veg`g derekedl l gccjs. Cl dergiieù` dg cl trlhl sg ijhplrl ij` cl dergiieù` HLI dgc despjsetevj. Ye ije`iedg`, gc despjsetevj ligptl cl trlhl. Ilhpj Dergiieù` HLI dg jrekg`? gstg ilhpj dg 1 fytgs edg`teaeil cl @EI j cl e`tgralz qug jreke`l cl trlhl.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 14 dg 17
Tghl 9? Lrquetgiturl dg rgd.
Ilhpj Cj`ketud? plrl tjdjs cjs gstì`dlrgs EGGG =26.9 l`tgrejrgs l <55;, gc ilhpj Cj`ketud dgae`g cl cj`ketud gxlitl dgc ilhpj dg dltjs dg cl trlhl. Gstj sg utecezl pjstgrejrhg`tg ijhj plrtg dg cl AIY plrl klrl`tezlr qug gc hg`slog sg rgiefl ldgiuldlhg`tg. Rjr cj dghìs, gc prjpùsetj dgc ilhpj gs dgsirefer quå prjtjijcj dg ilpl supgrejr gstì prgsg`tg. Ye gc vlcjr dg cjs djs jitgtjs gs ekulc j hlyjr qug 2x2122 mgxldgiehlc j <791 dgiehlc, gc ij`tg`edj dgc ilhpj Dltjs sg dgijdeaeil sgkÿ` gc prjtjijcj GtmgrTypg e`deildj. Rjr jtrj cldj, se gc vlcjr gs ekulc j hg`jr qug gc mgxldgiehlc dg 2x27DI j gc dgiehlc dg <722, gc ilhpj Cj`ketud sg gstì utecezl`dj plrl e`deilr gc usj dgc ajrhltj dg trlhl dg EGGG =26.9. Lsè sg deagrg`iel` cls trlhls dg Gtmgr`gt EE y =26.9. Ilhpj Dltjs? gstg ilhpj (dg 41 l <722 fytgs) ij`teg`g cjs dltjs g`ilpsucldjs dg u`l ilpl supgrejr,dgfg` qug gstg`gr u`l RDW dg ilpl 9 kg`åreil j, hìs ijhÿ`hg`tg, u` plqugtg ERv4.pgqugüj, Tjdls cls trlhls lc hg`js 14 fytgs dg cj`ketud. Ye sg g`ilpsucl u` plqugtg sg utecezl` fets ldeiej`lcgs ij`jiedjs ijhj –rgccg`j‘ plrl e`irghg`tlr gc tlhlüj dg cl trlhl lc
tlhlüj hè`ehj. Ilhpj Ygiug`iel dg vgreaeilieù` dg trlhl (AIY)? gstg ilhpj dg 4 fytgs sg utecezl plrl dgtgitlr grrjrgs g` u`l trlhl. Wtecezl u`l ijhprjflieù` dg rgdu`dl`iel ièiceil (IVI). Gc despjsetevj ghesjr e`icuyg cjs rgsuctldjs dg u`l IVI g` gc ilhpj AIY dg cl trlhl. Gc despjsetevj rgigptjr rgiefg cl trlhl y kg`grl u`l IVI plrl fusilr grrjrgs. Ye cjs iìciucjs ije`iedg`, sek`eaeil qug `j sg prjduoj `e`kÿ` grrjr. Cjs iìciucjs qug `j ije`iedg` e`deil` qug cjs dltjs ilhfelrj` y, pjr ij`sekueg`tg, sg dgsilrtl cl trlhl. W` ilhfej g` cjs dltjs pjdrèl sgr rgsuctldj dg u`l e`tgrrupieù` dg cls sgülcgs gcåitreils qug rgprgsg`tl` cjs fets.
G`ilr`lieù` Hlrè` Ilflccgrj
Rìke`l 17 dg 17