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;. Uhnch}wkikn H`fnfoi k. @hbknc`kkn ,Qak}aiwy) @hwh}mkwkqkn `iwk ohnyhmkm`kn mknyk` lkb wh}kqk bknc`k,qak}ah). @hbknc`kkn ohnak`xu `xknwiwkq" `xbkiwkq whoukw gkn sk`wx qhqxkwx wigk` bknc`kl `kbx jxobkl ,`xknwiwkq) yknc wh}qhgik qhqxki ghnckn `hmxwxlkn" mh}`xkbiwkq mki` wh}qhgik gioknk qkjk ,gi qhwiku whoukw ) gkn `kukn qkjk ,sk`wx) gi mxwxl`kn
m. Uibilkn/uibilkn ,Alfiahq) Gkbko qhwiku okqyk}k`kw qhbkbx gigkukwi mklsk `hmxwxlkn oknxqik wigk` wh}mkwkq mknyk`nyk. Oknxqik wigk` uh}nkl oh}kqk uxkq kwkq kuk yknc whbkl oh}h`k uh}fbhl gkn oh}h`k akuki. Wh}mkwkqnyk qxomh}gkyk wh}qhgik gimknginc`kn `hmxwxlkn&`hincinkn" ohnyhmkm`kn oknxqik lk}xq ohnhnwx`kn uibilkn/uibilkn mh}qidkw yknc mh}qidkw ingitigx okxuxn `fbh`wid. Uibilkn yknc mh}qidkw ingitigx oiqkbnyk mkjx kuk yknc k`kn giuk`ki lk}i ini. a. Mikyk @hqhoukwkn ,Fuuf}wxniwy Afqw) Ibox h`fnfoi ohokngknc oknxqik qhmkcki oklbx` }kqifnkb uibilkn yknc gimxkw`kn mh}gkqk}`kn uh}wiomknckn xnwxnc }xci" ghnckn ohomknginc`kn mikyk lk}xq gi`hbxk}`kn gkn lkqib yknc giuh}fbhl.
Mkci qhf}knc k`xnwkn mikyk kgkbkl wfwkb xknc yknc gi`hbxk}`kn xnwx` ohouh}fbhl kwkx ohnclkqib`kn qhqxkwx. Oiqkbnyk nfnk Bik mh}miqniq jxck mhbi ofmib mh`kq gi kskb wklxn" ik ohomhbi qhmxkl ofmib mh`kq ghnckn lk}ck ]u. 35 jxwk ofmib iwx k`xwknwknqi kgkbkl ]u <5 Jxwk ji`k wigk` gicxnk`kn xnwx` ohomhbi ofmib mh`kq kbwh}nkwith yknc ukbinc xoxo kgkbkl ohnyiouknnyk gkbko ghuiqiwf mh}jknc`k ji`k mxnck ghufqiwf =5( uh}wklxn gik`li} wklxkn xknc xknc nfn bik ohnjkgi 94 jxwk. Ghdiniqi yknc bhmil }inai oiqkbnyk ibox h`fnfoi ohouhbkjk}i ingitigx gkn okqyk}k`kw gkbko ohnhnwx`kn uibilkn xnwx` ohnccxnk`kn qxomh}gkyk yknc bknc`kl ,ghnckn gkn wknuk xknc)" gkbko xukyk ohninc`kw`kn `xbkiwkq ligxunyk. =. Okqkbkl/Okqkbkl H`fnfoi Gk}i ghdinhq gikwkq okqkbkl h`fnfoi kgkbkl okqkbkl uibilkn kbf`kqi qxomh}gkyk yknc bknc`kl. Ibox h`fnfoi k`kn qhnknwikqk mh}okndkkw qhbkokokqkbkl yknc gilkgkui kgkbkl kbf`kqi qxomh}gkyk yknc bknc`kl. Nkoxn qhmkckioknk ibox/ibox bkinnyk" ibox h`fnfoi lknykbkl kbkw xnwx` ohoklkoi gkn ohncknkbiqiq `hkgkkn yknc gilkgkui `k}hnk }hkbiwkqnyk mhciwx `fnubh`q ok`k uh}bx uhnyh}gklknkkn. Gkbko ibox h`fnfoi uhnyh}gklknkkn iwx wh}bilkw gk}i uhnygh}lknkkn okqkbkl/okqkbkl yknc gilkgkui. k. Kuk yknc lk}xq Giu}fgx`qi Gkn Mh}kuk Mknyk`6
U}fgx`qi mh}xuk mk}knc gkn jkqk kgkbkl lkqib w}knqdf}okqi mh}mkcki dkawf} u}fgx`qi. Mk}knc gkn jkqk ohomh}i`kn `hcxnkkkn &okndkkw mkci uhok`ki & `fnqxohn uh}wknykkn kuk yknc lk}xq giu}fgx`qi mh}ok`nk mk}knc kuk lk}xq giqhgik`kn 6 mh}kuk mknyk` kck} `hqhjklwh}kkn okqyk}k`kw ohninc`kw6 m. Mkckioknk Ohou}fgx`qinyk6 Ohou}fgx`qinyk6 Qhwhbkl ohoxwxq`kn mk}knc gkn jkqk kuk qkjk yknc lk}xq giu}fgx`qi 6 ohwfgh gkn whlnfbfci kuk yknc gicxnk`kn gkbko u}fqhq u}fgx`qi6 Ibox h``fnfoi ohokngknc qhmkcki dkawf} uhnwinc gkbko u}fgx`qi. Nkoxn okndkkw whlnfbfci wigk` giwhnwx`kn fbhl winc`kw `haknccilkn. a. Xnwx` Qikuk Mk}knc Yknc giu}fgx`qi6 Uh}wknykkn ini mh}giohnqi `hkgibkn gkn uhoh}kwkkn.qhmkm kuk cxnknyk u}fgx`qiohbioukl `k}hnk ohncxnx`kn wh`nfbfci wincci"mh}q`kbkl mhqk} gkn hdiqihn" mibk lknyk gi ni`okwi qhchbinwi} knccfwk okqyk}k`kw qkjk 6`huxwxqkn xwnx` qikuk mk}knc gkn jkqk gi u}fgx`qi mh}`kiwkn h}kw ghnckn `fnqhu `hkgibkn okqyk}k`kw mh}qknc`xwkn .mkci okqyk}k`kw hckbiwh} `hkgibkn mh}k}wi qhwiku ingitigx ohouh}fbhl jxobkl yknc qkok qhgknc`kn okqyk}k`kw "xbwibiwk}ikn wigk` wh}bkbx ohohnwin`kn `hkgibkn gkbko jxobkl.jxobklnyk qibk`kn mh}mhgk "yknc uhnwinc kuk`kl qhqxki ghnckn `hmxwxlkn kwkx wigk`. 1. Mk}knc Gkn Jkqk Mk}knc kgkbkl mhngk ‑ mhngk yknc mh}sxjxg kwkx "yknc gi cxnk`kn okqyk}k`kw xnwx` ohohnxli `hmxwxlkn kwkx xnwx` ohnlkqib`kn mhngk bkin yknc k`kn ohohnxli `hmxwxlkn okqyk}k`kw. Afnwfl mk}knc yknc gi cxnk`kn xnwx` ohohnxli `hmxwxlkn okqyk}k`kw kgkbkl mh}kq"mx`x. Qhgknc`kn afnwfl mk}knc yknc gi cxnk`kn xnwx` ohnlkqib`kn mk}knc bkin xnwx` ohohnxli `hmxwxlkn okqyk}k`kw kgkbkl ohqin/ ohqin"uh}kbkwkn" ohqin"uh}kbkwkn" mkncxnkn ukm}i`. Mk}kmc wh}qhmxw oh}xuk`kn afnwfl mk}knc mh}sxjxg gi qkouinc iwx kgk uxbk mk}knc yknc wh}sxjxg " qhuh}wi xgk}k gkn okwklk}i.
Jkqk wigk` gkukw gi cfbfnc`kn qhmkcki qxkwx mk}knc "`k}hnk wigk` mh}sxjxg"whwkui gkukw ohomh}i`kn `huxkqkn gkn ohohnxli `hmxwxlkn okqyk}k`kw.afnwfl jkqk ikbkl jkqk uh}mkn``kn uh}mkn``kn "jkqk mhnc`hb"jkqk gf`wh} gkn uhnckjk}kn yknc gi mh}i`kn fbhl cx}x 1. Mk}knc H`fnfoi gkn Mk}knc Mhmkq Mk}knc h`fnfoi ,hafnfoia cffg ) kgkbkl mk}knc yknc ohouxnyki `hcxnkkn gkn bknc`k"ykiwx jxobkl yknc wh}qhgikl bhmil qhgi`iw gimknginc`kn ghnckn jxobkl yknc gi mxwxl`kn okqyk}k`kw.gkn fbhl `h}hnk iwx mk}knc h`fnfoi ohouxnyki lk}ck .Gkbko wh}oinfbfcy h`fnfoi"`iwk ohncx`kn iqwibkl bknc`kl mx`kn qhgi`w"qhmkmuh}`kwkkn qhgi`iw iwx }hbkwith.jxobkl ;55 gkukw `iwk `kwk`knk mknyk`" `h}hnk yknc gi mxwxl `kn lknyk 75 qhohnwk}kiwx jxobkl ;55.555 wh}okqx` qhgi`iw mibk `iwk mknginc`kn `hmxwxlkn okqyk}k`kw qhmknyk` =85.555. u}fgx` mk}knc h`fnfoi ohomxwxl`kn qxomh} gkyk h`fnfoi yknc wh}mkwkq jxobklnyk "fbhl `h}hnk iwx wigk` gkukw gi uh}fbhl kwkx gi u}fgx`qi gkbko jxobkj yknc wh}mkwkq. ghnckn ghoi`ikn"mk}knc h`fnfoi kgkbkl jxobklnyk ,bknc`k) gkn
ohoh}bi`kn uhncf}mknkn xnwx` ohouh}fbhlnyk xgk}k qknckw gi mxwxl`kn oknxqik ghnckn ghoi`ikn qknckw mh}cxnk.whwkui `k}hnk xgk}k wh}qhgikl gkbko jxobkl yknc ohbioukl"ok`k xgk}k mx`knbkl mk}knc h`fnfoi "ohbkin`kn mk}knc mhmkq ,d}hh cffg ) yknc xnwx` ohouh}fbhlnyk wigk` gi uh}bx`kn uhncf}mknkn . fbhl `k}hnk iwx mk}knc mhmhq wigk` ohouxnyki‟lk}ck‟. ohouxnyki‟lk}ck‟. Xgk}k" qink} okwklk}i " ki} gi gkh}kl uhghqkkn " gkn ki} bkxw gi gkh}kl uknwki kgkbkl mhmh}kuk afnwfl mk}knc mhmkq . mkwx ohwhf}"qhmkbi`nyk wh}okqx` mk}knc yknc qknckw bknc`k" whwkui ,mkci `hmknyk`kn f}knc ) wigk` ohouxnyki `hcxnkkn.iwx qhmknyk mkwx ohwhf} jxck wigk` wh}okqx` mk}knc h`fnfoi. h`fnfoi. Ghnckn ghoi`ikn" mk}knc mk}knc mhmkq kgkbkl mk}knc yknc wh}qhgikl gkbko jxobkl yknc ohbioukl ,wigk` bknc`k) gkn wi gk` ohoh}bx`kn uhncf}mknkn xnwx` ohouh}fbhlnyk. ohouh}fb hlnyk. Nkoxn ghoi`ikn" mk}knc mhmkq gkukw ohnjkgi mk}knc h`fnfoi `k}hnk uh}mhgkkn whoukw kwkx sk`wx. Gi uhghqkkn "ki} mh}qil oh}xuk`kn mk}knc yknc mhmkq" whwkui gi `fwk ohnjkgi mk}knc h`fnfoi .mhciwx uxbk qink} okwklk}i ohnjkgi mk}knc h`fnfoi gkbko xqio gincin " qhlincck mknyk` siqkwkskn yknc mh}qhgikl ohomkyk} xnwx` gkwinc `h gkh}kl/gkh}kl w}fuiq. 8. mk}knc k`li}"mk}knc ofgkb"gkn mk}knc knwk}k Mk}knc k`li} ,dinkb cffd) kgkbkl mk}knwc yknc gi lkqib`kn fhbl mh}mkcki `hcikwkn h`fnfoi gkn gkukw gi cxnk`kn xnwx` ohohnxli `hmxwxlkn okqyk}k`kw. Mk}knc k`li} gkukw gi mhgk`kn `h gkbko gxk cfbfnckn" ykiwx: k. mk}knc wklkn bkok , gx}kmbh cffg )"oiqkbnyk )"oiqkbnyk ofmib" whbhtiqh"kbok}i hq uh}kmfw }xokl wkncck. m. Mk}knc wigk` wklkn bkok , nfn/ gx}kmbh cffg )"oiqkbnyk )"oiqkbnyk ok`knkn qhck}"mxkl/mxklkn" qhck}"mxkl/mxklkn" qkyx} qkyx}kn
Mk}knc ofgkb ,akuiwkb cffg) qhmkcikn mk}knc yknc gi lkqib`kn mx`kn xnwx` ohohnxli bknqxnc `hmxwxlkn `fnqxohn" ohbkin`kn gi cxnk`kn xnwx` oholkqib`kn mk}knc ‑ mk}knc ‑ mk}knc mk}knc bkin. Afnwfl nyk ohqin w}k`wf} "mkncxnkn ukm}i` Mk}knc knwk}k,in}h}ohgikwh cffg). Mk}knc ‑ mk}knc yknc mhbxo ohnjkgi mk}knc k`li} gkn okqil k`kn giu}fqhq bkci qhmhbxo gkukw gi cxnk`kn fbhl `foqxohn gi nkok`kn mk}knc knwk}k .Afnwflnyk Afnwflnyk kgkbkl mhqimkjk"wh`qwib 4
Ohnckuk Mhbkjk} Ibox H`fnfoi Ohnckuk mhbkjk} ibox h`fnfoi6 Uh}wknykkn ini bkyk` gkn ohoknc bkyk` gi bfnwk}`kn. Akqh gkn Dki} ,;994) ohomh}i`kn ukngknckn whnwknc mhmh}kuk okodkkw gk}i qwxgi h`fnfoi qhmkcki mh}i`xw. k
Ohouh}mki`i Ak}k Mh}di`i} Yknc Yknc Ohomknwx Gkbko Ohnckomib @huxwxqkn Lk}wk yknc qknckw mh}lk}ck gkbko gi}i oknxqik kgkbkl ui`i}kn. Ghnckn uiui`i}kn `iwk okoux ohncknkbiqiq" ohnibiky mhnk} qkbkl" mki`/ mx}x` gkn
ohnhnwx`kn uibilkn.`hokouxkn ini ohooxn`in`kn oknxqik ohouh}wklkn`kn `hmh}kgkknyk gi mxoi. @hokouxkn iwx uxbk yknc ohoxnc`in`kn oknxqik wh}xq/ ohnh}xq ohninc`kw`kn `xkbiwkq ligxunyk. Ohwfgh ‑ ohwfgh" ohwfgh" wh`ni` mh}ui`i} gkbko ibox h`fnfoi k`kn ohninc`kw`kn `hokouxkn mh}ui`i} gkn ohnckomib `huxwxqkn m Ohomknwx Ohoklkoi Okqyk}k`kw qhmkcki ok`lbx` qfaikb"oknxqik wigk` gkukw ligxu wknuk f}knc bkin"`iwk wigk` uh}nkl mh}lhnwi mh}inwh}k`qi. Ohnx}xw ibox h`fnfoi inwh}k`qi oknxqik wh}jkgi bhskw uh}wx`k}kn ,ukqk}). Qhjk}kl h`fnfoi ohnckjk}`kn mklsk ohbkbxi uh}wx`k}kn iwx oknxqik mh}xukyk ohnckwkqi `hbknc`kkn"qhbknjxwnyk ohnchomknc`kn `kn wh`nfbfci gkn qyqwho `hokqy}k`kwkn" mh}gkqk}`kn ini gkukw ohoklkoi wh}jkginyk ]htfbxqi Ingxqw}i gi Incc}iq"]htfbxqi Ufbiwi` gi Uh}knaiq gkn uh}iqwisk/ uh}iqwisk mhqhjk}kl bkinnyk. a Ohomknwx ohoklkoi okqbkl/okqbkl inwh}nkqifnkb ,cbfmkb) ,cbfmkb) @hbknc`kkn yknc gi lkgkui wh}jkgi ukgk qhwiku winc`kwkn ligxu" oxbki gk}i ingitigx "`hbxk}ck okqyk}k`kw ghqk" `fwk" Nhck}k gkn inwh}nkqifnkb. Gi winc`kw inh}nkqifnkb" inwh}`kqi knwk}/ ingitigx qhak}k qhak}k bkncqxnc bkncqxnc ghoi ghoi `huhnwickn `huhnwickn u}imkgi" jk}knc wh}jkgi"ingitigx/ ingitigx yknc mh}inwh}k`qi bhmil ohsk`ibi `huhnwinckn/ `huhnwinckn `hbfouf` ,Nhck}k& uh}xqklkkn) yknc oh}h`k bk`x`kn ohq`iuxn wkouk` mki` mkci `hbfouf`&Nhck}k bkin" qhmhnk}nyk bhmil ohouh}wiomknc`kn `huhnwinckn `hbfouf` &Nhck}k oh}h`k . Ghnckn mkbkjk} ibox h`fnfoi"`iwk gkukw ohnch}wi bhmil ukqwi gkn gkbko " ohnckuk ukgk qkkw Nhck}k ‑ nhck}k nhck}k Kqik Wiox} ,ingfnhqik) ohnckbkoi `}iqiq h`fnfoi wklxn ;99<" Nhck}k ‑ Nhck}k ‑ Nhck}k Nhck}k okjx",H}fuk Mk}kw" Koh}iak Qk}i`kw gkn Jhuknc) "okx ohomh} mknwxkn okbkbxi gknk Ofnhwh} Inwh}nkqifnkb ,IOD) gkn kwkx Mkn` Gxnik ,Sf}bg Mkn`) g Mh}okndkkw gkbko ohomkncxn okqyk}k`kw okqyk}k`kw ghof`}kqi Aiwk/aiwk wh}mhnwx`nyk okqyk}k`kw ghof`}kqi mx`kn `kxo ufbiwiqi qkjk. H`fnfof uxn ohouxnyki aiwk/aiwk yknc qkok" qhuh}wi yknc gi qkouki`kn fbhl @hnnhwl K}}fs. H`fnfoi ohokngknc ghof`}kwiq qknckw uhnwinc gkbko }knc`k ohouh}mki`i u}fqhq kbf`kqi qxomh} gkyk" `k}hnk bhmil ohnah}oin`kn kqui}kqi okqyk}k`kw `hmknyk`kn. Wigk` ohnclh}kn`kn mibk gi okqyk}k`kw okjx" uk}k akbfn uhoiouin yknc k`kn k`kn gi uibil lk}xq okoux ohnjkmk}`kn ohnjkmk}`kn u}fc}ko/ u}fc}ko h`fnfoi oh}k`k 3.
]xknc Binc`xu Ibox H`fnfoi
Gk}i ghdiniqinyk gkn kubi`kqi ibox h`fnfoi qknckw bxkq gioknk kgk okqkbkl `hbk`kkn giqiwx ibox h`fnfoi gkukw giwh}ku`kn wigk` mh}k}wi uk}k h`fnfo lk}xq wh}bimkw giqhckbk migknc qhmkm okqkbkl yhnc ukbinc ohnjkgi uh}lkwikn h`fnfo kgkbkl kuk`kl ohoknc qxgkl wh}jkgi kbf`kqi qxomh}gkyk yknc hdiqihn giwinc`kw ingitigx okxuxn kc}hckw. k. Whf}i H`fnfoi Oi`}f
Whf}i h`fnfoi oi`}f qhqxki ghnckn nkoknyk ,oi`}f) gkukw gi k}wi`kn qhmkcki ibox h`fnfo `haib mh}gkqk}`kn ukgk af}k` gkn }xknc binc`xu knkbiqiqnyk whf}i h`fnfo oi`}f gik}wi`kn qhmkcki mkcikn gk}i ibox h`fnfoi yknc ohncknkbiqiq ohnchnki mkcikn/mkcikn `haib gk}i `hqhbx}xlkn `hcikwkn uh}h`fnfoikn Kgk mh}kuk kquh` yknc giknkbiqiq whf}i h`fnfoi oi`}f wick kquh` uhnwinc ginwk}knyk kgkbkl qhmkcki mh}i`xw : ;. Inwh}k`qi gi Ukqk} Mk}knc Gibilkw gk}i ukngknckn h`fnfoi oi`}f qxkwx uh}h`fnfoikn oh}xuk`kn uhncckmxnckn uhncckmxnckn gk}i mh}mkcki jhniq ukqkk} mk}knc. Fbhl qhmkm iwx xnwx` ohnchnkb af}k` `hcikwkn qxkwx uh}h`fnfoikn `iwk knwk}k bkin uh}bx ohouh}lkwi`kn af}k` fuh}kqi qxkwx ukqk}. Ukqk} gkbko uhnch}wikn h`fnfoi wigk` mh}sxjxg qhak}k diqi`0 ukqk} oh}xuk`kn uh}whoxkn knwk}k uh}oinwkkn ,ghokng) gkn uhnksk}kn ,qxuuby)" kwkx ohouh}whox`kn knwk}k uhnjxkb gkn uhomhbi qxkwx mk}knc. Ohbkbxi inw}k`qi giknwk}k uhnjxkb gkn uhomhbi" ukqk} k`kn ohnhnwx`kn winc`kw lk}ck qxkwx mk}knc gkn jxobkl mk}knc ykcn giuh}jxkb mhbi`kn. Afnwflny kgkbkl ukqk} mh}kq" ukqk} uk`kikn" ukqk} afouxwh}" ukqk} ofmib. Whf}i h`fnfoi oi`}f wigk` ohnh}knc`kn fuh}kqi `hqhbx}xlkn ukqk}/ukqk} wh}qhmxw. Xnwx` ohnxnjx``kn mkckioknk qxkwx ukqk} mh}dxncqi gkn mh}fuh}kqi" whf}i h`fnfoi oi`}f lknyk ohnjhbkq`kn whnwknc inwh}k`qi giknwk}k uhnjxkb gkn uhomhbi gi qxkwx ukqk} mk}knc. =.
Winc`kl bk`x Uhomhbi gkn Uhnjxkb Gkbko knkbiqiq ini whf}i h`fnfoi oi`}f mh}wiwi` wfbk` gk}i gxk kqxoqi. Kqxoqi uh}wkok: uk}k uhomhbi gkn uhnjxkb ohnjkbkn`kn `hcikwkn h`fnfoi oh}h`k qhak}k }kqifnkb0 `hgxk: uk}k uhomhbi mh}xqklk ohok`qioxo`kn `huxkqkn yknc oxnc`in gini`okwinyk" qhgknc`kn uk}k uhnjxkb mh}xqklk ohok`qioxo`kn `hxnwxnckn yknc k`kn giuh}fbhlnyk gk}i `hngkbk/`hngkbk ykcn gioibi`inyk. Mh}gkqk}`k kqxoqi/kqxoqi wh}qhmxw" whf}i h`fnfoi oi`}f ohnxnjx``kn ,k) mkckioknk qhf}knc uhomhbi ohnccxnk`kn qhjxobkl uhngkukwkn xnwx` ohomhbi mh}mkcki jhniq mk}knc yknc gimxwxl`kn" gkn ,m) mkckioknk qhf}knc uhnjxkb kwkx u}fgxqhn ohnhnwx`kn winc`kw u}fgx`qi yknc k`kn gibk`x`knnyk.
1.
Inwh}k`qi gi Ukqk} Dk`wf} U}fgx`qi Ingitigx/ingitigx gkbko uh}h`fnfoikn kgkbkl uhoibi` dkawf}/dk`wf} u}fgx`qi oh}h`k ohnksk}`kn dkawf}/dk`wf} u}fgx`qi wh}qhmxw xnwx` ohouh}fbhl uhngkukwkn. Uhngkukwkn wh}qhmxw xnwx` qhbknjxwnyk k`kn icxknk`kn cxnk ohomhbi mk}knc gkn jkqk yknc oh}h`k mxwxl`kn. Qhmkbi`nyk" uhnjxkb/uhnjxkb ohomxwxl`kn dkawf}/dk`wf} u}fgx`qi xnwx` ohou}fgx`qi`kn mk}knc gkn jkqk. Fbhl qhmkm iwx oh}h`k k`kn ohnjkgi uhomhbi dkawf}/dk`wf} u}fgx`qi. Inwh}k`qi giknwk}k uhomhbi gkn uhnjxkb dkawf}/dk`wf} u}fgx`qi gimh}mkcki ukqk} dkawf} u}fgx`qi k`kn ohnhnwx`kn lk}ck qxkwx dkawf} u}fgx`qi gkn mkny`knyk jxobkl dkawf} u}fgx`qi wh}qhmxw yknc k`kn gicxnk`kn. Okako/okako dkawf} u}fgx`qi
gkn lk}cknyk ,mkbkq jkqk) kgkbkl whnkck `h}jk ,bkmf}) yknc gimh}i`kn xukl kwkx ckji ,skchq&qkbk}y) ofgkb ,akuiwkb) ykcn gimh}i`kn mxnck ,inwh}hqw qliu) yknc gimh}i`kn bkmk ,u}fdiw). m. Whf}i H`fnfoi Ok`}f Qhqxki ghnckn nkoknyk uxbk" ‒ok`}f‟ mh}k}wi mhqk}. Ghnckn ghoi`ikn" whf}i h`fnfoi ok`}f ohncknkbiqiq `hqhbx}xlkn `hcikwkn uh}h`fnfoikn" mh}qidkw cbfmkb gkn wigk` ohouh}lkwi`kn `hcikwkn h`fnfoi yknc gibk`x`kn xniw/xniw `haib gkbko uh}h`fnfoikn. Gkbko ohncknkbiqiq ohnchnki `hcikwkn uhombi" oiqkbnyk" yknc giknkbiqiq mx`knbkl ohnchnki winc`kl bk`x qhf}knc uhomhbi" ohbkin`kn `hqhbx}xlkn uhomhbi yknc kgk giukqk}. @iwk jxck wigk` bkci ohouh}lkwi`kn uh}oinwkkn gkn uhnksk}kn wh}lkgku qxkwx mk}knc ,oiqkbnyk uh}oinwkkn wh}lkgku ofmib" kwkx uhnksk}kn `fui) ohbkin`kn uh}oinwkkn gkn uhnksk}kn mk}knc/mk}knc qhak}k `hqhbx}klkn ,kc}hckw). Kgk mhmh}kuk kquh` yknc giknkbiqiq whf}i h`fnfoi ok`}f" knwk}k bkin kgkbkl qhmkcki mh}i`xw. ;. Uhnhnwxkn Winc`kw @hcikwkn Uh}h`fnfoikn Nhck}k Gkbko lkb ini whf}i h`fnfoi ok`}f ohncknkbiqiq ohnchnki qkouki qhjkxl oknk qxkwx uh}h`fnfoikn k`kn ohnclkqib`kn mk}knc gkn jkqk. Winc`kw `hcikwkn uh}h`fnfoikn ini giwhnwx`kn fbhl uhnchbxk}kn kc}hckw gkbko uh}h`fnfoikn" yknc ohbiuxwi ,;) uhnchbxk}kn }xokl wkncck kwkx `fnqxoqi }xokl wkncck" ,=) uhnchbxk}kn uo}inwkl" ,1) uhnchbxk}kn uh}xqklkkn kwkx intqwkqi" qh}wk ,7) h`quf} gkn iouf}. Knkbiqiq gkbko whf}i ok`}f jxck ohouh}lkwi`kn uh}xmklkn lk}ck/ lk}ck gkn uhnck}xl uh}xmklkn jxobkl xknc mh}gkqk} wh}lkgku uhnchbxk}kn kc}hckw.
=. Uhnchbxk}kn Kc}hckw Okqkbkl k`kn wiomxb mibk uhnchbxk}kn kc}hckw wigk` ohnakuki winc`kw yknc ighkb" ighkbnyk uhncbxk}kn kc}hckw ohnakuki winc`kw yknc giuh}bx`kn xnwx` ohsxjxg`kn `hqhoukwkn `h}jk uhnxl ,dxbb houbfyohnw) wknuk ohniomxb`kn indbkqi" ohq`iuxn gkbko u}k`wh`nyk wxjxkn ini qxbiw giakuki. 1. Ohnckwkqi Uhncknccx}kn gkn Indbkqi Uh}h`fnfoikn wigk` gkukw qhak}k fwfokwiq onckwkqi okqkbkl uhncknccx}kn gkn indkbqi. Wingk`kn uho}inwkl giuh}bx`kn xnwx` ohnckwkqi `hgxk okqkbkl iwx" ykiwx ohbkbxi qh}knc`kikn `hmijk`kn" mh}xuk `hmijk`kn ofnhwh} gkn `hmijk`kn di`kb" `hmijk`kn ofnhwh} kgkbkl bknc`kl/bknc`kl uho}inwkl gkbko ohouhnck}xli jxobkl xknc mh}hgk} ,ofnhy qxuuby) gkbko uh}h`fnfoikn kwkx ohncxmkl qx`x mxnck ghnckn wxjxkn xnwx` ohnckwkqi okqkbkl uh}h`fnfoikn yknc gilkgkui. Qhgknc`kn `hmijk`kn diqakb kgkbkl bknc`kl/bknc`kl uo}inwkl ohncxmkl qw}x`wx} gkn jxobkl ukjk` qh}wk uhnchbxk}knnyk ghnckn ok`qxg xnwx` ohouhnck}xli winc`kw `hcikwkn u}`fnfoikn. <.
Ohwfgfbfci Ibox H`fnfoi
k. Whf}i H`fnfoi
Ibox h`fnfoi ohnk}xl uh}lkwikn mhqk} wh}lkgku `hokouxkn ohomh} uhnjhbkqkn gkn u}hgi`qi kwkq cjkbk/chjkbk yknc gikokwi. Oiqkbnyk" ohnckuk mibk lk}ck qxkwx mk}knc nki`" uh}oinwkkn w}lkgkunyk ahngh}xnc ohnx}xn. Qhbkbx`kl ghoi`ikn6 Uhnjhbkqkn gkn u}hgi`qi ini mh}gkqk}`kn whf}i/whf}i wh}whnwx. Wf}i kgkbkl uh}nykwkkn kwkx qh`xouxbkn uh}nykwkkn whnwknc qhmkm/k`imkw" k`qi/}hk`qi. Gkyk cxnk gkn tkbigiwkq qhmxkl whf}i gix`x} gk}i `hokouxkn gkn `hk`x}kwknnyk `hk`x}kwknnyk ohnjhbkq`kn gkn ohou}hgi`qi chjkbk/chjkbk yknc gikokwi. m.
ofghb H`fnfoi Mh}gkqk}`kn wf}i h`fnfoi" giqxqxn ofghb h`fnfoi yknc oh}xuk`kn uh}nykwkkn df}okb qmxkl whf}i. Ofghb h`fnfoi gkukw giu}hqhnwkqi`kn qhak}k th}mkb ,ohnccxnk`kn `kwk/`kwk)" gikc}kokwiq" gkn okwhokwiq. Ofghb yknc mki` wigk` lk}xq qxbiw" yknc lknyk giohnch}wi fbhl uk}k gfawf}&cx}x mhqk} h`fnfoi. Ofghb yknc mki` gibilkw gk}i tk}ikmbh yknc gicxnk`kn. Tk}ikmbh kgkbkl x`x}kn yknc nibkinyk gkukw m}xmkl gk}i sk`wx `h sk`wx gkn gk}i fmqh}tkqi `h fqh}tkqi. Gkbko ohoibil tk}ikmbh/ tk}ikmhb xnwx` ofghb" `iwk lk}xq ohouh}lkwi`kn u}inqiu Fa`ko ]kzf}" ykiwx ghwkib/ ghwkib yknc wigk` }hbhtkn qhmki`nyk gi`hbxk}`kn gk}i ofghb.
Afnwfl ofghb h`fnfoi yknc mki` kgkbkl ofghb qi`bxq binc`k}kn `hcikwkn h`fnfoi kwkx ai}axbk} dbfs fd hafnfoia kawitiwy gimkskl ini. Ofghb ini ohnjhbkq`kn mklsk `hqimx`kn ukm}i`/ukm}i`" knw}ikn uknjknc uh`}jk gkn k`witiwkq h`fnfoi gigxnik nykwk qhmhnk}nyk lknyk oh}xuk`kn u}fqhq uh}wx`k}kn qxomh} gkyk yknc gioibi`i okqyk}k`kw ,}xokl wkncck) ghnckn yknc gioibi`i qhawf} uh}xqklkkn ,gxnik xqklk). Ofghb ini gi`kwk`kn mki`" qhmkm ghnckn ohnccxnk`kn xnqx}h/xnqx} qhgh}lknk `iwk okoux ohoklkoi gxnik nykwk. Gikc}ko ;.; Qi`bxq Binc`k}kn @hcikwkn H`fnfoi ,Ofghb Qhgh}lknk) Uhngkukwkn }xokl wkncck: Xukl& ckji" mxnck" qhsk" gitighn Dkawf} u}fgx`qi }xokl wkncck: Whnkck `h}jk" ofgkb" wknkl" `hsi}kxqklkkn Uh}xqklkkn
]xokl wkncck Fxwuxw u}xqklkkn : Mk}knc gkn jkqk
Uhngkukwkn uh}xqklkkn : `fnqxoqi }xokl wkncck
a. Ohwfgh Ghgx`wid gkn Ingx`wid
Gxnik nykwk oh}xuk`kn wiwi` kskb knkbiqiq h`fnfoi. Kgk gxk ohwfgh knkbiqiq xnwx` ohnckomib `hqiouxbkn whnwknc gxnik nykwk ykiwx ohwfgh ghgx`wid gkn ohwfgh ingx`wid. Ohwfgh ghgx`wid kgkbkl ohwfgh uhnckomibkn `hqiouxbkn xnwx` lkb/lkb `lxqxq mh}gkqk}`kn `hqiouxbkn `hqiouxbkn yknc mh}qidkw `lxqxq. Ukgk kskbnyk ohwfgfbfci ibox h`fnfoi kgkbkl ghgx`wid. Wkui ukgk uh}`homknckn qhbknjxwnyk ohwfgh ini wigk` okoux bkci ohnjhbkq`kn dhnfohnk/dhnfohnk h`fnfoi. Oiqkbnyk whf}inyk kgko Qoiwl ,`bkqi`) uh}h`fnfoikn wigk` k`kn uh}nkl ohnckbkoi okqkbkl mhqk} gkn mh}bk}xw/bk}xw `k}hnk kouxlnyk oh`kniqoh ukqk}. Wkui ghd}hqi mhqk} yknc ohbkngk uh}h`fnoikn gxnik qhbkok ;9=9/;911 ohncxmkl `huh}akykkn iwx. Ohwfgh ghgx`wid ukwxw giuh}wknyk`kn `homkbi. Qhjk` qkkw iwx ohwfgh ingx`wid kgkbkl Jlfn Okynk}g @hynhq" h`fnfoi incc}iq ohnjkgi mkuk` ibox h`fnfoi ok`}f. Gkouk` ufqiwid gk}i ohwfgh ingx`wid kgkbkl ohninc`kwnyk `hciwkn uhnhbiwkikn h`fnfoi yknc whbkl ohnclkqib`kn uhnckbkokn mk}x gkbko ibox h`fnfoi mki` oi`}f h`fnfoi okxuxn ok`}f h`fnfoi. g. Ahwh}iq Uk}imxq gkn Dkbbkay fd Afoufqiwifn
Ofghb h`fnfoi oh}xuk`kn uhnyhgh}lknkkn }hkbiwkq h`fnfoi `k}hnknyk ohoib`i `hwh}mkwkqkn. @hwh}mkwkqkn iwx wh}ah}oin gkbko iqwibkl ahwh}iq uk}imxq yknc mh}ok`nk dkawf}/dk`wf} bkin giknccku whwku. Ok`qxgnyk gkbko knkbiqiq h`fnfoi ,lxmxnckn gxk tk}ikmhb)" lk}xq giqkgk}i mklsk `hqiouxbkn yknc giwk}i` mh}gkqk}`kn kqxoqi tk}ikmhb/ tk}ikmhb bkin giknccku wigk` mh}xmkl. Oiqkbnyk `hwi`k ohnyiouxb`kn mklsk uh}oinwkkn wh}lkgku jkqk w}knquf}wkqi mxq knwk} `fwk k`kn wx}xn ji`k lk}ck wi`hwnyk nki`" gigkqk}`kn ukgk kqxoqi mklsk lk}ck wi`hw jkqk w}knquf}wkqi kbwh}nkwith ,`h}hwk kui) wigk` mh}xmkl . mibk lk}ck wi`hw `h}hwk kui jxck nki` `hqiouxbknnyk mhbxo whnwx qkok. Iqwibkl dkbbkay fd afoufqiwifn ohoib`i uhnch}wikn kuk yknc mki` gkbko q`kbk mhqk} ,`hqhbx}xlkn). Oiqkbnyk ligxu lhokw qknckw mki` mkci ingitigx whwkui ji`k qhbx}xl ingitigx ligxu lhokw ok`k uh}oinwkkn kc}hckw }hngkl gkn uh}wxomxlkn h`fnfoi uxn }hngkl. h. H`fnfoi Ufqiwid Ufqiwid Gkn H`fnfoi Nf}okwid Nf}okwid
Gkbko ohnjkbkn`kn wxckq `hiboxknnyk"h`fnfoi qh}inc gi mknginc`kn ghnckn gxnik nykwk gkhnckn gxnik ighk"`hwi`k ohnckowi `fngiqi nykwk"uhngh`kwkn yknc gi bk`x`kn kgkbkl h`fnfoi ufqiwid , ufqiwid hafnfoia ) uh}nykwkkn ufqiwid ohnh}knc`kn `kn }hnwknc lkb/ lkb yknc k`kn wh}jkgi gkbko h`fnfoi.fbhl `k}hnk iwx `hmhnk}kn gkn `hnykwkkn yknc qhmhnk}nyk wh}jk gi.uh}nykwkkn : ‒Kukmibk u}fgx`qi qhohn wx}xn ok`k lk}cknyk k`kn nki` ‒kgkbkl afnwfl ufqiwid.
H`fnfoi yknc kuk yknc wh}jkgi ghnckn qhwiku `hmijk`kn h`fnfoi yknc gi jkbkn`kn.oiqknykb" jkbkn`kn.oiqknykb" `hwi`k uhoh}inwkl ohoxwxq`kn xnwx` ohbingxnci ingxqw}y ofmib gkbko nhch}i ghnckn uhnhukn wk}idyknc qknckw wincci"uhomh}ikn lk` ofnfufbigkn uhomhmkqkn ukjk`" uk}k h`fnfoi gkukw ohbilkw gkouk` ufqiwid gkn nhckwith nyk wh}lkgku `fnqxohn gkbko nhch}i "uhnh}iokkn uhoh}inwkl gkn hdiqihn ingxqw}y ofmib.gkbko ohnmxkw knkbiqiq wh}qhmxw h`fnfoi wigk` mfbhl ohnckomib qi`ku ohoilk`.ok`k yknc gi cxnk`kn kgkbkl h`fnfoi ,nf}okwith hafnfoia).ghnchn ghoi`ikn uh}nykwkkn nf}okwidkgkbkl qxkwx ukngknckn qxmjh`wid kwkx qxkwx tkbxh jxgcohnw uh}nykwkkn iwx mx`kn ohnchox`k`kn uhngkukw ohnchnki `hkgkkn yknc k`kn wh}jkgi k`kn whwkui ohnchnki kuk yknc qhmki`nyk lk}xq wh}jkgi.uh}nykwkkn ‒xqklk ohnki``kn `hqhjklwh}kkn okqyk}k`kw lk}xq gibk`x`kn ghnckn mh}xqklk kck} wkomklkn uhngkukwkn gi ni`okwi qhak}k oh}kwk fbhl qhbx}xl cfbfncknuhngxgx`‟ cfbfncknuhngxgx` ‟ kgkbkl afnwfl uh}nykwkkn nf}okwid
Kuhngi`q Uhokndkkwkn Okwhokwi`k Gkbko Ibox H`fnfoi K. Okwhokwi`k Qhmkcki Kbkw Knkbiqiq
Uhokndkkwkn okwhokwi`k gkbko knkbiqiq h`fnfoi oi`}f gioxbki qh`iwk} k`li} kmkg ;9 wh}xwkok fbhl h`fnfo h}fuk gkbko knkbiqi ok}jinkb ,ok}jinkb knkbyqiq). Gkbko uh}`homknckn qhbknjxwnyk" uhnccxnkkn okwhokwi`k wh}mx`wi qknckw ohnxnjknc `hokjxkn whf}i h`fnfoi. Whf}i h`fnfoi qhok`in quhqidi`" k`x}kw gkn hdhqihn.kqxoqi/ kqxoqi h`fnfoi ykoc kmqw}k`" yknc mibk gith}mkb`kn ohomxwxl`kn mh}bhomk}/bhomk} `h}wkq" ghnckn ofghb okwhokwi`k gkukw gijhbkq`kn qhak}k h`qubiqiw ghnckn ohnjkmk}`kn mhmh}kuk uh}qkokkn qkjk. Wigk` ohnclh}kn`kn mibk ghskqk ini uhnccxnkkn okwhokwi`k gkbko knkbiqiq h`fnfoi qhok`in inwhnqid. Yknc lk}xq ginckw kgkbkl mklsk okwhokwi`k mx`knbkl ibox h`fnfoi. Qhqhf}knc klbi okwhokwi`k wigk` fwfokwiq klbih`fnfoi. Qhmkbi`nyk qhqhf}knc gkukw ohnjkgi klbi h`fnfoi wknuk lk}xq wh}bhmil gklxbx ohnjkgi klbi okwhokwi`k. Ohnckuk ghoi`ikn 6 qhmkm okwhokwi`k gkbko ibox h`fnfoi lknykbkl kbkw knkbyqiq kwkx mklkqk h`qu}hqi okqkbkl h`fnfoi. Qhbki okwhokwi`k" kgk kbkw bkin yknc gkukw gicxnk`kn" ykiwx knkbyqiqi th}mkb gkn c}kdiq. @hngkwi ghoi`ikn" ghoi hdhqihnqi gkn k`x}kqi knkbiqi h`fnfoi" uk}k oklkqiqsk qknckw giqk}kn`kn xnwx` ohomh`kbi gi}i ghnckn uhnchwklxkn uhnchwklxkn okwhokwi`k. M. Okwhokwi`k H`fnfoi.M
Okwhokwi`k h`fnfoi kgkbkl qhmxkl uhngh`kwkn gkbko knkbiqiq h`fnfoi" gioknk uk}k h`f5nfo ohnccxnk`kn uh}knc`kw gkn qyomfb/qiomfb okwhokwi`k gkbko ohbfnwk}`k okqkbkl" knkbiqi" oknk}i` `hqiouxbkn gkn ohomh}i`kn qk}kn `hmijk`kn h`fnfoi. Mhmh}kuk uh}kbkwkn okwhokwi`k yknc qh}innc gicxnk`kn gkbko knkbiqiq h`fnfoi knwk}k bkin kbjkmk} binhk}" okw}i`q" whf}i liouxknkn" chfohw}i" gidh}hnqikb gkn `kb`xbxq. Xnwx` ohouh}oxgkl knkbiqiq" tk}ikmbh/tk}ikmhb h`fnfoi yknc giknkbiqiq gibkomknc`kn
ghnckn lx}xd kwkx nfwkqi wh}whnwx" oiqkbnyk 66 kgkbkl nfwkqi xnwx` bkmk" A nfwkqi xnwx` mikyk" [ nfwkqi xnwx` `xknwiwkq" gkn U nfwkqi xnwx` lk}ck. ;. Lxmxnckn Knwk}ktk}ik Knwk}ktk}ikmhb mhb H`fnfoi Lxmxnckn knwk} tk}ikmbh h`fnfoi gkukw ginykwk`kn gkbko mklkqk okwhokwi`k. Oiqkbnyk uh}nykwkkn mklsk : jxobkl mk}knc yknc gioinwk ohouxnyki lxmxnckn yknc mh}bksknkn k}kl ,wh}mkbi`) ghnckn winc`kw lk}ck. Ji`k lk}ck mk}knc ok`in oklkb" jxobkl mk}knc yknc yknc gioinwk ok`in qhgi`iw" qhgi`iw" mhciwx qhmkbi`nyk qhmkbi`nyk gkukw gkukw giwxbi qhmkck : mU ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․. ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․. ,K ;.;) [g : k ‑ k ‑ mU
Gi oknk : [g : jxobkl j xobkl mk}knc yknc gioinwk U : lk}ck mk}knc&xniw [g kgkbkl tk}ikmbh wh}i`kw ,ghthnghnw tk}ikmbh `k}hnk gkqk} nibki [gb) qknckw wh}cknwxnc ,wh}i`kw) ukgk gkqk} nibki tk}ikmbh bkin. U jxck gkukw gi`kwk`kn hngfjhnxq ,hngfchnfxq ,hngfchnfxq tk}ikmhb)" `k}hnk mhqk}nyk [g giwhnwx`kn mh}gkqk}k`kn qxkwx uh}qkokkn" gkbko lkb ini uh}qkokkn ,K ;. ;). U kgkbkl tk}ikmbh mhmkq ,inghdhnghn tk}ikmhb)" `k}hnk mhqk} nibkinyk wigk` wh}cknwxnc kwkx wh}i`kw ukgk mhqk} nibki tk}ikmbh bkin. U jxck gkukw gi`kwk`kn qhmkcki tk}ikmbh h`qfjfnxq ,h`qfchnfxq tk}ikmhb) `k}hnk mhqk}nyk nibki U wigk` giwhnwx`kn qxkwx uh}qkokkn. Kgkbkl `fnqwknwk ,afnqwkn) ykiwx qxkwx x`x}kn yknc mhqk}nyk wigk` gkukw mh}xmkl. Ji`k qxkwx `fnqwknwk giqknginc`kn ghnckn qhmxkl tk}ikmbh" giqhmxw `fhdiqihn tk}ikmhb" giqhmxw `fhdiqihn dk}fohwh}" ykiwx mibknckn yknc ohnxnjx``kn mh}kuk mknyk` kwkx mhqk} tk}ikmhb wh}i`kw mh}xmkl ji`k tk}ikmhb mhmkq mh}xmkl ; xniw. k[g& kU ? / m / m ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․.,K ;.=) Uh}qkokkn ,K;.=) ohnykwk`kn mibk lk}ck wx}xn ; xniw" jxobkl mk}knc yknc gioinwk mh}wkomkl m xniw. Mhciwx qhmkbi`nyk lkb ini wh}jkgi `k}hnk lk}ck gkn jxobkl lk}ck mk}knc yknc gioinwk ohouxnyki ohouxnyki lxmxnckn yknc mh}bksknkn k}kl ,wh}mkbi`). =. Mhmh}kuk Wiuh Uh}qkokkn Uh}qkokkn Uh}qkokkn ,K;.;) gkn ,K;.=) lknykbkl qkbkl qkwx afnwfl gk}i mhmh}kuk `hoxnc`inkn `hoxnc`inkn uh}qkokkn bkinnyk. Gibilkw Gib ilkw gk}i qidkw lxmxnckn knwk}tk}ikmhb uh}qkokkn gkukw gi`kwhcf}i`kn ohnjkgi 1 wiuh:
k. Uh}qkokkn Ghdiniqi ,Ghdiniwifnkb H{xkwifn) uh}qkokkn ini lknyk ohomh}i`kn ghdiniqi qxkwx tk}ikmhb ? W]/WA․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․.,K;.1) W]/WA․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․.,K;.1)
Gioknk :
υ ? bkmk W] ? Wfwkb ]hthnxh kwkx Uhnh}iok Wfwkb" gkn WA ? Wfwkb Afq kwkx Mikyk Wfwkb
m. Uh}qkokkn Uh}ibk`x ,Mhlktif}kb H{xkwifn ) Uh}qkokkn ini ohnjhbkq`kn qhak}k qdhqidi` mkckioknk nibki qxkwx tk}ikmhb mh}xmkl qhmkcki }hk`qi wh}lkgku uh}xmklkn nibki tk}ikmhb bkinnyk. Uh}qkokkn ,K;.;) gkn ,K;.=) kgkbkl afnwfl uh}qkokkn uh}ibk`x [g ? k/m․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․..․.,K;.;) k/m․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․..․.,K;.;) Ji`k lk}ck ? 5" jxobkl mk}knc yknc gioinwk ,[g) kgkbkl k. jxobkl mk}knc yknc gioinwk ,[g) qkok ghnckn nfb" ji`k lk}ck mk}knc ,U) kgkbkl k&m uh} xniw.
? / m ․․․․․․․․․․․․․.․․․․․․..,K;.=)
ji`k lk}ck mk}knc ,U) nki` uh} xniw" ok`k jxobkl j xobkl mk}knc yknc gioinwk wx}xn qhmhqk} m xniw. Mhciwx jxck qhmkbi`nyk. a. Uh}qkokkn `hqhiomknckn ,H{xibim}ixo Afngiwifn ) Uh}qkokkn ini ohngh`q`}idqi qyk}kw/qyk}kw yknc lk}xq giuhnxli xnwx` ohnakuki `hqhiomknckn [g ? [q ․․․․․․․․․․,K;.7) Gioknk
[g ? Jxobkl mk}knc yknc gioinwk [q ? Jxobkl mk}knc yknc giwksk}`kn
Uh}qkokkn ,K;.7) ohngh`qdqi`kn `hqhiomknckn ukqk} k`kn wh}akuki mibk jxobkl mk}knc yknc gioinwk ,[g) qkok uh}qiq ghnckn jxobkl mk}knc yknc giwksk}`kn ,[q). A. Knkbiqi C}kdiq Gkqk} knkbiqiq c}kdiq kgkbkl chfohw}i gxk giohnqi yknc ohnccxnk`kn migknc `f}ginkw houkw `xkg}kn. Knkbiqiq c}kdiq ohoibi`i `hbhmilkn ji`k lxmxnckn ji`k gikokwi wigk` bhmil gk}i gxk tk}ikmhb. Ghnckn c}kdiq gxk giohnqi knkbiqiq gkukw gi i`xwi qhak}k th}mkb" okwhokwiq gkn tiqxkb. Whwkui qhak}k tiqxkb lkb ini qknckw ohnyxbiw`kn `k}hnk iwx ji`k jxobkl tk}ikmhb yknc gi knkbiqiq wick kwkx bhmil" bhmil mki` ohnccxnk`kn ohnccxnk`kn knkbiqiq h`fnfoiw}i`k.
Gkbko knkbiqiq d}kdiq gxk giohnqi kgk gxk lkb yknc uh}bx giuh}lkwi`kn : ;. @xkg}kn yknc }hbhtkn xnwx` knkbiqiq h`fnfoi kgkbkl `xkg}kn uh}wkok" gioknk nibki/ nibki tk}ikmhb yknc giknkbiqiq ,ufbk lxmxncknnyk)> 5. Qhmkm nibkinyk 2 5" tk}ikmhb wh}qhmxw wigk` }hbhtkn xnwx` giknkbiqiq. Oiqkbnyk ji`k nibki tk}ikmhb lk}ck ,U) 2 5"
ok`k mk}knc yknc gi mklkq kgkbkl mk}knc mhmkq , d}hh cffg ) yknc wigk` ohoh}bx`kn knkbiqiq h`fnfoi ,wigk` kgk okqkbkl `hbknc`kkn). =. Mhnwx` `x}tk gkbko knkbiqiq c}kdiq qknckw wh}cknwxnc ukgk uhnhnwxkn nibki qxomx lf}izfnwkb gkn th}wiakb. @k}hnk iwx gkbko ohomkak `x}tk" uh}lkwi`kn uh}qkokkn okwhokwiq gkn uhok`kikn qxomx tk}ikmhb. Afnwfl :
[g ? =5 ‑ =5 ‑ =U =U
Uh}qkokkn uh}ibk`x
[q ? ;5 7U
Uh}qkokkn uh}ibk`x
@hqhiomknkckn wh}akuki mibk [q ? [g
uh}qkokkn `hqhiomknckn `hqhiomknc kn
@hqhiomknckn ukqk} : [g ? [q =5 ‑ =5 ‑ =U =U ? /;5 7U 4U ? 15 [g ? 8 [g ? =5 ‑ =5 ‑ =U =U ? ;5 xniw [q ? /;5 =U ? ;5 xniw
Gikc}ko ;.= Lk}ck
;5
@xkg}kn ;
<
[q ? /;5 7U
4 8
`hqhiomknckn
7 =
5
[g ? =5 ‑ =U
< ;5
;4
@xkg}kn 7 wigk` }hbhtkn: Wigk` kgk inwh}k`qi uh}oinwkkn Gkn uhnksk}kn @xkg}kn 7
=7 @xknwiwkq
]knc`xokn
Gkbko mkm uhngklxbxkn ini kgkbkl ghbkukn uf`f` uhomklkqkn ykiwx uhnch}wikn h`fnfoi" okqkbkl/okqkbkl okqkbkl/okqkbkl h`fnfoi" mk}knc gkn gkn jkqk" mk}knc h`fnfoi gkn mk}knc mhmkq" mk}knc k`li}" mk}knc ofgkb gkn mk}knc knwk}k" ohnckuk mhbkjk} h`fnfoi" }xknc binc`xu h`fnfoi gkn ohwfgh ibox h`fnfoxi. Uhnch}wikn Ibox H`fnfoi kgk 1 lkb yknc ukbinc ohngkqk} ykiwx @hbknc`kkn ,Qak}aiwy)" uiblkn/uibilkn,Alfiahq)" Mikyk @hqhoukwkn ,Fuf}wxniwy Afqw). Gkbko okqkbkl/okqkbkl h`fnfoi kgkbkl okqkbkl uiblkn kbf`kqi qxomh} gkyk yknc bknc`kl. Whf}i h`fnfoi oi`}f qhqxki ghnckn nkoknyk ,oi`}f)gkukw gik}wi`kn qhmkcki ibox h`fnfoi `haib mh}gkqk}`kn ukgk af}k` gkn }xknc binc`xu knkbiqiqnyk whf}i h`fnfoi oi`}f gik}wi`kn qhmkcki mkcikn gk}i ibox h`fnfoi yknc ohncknkbiqiq ohnchnki mkcikn/mkcikn `haib gk}i `hqhbx}xlkn `hcikwkn uh}h`fnfoikn. Ohwfgfbfci Ibox h`fnfoi wh}mkci gkbko whf}i h`fnfoi" ofghb h`fnfoi" ohwfgh ghgx`wid gkn ingx`wid" ahwh}ixq Uk}imxq gkn Dkbbkay fd Afoufqiwifn gkn h`fnfoi ufqiwid gkn h`fnfoi nf}okwid.
OH@KNIQOH UKQK] UH]OINWKKN GKN UHNKSK]KN
Okqkbkl h`fnfoi qkok wxknyk ghnckn xqikl uh}kgkmkn oknxqik. Whwkui ibox h`fnfoi mk}x oxnaxb gi kmkm ;<"ohbkbxi mx`x kgko qoiwl yknc mh}jxgxb Kn in{xi}i inwf wlh Nkwx}h kng akxqhq fd wlh shkbwl fd nkwifnq yknc `hoxgikn gi`hnkb qhmkcki wlh shkbwl fd nkwifnq ,;334) iwxbkl qhmkm kgko Qoiwl gi lf}okwi qhmkcki mkuk` ibox h`fnfoi ofgh}n. Mx`kn mh}k}wi qhmhbxo okqk iwx wigk` kgk uhoi`i} yknc wh}wk}i` ukgk okqkbkl h`fnfoi. Ubkwf dibqxd" yxnkni kmkg 7 QO gkn Wlfokq K{xinkq" }flknikskn @}iqwhn kmkg ;1 O kgkbkl gxk gk}i mhmh}kuk uhoi`i} yknc gigklxbxi Kgko qoiwl. Whwkui ohnckuk Ibox h`fnfoi mhbxo oxnaxb qkouki okqk Kgko Qoiwl6 Jkskmknnyk kgkbkl mki` Ubkwf okxuxn o kxuxn K{xinkq ohnafmk ohohakl`kn okqkbkl h`fnfoi ghnckn uhngh`kwkn of}kb gkn Whfbfciq. Qhgknc`kn Qoiwl ohbilkwnyk gk}i qxgxw ]kqifnkbiwkq okqkbklnyk zkokn gklxbx" `hoiq`inkn giknccku qhmkcki wk`gi}. Whwkui qohnjk` zkokn ofgh}n ,Kmkg ;<) `hoiq`inkn giukngknc kgk `kiwknnyk ghnckn wigk` `hokouxkn mh`h}jk u}fgx`wid kwkx `k}hnk wigk` ohoibi`i wknkl. Qoiwl ohokngknc uh}h`fnfoikn qhmkcki qhmxkl qiqwho qhuh}wi lkbnyk kbko qhohqwk. Qkhmkcki qiqwho" uh}`fnfoikn ohoibi`i `hokouxkn uhnqwkmib fwfokwiq xnwx` ohjkck `hqhiomkncknnyk okqkbkl/okqkbkl h`fnfoi oh}xuk`kn cknccxkn `hqiomknckn qyqwho. Okqkbkl k`kn uxbil ji`k `qiomknckn giuxbil`kn. @h`xkwkn yknc okoux ohnchngkbi`kn qiqwho h`fnfoi" giqhmxw qhmkcki wknckn kjkim ,Intiqimbh lkng). Knkbiqiq qhjk` okqk Kgko Qoiwl whbkl ohsxjxg`kn qxkwx knkbiqiq h`fnfoi yknc ohomh}i`kn ckomk}kn whnwknc mh}mkcki kquh` `hcikwkn h`fnfoi qxkwx Nhck}k. Ak}k ukngknc Qoiwl whnwknc uh}h`fnfoikn oh}xuk`kn lkqib uh}ckxbkn Inwhnqidnyk ghnckn [xhqnky" qhf}knc gf`wh} `h`kiqk}kn d}knah. [xhqnky oh}xuk`kn wf`fl xwkok `hbfouf` uqyf`}kw" ykiwx `hbfouf` yknc oh}inwiq knkbiqiq h`fnfoi ghnckn uhngh`kwkn ibox uhnchwklxkn kbko ,Qaihnahq). Uhoi`i}kn Kgko Qoiwl gi`homknc`kn knwk}k bkin fbhl J. M. Qky" Wlfokq Okbwlxq gkn Gktig ]ialk}gf" wh}mnwx`bkl uhoi`i}kn whnwknc ukqk}. Ukqk} gkbko uhnch}wikn ibox h`fnfoi uh}whoxkn uh}whoxkn uh}oinwkkn uhnksk}kn. uhnksk}kn. Gkbko uhnch}wikn uhnch}wikn h`fnfoi h`fnfoi ukqk} mh}qidkw inw}k`wid" mx`kn diqi`. Oh`kniqoh ukqk} kgkbkl u}fqhq uhnhnwxkn winc`kw lk}ck mh}gkqk}`kn `h`xkwkn uh}oinwkkn gkn uhnksk}kn.
;. Uh}oinwkkn Uh}oinwkkn kgkbkl `hincinkn `fnqxohn ohomhbi qxkwx mk}knc ukgk mh}mkcki winc`kw lk}ck qhbkok uh}ifgh sk`wx wh}whnwx. Qxukyk bhmil k`x}kw `iwk okqx`kn giohnqi chfc}kdiq. oiqkbnyk `hwi`k mh}miak}k whnwknc uh}oinwkkn k`kn uk`kikn gi Jk`k}wk `iwk mh}miak}k whnwknc whnwknc mhmh}kuk jxobkl uk`kikn yknc k`kn gi mhbi ukgk mh}mkcki mh}mkcki winck`kw lk}ck gkbko qkwx uh}ifgh sk`wx wh}whnwx "uh} mxbkn kwkx uh} wklxn"gi Jk`k}wk. k. Dk`wf} /dk`wf} yknc ohouhnck}xlinuh}oinwkkn oh ouhnck}xlinuh}oinwkkn
Wh}gkukw mhmh}kuk dkawf} yknc gkukw ohouhnck}xli uh}oinwkkn qxkwx mk}knc ykiwx:
Lk}ck mk}knc iwx qhngi}i
Lk}ck mk}knc bkin yknc wh}`kiw
Winc`kw uhngkukwkn uh} `kuiwk
Qhbh}k kwkx `hmikqkkn
Jxobkl uhngxgx`
Uhoi`i}kn lk}ck gi okqk ohngkwknc
Giqw}imxqi uhngkukwkn uhngkukwkn
Xqklk/ xqklk u}fgxqhn ohnin`kw`kn uhnjxkbkn
;) lk}ck mk}knc iwx qhngi}i qhngi}i ji`k lk}ck qxkwx mk}knc qhok`in ox}kl" ok`k uhoh}inwkl wh}lkgku mk}knc iwx mh}wkomkl mhciwx jxck qhmkbi`nyk. Lkb ini ohomksk `iwk `hlx`xo uh}oinwkkn yknc ohnykwk`kn ‒Mibk lk}ck qxkwx mk}knc nki`" ahwh}iq uk}imxq" ok`k jxobkl mk}knc iwx yknc gioinwk k`kn mh}`x}knc" gkn qhmkbi`nyk. =) lk}ck mk}knc bkin yknc wh}`kiw Lk}ck mk}knc bkin jxck gkukw ohouhnck}xli uh}oinwkkn qxkwx mk}knc" Whwkui `hgxk `hgxk okako okako mk}knc wh}qmxw ohouxnyki ohouxnyki `hwh}`kiwkn" `hwh}`kiwkn" `hwh}`kiwkn `hwh}`kiwkn gxk okako mk}knc gkukw mh}qidkw qxuwiwxqi , uhnccknwi)gkn m}qidkw `foubhohn ,uhnchngku) ,uhnchngku) oiqkbnyk mk}kknc qimqiwxqi gk}i gkcknc gkcknc kgkbkl gkcinc qkui" qkui" i`kn" kwkx whouh.qxkwx mk}knc yknc ohhnjkgi qmqiwxqi mk}knc bkin kukmibk wh}uhnxli mk}knc wigk` qkbkl qkwx qyk}kw gk}i `hgxk qyk}kw: ohoibi`i uinciqi yknc qko kwkx `kngxnckn yknc yknc qkok. Gkbko lkb ini" mibk lk}ck qxmwknqi qxmwknqi gkcinc qkui qkui ,oiqkbnyk gkcinc kyko) ohninc`kw" lk}ck }bkwid gkcinc qkui ohnjkgi ox}kl" cincck u}oinwkkn qkui ohninc`kw. Qhgknc`kn `kbkx lk}ck `fbfohn gkcinc qkui , oiqkbnyk mh}kq) wx}xn" uh}oinwkkn wh}lkgku mh}kq ohninc`kw" qhlincck Ph}oinwkkn gkcinc ohninc`kw " qhlincck uh}oinwkkn qkui ohninc`kw uxbk" afnwf mk}knc yknc bkinyk kgk gxk okako mk}knc yknc ohouxnyki lxmxnckn `fbhonwh} kgkbkl MMOgkn o5fmib. Mibk gxk okako mk}knc wigk` ohouxnyki lxmxnckn gh`kw , `hwh}`kiwkn )" ok`kuh}xmklkn lk}ck qxkwx mk}knc wigk` "ohounck}xli uh}oinwkkn mk}kncqkwxnyk bkci". Mibk lk}ck uhnqib nki` " oiqkbnyk wigk` kgk uhnck}xlnyk wh}lkgku uh}oinykkn qkui" `k}nk knwk}k uhnqib ghnckn gkcinc qkui wigk` mh}`fbh}kqi" mki` qmkci qmkci mk}knc mk}knc qxmwknqi okxuxn mk}nc `fobhohn `fobhohn 1) winck`kw uhngkukwkn uh}`kuiwk Winc`kw uhngkukwkn uhngkukwkn uh}`kuiwk gkukw ohnah}oin`kn gkyk gkyk mhbi. Okbin wincci winc`kw ungkukwkn" gkyk mbi ok`in `xkw" lincck u}oinwkkn qxkwx mk}knc ohninc`kw. 7) Qhbh}k gkn `hmikqkkn Qhbh}k kwkx kwkx `hmikqkkn `hmikqkkn kbnyk gkukw jxck uhouhnck}xli uh}oinwkkn qxkwx qxkwx mk}knc. Mh}kq oiqknyk. SkbkxPuxn lk}cknyk qkok"uh}oinwkkn m}kq uh}wklxn gi
u}ftinqi Okbx`x bhmil }hngkl gi mknginc`kn Qxokw}k xwk}k . ohnckuk6`k}knk f}knc/f}knc Okbx`x Okbx`x bhmil ohnyx`ki ohnyx`ki qkcx , qhkjk` qhkjk` `haib oh}`k ok`kn ok`kn qkcx) . Qkmkbi`nyk gi Qxokw}k xwk}k" qbkin ohnyx`ki mh}kq " kgk `hmikqkkn ,kgkw ) yknc ohomxwxl`kn mh}kq" w h}xwkok gi`kbknckn okqyk}k`kw Mkwk`" ukgk qkkw uh}ni`klkn. 8) Jxobkl uhngxgx` @iwk komib afnwfl mh}kq bkci. Qhmkcki ok`knkn uf`f` Ingfnhqik ok`k uh}oinwkkn k`kn mh}kq mh}lxmxnckn ufqiwid ghnckn jxobkl uhngxgx`. Ok`in mknyk` jxobkl uhngxgx`" uh}oinwkkn k`kn mh}kq ok`in mknyk`. 4) Uh}`i}kkn lk}ck gi okqk ohngkwknc Mibk `iwk ohouh}`i}k`kn kmklsk qxkwx mk}knc k`kn nki` " kgkbkl bhmil mki` ohomhbi mk}knc iwx q`k}nc xnwx` ohomhbi bhmil mknyk` qkkw ini ohnclhokw mhbknjk yknc k`kn gkwknc
3) Giqw}imxqi uhngkukwkn Winc`kw uhngkukwkn uh} `kuiwk mikq ohomh}i`kn `hqiouxbkn yknc qkbkl mibk giqw}imxqi uhngkukn mx}x`.k}winyk qhmkcikn `haib `hbfouf` okqyk}k`kw ohncxkqki mhciwx mhqk} ‒`xh‟uh}h`fnfoikn. Ji`k giqw}imxqi uhngkukwkn mx}x`" mh}kwh gkyk mhbi qhak}k xoxo ohbhokl" qhlincck uh}oinwkkn wh}lkgku qxkwx mk}knc ohnx}xnc .,uhomklkqkn ohnchnki giqw}imxqi uhngkukwkn gkukw kng kmkak gi Mkm \T) <) Xqklk ‑ Xqklk ‑ xqklk xqklk u}fgxqhn ohninc`kw`kn uhnjxkbkn Gkbko uh}h`fnfoikn yknc ofgh}n" mxjx`kn uk}k uhnjxkb xnwx` ohomhbi mk}nc mhqk} qh`kbi uh}knknyk gkbko ohouhnck}xli okqyk}k`kw.uhnci`bknkn okqyk}k`kw.uhnci`bknkn ohoxnc`in`kn okqyk}k`kw xnwx` ohnchnkb qxkwx mk}knc wh}qhmxw .gi qokuin iwx" xnwx` mk}knc/mk}knc mk}knc/mk}knc yknc yknc qxgkl qxgkl bkok"uhnci`bknkn bkok"uhnci`bknkn k`kn ohninc`kw`kn ohninc`kw`kn f}knc whnwknc kgknyk mk}knc wh}qhmxw gkn ohnk}i` oinkw xnwx` ohomhbi.xqklk/xqklk u}fofqi uhnjxkbkn bkinnyk" qhuh}wi uhom}ikn uhom}ikn lkgikl lkgikl `hukgk `hukgk uhomhbi uhomhbi kukmibk ohomhbi qxkwx km}knc kwkx i`bkn uhomh}ikn ufwfnckn lk}ck" qh}inc ohngqf}fnc f}knc xnwx` ohomhbi bhmil mknyk` gk}i ukgk mikqknyk. m. Dxncqi Uh}oinwkkkn Dxncqi uh}oinwkkn kgkbkl uh}oinwkkn yknc ginykwk`kn gkbko lxmxnckn okwhokwiq ghnckn dkawf}/dk`wf} yknc ohouhnck}xlinyk. Ghnckn dxncqi uh}oinwkkn" ok`k `iwk gkfkw ohnchwklxi lxmxnckn knwk}k tk}ikmhb wigk` mhmkq , ghuhnghnw tk}ikmbh ) gkn tk}ikmhb/tk}ikmhb mhmkq , inghuhnghnw tk}ikmbh ). Uhnjhbkqkn giox`k gkukw giwxbiq gkbko mhnwx` uh}qkokkn okwhokwiq yknc ohnjhbkq`kn lxmxnckn knwk}k winc`kw uh}oinwkkn ghnckn dkawf}/dk`wf} yknc ohouhnck}xli ohouhnck}xli uh}oinwkkn
G| ? d ,U|" Uy" Y&aku"qhb"uhn"Uu"Ygiqw"u}fo)․․․․․․․․,=.;) Gioknk :
G| ? U}oinwkkn k`kn mk}knc U| ? lk}ck \ Uy ? lk}ck Y ,mk}knc qxmqwiwxqi kwkx `foubhohn) Y&aku ? uhngkukwkn uh} `kuiwk Qhb ? qhbh}k kwkx `hmikqkkn Uhn ? jxobkl uhngxgx` Uu ? uh}`i}kkn lk}ck \ uh}ifgh ohngkwknc U}fo ? xukyk u}fgxqhn ohninc`kw`kn uhnjxkbkn ,u}fofqi) G| kgkbkl tk}ikmhb wigk` mhmkq ,ghuhnghnw tk}ikmhb)" `k}hnk mhqk} nibkinyk giwhnwx`kn fbhl tk}ikmhb/tk}ikmhb bkin" ykiwx yknc mh}kgk giqiqi `knkn uh}qkokkn ,=.;). tk}ikmhb/tk}ikmhb ini giqhmxw tk}ikmhb mhmkq ,inghuhnghnw tk}ikmbh)" `k}hnk mhqk} nibkinyk wigk` wh}cknwxnc mhqk}nyk nibki tk}ikmhb bkin.
Wkngk ufqiwid ,) gkn nhckwith ,/) ohnxnjx``kn uhnck7}xl okqinc/okqinc tk}ikmhb mhmkq mhmkq wh}lkgku wh}lkgku uh}oinwkkn k`kn k`kn mk}knc mk}knc \. wkngk wkngk ufqiwid ohnxnjx``kn ohnxnjx``kn lxmxnckn qhk}kl" qkhgknc`kn wkngk nhckwith ohnxnjx``kn lxmxnckn wh}mkbi`. Oiqkbnyk" uh}wkomklkn jxobkl uhngxgx` ,uhn) k`kn ohninc`kw`kn uh}oinwkkn k`kn mk}knc \. qhohnwk}k ji`k lk}ck \ ,U|) Nki`" uh}oinwkkn k`kn mk}knc \ wx}xn. Gkbko knkbiqiq h`fnfoi wigk` qoxk tk}ikmhb giuh}liwxnc`kn. Mikqknyk yknc giuh}liwxnc`kn kgkbkl yknc uhnck}xlnyk mhqk} gkn bkncqxnc. Gkbko lkb ini tk}ikmhb yknc giknccku ohouhnck}xli uh}oinwkkn k`kn qxkwx mk}knc iwx qngi}i" lk}ck mk}knc bkin gkn uhngkukwkn. Uh}q. ,=.;) gkukw giqxqxn gnckn bhmil qhgh}lknk ohnjkgi uh}q. ,=.=) / & / G| ? d,U|" Uy" Y& aku)․․․․․․․․․․․․․․..․․․. ,=" =) Wkngk ‑ wkngk ufqiwid kwkx nhckwid gkukw giwxbiq gkbko uh}qkokkn okwhokwiq ∍G|& ∍U| 2 5 ,ji`k lk}ck \ nki`" uh}oinwkkn k`kn \ wx}xn" kwkx qhmkbi`nyk)" ∍G|& ∍Uy > 5 ,ji`k lk}ck mk}knc qxmwiwxqi \ nki`" uh}oinwkkn k`kn \ nki`" mhciwx qhmkbi`nyk). ∍G|& ∍I > 5 ,ji`k uhngkukwkn nki`" uh}oinwkkn k`kn \ nki`" gkn qhmkbi`nyk). Uh}qkokkn/uh}qkokkn gikwkq ohnjhbkq`kn lxmxnckn/lxmxnckn knwk} tk}ikmhb ghnckn kqxoqi mk}knc nf}okb. Gi bxk} kqxoqi iwx k`kn wh}jkgi unyiouknckn ufbk lxmxnckn. Gkbko `kqxq mk}knc indh}if} ,indh}if} cffgq)" ji`k uhngkukwkn nki` ok`k uh}oinwkkn w}lkgku mk}knc wh}qhmxw ohnx}xn. Qkhbkin mk}knc indh}if}" `iwk jxck
ohnchnkb mk}knc Ciddhn ,ciddhn Cffgq). Mk}knc ciddhn kgkbkl jxck mk}nkc indh}if}" nkoxn mk}knc indh}if} mhbxo whnwx mk}knc ciddhn. Qhqhf}knc oiqkbnyk" yknc mh`h}jk gi`jk`k}wk qhgknc`kn `hbxk}cknyk wincckb gimkngxnc" ik k`kn uxbknc qhoinccx qh`kbi ,qhwiku lk}i jxokw qf}h). Ghnckn uhngkukwkn ]u <555 }imx uh} mxbkn" ik qhbkbx ohnccxnk`kn mxq knwk} `fwk mibk uxbknc `h Mkngxnc. Ji`k uhnclkqibknnyk nki` ohnjkgi ]u ;"8 jxwk uh} mxbkn" ik wigk` bknwkq k`kn qh}inc uxbknc `h Mkngxnc ,ghnckn nki` mxq)" ohbkin`kn whwku uxbknc qhoinccx qh`kbi" whwkui ik `kgknc/`kgknc nki` `h}hwk kui uk}klyknckn. @iwk `kwk`kn mklsk mkci f}knc wkgi jkqk mxq kgkbkl mk}knc indh}if} gkn jkqk `h}hwk kui Uk}klyknckn ,ukgk qkkw iwx) oh}xuk`kn mk}knc nf}okb ,nf}okb cffgq). Mibk `hbk` uhnclkqibknnyk nki` bkci" oxnc`in mkcinyk jkqk `h}hwk kui Uk}klyknckn ohnjkgi mk}knc indh}if}" `k}hnk `kgknc/`kgknc ik k`kn nki` ofmib u}imkgi `h Mkngxnc. Jkgi mk}knc indh}if} wigk` mh}bk`x mkci qhoxk ,`hmknyk`kn) f}knc" ohbkin`kn lknyk mh}bk`x mkci qxkwx `hbfouf` okqyk}k`kw mh}uhnclkqibkn wh}whnwx qkjk. Kukmibk mkci qhoxk f}knc ,kwkx qhmkcikn mhqk} okqyk}k`kw) qxkwx mk}knc giknccku qhmkcki mk}knc indh}if}" ok`k mk}knc wh}qhmxw ginkok`kn mk}knc Ciddhn. Afnwfl mk}knc Ciddhn kgkbkl mh}kq ,nkqi). Mkci `hmknyk`kn f}knc Ingfnhqik" kgk `hahng}xnckn mklsk `kbkx uhnclkqibknnyk ohninc`kw" `fnqxoqinyk wh}lkgku mh}kq k`kn mh}`x}knc" `k}hnk oh}h`k k`kn ohnkomkl bkx`nyk ,mki` qhak}k `xknwiwkq okxuxn `xkbiwkq). @hnyknc mkci oh}h`k qxgkl wigk` bkci `hnyknc qhak}k diqi`" ohbkin`kn `hnyknc qhak}k Cizi. Kngk gkukw ohomx`wi`kn lkb ini ghnckn ak}k ohnckokwi f}knc yknc ok`kn gisk}xnc Whckb kwkx Sk}whc ,gigh`kw u}fyh` uhomkncxnkn uh}xoklkn" mx`kn sk}whc yknc mh}kgk gi`kouxq)" gkn gi}hqwf}kn" oiqkbnyk" @hnwxa`y D}ihg Alia`hn" qh}wk gi}hqwf}kn yknc mh}kgk gi lfwhb mh}minwknc biok. Ji`k kngk uh}lkwi`kn" uf}qi nkqi mkci `fnqxohn giwiku/wiku }xokl ok`kn gi kwkq mh}mhgk qhak}k nykwk. Chjkbk ini u}wkok `kbi giwhox`kn Qi} ]fmh}w Ciddhn gi I}bkngik" ykiwx ohninc`kwnyk lk}ck `hnwknc ohnyhmkm`kn jxobkl yknc gimhbi ohninc`kw" mhciwx qhmkbi`nyk. Uhnjhbkqkn whnwknc chjkbk ini k`kn gimklkq gkbko mkm whnwknc uh}ibk`x `fnqxohn ,IT). a.Q`hgxb a. Q`hgxb gkn @x}tk Uh}oinwkkn Q`hgxb uh}oinwkkn kgkbkl gkdwk} lxmxnckn knwk}k lk}ck qxkwx mk}knc ghnckn winc`kw uh}oinwkkn mk}knc wh}qhmxw. Oiqkbnyk" dxncqi uh}oinwkkn mh}kq gi `fwk M}hmhq uh} mxbkn oh}xuk`kn dxncqi binhk} mh}i`xw ini" ;5U․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,=.1) [g ? ;55 ‑ ;55 ‑ ;5U․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,=.1) Gioknk : [g ? uh}oinwkkn k`kn mh}kq ,gkbko }imx wfn) U ? lk}ck mh}kq uh} `ibfc}ko ,gkbko }xuikl)
Gk}i uh}qkokkn ,=.1) `iwk ohnyiouxb`kn mklsk ji`k lk}ck mh}kq nfb ,c}kwiq)" uh}oinwkkn mh}kq wigk`bkl wk` wh}lincck" ohbkin`kn lknyk ;55.555 wfn. U}oinwkkn mh}kq k`kn ohnjkgi nfb `kbkx lk}ck mh}kq ]u ;5.555 kwkx bhmil uh}`ibfc}ko. @iwk jxck gkukw ohnhwx`kn mh}kuk jxobkl u}oinwkkn mh}kq ukgk mh}mkcki winc`kw lk}ck knwk}k nfb }xuikl qkouki ]u ;5.555 uh}`ibfc}ko.
Wkmhb =.; Q`hgxb Uh}oinwkkn Mh}kq
Lk}ck Mh}kq Uh} @ibfc}ko ,]u) 5 ="555 7"555 4"555 <"555 ;5"555
Uh}oinwkkn Mh}kq Uh} mxbkn ,}imx wfn) ;55 <5 45 75 =5 5
Qhbknjxwnyk q`hgxb uh}oinwkkn gikwkq gkukw gickomk}`kn gkbko mhnwx` `x}tk uh}oinwkkn gxk giohnqi mh}i`xw ini
Qxgxw ,kbdk) ohouxnyki gh}kjkw `hoi}inckn ,qbfuh) qhmhqk} [g& U ? / ;5 ,oinxq qhuxbxl). Yknc ohouxnyki k}wi ji`k lk}ck mh}xmkl ; xniw ok`k uh}oinwkkn k`kn mh}kq mh}xmkl ;5 xniw ghnckn k}kl yknc mh}bksknkn.
g.
Uh}xmklkn Jxobkl Yknc gioinwk gkn Uh}xmklkn Uh}oinwkkn Uh}xmklkn uh}oinwkkn wh}jkgi `k}hnk gxk qhmkm xwkok" ykiwx uh}xmklkn lk}ck gkn uh}xmklkn dkawf} ahwh}iq uk}imxq" oiqkbnyk uhngkukwkn" qhbh}k" gkn qhmkckinyk ,dkawf} nfnlk}ck). Uh}xmklkn lk}ck ohnyhmkm`kn uh}xmklkn jxobkl mk}knc yknc gioinwk" whwkui uh}xmklkn iwx lknyk wh}jkgi gkbko qkwx `x}tk yknc qkok" ini yknc giqmxw uh}ch}k`kn uh}oinwkkn qhuknjknc `x}tkq uh}oinwkkn , ofthohnw kbfnc ghokng ax}th ). Mibk `x}tk uh}oinwkkn gikwkq `iwk komib qhmkcki afnwfl" mh}i`xw ini kgkbkl uh}ch}k`kn uh}oinwkkn qhuknjknc `x}tk uh}oinwkkn.
Ukgk lk}ck mh}kq ]u 7.555"55 uh} `ibfc}ko" uh}oinwkkn mh}kq 45.555 wfn uh}mxbkn. Ji`k lk}ck nki` ohnjkgi ]u 4.555 uh} `ibfc}ko" uh}oinwkkn wx}xn ohnjkgi 75.555 wfn uh} mxbkn. Qhkngkinyk lk}ck mh}kq wx}xn `homkbi ohnjkgi ]u =.555 uh}`ibfc}ko" uh}oinwkkn mh}kq ohninc`kw `omkbi ohnjkgi <5.555 wfn uh} mxbkn. Ji`k yknc mh}xmkl kgkbkl dkawf} ahwh}iq uk}imxq" ykiwx uhngkukwkn" ok`k k`kn wh}jkgi uh}chqh}kn `x}tk uh}oinwkkn , qlidwinc). Ji`k uhngkukwkn ohninc`kw" `x}tk uh}oinwkkn mh}cqh} qhjkjk} `h `knkn. Ji`k uhngkukwkn ohnx}xn" `x}tk uh}oinwkkn mh}chqh} qhjkjk} `h `i}i. Gikc}ko =.= Uh}ch}k`kn qhuknjknc `x}tk uh}oinwkkn mh}kq
G 5
=5
75 45
<5
;55 `xknwiwkq mh}kq
Gikc}ko =.1 Uh}chqh}kn @x}tk U}oinwkkn Mh}kq
Jkgi" jxobkl mk}knc yknc gioinwk k`kn onckbkoi uh}xmklkn kukmibk wh}jkgi u}xmklkn lk}ck ,mk}knc iwx qngi}i). @hnki`kn lk}ck k`kn ohnyhhmkm`kn jxobkl
mk}knc yknc gioinwk mh}`x}knc gkn mibk lk}cknyk wx}xn k`kn ohnkomkl jxobkl yknc gioinwk. Qhgknc`kn kukmibk dkawf}/dk`wf} nfnlk}ck yknc mh}xmkl" k`kn ohnymkm`kn uh}xmklkn gkbko u}oinwkkn. Uh}xmklkn gkbko uh}oinwkkn ini giwxnjx``kn fbhl mh}chqh}nyk `x}tk uh}oinwkkn `h `knkn kwkx `h `i}i" `i}i " yknc ohomh}i`kn ok`nk mklsk uh}xmklkn dkawf} nfnlk}ck ,oiqkbnyk uhngkukwkn `fnqxohn nki`" ahwh}iq uk}imxq) k`kn ohnyhmkm`kn uh}xmklkn uh}oinwkkn ,ohnki`kn uh}oinwkkn)" ykiwx ukgk winc`kw lk}ck yknc whwku jxobkl mk}knc yknc gioinwk mh}wkomkl. h.@kqxq h. @kqxq Uhnchaxkbikn Gi kwkq whbkl gijhbkq`kn whnwknc lf`xo uh}oinwkkn. Kgk`kbknyk lf`xo uh}oinwkkn wigk` mh}bk`x" ykiwx `kbkx lk}ck qxkwx mk}knc nki` jxqw}x uh}oinwkkn wh}lkgku mk}knc wh}qhmxw ohninc`kw. Ukbinc wigk` kgk wick `hbfouf` mk}knc gioknk lf`xo uh}oinwkkn wigk` mh}bk`x. ;.
Mk}knc yknc Ohoibi`i Xnqx} Quh`xbkqi Oiqkbnyk qkjk hokq" qklko" gkn wknkl ,gi`fwk). Mk}knc/mk}knc iwx gkukw ohnyhmkm`kn f}knc k`kn ohnkomkl uhomhbiknnyk ukgk qkkw lk}cknyk nki`" `k}hnk kgk xnqx}h quh`xbkqi. Oh}h`k ohnclk}ku`kn lk}ck k`kn nki` bkci ukgk qkkw mk}knc iwx nki`" ghnckn ghoi`ikn oh}h`k ohnclk}ku`kn k`kn ohouh}fbhl `hxnwxnckn. =. Mk}knc U}hqwiqh Mk}knc/mk}knc yknc gkukw ohnkomkl u}hqwiqh qhqhf}knc yknc ohoibi`inyk xoxonyk mh}lk}ck oklkb qh`kbi. @kbkx mk}knc wh}qhmxw nki` lk}cknyk" mfbhl jkgi onyhmkm`kn u}oinwkkn wh}lkgku mk}knc iwx ohninc`kw" `k}hnk mkci f}knc yknc ohomhbi mh}k}wi chncqinyk nki`. Afnwflnyk kgkbkl ofmib ohskl" bx`iqkn gk}i uhbx`iq wh}`hnkb ,kukbkci uhbx`iqnyk qxgkl ohnincckb gxnik)" kwkx mk}knc/mk}knc knwia. 1. Mk}knc Ciddhn Xnwx` mk}knc Ciddhn ,Ciddhn Cffg)" kukmibk lk}cknyk wx}xn ohnyhmkm`kn jxobkl mk}knc yknc gioinwk k`kn mh}`x}knc. Lkb ini giqhmkm`kn hdh` uhngkukwkn uhngkukwkn yknc nhckwith gk}i mk}knc Ciddhn bhmil mhqk} gk}i ukgk nki`nyk jxobkl mk}knc yknc gioinwk `k}hnk mh}bk`xnyk hdh` qxmqwiwxqi yknc qhbkbx ufqiwid. Gkbko lkb ini" kukmibk lk}ck qxkwx mk}knc wx}xn" ahwh}iq uk}imxq" ok`k uhngkukwkn nykwk ,}hkb inafoh) `fnqxohn mh}wkomkl. Xnwx` `kqxq mk}nkc Ciddhn" `hnki`kn uhngkukwkn nykwk `fnqxohn jxqw}x ohnck`imkw`kn uh}oinwkkn wh}lkgku mk}knc wh}qhmxw ohnjkgi mh}`x}knc. ,uhngkukwkn nykwk kgkbkl uhngkukwkn yknc mh}gkqk}`kn gkyk mhbi" k}winyk qxgkl ohouh}liwxnc`kn dkawf} `hnki`kn kwkx uhnx}xnkn lk}ck). Uhngkukwkn yknc mhbxo ohouh}lkwi`kn dkawf} uh}xmklkn lk}ck ginkok`kn uhngkukwkn uhngkukwkn nfoinkb kwkx ofnhy inafoh.
=. Uhnksk}kn Uhnksk}kn kgkbkl jxobkl mk}knc yknc u}fgxqhn incin wksk}`kn ,jxkb) ukgk mh}mkcki winc`kw lk}ck qhbkok qkwx uh}ifgh wh}whnwx. Dkawf}/dk`wf} yknc ohnhnwx`kn winc`kw
uhnksk}kn kggkbkl lk}ck jxkb mk}knc yknc mh}qknc`xwkn" qh}wk dkawf}/dk`wf} bkinnyk yknc gkukw giqhgh}lknk`kn qhmkcki dkawf} nfnlk}ck. k. Dkawf}/dk`wf} yknc Ohouhnck}xli Uhnksk}kn Kgk mhmh}kuk dkawf} yknc gkukw ohouhnck}xli uhnksk}kn k`kn qxkwx mk}knc" Ykiwx :
Lk}ck mk}knc iwx qhngi}i
Lk}ck mk}knc bkin yknc wh}`kiw
Lk}ck dkawf} u}fgx`qi
Mikyk u}fgx`qi
Wh`lnfbfci Wh`lnfbfci u}fgx`qi
Jxobkl uhgkcknc&uhnjxkb
Wxjxkn uh}xqklkkn
@hmijk`kn uhoh}inwkl
;. Lk}ck Mk}knc Iwx Qhngi}i Ji`k lk}ck qxkwx mk}knc nki`" ok`k u}fgxqhn ahngh}xnc k`kn ohnkomkl jxobkl mk}knc yknc gilkqib`kn. gilkqib`kn. Lkb ini ohomksk `iwk `h lf`xo uhnksk}kn" yknc ohnjhbkq`kn qidkw lxmxnckn knwk}k lk}ck qxkwx mk}knc ghnckn jxobkl mk}knc wh}qhmxw yknc giwksk}`kn uhnjxkb. Lf`xo uhnksk}kn ohnykwk`kn ‒qhok`in wincci lk}ck qxkwx mk}knc" ahw}iq uk}imxq" qhok`in mkny`k jxobkl mk}knc wh}qhmxw yknc incin giwksk}`kn fbhl uhnjxkb" gkn qhmkbi`nyk‟. =. Lk}ck Mk}knc Bkin yknc Wh}`kiw Mk}knc/mk}knc qkxmqwiwxqi gkukw ohouhnck}xli uhnksk}kn qxkwx mk}knc. Oiqkb`kn" gi`k}hnk`kn `hnki`kn mikyk u}fgx`qi gibxk} nhch}i" kwkx `hnki`kn wk}idd iouf}" mkjx yknc gi iouf} ohnjkgi mh}wkomkl oklkb lk}cknyk. @fnqxon mkjx iouf} q`k}knc bhmil qx`k ohomhbi mkjx mxkwkn gkbko nhch}i qhlincck uh}oinwkkn wh}lkgku mkjx u}fgx`qi gkbko nhch}i ohninc`kw. @hnki`kn uh}oinwkkn ini ukgk cibi}knnyk k`kn ohngf}fnc uk}k u}fgxqhn gkbko nhch}i xnwx` ohninc`kw`kn lkqib u}fgx`qinyk" u}fgx`qinyk" qhlincck uhnksk}kn mkjx ohninc`kw. Qhak}k xoxo gkukw gi`kwk`kn mklsk kukmibk lk}ck mk}knc qxmqwiwxqi nki`" ok`k uhnksk}kn qxkwx mk}knc k`kn mh}wkomkl" gkn qhmkbi`nyk" qhgknc`kn xnwx` mk}knc `foubhohn" gkukw `iwk nykwk`kn mklsk kukmibk lk}ck mk}knc `foubhohn nki`" ok`k uhnksk}kn qxkwx mk}knc mh}`x}knc" gkn qhmkbi`nyk. 1. Lk}ck Dk`wf} U}fgx`qi @hnki`kn lk}ck dkawf} u}fgx`qi" qhuh}wi winc`kw xukl yknc bhmil wincci" lk}ck mklkn mk`x yknc ohninc`kw" kwkx `hhnki`kn winc`kw mxnck ofgkb" k`kn ohnyhmkm`kn uh}xqklkkn ohou}fgx`qi fxwuxw/nyk bhmiln qgi`iw ghnckn jxobkl kncck}kn yknc whwku. @hnki`kn lk}ck dkawf} u}fgx`qi ini jxck k`kn ohncx}knci bkmk uh}xqklkkn. Kukmibk winc`kw bkmk qxkwxn ingxqw}y wigk` ohnk}i` bkci" oh}h`k
k`kn uingkl `hingxqw}i bkin" gkn lkb ini k`kn onck`imkw`kn mh}`x}kncnyk unksk}kn k`kn mk}knc.
7. Mikyk U}fgx`qi @hnki`kn lk}ck inuxw qhmhnk}nyk jxck ohnyhmkm`kn `hnki`kn mikyk u}fgx`qi. Ghnckn ghoi`ikn" mibk mikyk u}fgx`qi ohninc`kw ,kuk`kl gi`k}hnk`kn `hnki`kn lk}ck dkawf} u}fgx`qi kwkx uhnyhmkm bkinnyk)" ok`k u}fgxqhn k`kn ohncx}knci lkqib u}fgx`qinyk" mh}k}wi uhnksk}kn mk}knc iwx mh}`x}knc. 8. Wh`lnfbfci U}fgx`qi @hokjxkn wh`lnfbfci ohnyhmkm`kn uhnx}xnkn mikyk u}fgx`qi" gkn ohnaiuwk`kn mk}knc/mk}knc mk}x. Gkbko lxmxncknnyk ghnckn uhnksk}kn k`kn qxkwx mk}knc" `hokjxkn wh`lnfbfci ohnyhmkm`kn `hnki`kn gkbko uhnksk}kn mk}knc. 4. Jxobkl Uhgkcknc&Uhnjxkb Kukmibk jxobkl uhnjxkb qxkwx u}fgx` wh}whnwx qhok`in mknyk`" ok`k uhnksk}kn mk}knc wh}qhmxw k`kn mh}wkomkl. 3. Wxjxkn Uh}xqklkkn Wxjxkn uh}xqklkkn kgkbkl ohok`qioxo`kn bkmk" mx`kn ohok`qioxo`kn lkqib u}fgx`qinyk. K`imkwnyk" wiku u}fgxqhn wigk` mh}xqklk xnwx` ohokndkkw`kn `kukqiwkq u}fgx`qinyk qhak}k ok`qioxo" whwkui k`kn ohnccxnk`knnyk ukgk winc`kw u}fgx`qi yknc ohomh}i`kn `hxnwxnckn ok`qioxo. Nkoxn ghnckn ghoi`ikn" qh}inc `iwk whoxi u}fgxqhn yknc ohouxnyki wxjxkn bkin gkbko mh}u}fgx`qi. Oiqkbnyk" kgk uh}xqklkkn yknc wigk` okx ohnknccxnc }hqi`f" oh}h`k ahngh}xnc ohbk`x`kn `hcikwkn u}fgx`qi yknc bhmil kokn ohq`iuxn lkb iwx ohnyhmkm`kn winc`kw `hxnwxncknnyk ohnjkgi bhmil qhgi`iw. Qhgknc`kn MXON" oiqkbnyk" bhmil ohohnwinc`kn ohnakuki winc`kw u}fgx`qi yknc ok`qioxo ,kck} winc`kw `hok`ox}kn okqyk}k`kw ohninc`kw)" gkn mx`kn `hxnwxnckn yknc ok`qioxo. Ghnckn ghoi`ikn uhnksk}kn k`kn qxkwx mk}knc giuhnck}xli fbhl wxjxkn yknc incin giakuki u}fgxqhn. <. @hmijk`kn Uhoh}inwkl @hmijk`kn uhoh}inwkl jxck gkukw ohouhnck}xli uhnksk}kn k`kn qxkwx mk}knc. Gi Ingfnhqik" m}kq oh}xuk`kn ok`knkn xwkok. @hmijk`kn uoh}inwkl xnwx` ohncx}knci iouf} mh}kq gkn ohninc`kw`knn u}fgx`qi gkbko nhc}i cxnk wh}akukinyk qskqhomkgk mh}kq" ohnyhmkm`kn uk}k uhwkni ohnknko ukgi wh}whnwx yknc ohomh}i`kn lkqib mknyk` qhwiku uknhnnyk. @hmijk`kn ini jhbkq ohnkomkl qxuuby mh}kq gkn `hu}bxkn iouf} mh}kq gkukw gi `x}knci.
Qkok lkbnyk ghnckn u}oinwkkn" knkbiqiqq uhnksk}kn gkukw giqhgh}lknk`kn" giknkbfci`kn ghnckn uh}oinwkkn. Gikc}ko =.7 ohncckomk}`kn ohncckomk}`kn ji`k yknc mh}xmkl kgkbkl lk}ck" ok`k w}jkgi uh}ch}k`kn qhuknjknc `x}tk uhnksk}kn ,ofthohnw kbfnc qxuuby qxuuby ax}th). Mh}k}wi" uh}xmklkn lk}ck k`kn ohnyhmkm`kn ohnyhmkm`kn uh}xmklkn uh}xmklkn jxobkl yknc giwksk}`kn. Ji`k yknc mh}xmkl kgkbkl dkawf} nfnlk}ck ,akwh}iq uk}imxq)" ok`k `x}tk uhnksk}kn mh}chqh} `h `i}i kwkx `h `knkn. Mh}chqh} `h `knkn mh}k}wi jxobkl yknc bhmil mknyk` k`kn gi wksk}`kn ukgk qomk}knc lk}ck yknc whwku" gkn mh}chqh} mh}k}wi jxobkl yknc qhgi`iw k`kn giwksk}`kn ukgk lk}ck yknc whwku oknkuxn. m. Dxncqi Uhnksk}kn Dxncqi uhnksk}kn kgkbkl uhnksk}kn yknc ginykwk`kn gkbko lxmxncn okwhokwiq ghnckn dkawf}/dk`wf} yknc ohounck}xlinyk. Uhnjbkqkn giox`k gkukw giwxbiq gkbko mhnwx` uh}qkokkn okwhokwiq yknc ohnjhbkq`kn lxmxnckno knwk}k winc`kw uhnksk}kn ghnckn dkawf}/dk`wf} yknc ohounck}xli uhnksk}kn.
&/ / / &/ Q| ? d,U|" Uy" Ui" A" wh`" uhg" wxj" `hmij)․․․․․․․,=.7) Gioknk
: Q| ? uhnksk}kn k`kn mk}knc \ U| ? lk}ck \ Uy ? lk}ck Y ,mk}knc qxmqwiwxqi kwkx `foubhohnwh}) A ? mikyk u}fgx`qi Wh` ? wh`lnfbfci u}fgx`qi uhg ? jxobkl uhgkcknc&uhnjxkb uhgkcknc&uhnjxkb Wxj ? wxjxkn uh}xqklkkn @hmij ? `hmijk`kn uhoh}inwkl
Wkngk ufqiwid ,) gkn nhckwith ,/) ohnxnjx``kn uhnck}xl okqinc/okqinc tk}ikmhb mhmkq wh}lkgku uhnksk}kn k`kn mk}knc \. Oiqqkb" dxncqi uhnksk}kn ofmib kgkbkl : [q ? /75 /75 + 8U․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,=.8) Gioknk : [q ? jxobkl ofmib yknc giwksk}`kn ,}imx xniw) uh} wklxn U ? lk}ck lk}ck ofmib ofmib uh} xniw ,uxbxl jxwk }xuikl uh} xniw) Gk}i uh}qkokkn wh}qhmxw gkukw giqiouxb`kn mklsk mibk lk}ck ofmib uh} xniw lknyk <5 jxwk }xuikl kwkx `x}knc" `x}knc" u}fgxqhn wigk` okx ohnjxkb ohnjxkb ofmib. Qhwiku qkwx xniw `hnki`kn lk}ck ohnyhmkm`kn uhnksk}kn k`kn ofmib ohninc`kw biok xniw. Ji`k yknc mh}xmkl kgkbkl dkawf} nfnlk}c nfnlk}c qhuh}wi wh`lnfbfci" `x}tk uhnksk}kn mh}chqh} ,qlidwinc) gk}i Q5 `h Q;.
a. @kqxq Uhnchaxkbikn @kgknc/`kgknc `iwk whoxi uxbk kgknyk `x}tk uhnksk}kn yknc ohouxnyki qbfuh nhckwith. Afnwfl yknc qh}inc `iwk jxouki kgkbkl `x}tk uhnksk}kn k`kn whnkck `h}jk yknc mh}mhnwx` ohbhnc`xnc ohomkbi` ,mka`sk}g mhnginc bkmfx} qxuuby ax}th). Oiqkbnyk qkjk" qhf}knc uh`h}jk yknc gimkyk} mh}gkqk}`kn jxobkl jko `h}jknyk. Wkmbh mh}i`xw ohnxnjx``kn jxobkl jko yknc incin ik cxnk`kn xnwx` mh`h}jk ,uhnksk}kn k`kn whnkck `h}jk) ukgk mh}mkcki winc`kw xukl uh} jko yknc m}mhgk/mhgk. Wkmhb =.= Uhnksk}kn Whnkck @h}jk
Xmkl uh} jko ,gkbko }xuikl) ="555 7"555 <"555 ;="555 ;7"555 ;4"555 ;<"555
Jxobkl jko `h}jk Uh} oinccx 7 ;= =5 =7 =8 =1 =5
Gk}i gkwk gikwkq gkukw `iwk mxkw wiwi`/wiwi` knwk}k `hgxk tk}ikmhb qh}wk `hoxgikn ohnclxmxnc`kn wiwi`/wiwi`nyk yknc ohomhnwx` qxkwx ck}iq qhmkckioknk wkouk` gkbko gikc}ko =.8. ukgk winc`kw xukl yknc }hngkl ,]u =.555"55 qkouki ]u ;7.555"55) kgkbkl nf}okb" giuh}fbhl mhnwx` `x}tk uhnksk}kn yknc ufqiwid. Mkci uh`h}jk wkgi" k`kn ohomh}i`kn okndkkw ghnckn ohnkomkl jxobkl jko `h}jk mibk winc`kw xukl nki` ukgk qkkw iwx. Ukgk winc`kw xukl yknc bhmil wincci gk}i ]u ;7.555"55 uh}jkonyk" ik k`kn ahngh}xnc ohncx}knci jxobkl jko `h}jk yknc giwksk}`kn xnwx` mh`h}jk. Ik incin mikq bhmil qknwki xnwx` ohni`okwi lkqib `h}jknyk yknc giuh}fbhl qhbkok okqk qhmhbxonyk" qhgknc`kn uhngkukwkn yknc giwh}ioknyk whwku kwkx mkl`kn okqil mikq ohninc`kw qhgi`iw. Lkb ini skjk}" `k}hnk uhngkukwknnyk qxgkl ax`xu wincci" qlincck ik qxgkl ohoibi`i }iokl gkn tibk yknc mkcxq" ofmib" gkn mk}knc/
mk}knc `fnqxoqi bkin" yknc `hqhoxknyk ohomxwxl`kn sk`wx bhmil mknyk` xnwx` mikq ohni`okwinyk. Ghnckn ghoi`ikn mhnwx` `x}tk uhnksk}kn k`kn ohbhnc`xnc gkn ohomkbi` ` k}kl yknc mh}bksknkn" kwkx `x}tknyk ohouxnyki `hoi}inckn nhckwith. Afnwfl yknc qh}inc gi `hox`k`kn qhuh}wi ibxqw}kqi qikwkq kgkbkl gf`wh}. Mkci qhf}knc gf`wh} quhqikbiq yknc wk}idnyk qxgkl wincci ,oiqkbnyk ]u <5.555"55) xnwx` qh`kbi uh}i`qk ukqihn" ik k`kn ahngh}xnc ohncx}knci ohncx}knci jko u}k`wi`nyk" gkn ohnkomkl bhiqx}h wiohnyk.
1.
Lk}ck @hqhiomknckn Lk}ck `hqhiomknckn kgkbkl lk}ck gioknk mki` `fnqxohn okxuxn u}fgxqhn qkok/qkok wigk` incin ohnkomkl kwkx ohncx}knci jxobkl yknc gi `fnqxoqi gkn gijxkb. Uh}oinwkkn qkok ghnckn uhnksk}kn. Ji`k lk}ck gimkskl lk}ck `hqhiomknckn" wh}jkgi `hbhmilkn uh}oinwkkn. Qhmkm uh}oinwkkn k`kn ohninc`kw" gkn uhnksk}kn ohnjkgi mh}`x}knc. Qhmkbi`nyk ji`k lk}ck ohbhmili lk}ck `hqiomknckn" wh}jkgi `hbhmilkn uhnksk}kn. Jxobkl uhnksk}kn ohninc`kw" jxobkl uh}oinwkkn ohnx}xn.
@kqxq Ukqk} Ofmib Qhgkn Uh}oinwkkn : [g ? =55 / ;5U Uhnksk}kn : [q ? /75 8U
Gioknk : [g" [q ? }imx xniw uh} wklxn U ? uxbxl jxwk }xuikl uh} xniw @hqiomknckn ukqk} : [g ? [q =55 ‑ =55 ‑ ;5U ;5U ? /75 8U =75 ? ;8U U ? ;4 [g ? =55 ‑ =55 ‑ ;5 ;5 ,;4) ? 75 [q ? /85 8 ,;4) ? 75 @hqhiomknckn wh}jkgi ukgk qkkw lk}ck ofmib ]u ;45 jxwk u} xniw. Qkkw iwx jxobkl uh}oinwkkn qkok ghnckn jxobkl uhnksk}kn" ykiwx 75.555 xniw ofmib uh}wklkxn. Ji`k lk}ck ofmib gi whwku`kn ]u ;85 Jxwk u} xniw ,gi mkskL Lk}ck @hqhiomknckn)" ok`k k`kn w}jkgi `hbhmilkn uh}oinwkkn qhmknyk` ;8.555 xniw ofmib
uh}wklkxn. Ji`k lk}ck ofmib gi whwku`kn ]u ;35 jxwk uh} xniw ,gi kwkq lk}ck `hqhiomknckn)" `hqhiomknckn)" wh}jkgi `hbhmilkn ` hbhmilkn uhnksk}kn qhmknyk` qhmknyk` ;8.555 xniw ofmib uh}wklxn. Gikc}ko =.4 @hqhiomknckn Ukqk} Ofmib
7. Uh}xmklkn @hqhiomknckn Ukqk} Uh}xmklkn `hqhiomknckn ukqk} wh}jkgi mibk kgk uh}xmklkn gi qiqi uh}oinwkkn gkn kwkx uhnksk}kn. Ji`k dkawf} yknc ohnyhmkm`kN uh}xmklkn kgkbkl lk}ck" `hqhiomknckn k`kn `homkbi `hwiwi` kskb ,Gikc}ko =.3.k). whwkui ji`k yknc mh}xmkl kgkbkl dkawf}/ dk`wf} ahwh}iq uk}imxq qhuh}wi wh`nfbfci xnwx` qiqi uhnksk}kn" kwkx uhngkukwkn xnwx` qiqi uh}oinwkkn" `hqhiomknckn wigk` wh}jkgi gi qiqi kskb ,Gikc}ko =.3.m gkn =.3.a). Gikc}ko =.3 U}xmklkn @hqhiomknckn gkqk}
8. Qx}ubxq H`fnfoi Gkqk} uhngh`kwkn yknc gi cxnk`kn xnwx` knkbiqiq ukqk} kgkbkl ok}jinkbiq ,ok}cinkbiqo kuu}fkal)" yknc ohnckwk`kn mklsk `huxwxqkn gkbko ohou}fgx`qi kwkx ohncfnqxoqi gi whnwx`kn fbhl mhmh}kuk mhqk} wkomklkn uhngkukwkn kwkx okndkkw gk}i xniw wh}k`li} mk}knc yknc gi u}fgx`qi kwkx gi `fnqxoqi. @fnqh`xhnqi gk}i uhoi`i}kn ini" mkcki u}fgxqhn kgkbkl gik wigk` ohnhwku`kn lk}ck yknc qkok xnwx` qhwiku jxobkl uhnjxkbkn. Ji`k `kqxq ukqk} gi cxn`kn `homkbi qhmkcki afnwfl" qkwx xniw ofmib uh}wkok gi jxkb ghnckn lk}ck ]u <= Jxwk" qhgknc`kn xniw `hgxk mk}x k`kn gi jxkb ji`k lk}cknyk ]u <7 Jxwk gkn qhwh}xqnyk. Qhmkbi`nyk mkci `fnqxohn xnwx` qkwx xniw uh}qkjk xniw `hgxk" `fnqxohn lknyk okx ohomhbi ghnckn lk}ck gi mkskl ]u ;99 Jxwk" Ykiwx ]u ;9< Jxwk. Kbqknyk wkomklkn okndkkw gk}i wkomklkn uhok`kikn ofmib whbkln ohnx}xn. Ukgk qkkw qkkw `hqhiomknckn" `fnqxohn `fnqxohn ohomkyk} ohomkyk} ofmib yknc gimhbi jkxl bhmil qhgi`iw gi mknginc `hqhgkikkn ohomkyk}. Qhmkbi`nyk u}fgxqhn ohnh}iok xknc bhmil mknyk` gk}iukgk yknc qhmhnk}nyk oh}h`k lk}ku`kn. Kuk yknc gi kbkoi fbhl `fnqxohn gi qhmxw qx}ubxq `fnqxohn , Afnqxoh} qx}ubxq)" ykiwx qhbiqil knwk}k knwk}k jxobkl yknc `fnqxohn qhgik mkyk}`kn ghnckn yknc lk}xq gi mkyk}. Xnwx` u}fgxqhn gi qhmxw qx}ubxq u}fgxqhn , u}fgxqh} qx}ubxq)" ykiwx qhbiqil knwk}k jxobkl yknc gi wh}iok ghnckn yknc o}h`k lk}ku`kn xnwx` gimkyk}. Gkbko `kqxq ukqk} ukqk} ofmib" qx}ubxq `fnqxohn `fnqxohn jxobklnyk qhbxkq qhbxkq qhch wick KMH" yknc oh}hux`kn qhbhqil bxkq w}kuhzixo 5MHA ,jxobkl yknc `fnqxohn mh}qhgik ohomkyk}) ghnckn qhgi houkw 5KHA ,jxobkl yknc lk}xq `fnqxon mkyk}). Jxobkl qx}ubxq u}fgxqhn qhbxkq qhciwick DKH yknc oh}xuk`kn DKH yknc oh}xuk`kn qbiqil knwk}k bxkq qhci houkw 5KHA ,jxobkl yknc `fnqxohn mkyk}`kn ) ghnckn w}kuhzixo 5DHA ,jxobkl yknc u}fgxqhn mh}qhgik gi mkyk}). Whf}i qx}ubxq `fnfoi qknckw mh}okndkkw gkbko ohncknkbiqiq gkouk` akoux} wknckn uhoh}inwkl. Akoux} wknckn uhoh}inwkl gi knccku ok`in mx}x` mibk wfwkb `libknckn qx}ubxq h`fnfoi ,`hlibknckn qx}ubxq `fnqxohn qx}ubxq u}fgxqhn) ok`in mhqk}. Gkbko mx`x wh`q mh}mklkqk incc}iq" ini gi qmxw ghkg shiclw bfqq. Gikc}ko =.< Qx}ubxq U}fgxqhn gkn Qx}ubxq @fnqxohn
4. @hckckbkn Ukqk} Ukqk} gkukw ohnjkgi kbf`kqi qxomh} gkyk yknc hdiqihn" mibk kqxoqi/kqxoqinyk wh}unxli" knwk}k knwk}k bkin u}ibk`x mh}qidkw }kqifnkb" }kqifnkb" ohoibi`i indf}okqi yknc qhoux}nk" ukqk} mh}mhnwx` uh}qkinckn qhoux}nk gkn mk}knc mh}qidkw u}itkw. U}fqhq uh}wx`k}kn ,h|alknch) wigk` wh}mkwkqi giohnqi sk`wx gkn whoukw. @hnykwkknnyk wigk` qhuh}wi gxnik ighkb. Mknyk` kqxoqi wigk` afaf` ghnckn bkuknckn. K`imkwnyk ukqk} ckckb ohnjkgi kbkw kbf`kqi qxomh}gkyk yknc hdiqihn . k. Indf}okQI Wigk` Qhoux}nk Gkbko `hoykwkkn `iwk wk` uh}nkl wklx uh}qiqi whnwknc `xkbiwkq mk}knc yknc gicxnk`kn. Oiqkbnyk `hwi`k ohomhbi ofmib mh`kq. Xnwx` ohouh}fbhl indf}okqi whnwknc ofmib iwx" qh}inc`kbi lk}xq ohomkyk}. Oiqkbnyk ghnckn ohnyhsk ofnwi} ofmib yknc klbi ohqin gkn gkukw giuh}akyk. Ghoi`ikn jxck uh}xqklkkn ‑ uh}xqklkkn yknc incin oh}h`}xw uhckski. Xnwx` ohnchwlxi `xkbikwkq akbfn uhckski" oh}h`k wh}uk`qk ohnccxnk`kn `fnqxbwkn" yknc xnwx` ohni`okwi jkqknyk. Uh}xqklkkn Uh}xqklkkn lk}xq ohomkyk}
m. Gkyk ofnfufbi Kqxoqi ukqk} uh}qkinckn qhoux}nkl kgkbkl u}fgx`qi mhciwx mknyk` gkn `haib ‑ `haib qhlincck qhak}k ingitigx wigk` okoux ohouhnck}xli ukqk}.`huxwxqkn u}fgxqhn gkbko ohokqf`" mh}hdh}hnqi ukgk lk}ck yknc mh}bk`x giukqk} ,u}iah wk`h}). Gkbko `hnykwkknnyk qh}inc wh}jkgi gkbko ukqk} lknyk kgk qkwx ,ofnfufbi) kwkx mhmh}kuk u}fgxqhn fbicfufby yknc mhciwx `xkw. Oh}h`k okoux ohouhnck}xli ukqk} ghnckn ohnhnwx`kn winc`kw lk}ck ,u}iah qhwwh}). @hokouxkn iwx ohnyhmkm`kn mk}knc yknc giu}fgx`qi bhmil qhgi`iw" lk}ck yknc bhmil wincci" giqmknginc gkbko ukqk} uh}qkinckn qhoux}nk. a. H`qwh}nkbikwq Oh}xuk`kn `hxnwxnckn kwkx `h}xcikn `h}xcikn yknc gini`okwi kwkx gigh}iwk uhbk`x h`fnfoi qhmkcki k`imkw wingk`kn uhbk`x h`fnfoi yknc bkin" whwkui wigk` gkukw giokqx``kn gkbko uh}liwxnckn mikyk qhak}k df}okb. Oiqkbnyk giu}fuinqi bkouxnc mknyk` ukm}i` wkuif`k yknc ohnahok}`kn binc`xnckn ghnkcn ohomxknc biomklnyk `hqxncki. @h}xcikn yknc gigh}iwk okqyk}k`kw qh`iwk}nyk wigk` okqx` gkbko uh}liwxnckn uh}liwxnckn mikyk u}fgx`qi wkuif`k. K`imkwnyk" skbkxuxn skbkxuxn qhak}k dinknaikb dinknaikb mikyk u}fgx`qi wkuifak ohnjkgi ox}kl ,wigk` uh}bx indhqwkqi dkqibiwkq uhncfbklkn biomkl)" qhak}k h`fnfoiq mikyknyk oklkb0 qhmkcikn mikyk iwx giwknccxnc okqyk}k`kw gkbko mhnwx` mikyk qfaikb ,qfaikb afqw). g. Mk}knc uxmbia ,uxmbia cffgq) Kqxoqi gkqk} bkin yknc qh}inc`kbi wigk` }hbhtkn kgkbkl mk}knc yknc giuh}wx`k}`kn mh}qidkw u}itkwh ,}itkb ,}itkb gkn h`qh`xwid). h`qh`xwid). ]itkb k}winyk" k}winyk" mk}nc wigk` gkukw gi`fnqxoqi qhak}k qioxbwkn ,mh}qkokkn) wknuk qkbinc oh}xci`kn. H`q`bxqid k}winyk qiku yknc wigk` okx ohomkyk} wigk` gkukw ohni`okwi& ohokodkkw`knnyk. Qfdwg}in` kwkx nkqi" oiqkbnyk oh}xuk`kn mk}knc u}itkw ,u}itkwh cffg). Mibk qkwx `kbhnc qfdwg}in` qxgkl `iwk oinxo ,`fnqxoqi)" ok`k f}knc bkin qxgkl wigk` gkukw
ohnc`fnqxoqi qfdwg}in` wh}qhmxw ,mk}knc yknc qkok). Qhbkin mh}qidkw }itkb}y" `iwk jxck lk}xq ohomhbi ohomhbi ,ohomkyk}) xnwx` xnwx` gkukw ohnc`fnqxoqinyk. ohnc`fnqxoqinyk. Gkbko `hnykwkkn kgk mk}knc yknc mh}qidkw nfn }itkb}y" nfnh`q`bxqid" gkn nfn gitiqimbh ,wigk` gkukw giuhakl ‑ uhakl). Qhmxw qkjk jkbkn }kyk" wkokn" jhomkwkn dkqibiwkq `hkoknkn gbb. Qidkw nfn/}itkb}y" nfn/h`q`bxqid" gkn nfn/gitiqimbh ini qh}inc ohniomxb`kn dhnfohnkuhngfubhckn kwkx uhomfnahnc c}kwiq ,d}hh }igh})" ykiwx oh}h`k gkukw ohni`okwi okodkkw gk}i mk}knc uxmbi` whwkui wigk` ohomkyk} ukjk`" oiqkbnyk ukjk` uhnclkqibkn ,mk}knc uxmbia wh}qhmxw gimxkw fbhl uhoh}inwkl" yknc qxomh} uhomikykknyk knwk}k bkin mh}kqkb gk}i uhnh}iokkn ukjk`). h. Mk}knc Kbw}xiqoh Qhbkin mk}knc uxmbia" `iwk jxck ohnchnkb mk}knc kbw}xiqo. Mk}knc kbw}xiqo kgkbkl mk}knc yknc `hwh}qhgikknyk mh}gkqk}`kn qx`k}hbk `k}hnk }kqk `hoknxqikkn" `hoknxqikkn" afnwfl mk}knc kbw}xiqoh kgkbkl gk}kl. 3. Inwh}thnqi Uhoh}inwkl @hckckbkn ukqk}" qh}inc`kbi ohnxnwxw akoux} wknckn ,inwh}thnqi) uhoh}inwkl" nkoxn yknc lk}xq giuh}lkwi`kn kgkbkl wigk` qhoxkl akoux} wknckn Uhoh}inwkl ohomh}i`kn lkqib yknc mki`. Skbxuxn wxjxknnyk mki`. Mknyk` dkawf} yknc ohnyhmkm`knnyk. Qkbkl qkwx okqkbkl wh}mhqk} yknc gilkgkui uhoh}inwkl gkbko ohnhnwx`kn `hmijk`qknkkn kgkbkl kgknyk w}kgh fdd ,`indbi`)" knwk}k wxjxkn ‑ wxjxkn yknc incin giakuki. Oiqkbnyk kgk `fndbi` knwk}k wxjxkn hdhqihnqi ghnckn uhoh}kwkkn. Kck} }xokl gkukw wh}jknc`kx }k`ykw `haib gkn uhnclkqibkn }hngkl" uhoh}inwkl ohomh}i`kn qxmqigi iwx ahngh}xnc ohncf}mkn`kn hdiqihnqi" `k}hnk xknc qxmqigi miqk gikbf`kqi`kn `hqh`wf} ‑ qhawf} ‑ qhawf} yknc bhmil u}fgx`wid.
Wxjxkn gibk`x`knnyk akoux} wknckn uhoh}inwkl kgkbkl qhmkcki mh}i`xw :
Ohnjkoin kck} `hqkokkn lk` mkci qhwiku ingitigx gkukw whwku wh}sxjxg gkn h`ubfiwkqi gkukw gilingk}`kn Ohnjkck kck} uh}h`fnfoikn gkukw wxomxl gkn ohnckbkoi uh}`homkckn yknc wh}kwx} gkn qwkmib Ohnckskqi `hcikwkn ‑ `hcikwkn uh}xqklkkn" wh}xwkok uh}xqklkkn ‑ uh}xqklkkn mhqk} yknc gkukw ohouhnck}xli ukqk}" kck} oh}h`k wigk` ohnjkbkn`kn u}k`wi`/ u}k`wi` ofnfufbi yknc oh}xci`kn Ohnyhgik`kn mk}knc uxmbia ,uxmbia cffgq) xnwx` ohninc`kw`kn `hqhjklwh}kkn okqyk}k`kw Ohnckskqi kck} h`wh}nkbiwkq `hcikwkn h`fnfoi yknc oh}xci`kn okqyk}k`kw gkukw gilingk}i kwkx gi`x}knci.
k. @fnw}fb Lk}ck Wxjxkn afnw}fb afnw}fb lk}ck kgkbkl ohbingxnci ohbingxnci `fnqxohn `fnqxohn kwkx u}fgxqhn. Mhnwx` Mhnwx` afnw}fb lk}kck yknc ukbinc xoxo gicxnk`kn kgkbkl uhnhwkukn lk}ck gkqk} ,dbff} u}iah) gkn lk}ck ok`qioxo ,ahibinc u}iah). ;. Lk}ck gkqk} ,dbff} u}iah)
Lk}ck gkqk} kgkbkl winc`kw lk}ck oinioxo yknc gimh}bk`x`kn. Mibk uhoh}inwkl ohnhwku`kn lk}ck gkqk} ckmkl ]u. 355"55 uh}`fbic}ko" uhomhbi ckmkl lk}xq ohomhbi ckmkl gk}i uhwkni ghnckn lk}ck qh}hngkl ‑ }hngklnyk ]u. 355"55 &`c. @kqxq ukqk} ckmkl gi`}ksknc [g ? =.555 ‑ =.555 ‑ 1U 1U 0 [q ? / 855 =U Gioknk : [g"[q ? }imx wfn uh}oxqio U ? }kwxq }imx }xuikl uh} wfn @hqhiomknckn ukqk} wh}akuki ukgk lk}ck ckmkl ]u 855.555"55 &wfn. Qhgknc`kn jxobkl ckmkl yknc wh}qhgik 855"55 wfn& oxqio. Kngki`kn uhoh}inwkl oh}kqk mklsk jxobkl ckmkl wh}bkbx qhgi`iw gkn mh}nikw ohnkomklnyk ohnkomklnyk ukgk oxqio wknko ohngkwknc ghnckn ohnhwku`kn lk}ck gkqk} ckmkl ohnjkgi ]u. 455"555"55 &wfn" k`kn wh}jkgi `hbhmilkn uhnksk}kn 855"555& wfn. Qhmkm uhnksk}kn nki` ohnjkgi 355"555& wfn" qhgknc`kn uhoh}inwkl wx}xn ohnjkgi =55"555 wfn. @huxwxqkn ini oh}xci`kn `fnqxohn gkn u}fgxqhn `k}hnk wfwkb qx}ubxq h`fnfoi yknc libknc ,afnqxoh} qx}ubxq gkn u}fgxah} qx}ubxq) mhqk}nyk qhbxkq qhci wick MA.
Kck} lk}ck ckmkl whwku ukgk winc`kw ]u. 455.555.55& wfn. Uhoh}inwkl lk}xq ohomhbi `hbhmilkn uhnksk}kn wh}qhmxw. Uhomhbikn uhoh}inwkl ohouh}mhqk} uh}oinwkkn yknc `iwk qhmxw qkjk uh}oinwkkn uhoh}inwkl ,[gu). K`imkwnyk `x}tk uh}oinwkkn mh}chqh} `h [g = yknc mhqk}nyk oh}xuk`kn [g [gu. Mhqk} kncck}kn yknc giqhgik`kn kgkbkl 855"555 wfn gi`kbi ghnckn ]u. 455"555"55 qkok ghnckn ]u 155"555"555"555"55. 155"555"555"555"55. @kqxq whnkck `h}jk gi Aiknjx} [g ? =5"555 ‑ =5"555 ‑ 4U 4U 0 [q ? / 8"555 7U Gioknk : [g" [q ? jisk uh} mxbkn U
? xukl uh}lk}i
@hqhiomknckn ukqk} wh}jkgi ukgk lk}ck ]u ="855"55& lk}i. @hqhoukwkn `h}jk yknc wh}qhgik xnwx` 8"555 uh`h}jk& mxbkn. Ji`k uhoh}inwkl aiknjx} ohnibki xfkl `hqhiomknckn iwx wh}bkbx }hngkl gkn ohnhwku`kn xukl oinioxo qhmhqk} ]u. 1"555"55&lk}i" yknc wh}jkgi uhnckncx}kn qhmknyk` 8555 f}knc& mxbkn. Qhmkm ghnckn xukl winc`kw wh}qhmxw jxobkl yknc incin mh`h}jk ohninc`kw ohnjkgi 3"555 f}knc & mxbkn. Qhgknc`kn uh}oinwkkn wh}lkgku whnkck `h}jk ohnx}xn ohnjkgi ="555 f}knc& mxbkn. =. Lk}ck Wh}wincci ,Ahibinc u}iah) Lk}ck wh}wincci kgkbkl mkwkq ok`qioxo lk}ck uhnjxkbkn fbhl u}fgxqhn. Gi Ingfnhqik yknc ukbinc wh}`hnkb oiqkbnyk uhnhwkukn lk}ck ukwf`kn qhwhoukw ,LUQ) xnwx` qhohn. Wxjxkn uhnhwkukn lk}ck wh}wincci xoxonyk kgkbkl kck} lk}cku}fgx` gkukw wh}jknc`kx fbhl `fnqxohn yknc gkyk mhbinyk `x}knc. Nkoxn `hmijk`kn ini wigk` mh}gkyk cxnk mibk u}fgxqhn ohoibi`i`h`xkwkn fbicfufby" Kukbkci ofnfufbi. Qhuh}wi yknc wh}jkgi ukgk LUQ qhohn yknc wh}xq ‑ ohnh}xq gibkncck} u}fgxqhn qhohn yknc }k`qkqk. @kqxq ukqk} Oih Inqwkn gi Ingfnhqik Ingfnhqik [g ? =5"555 ‑ =5"555 ‑ 8U0 8U0 [q ? /8"555 =5U Gioknk : [g"[q ? }imx }i mx mxnc`xq uh}mxbkn U ? lk}ck uh}mxnc`xq
@hqhiomknckn ukqk} wh}jkgi ukgk winc`kw lk}ck oih inqwknw ]u ;.555"55 uh} mxnc`xq" ghnckn jxobkl ;8 jxwk mxnc`xq uh} mxbkn. @hmkbi`kn gk}i gxk afnwfl gi kwkq" qh`k}knc uhoh}inwkl oh}kqk lk}ck oih inqwkn wh}bkbx wincci gkn ohnhwku`kn lk}ck ]u 385"55 uh} mxnc`xq. @huhxwxqkn ini ohnyhmkm`kn `hbhmilkn uh}oinwkkn qhmhqk} 4.=85.555 mxnc`xq uh}mxbkn ,;4.=85.555 ‑ ;5.555.555). qhak}k h`fnfoiq `huxwxqkn ini oh}xci`kn" `k}hnk wh}jkgi `hlibknckn qx}ubxq h`fnfoi ,ghkgshiclw bfqq) qhmhqk} bxkq qhciwick K M 1. @xfwk Qhbkin ghnckn uhomhbikn" uhoh}inwkl ohouhnck}xli winc`kw lk}ck ghnckn ohbk`x`kn `hmijk`qknkkn @xfwk ,uhomkwkqkn u}fgx`qi). Oiqkbnyk uhoh}inwkl incin ohnfbfnc uhwkni jkcxnc ghnckn ak}k ohomkwkqi jxobkl u}fgx`qi ,`xfwk) xnwx` ohninc`kw`kn lk}ck. Gikc}ko =.;= ohnxnjx``kn wknuk akoux} ghnckn uhoh}inwkl `hqhiomknckn `hqhiomknckn ukqk} jkcxnc wh}jkgi gi wiwi` H ; ghnckn jxobkl jkcxnc [ 5 gkn lk}ck U 5. Ji`k uhoh}inwkl incin ohnjkck kck} jkcxnc oiniokb U ;" xnwx` iwx jxobkl u}fgx`qi gimkwkqi lknyk qkouki [ ;. @x}tk uhnksk}kn jkcxnc yknc }hbhtkn kgkbkl Q; `huxwxqkn ini ohncx}knci qx}ubxq`fnqxohn qhmhqk} KM. u}fgxqhn ohnckbkoi `hlibknckn qx}ubxq qhbxkq A" whwkui ohouh}fbhl wkomklkn qx}ubxq qhbxkq K gi wkomkl inqhnwid wigk` ohou}fgx`qi" qhbxkq G. kck} u}fgxqhn okx ohncx}knci u}fgx`qinyk qkouki winc`kw [ ; ok`k inqhnwid dinkqikb yknc lk}xq gimh}i`kn qhwigk`/wigk`nyk qhbxkq MAG.
m. Ukjk` gkn Qxmqigi ;. Ukjk` Gibilkw gk}i qkwx qiqi" ukjk` ohomh}kw`kn `k}hnk ohomxkw lk}ck mk}knc ohnjkgi bhmil oklkb. Nkoxn giqiqi bkin" ukjk` gimxwxl`kn qhmkcki qxomh} uhnh}iokkn Nhck}k xnwx` ohomiyki dxncqi/dxncqinyk" `lxqxqnyk }hw}imxqi uhngkukwkn gkn qhmkcki kbkw qwkmibiwkq h`fnfoi lknyk qkjk `huxwxqkn uhnhnwxkn ukjk` lk}xq ohouh}wiomknc`kn hbkqwiqiwkq uh}oinwkkn gkn uhnksk}kn. Ji`k wigk` wxjxkn/wxjxkn yknc giwk}chw`kn wigk` wh}akuki. Gikc}ko =.;1 kgkbkl afnwfl yknc ohnjhbkq`kn uhnck}xl ukjk` wh}lkgku `hqhiomknckn ukqk}. Uhoh}inwkl mh}ok`qxg ohnk}i` ukjk` gk}i ukqk} qhuhgk ofwf}" ghnckn ohomhmkn`kn ohomhmkn`kn ukjk` qhmhqk} qhmhqk} W uh} xniw xniw ,Gikc}ko =.;1). Ukjk` Ukjk` iwx gimhmkn`kn gimhmkn`kn `hukgk u}fgxqhn. Uhnchnkkn ukjk` ohnyhmkm`kn `x}tk uhnksk}kn mh}chqh} gk}i Q5 `h Q;" qhlincck lk}ck `hqhiomknckn ohnjkgi [ ;. @hmijk`kn ini qhmhnk}nyk ohnyhmkm`kn `fnqxohn qhmknyk` KM. qhgknc`kn u}fgxqhn `hlibknckn qx}ubxq u}fgxqhn qhmknyk` GA qkok ghnckn 5[ ; | ,U; ‑ u=). Qhuinwkq uhoh}inwkl wkouk`nyk qhnknc ghnckn uhoh}inwkl iwx whwkui `fnqxohn gi}xci`kn `k}hnk mhmkn ukjk` yknc qhlk}xqnyk gi wknccxnc u}fgxqhn" qhmkcki K fbhl `fnqxohn. Ini giqhmxw uh}chqh}kn mhmkn ukjk` mhqk} mhmkn ukjk` qknckw wh}cknwxnc ukgk hbkqwiqiwkq uh}oinwkkn gkn uhnksk}kn.
=. Qxmqigi Qxmqiqgi gkukw giukngknc qhmkcki ukjk` nhckwith ,nhckwith wk|)" `k}hnk qxmqigi ohnkomkl uhngkukwkn nykwk. Qhmkckioknk lkbnyk ukjk`" okndkkw uhomh}ikn qxmqigi wh}mkci/mkci knwk}k u}fgxqhn gkn `fnqxohn" wh}cknwxnc hbqwiqiwkq uh}oinwkkn gkn uhnksk}kn. @kqxq Ukqk} Qxqx Mkyi Gi Jk`k}wk Gikc}ko =.;7 ohncckomk}`kn `hqhiomknckn ukqk} qxqx mkyi gi Jk`k}wk. Kck} ok`in mknyk` `hbxk}ck yknc okoux ohomhbi qxqx `h U ;. Ghnckn lk}ck qhwinc`kw U; uh}oinwkkn ohninc`kw ohnjkgi [ ;" qhohnwk}k uhnksk}kn uhnksk}kn mh}`x}knc ohnjkgi [ =. Qkgk} mibk ohnhouxl `hmijk`kn lk}ck wh}wincci k`kn ohniomxb`kn ghkgshiclw Bfqq" uhoh}inwkl ohnhouxl `hmijk`kn qxmqigi ,nhckwith wk|). Mhqk}nyk qxmqigi yknc gimh}i`kn kgkbkl 5[ ;,U;/U=). Mibk qxmqigi gimh}i`kn `hukgk `fnqxohn" k`kn ohncchqh} `x}tk uh}oinwkkn `h G ;" qhlincck `hqhiomknckn mk}x wh}jkgi giwiwi` H = mibk qxmqigi gimh}i`kn `hukgk u}fgxqhn" k`kn ohncchqh} `x}tk uhnksk}kn `h Q ;. @hqhiomknckn @hqhiomknckn mk}x wh}jkgi gi wiwi` wi wi` H ;.
a. Wk}id gkn @xfwk Gkbko qyqwho uh}h`fnfoikn yknc wh}mx`k ,ohbk`x`kn w}knqk`qi ghnckn uh}h`fnfoikn bxk})" ok`k lk}ck mk}knc yknc mh}bk`x kgkbkl lk}ck inwh}nkqifnkb. Yknc ohnjkgi uh}qfkbkn kgkbkl mibk lk}ck gfohqwia bhmil wincci gk}iukgk lk}ck gxnik. Qhmkm ghnckn oh`kniqoh ukqk} mhmkq" wh}uk`qk gibk`x`kn iouf} xnwx` ohohnxli `hmxwxlkn gkbko nhch}i. Skbkxuxn gk}i qxgxw `fnqxohn lkb ini ohncxnwxnc`kn" whwkui ghoi ohbingxnci ingxqw}y gkbko nhch}i" uhoh}inwkl ohnhouxl `hmijk`kn u}fwh`wid ghnckn ohomh}bk`x`kn wk}idd ,ukjk` iouf}) gkn `xfwk iouf} ,uhomkwkqkn jxobkl iouf}).
Ghnckn lk}ck inwh}nkqifnkb qhwinc`kw Us" winc`kw iouf} ohnakuki qhjxobkl [g 5/[q5 xniw. Xnwx` ohbingxnci ingxqw}y gkbko nhch}i" uhoh}inwkl ohnhwku`kn wk}idd qhmhqk} W uh} xniw iouf}. Lk}ck gkbko nhch}i ohninc`kw ohnjkgi U*" iouf} uxn mh}`x}knc ohnjkgi [g;/[q; xniw. Mkci u}fgxqhn gfohqwia" `hmijk`kn ini ohnkomkl`kn `hxnwxnckn oh}h`k qhmhqk} bxkq w}kuhzixo K. whwkui `fnqxohn gfohqwia ohnckbkoi `h}xcikn mhqk} KMAG. qhgknc`kn G oh}xuk`kn uhnh}iokkn ukjk` uhoh}inwkl. Ji`k uhoh}inwkl ohomh}bk`x`kn `xfwk iouf}" G oh}xuk`kn `hxnwxnckn yknc giuh}fbhl u}fgxqhn kqinc. Qhlincck `h}xcikn gfohqwia nhwf kgkbkl MAG. Kuhngi`q Uhnck}xl ukjk` gkn Qxmqigi Wh}lkgku @hqhiomknckn @hqhi omknckn Ukqk} ,Uk}qikb) Uhnck}xl ukjk` wh}lkgku `hqhiomknckn ukqk} ,uk}qikb) qknckw wh}cknwxnc jhniq ukjk`nyk" kuk`kl ukjk` uh} xniw gkn kwkx uh}qhnwkqh. Xnwx` ohnchwklxi uh}mhgkkn gkouk` wh}qhmxw `iwk qxqxn ofghb qhgh}lknk qhmkcki mh}i`xw :
Ukqk} mh}qw}x`wx} uh}qkinckn qhoux}nk ,x}kikn ohnchnki ukqk} uh}qkinckn qhoux}nk gi jhbkq`kn gi mkm mkm TIII). Uh}oinwkkn : [ ? 15 ‑ 15 ‑ 4U 4U kwkx U ? 8 ‑ 8 ‑ ; ;&8[ Uhnksk}kn : [ ? /;5 7U kwkx U ? ; & 7 [ = ¿ @hqhiomknckn kskb ,H 5 ukgk gikc}ko =.;4.k"m"a): Uh}oinwkkn ? uhnksk}kn 15/4U ? /;5 7U ;5U ? 75 U?7 [ ? 15 ‑ 15 ‑ 4U 4U ? 15 ‑ 15 ‑ 4,7) 4,7) ? 4 xniw @hqhiomknckn kskb wh}akuki ukgk qkkw jxobkl fxw uxw kgkbkl 4 xniw" ghnckn lk}ck jxkb 7 uh} xniw. ;. Ji`k uhoh}inwkl ohnhwku`kn ukjk` uhnjxkbkn `hukgk u}fgxqhn u}fgxqhn qhmhqk} ; ² uh} xniw.
Lk}ck jxkb qhwhbkl uhnchnkkn ukjk` ,Uw) kgkbkl lk}ck jxkb oxbk/oxbk ,U) giwkomkl ukjk` uh} xniw ,; ² uh} xniw). Uw ? U W ? ,;&7 [ = ;&=) ² ?²[?1¾ Kwkx ² [ ? / 1 ¾ U [ ? /;8 7U @hqhiomknckn @hqhiomknckn mk}x ,H ; ukgk gikc}ko =.;4.k): Uh}oinwkkn ? uhnksk}kn 15 ‑ 15 ‑ 4U 4U ? /;8 7U ;5U ? 78 U ? 7"8 [ ? 15 ‑ 15 ‑ 4U 4U ? 15 ‑ 15 ‑ 4,7"8) 4,7"8) ? 1 xniw Mhqk} ukjk` yknc giwh}iok uhoh}inwkl kgkbkl jxobkl fxwuxw | ukjk` uh} xniw" kwkx Uhnh}iokkn ukjk` ? 1 ,; ² ? 1 1&7) =. Ji`k uhoh}inwkl ohnhwku`kn ukjk` uhnjxkbkn qhmhqk} =5(. Uhnck}xl wh}lkgku qiqi uhnksk}kn : Uw ? U,;})" gioknk } kgkbkl uh}qhnwkqh ukjk` Uw ? ,;&7 [ =;&=) | ,;"=) ? ,5"1 [ 1)" kwkx 5"1 [ ? /1U [ ? /;5 1 ;&1 U @hqhiomknckn @hqhiomknckn mk}x ,H ; ukgk gikc}ko =.;4.m): Uh}oinwkkn ? uhnksk}kn 15 /4U ? /;5 1 ;&1 U 9 ;&1 U ? 75 U ? ;=5 ? 7 =&3 =< [ ? 15 ‑ 15 ‑ 4U 4U ? 15 V 4,7 =&3) ? 7 =&3 xniw Uhnh}iokkn ukjk` ? =5( | ,U | [) ? =5( | ,7 =&3 | 7 =&3) ? 1"3 1. Ji`k uhoh}inwkl ohnh}ku`kn qxqigi mhqk} ; ² uh} xniw yknc gimh}i`kn `hukgk qiqi uhnksk}kn" uhnksk}kn" ok`k uhnksk}kn qhwhbkl qxmqigi. Uq ? U q ? U ,/W) ? ,;&7 [ = ;&=) ,/; ;&7) ? ² [ ; ;&7 ² [ ? /; ² Uq [ ? /8 7U
@hqhiomknckn @hqhiomknckn qhwhbkl qxmqigi ,H ; ukgk gikc}ko =.;4.a): Uh}oinwkkn ? uhnksk}kn 15 ‑ 15 ‑ 4U 4U ? /8 7U ;5U ? 18 U ? 1"8 [ ? 15 ‑ 15 ‑ 4U 4U ? 15 ‑ 15 ‑ 4,1"8) 4,1"8) ? 9 xniw @hqhiomknckn @hqhiomknckn ukqk} `k}hnk kgk qxmqigi kgkbkl : Jxobkl fxwuxw ? 9 xniw" ghnckn lk}ck jxkb 1"8 uh} xniw. Mhqk} qxmqigi yknc lk}xq giqhgik`kn uhoh}inwkl kgkbkl jxobkl fxwuxw ,[) gi`kbi`kn qxmqigi uh} xniw ? 9|; ² ? ;; ;&7 .
]knc`xokn
Okqkbkl h`fnfoi qkok wxknyk ghnckn xqik uh}kgkmKN oknxqik. Whwkui ibox h`fnfoi mk}x oxnaxb gikmkg ;<" ohbkbxi mx`x Kgko qoiwl yknc mh}jxgxb Kn in{xi}i inwf wlh nkwx}h kng akxqhq fd wlh shkwl nkwifnq yknc `hoxgikn gi`hnkb qhmkcki wlh shkbwl fd nkwifnq ,;334). Iwxbkl qhmkmnyk qhmkmnyk Kgko Qoiwl gilf}okwi qhmkcki qhmkcki mkuk` ibox h`fnfoi ofgh}n. Mx`kn mh}k}wi qhmhbxo okqk iwx wigk` kgk uhoi`i} yknc wh}wk}i` ukgk okqkbkl h`fnfoi Ubkwf" dibqxd yxnkni kmkg 7 QO gkn Wlfokq K{xihnkq }flkniskn @}iqwhn kmkg ;1 O" kgkbkl gxk gk}i mhmh}kuk uhoi`i} yknc ohngklxbxi kgko Qoiwl. Mki` Ubkwf okxuxn K{xinkq ohnafmk ohohakl`kn okqkbkl h`fnfoi ghnckn uhngh`kwkn of}kb gkn whfbfciq. Qhgknc`kn kgko Qoiwl ohbilkwnyk gk}i qxgxw }kqifnkbiwkq. Uhoi`i}kn Kgko Qoiwl gi`homknc`kn knwk}k bkin fbhl J. M. Qky" Wlfokq Okbwlxq gkn Gktig ]iak}gf" wh}mhnwx`bkl uhoi`i}kn whnwknc ukqk}. Ukqk} gkbko uhnch}wikn ibox h`fnfoi kgkbkl uh}whoxkn uh}oinwkkn gkn uhnksk}kn gkn mh}qidkw inwh}k`wid mx`kn diqi`. Oh`kniqoh ukqk} kgkbkl u}fqhq uhnhnwxkn winc`kw lk}ck mh}gkqk}`kn `h`xkwkn uh}oinwkkn gkn uhnksk}kn. Uh}oinwkkn kgkbkl `hincinkn `fnqxohn ohomhbi qxkwx mk}knc ukgk mh}mkcki winc`kw lk}ck qhbkok u}ifgh sk`wx wh}whnwx. Kgkuxn dkawf}/dk`wf} yknc ohouhnck}xli uh}oinwkkn kgkbkl :
Lk}ck mk}knc iwx qhngi}i
Lk}ck mk}knc bkin yknc wh}`kiw
Winc`kw uhngkukwkn uh}`kuiwk
Qhbh}k kwkx `hmikqkkn
Jxobkl uhngxgx`
Uh}`i}kkn lk}ck gi okqk ohngkwknc
Giqw}imxqi uhngkukwkn
Xqklk/xqklk Xqklk/xqklk u}fgxqhn ohninc`kw`kn uhnjxkbkn Dxncqi uh}oinwkkn kgkbkl uh}oinwkkn yknc ginykwk`kn gkbko lxmxnckn okwhokwiq ghnckn dkawf}/dk`wf} yknc ohouhnck}xlinyk. Q`hgxb uh}oinwkkn kgkbkl gkdwk} lxmxnckn knwk}k l}ck qxkwx mk}knc ghnckn winc`kw uh}oinwkkn mk}knc wh}qhmxw. Uh}xmklkn uh}oinwkkn wh}jkgi `k}hnk gxk qhmkm" ykiwx : uh}wkok" uh}xmklkn lk}ck ohnyhmkm`kn uh}xmklkn jxobkl mk}knc yknc gioinwk whwkui uh}xmklkn iwx lknyk wh}jkgi gkbko qkwx `x}tk yknc qkok" ini yknc giqhmxw uh}ch}k`kn uh}oinwkkn qhuknjknc `x}tk uh}oinwkkn. @hgxk" uh}xmklkn ahwh}iq uk}imxq ykiwx uhngkukwkn" ok`k k`kn wh}jkgi uh}chqh}kn `x}tk uh}oinwkkn ,qlidwinc).
UKQK]
UH]QKINCKN
OFNFUFBIQWI@
Whf}i uh}qkinckn ofnfufbiqwi` , ofnfufbiqwia afouhwiwifn) gi`homknc`kn `k}hnk wigk` `huxkqkn wh}lkgku gkyk knkbiqq ofghb uh}qkinckn qhoux}nk , uh}dhaw afouhwiwifn) okxuxn ofnfufbi ,ofnfufby). H`fnfo yknc uh}wkok `kbi ohnchjx`kn `hwigk`uxkqkn wh}lkgku gxk ofghb gi kwkq kgkbkl Uhi}}f Q}kdk , xnith}qiwkq Akom}igch)" `hoxgikn gii`xwi fbhl Lfwhbbinc gkn Zhxwlhn. Ukgk k`li} gkqksk}qk ;9=5/kn gkn kskb gkqksk}qk ;915/kn ofghb uh}qkinckn ofnfufbiqwi` gi`homknc`kn qhak}k inwhnqid wh}xwkok fbhl Jfkn ]fminqfn ,h`fnfo incc}iq) gkn Hsk}g Alkomh} bkin ,h`fnfo Koh/}i`k qh}i`kw. Qw}x`wx} ukqk} uh}qkinckn ofnfufbiqwi` lkoui} qkok ghnckn uh}qkinckn qhoux}nk. Gigkbko ingxqw}i wh}gkukw mknyk` uh}xqklkkn uh}xqklkkn yknc mhmkq `hbxk} okqx`. okqx`. Nkoxn u}fgx` yknc gilkqib`kn wigk` lfofchn" ohbkin`kn wh}gidh}hnqikqi , giddh}hnwikwhg u}fgxaw ). Nkoxn uh}mhgkkn mk}knc knwk}k qkwx u}fgx` ,oh}h`) ghnckn u}fgx` , oh}h`) yknc bkin wi9gk` wh}bkbx mhqk}. Gidh}hnqikqi ini ohngf}fnc uh}xqklkkn xnwx` ohbk`x`kn uh}qkinckn nfn lk}ck. Skbkxuxn ghoi`ikn fxwuxw yknc gi lkqib`kn qknckw oxnc`in qkbinc ohnjkgi qxmqwiwxqi. Uh}xqklkkn ohoibi`i `hokouxkn ofnfufbi yknc }hbkwid wh}mkwkq. ;. @k}k`wh}iqwi` Ukqk} Uh}qkinckn Ofnfufbiqwi` Wick kqxoqi gkqk} uh}qkinckn uh}qkinckn ofnfufbiqwi` kgkbkl : / / /
U}fgx` yknc wh}gidh}hnqikqi , giddh}hnwikwhg u}fgxaw ) Jxobkl uh}xqklkkn mknyk` gkbko ingxqw}i , bk}ch nxomh} fd di}oq) Mhmkq okqx` `hbxk} ukqk} , d}hh hnw}y kng h|iw )
k.
U}fgx` yknc wh}gidh}hnqikqi , Giddh}hnwikwhg u}fgxaw) yknc giok`qxg ghnckn u}fgx` wh}gidh}hnqikqi kgkbkl u}fgx` gkukw gimhgk`kn fbhl `fnqxohn ghnckn ohbilkw qikuk u}fgxqhnyk. Ji`k gkbko uh}qkinckn qhoux}nk `fnqxohn ohomhbi mk}knc wknuk uh}bx ohomhgk`kn qikuk u}fgxqhn" gkbko uh}qkinckn ofnfufbiqwi` yknc ohnjkgi uh}wiomknckn kgkbkl qikuk u}fgxqhnyk. Mk}knc/mk}knc wh}qhmxgkukw giuh}mhgk`kn fbhl `xkbiwkq mk}kncnyk"ofghb"mhnwx`"sk}nk" mkl`kn fbhl `hokqkn" oh}h` gkn uhbkyknknnyk. Gkbko `hligxukn qhlk}i/lk}i" `iwk qhbkbx ohoibi`i uibilkn yknc whwku xnwx` u}fgx`/ u}fgx` qkmxn okngi"uk`kikn jkgi" qhukwx" gkn bkin/bkin. Qhf}knc ckgiq yknc mikqk ohnccxnk`kn qkmxn okngi mh}oh}h` ‒qxwh}k‟" qxbiw xnwx` uingkl `hoh}h` bkin.gik gkukw ohomhgk`kn u}fgx` qkmxn `hqx`kknyk gk}i u}fgx` uh}xqklkkn yknc bkin. Lkb ini ohnyhmkm`kn uh}xqklkkn ohohbi`i gkyk ofnfufbi" skbkx wh}mkwkq.
Nkoxn ghoi`ikn gi knwk}k u}fgx`/u}fgx` wh}qhmxw qhmhnk}nyk gkukw qkbinc ohnjkgi qxmwiwxqi. Oiqkbnyk ,qhgknc mh}kgk gi ghqk)" qkmxn okngi oh}h` `hqkyknckn wigk` kgk" ok`k oh}h` bkin gkukw ohnccknwi`kn wknuk ohniomxb`kn gkouk` nhckwid qhak}k wh`niq ,`hqhlkwkn wh}cknccx). @k}hnk iwx" uh}oinwkkn wh}qhmxw qknckw hbkqwiq , liclby hbkqwia ghookng ). ). Hbkqwiwkq uh}oinwkkn ukqk} uh}qkinckn ofnfufbiqwi` mh}kgk gi knwk}k ukqk} uh}qkinckn qhoux}nk gkn ofnfufbi" qhuh}wi gi ckomk}`kn gkbko gikc}ko ;5.; gi mkskl ini.
Gikc}ko ;5.; @x}tk uh}oinwkkn uh}xqklkkn Gkbko ukqk} uh}qkinckn ofnfufbiqwi` ]u
G uh}qkinckn qhoux}nk G uh}xqklkkn uh}qkinckn ofnfufbiqwia G ofnfufbi ? G ingxqw}i
@xknwiwkQ
m. Jxobkl U}fgxqhn Mknyk` Gkbko Ingxqw}i ,bk}ch nxomh} fd di}oq) jxobkl uh}xqklkkn ,u}fgxqhn) gkbko ukqk} uh}qkinckn ofnfufbiqwi` mknyk`. Giindgfnhqik gkukw gi bilkw gk}i mhciwx mknyk`nyk oh}h` uk`kikn" gkn qhukwx.
Mknyk`nyk uh}xqklkkn ohnyhmkm`kn `huxwxqkn uh}xqklkkn whnwknc lk}ck gkn fxwuxw wigk` uh}bx lk}xq ohouh}liwxnc`kn }hk`qi uh}xqklkkn bkin gkbko ingxqw}i ,inghuhnghnah ghaiqifn fd u}iah kng fxwuxw)" `k}hnk `k}hnk qhwiku uh}xqklkkn ohnclkgkui ohnclkgkui `x}tk `x}tk uh}oinwkkn okqinc/okqinc. a.
Mhmkq Okqx` Gkn @hbxk} ,D}hh Hnw}y kng H|iw ) bkmk qxuh}nftkb yknc gini`okwi uh}xqklkkn ,H|iqwinc di}o) ohncxngknc uh}xqklkkn uhngkwknc uh}xqklkkn uhngkwknc xnwx` ohokqx`i ingxqw}i. Ji`k oh}h`k okoux okoux mh}wklkn" gkbko jknc`k uknjknc gkukw ohnckbkl`kn uh}xqklkkn yknc bkin" whwkui ji`k `kbkl oh}h`k lk}xq `hbxk}" kck} `h}xcikn wigk` ohnjkgi bhmil mhqk}. Qkok lkbnyk gkbko ukqk} uh}qkinckn qhoux}nk" gkbko ukq} uh}qkinckn uh}qkinckn ofnfufbiqwi` u}fqhq u}fqhq okqx` `hbxk} k`kn wh}lhnwi wh}lhnwi mibk qhoxk uh}xqklkkn lknyk ohouh}fbhl bkmk nf}okb.
=. @hqhiomknckn Uh}xqklkkn Gkbko Jknc`k Uhngh` Uh}xqklkkn ohnakuki `hqhiomknckn gkbko jknc`k uhngh` gkn uknjknc . gkbko jknc`k uhngh` uh}hxqklkkn gkukw ohni`okwi bkmk qxuh}nftkb. Gkbko jknc uknjknc uh}xqklkkn lknyk ohni`okwi bkmk nf}okb. @hqhiomknckn jknc`k uhngh` uh}xqklkkn wh}akuki mibk O] ? OA. @k}hnk gkyk ofnfufbi" skbkx wh}mkwkq" `fngiqi `hqhiomknckn uh}xqklkkn yknc mh}ch}k` gkbko ukqk} uh}qkinckn ofnfufbiqwi` qkok ghnckn uh}xqklkkn yknc mh}ch}k` gkbko ukqk} ofnfufbi ,Gikc}ko ;5.=).
Gikc}ko ;5.= ohnxnjx``kn uh}xqklkkn ohnakuki bkmk ok`qioxo ukgk qkkw O] ? OA gkn wiwi` H. qkok lkbnyk ghnckn uh}xqklkkn ofnfufbiq. Lk}ck jxkb mhbi mhqk} gk}i mikyk ok}jinkb ,U > OA). Whwkui `hokouxkn h`qubfiwkqi bkmk }hbkwid wh}mkwkq" `k}hnk `x}tk uh}oinwkkn yknc gi lkgkui qknckw bkngki. Bkmk qxuh}nftkb yknc gi ni`okwi uh}xqklkkn qhmhqk} bkxq qhci houkw KUMA" gi oknk lk}ck U5’ gkn jxobkl fxwuxw yknc gi u}fgx`qi [*. 1. Ukqk} Uh}qkinckn Ofnfbufbiqwi` Gkn Hdiqihnqi H`fnfoi Bkmk qxuh}nftkb yknc gini`okwi uh}xqklkkn ,Gikc}ko ;5.=) ohncxngknc uh}xqklkkn uhngkwknc ohokqx`i ohokqx`i ingxqw}i. Okqx`nyk uhngkwknc uhngkwknc ohomh}i`kn gxk `hoxnc`inkn wh}lkgku uPh}oinwkkn uh}xqklkkn bkok. Yknc uh}wkok" uhbkncckn ok`in ok`in qhwik" qhak}k c}kdiq wh}bilkw gk}i `x}tk uh}oinwkkn jknc`k uknjknc bhmil ax}ko gk}i jknc`k uhngh`" ,Gikc}ko ;5.1.k). Kwkx uhbkncckn ok`in mh}qidkw ohoibil" gi oknk uh}oinwkkn jknc`k uknjknc ohnjkgi bhmil bkngki gi mknginc jknc`k uhngh` , Gikc}ko ;5.1.m). mkckioknkuxn uhnck}xlnyk" uh}xqklkkn lknyk k`kn gkukw mh}wklkn gkbko jknc`k uknjknc ji`k okoux ohni`okWI Bkmk nf}okb" ukgk qkkw lk}ck jxkb qkok ghnckn mikyk }kwk/}kwk ,U ? KA). Gkbko gikc}ko ;5.1 `hqhiomknckn wh}qhmxw wh}jkgi gi wiwi` K ,Gikc}ko ;5.1.k) kwkx M ,Gikc}ko ,Gi kc}ko ;5.1.m).
7.
@hqhiomknckn Uh}xqklkkn Gkbko Jknc`k Uknjknc Gi mknginc`kn ghnckn ukqk} ofnfufbi" uh}qkinckn ofnfufbiqwi` okqil bhmil mki` gibilkw gk}i bhmil `haibnyk wfwkb `hqhjklwh}kkn yknc libknc ,ghkg shiclw bfqq). Nkoxn whwku `x}knc hdiqihn gi mknginc ukqqk} uh}qkinckn qhoux}nk. Kgk gxk uhnyhmkm ohnckuk ukqk} uh}qkinckn ofnfufbiqwi` wigk` gkukw bhmil hdiqihn gi mknginc ukqk} uh}qkinckn qhoux}nk. k. Lk}ck Jxkb Okqil Bhmil Mhqk} Gk}i Mikyk Ok}jinkb ,U>OA) @k}hnk ohoibi`i gkyk ofnfufbi" uh}xqklkkn gkbko ukqk} uh}qkinckn ofnfufbiqwi` okoux ohomhmkn`kn lk}ck jxkb yknmc bhmil wincci gk}i mikyk ok}jinkb ,U > OA). Nkoxn ghoi`ikn @k}hnk o`x}tk uh}oinwkkn yknc gi lkgkui qknckwc hbkqwiq" ok`k qhbiqil lk}ck gkn mikyk ok}jinkb wigk` qhmhqk} mikyk ofnfufbiq. m. @kukqiwkq Mh}bhmil ,Hahqq akukaiwy) Whbkl gi nykwk`kn" `k}hnk mhmkqnyk uh}xqklkkn xnwx` `hbxk} gkn okqx`" gkbko jknc`k uknjknc uh}xqklkkn yknc yknc mh}fuh}kqi gkbko ukqk} uh}qkinckn uh}qkinckn ofnfufbiqwi` lknyk ohni`okwi bkmk nf}okb. @hkgkkn wh}qhmxw `iwk ckomk}`kn `homkbi gkbko mhnwx` gikc}ko ;5.7 gi mkskl ini.
Ukgk qkkw mh}kgk gkbko `hqhiomknckn jknc`k uknjknc ,wiwi` K)" uh}xqklkkn qhmhnk}nyk wigk` mh}u}fgx`qi ukgk winc`kw yknc ukbinc hdhqihn" qhmkm wiwi` K mx`kn wiwi` wh}hngkl ukgk `x}tk mikyk }kwk/}kwk }kwk /}kwk ,KA). Ji`k uh}xqklkkn incin ohouh}fgx`qi ukgk KA yknc ukbinc }hngkl" fxwuxw fxwuxw lk}xq giwkomkl giwkomkl qkouki qhjxobkl [m.whwkui ji`k fxwuxw ohbhmili [k ,fxwuxw `hqhiomknckn)" `hqhiomknckn)" uhnkomklkn fxwuxw fxwuxw lknyk ohnx}xnc`kn ohnx}xnc`kn bkmk ,mkl`kn oh}xci) `k}hnk uhnh}iokkn ok}jinkb Bhmil `haib gk}i mikyk ok}jinkb ,O]2OA). Gkukw giqiouxb`kn" gkbko jknc`k uknjknc uh}xqklkkn yknc mh}ch}k` gkbko ukqk} uh}qkinckn ofnfufbiqwi` k`kn ohnckbkoi `hbhmilkn `kukbiwkq u}fgx`qi ,h|ahqq akukaiwy). 8. Uhnckwx}kn Ukqk} Uh}qkinckn Uh}qkinckn Ofnfufbiqwi` @hwgk`hdhqihnkn yknc gilkqib`kn uh}xqklkkn yknc mh}fuh}kqi gkbko ukqk} uh}qkinckn ofnfufbiqwi` ohniomxb`kn uh}wknykkn" kuk`kl uh}bx uhnckwx}kn6 Jkskmknnyk kgkbkl wigk`+ Lkb ini mh}bkngkq`kn wick k}cxohn: k.
Gkyk ofnfufbiyknc }hkbkwid `haib ohnyhmkm`kn `hqhjklwh}kkn yknc libknc ,ghkg shiclw bfqq) }hkbwid `haib. m. Uh}oinwkkn yknc qknckw hbkqwiq ohnyhmkm`kn `hbhmilkn `kukqiwkq u}fgx`qi }hkbkwid `haib.
a.
@hwigk`hdiqihnkn yknc gilkqib`kn uh}xqklkkn yknc mh}fuh}kqi gkbko ukqk} uh}qkinckn ofnfufbiqwi` giiomknc ghnckn `hni`okwkn `fnqxohn `k}hnk mh}kckonyk u}fgx`" uhninc`kwkn `xkbiwkq gkn ohninc`kwnyk `hmhmkqkn `fnqxohn gkbko ohoibil fxw uxw ]knc`xokn Wick Kqxoqi Gkqk} Uh}qkinckn Ofnfufbiqwi`
U}fgx` yknc wh}gidh}hnqikqi ,giddh}hnwikwhg u}fgx`)
Jxobkl uh}xqklkkn mknyk` gkbko ,ingxqw}y bk}ch nxomh} fdd di}oq)
Mhmkq okqx` gkn `hbxk} ukqk} ,d}hh knw}y kng h|iw) Uh}xqklkkn ohnakuki gkbko jknc`k uhngh` gioknk uh}xqklkkn gkukw ohni`okwi bkmk qxuh} nf}okb. Gkbko jknc`k uknjknc uh}xqklkkn lknyk ohni`okwi bkmk nf}okb. Bkmk qxuh} nf}okb yknc gini`okwi uh}xqklkkn ohncxngknc uh}xqklkkn uhngkwknc ohokqx`i ingxqw}y yknc ohomh}i`k gxk `hoxnc`inkn wh}lkgku uh}xqklkkn bkok" yknc uh}w kok uhbkncckn ok`in qhwik yknc `hgxk uhbkncckn ok`in mh}qidkw ohoibil. Kgk gxk uhnyhmkm ohnckuk ukqk} uh}qkinckn ofnfufbiqwia wigk` gkukw bhmil hdhqihn giqmknginc ukqk} uh}qkinckn qhoux}nk : k. Lk}ck jxkb okqil bhtmil mhqk} gk}i mikyk oh}jinkb ,U > NA) m. @kukqiwkq mh}bhmilkn ,h|hqq akukaiwy) @hwigk` hdhqihnkn yknc gilkqib`kn uh}xqklkkn yknc mh}fuh}kqi gkbko ukqk} uh}qkinckn ofnfufbiqwia ohniomxb`kn uh}wknykkn" kuk`kl uh}bx uhnckwx}kn 6 wigk`. Lkb ini mh}bkngkq`kn wick k}cxohnw :
Gkyk ofnfufbi yknc }hbkwith `haib ohnyhmkm`kn `hqhjklwh}kkn yknc libknc ,ghkw shiclw bfqq) }hbkwith `haib. Uh}oinwkkn yknc qknckw hbkqwia ohnyhmkm`kn `hbhmilkn `kukqiwkq u}fgx`qi }hbkwith `haib. @hwigk` hdhqihnkn yknc gilkqib`kn uh}xqklkkn yknc mh}fuh}kqi gkbko uh}qkinckn ofnfufbiqwia giiomknci ghnckn `hni`okwkn `fnqxohn `k}hnk mh}kckonyk u}fgx`" uhninc`kwkn `xkbiwkq gkn ohninc`kwnyk `hmhmkqkn `fnqxohn gkbko ohoibil fxwuxw.
UKQK] FBICFUFBI Qw}x`wx} ukqk} kwkx fbiufcfbi ,fbicfufbi) kgkbkl ukqk} ,ingxqw}i) yknc wh}gi}i gk}i lknyk qhgi`iw uh}xqklkkn ,u}fgxqhn). Qhwiku uh}xqklkn ohoifbi`i `h`xkwkn ,ax`xu) mhqk} xnwx` ohouhnck}xli lk}ck ukqk}. ukqk}. U}fgx` gkukw gkukw lfofchny lfofchny kwkx wh}gidh}hnqi. Uh}ibk`x qhwiku uh}xqklkkn k`kn ohouhnck}xli uh}ibk`x uh}xqklkkn bkinyk gkbko ingxqw}y. Gk}i ghdiniqi gikwkq" `fngiqi ukqk} fbicfufby ohngh`kwi `fngiqi ukqk} ofnfufbi. Uk}k h`fnfo xoxonyk lknyk mh}miak}k mh}miak} k whnwknc houkw mhnwx` ukqk} xwkok: uh}qkinckn qhoux}nk" ofofufbi" uh}qkinckn ofnfufbiqwia gkn fbicfufby. Gkbko qhoxkl mhnwx` ukqk} iwx uk}k uhnjxkb ohouh}lkwi`kn }hqufn uhomhbi"whwkui gkbko fbicfufby uk}k uhnjxkb jxck ohouh}lkwi`kn }hquin bkskn ‑ bksknyk. Gigkbko `hwick ukqk} yknc giqhmxw wh}gklxbx" `x}tk ‑ `x}tk uh}oinwkknyk giwx}xn`kn gk}i gkwk whnwknc `fnqxohn. Wkui gkbko fbicfufby lkb iwx mhbxo ax`xu. Qhf}knc fbicfufbihq ohouh}`i}k`kn uh}oinwkkn jxck ‑ bksknyk wh}lkgku uh}xmklkn lk}ck wh}cknwxnc wh}cknwxn c ukgk }hk`qi kuk yknc yknc k`kn gikb`x`kn bkskn ‑ bksknyk yknc gikomib. Ini ohoknc qxbiw gi}kokb`kn" whwkui uhnwinc mkci `iwk xnwx` mikq ohomxkw `x}tk uh}oinwkknyk. ;. @k}h`wh}iqwi` ukqk} fbicfufby Gk}i ghdiniqi gikwkq `iwk gkukw ohbilkw mhmh}kuk xnqx}h uhnwinc ,`k}k`wh}) ukqk} fbicfufby
Lknyk qhgi`iw uh}xqklkkn gkb0ko ingxqw}y ,dhs nxomh} fd di}oq)
U}fgx`nyk lfofchny kwkx wh}gidh}hnqi ,lfofchny f} giddh}hnwikwhg u}fgxa)
Uhnckomibkn `huxwxqkn yknc qkbinc ohouhnck}xli ,inwh}ghuhnghnah ghaiqifnq)
@fouhwiqi nfnlk}ck ,nfn u}iainc afouhwiwifn)
k. Lknyk Qhgi`iw Uh}xqklkkn Gkbko Ingxqw}i , Dhs Nxomh} fd Di}oq Qhak}k whf}iwiq qxbiw qh`kbi xnwx` ohnhwku`kn mh}kuk jxobkl uh}xqklkkn gigkbko ukqk}" kck} gkukw gi`kwk`kn fbicfufby. Nkoxn xn wx` gkqk} knkbiqiq" mikqknyk jxobkl uh}xqklkkn uh}xqklkkn gikqxoqi`kn `x}knc gk}i qhuxbxl& Gkbko `kqxqx wh}whnwx lknyk ‑ uh}xqklkkn wh}gkukw gxk uh}xqklkkn ,gxfufby). @h`xkwkn uh}xqklkn ‑ uh}xqklkk n gkbko ingxqw}y gkukw gix`x} ghnckn ohncliwxnc }kqif `fnqhnw}kqi ,afnahnw}kwifn }kwif). ]kqif `fnqhnw}kqi ohncliwxnc mh}kuk uh}qhn fxwuxw gkbko ukqk} fbicfufby gi`xkqki fbhl uh}xqklkkn ‑ uh}xqklkkn yknc gfoinkn ,houkw qkouki ghbkukn uh}xqklkkn). Ji`k }kqif `fnqhw}kqi houkw uh}xqklkkn uh}xqklkkn ,dfx} di}oq afnahnw}kwifn }kwif kwkx A]7) kgkbkl 45 (" mh}k}wi 45( fxwuxw gkbko ingxw}i gi`xkqki gkbko houkw uh}xqklkkn wh}mhqk}. A]7 yknc qhok`in `haib ohnah}oin`kn qw}x`wx} ukqk} yknc qhok`in mh}qkinc qhoux}nk. Ukqk} qxkwx ingxqw}y ginykwk`kn mh}qw}x`wx} fbicfufbiqwia kukmibk A]7 ohbhmili 75(. @iwk mikq jxck ohsncx`x} ohsncx`x} gh}kjkw gh}kjkw `fnqhny}kqi `fnqhny}kqi ghbkukn uh}xqklkkn ,A]<) kwkx jxobkl bkinyk. Ji`k A]< <5(" mh}k}wi <5( uhnjxkbkn fxwuxw gkbko ingxqw}y gixkqki fbhl ghbkukn uh}xqklkkn wh}mhqk}. Mh}gkqk}`kn a}iwh}ik A]7" qw}x`wx} ukqk} qhawf} ingxqw}y gi Ingfnhqik ukgk xoxonyk fbicfufby" qhmkckioknk giwxnjx``kn fbhl wkmbh" qhmkcki mh}i`xw
Wkmhb ;;.; A]7 Qh`wf} Ingxqw}i Ingfnhqik" Wklxn ;9<8" ;995 $ ;991 Nf.
; = 1 7 8 4 3 < 9
@hbfouf` Ingxqw}i
Ingxqw}i ok`knkn" oinxokn gkn whomk`kx Ingxqw}i wh`qwib" uk`kikn jkgi gkn `xbiw Ingxw}i `kyx gkn mk}kmc ‑ mk}kmc ‑ mk}knc mk}knc gk}i `kyx Ingxqw}i `h}wkq" mk}knc ‑ mk}knc ‑ mk}knc mk}knc gk}i `h}wkq uh}ahwk`kn gkn uhnh}miwkn Ingxqw}i `iok" gkn mk}knc ‑ mk}knc ‑ mk}knc mk}knc gk}i mklkn `ioik" oinyk` mxoi" mkwx mk}k" `k}hw gkn ubkqwi` Ingxqw}i mk}knc ckbikn mx`kn bfcko" `haxkbi oinyk` mxoi" gkn mkwx mk}k Ingxqw}i bfcko gkqk} Ingxqw}i mk}knc gk}i bfcko" ohqin ohqin gkn uh}kbkwknnyk uh}kbkwknnyk Ingxqw}i uhncfbklkn bkinyk
]kwk ‑ ]kwk ‑ }kwk }kwk qh`wf} ingxqw}y
;9<8
;995
;991
8< =4 ;3 73
4; == ;3 41
43 =4 ;3 84
73
77
73
4=
87
88
44 81 49
83 87 88
88 45 49
79
73
85
m. U}fgx` Lfofchn Lfofchn kwkx Wh}gidh}hnqikqi Wh}gidh}hnqikqi ,lfofchn f} giddh}hnwikwhg u}fgxa`) Gibilkw gk}i qidkw fxwuxw yknc gilkqib`kn" ukqk} fbicfufby oh}xuk`kn uh}kbilkn knwk}k uh}qkinckn qhoux}nkl ghnckn ofnfufbi. Uh}mhgkkn qidkw fxwuxw yknc gilkqib`kn k`kn ohouhnch}klxi uh}ibk`x uh}xqklkkn gkbko xukyk ohnakuki `fngiqi fuwiokb ,bkmk ok`qioxo). Ji`k gkbko ukqk} uh}qkinckn qhoux}nk uh}xqklkkn ohnckwx} jxobkl fxwuxw ,fxwuxw qw}kwhcy) xnwx` ohnckwx} winc`kw bkmk" gkbko ukqk} ofnfufbi lknyk qkwx uh}xqklkkn yknc okoux ohnchngkbi`kn lk}ck gkn fxwuxw" ok`k gkbko ukqk} ukqk} fbicfufby mhnwx` uh}qkinckn kwkx uh}xqklkkn kgkbkl uh}qkinckn lk}ck ,u}iainc qw}kwhcy) gkn nfn lk}ck , ,nfn u}iainc qw}kwhcy)" afnwfl ukqk} fbicfufby yknc ohnclkqib`kn u}fgx` gidh}hnqikqi kgkbkl ingxqw}y ofmib" }f`f`" dibo `koh}k. Qhgknc`kn yknc ohnclkqib`kn u}fgx` lfofchny kgkbkl ingxqw}y mkjk" uiuk uh}kbfn" qhnc gkn `h}wkq. Uhnccfbfnckn Uhnccfbfnckn ini ohouxnyki k}wi k}wi uhnwinc gkbko ohncknkbiqiq ohncknkbiqiq ukqk} ukqk} yknc fbicfufbiqwia. Qhok`in mhqk} winc`kw gidh}hnqikqinyk" uh}xqklkn ok`in wigk` ‑ uh}xqklkkn bkinyk. Mh}k}wi fbicfufby ghnckn wh}cknwxnc wh}cknwxn c ukgk `hcikwkn uh}xqklkkn ‑ uh}xqklkkn u}fgx` gidh}hnqikqi gkukw bhmil oxgk ohou}hgi`qi }hk`qi ‑ }hk`qi gk}i uh}xqklkkn ‑ uh}xqklkkn bkskn. Gibxk} xnqx}h ofgkb" }inwknckn xnwx` okqx` `hgkbko ingxqw}y fbicfufby yknc ohnclkqib`kn u}fgx` lfofchny bhmic qhgi`iw" `k}hnk ukgk ingxqw}i ghnckn u}fgx` gidh}hnqikqi qknckw mh}`kiwkn ghnckn bfykbiwkq `fnqxohn wh}lkgku u}fgx` ,oh}h`) wh}whnwx.
a. Uhnckomibkn @huxwxqkn Yknc Qkbinc Ohouhnck}xl O houhnck}xlii ,Inwh}ghuhngh , Inwh}ghuhnghnah nah Ghaiqifnq) @huxwxqkn uh}xqklkkn gkbko ohnhnwx`kn lk}ck gkn jxobkl fxwuxw k`kn ohouhnck}xli uh}xqklkkn bkinyk" mki` yknc qxgkl kgk ,h|iwinc di}oq) okxuxn yknc okqil gibxk} ingxqw}y ,ufwhnwikb di}oq). @k}hnknyk cxnk ohnklkn uh}xqklkkn ufwhnqikb xnwx` okqx` ingxqw}y" uh}xqklkkn yknc qxgkl kgk ohnhouxl qw}kwhci ohnhwku`kn lk}ck jxkb wh}mkwkq ,b`ioiwinl u}iahq)" u}iahq)" yknc yknc ohomxkw ohomxkw uh}xqklkkn ohni`okwi bkmk qxuh} nf}okb gimkskl winc`kw ok`qioxo. g. @fou}wiqf Nfn Lk}ck ,Nfn U}iainc Ahoufwiwifn) Gkbko xukyknyk ohnakuki `fngiqi fuwiokb" uh}xqklkkn wigk` lknyk mh}qkinc gkbko lk}ck"nkoxn lk}ck"nkoxn jxck nfn lk}ck ,nfn ,nfn u}iainc afouhwiwifn). Mhnwx` ‑ Mhnwx` ‑ mhnwx` `fouhwiqi nfn lk}ck knwk}k bkin kgkbkl uhbkyknkn ux}nk jxkb qh}kw i`bkn xnwx` ohomh}i`kn indf}okqi" indf}okqi" ohomhnwx` aiw}k yknc mki` wh}lkgku uh}xqklkkn uh}xqklkkn gkn oh}h` " qh}wk ohouhnck}xli uh}ibk`x `fnqxohn. @huxwxqkn inthqwkqi yknc k`x}kw giuh}bx`kn kck} uh}xqklkkn gkukw mh}jkbkn ghnckn winc`kw hdhqihnqi yknc qknckw wincci. Wigk` wh}wxwxu `hoxnc`inkn uh}xqklkkn ohbk`xi`kn `hcikwkn inwhbijhn ingiqw}i xnwx` ohouh}fbhl indf}okqi ,ohnchwklxi) `hkgkkn" `h`xkwkn gkn `hbhoklkn u hqkinc nykwk okxuxn ufwhnqikb. Indf}okqi ‑ indf}okqi ini qknckw uhnwinc kck} uh}xqklkkn gkukw ohouh}hgi`qi }hk`qi uhqkinc wh}lkgku qhwiku `huxwxqkn yknc gikomib. =. Dk`wf} ‑ Dk`wf} ‑ Dk`wf} Dk`wf} Uhnyhmkm Wh}mhnwx`nyk Ukqk} Ibicfufbi Kgk gxk gxk dkawf} uhnwinc uhnyhmkm uhnyhmkm wh}mhnwx`nyk ukqk} fbicfufby: fbicfufby: k. Hdiqihnqi Q`kbk Mhqk} Gkbko gxnik nykwk" uh}xqklkkn ‑ uh}xqklkkn yknc mh}ch}k` gkbko ingxqw}y ofmi" qhohn" `h}wkq" uxux`" gkn uh}kbkwkn ohqin" xoxonyk mh}qw}x`wx} fbicfufby. Wh`nfbfci ukgkw ofgkb , akuiwkb inwhnqith ) yknc gimxwxl`kn gkbko u}fqhq u}fgx`qi ohnyhmkm`kn hdiqihnqi ,mikyk }kwk ‑ }kwk oinioxo) mk}x wh}akuki mibk fxwuxw giu}fgx`qi gkbko q`kbk qknckw mhqk}. Gkbko ingxqw}y ofmib" xnwx` qkwx jhniq ofmib" q`kbk hdhqihnqi hdhqihnqi mk}x wh}akuki ji`k u}fgx`qi u}fgx`qi ofmib oiniokb 85"555 qkouki qkouki ;55"555 xniw xniw uh}wklxn. Ji`k uh}xqklkkn ohou}fgx`qi 1 jhniq ofmib qkjk" fxwuxw oiniokb qhbx}xlnyk knwk}k =55.555 ‑ 155.555 xniw uh}wklxn. Qhbknjxwnyk mibk mikyk u}fgx`qi uh} ofmib uxbxlkn jxwk }xuikl" gknk yknc gimxwxl`kn xnwx` ohou}fgx`qi }kwxqkn oibik} }xuikl uh} wklxn. Ji`k giliwxnc ghnckn mikyk inthqwkqi kskb" ok`k uh}xqklkkn yknc incin ohokqx`i ingxqw}y ofmib lk}xq ohnyiku`kn gknk w}ibixnkn }xuikl. @hkgkkn gikwkq oh}xuk`kn lkomkwkn xnxw` okqx` ,mk}}ih}q wf hnw}y) mkci uh}xqklkkn ‑ uh}xqklkkn uhnwinc. Wigk` ohnclh}kn`kn ji`k gkbko ukqk} fbicfufby lknyk wh}gkukw qhgi`iw u}fgxqhn.
m. @foubh`qiwkq Oknkjhohn. Mh}mhgk ghnckn wick qw}x`wx} ukqk} bkinyk ,uh}qkinckn qhoux}nk" ofnfufbi" gkn uh}qkinckn uh}qkinckn ofnfufbiqwia)" ofnfufbiqwia)" qw}x`wx} ukqk} fbicfufby fbicfufby giwkngki giwkngki ghnckn `fouhwiqi `fouhwiqi lk}ck gkn nfn lk}ck. Uh}xqklkkn jxck lk}xq ah}okw ohouh}liwxnc`kn qhwiku `huxwxqkn kck} wigk` ohniomxb`kn }hk`qi yknc oh}xci`kn gk}i uh}xqklkkn uhqkinc.
@k}hnk iwx gkbko ingxqw}y fbicfufby" `hokouxkn `hxkckn yknc mhqk} qkjk wigk` ax`xu qhmkcki ofgkb xnwx` mh}wklkn gkbko ingxqw}y. Uh}xqklkkn jxck lk}xq ohouxnyki `hokouxkn oknhjhohn yknc qknckw mki` kck} okoux mh}wklkn gkbko qw}x`wx} ingxqw}y yknc uhqkincnyk mhciwx `foubh`q. Wigk` mknyk` uh}xqklkkn yknc ohoibi`i `hokouxkn wh}qhmxw" qhlincck gkbko ukqk} fbicfufby k`li}nyk wh}gkukw qhgi`iw u}fgxqhn. 1. @hqhiomknckn @hqhiomknckn Fbicfufbiq Uh}xqklkkn Uh}xqklkkn yknc yknc mh}ch}k` gkbko ukqk} fbicfufby giqhmxw fbicfufbihq ,fbicfufbiqw). Qhmkcki u}fgxqhn" `hqhiomknckn wh}jkgi mibk bkmk ok`qioxo wh}akuki. Knkbiqiq `hqhiomknckn fbicfufby wigk` ohnh`kn`kn giohnqi sk`wx" ohbkin`kn `fouhwiqi. Uh}xqklkkn Uh}xqklkkn qhiomknc kwkx wigk` wi gk` mx`kn qkjk gibilkw gk}i `hokoPuxkn ohnckwx} fxwuxw gkn lk}ck" whwkui jxck `hokouxkn ohou}hgi`qi uh}ibk`x uhqkinc. @k}hnk iwx fbfcfufbiq k`kn ohnakuki `hqhiomknckn ji`k uh}xqklkkn gkukw ohbk`x`kn kuk yknc gkukw gibk`x`kn gkn wigk` ohouxnyki kbkq kn bkci xnwx` ohncxmkl jxobkl fxwuxw gkn lk}ck. Ghoi`ikn jxck ghnckn uk}k uhqkinc. Mhciwx `foubh`qnyk qiwxkqi gkbko ukqk} fbicfufby" qhlincck uk}k h`fnfo ohnchomknc`kn mh}mkcki ofghb xnwx` ohncknkbiqiq uh}ibk`x fbicfufbihq. Qkykncnyk " wigk` kgk qkwxuxn ofghb yknc giwh}iok qhak}k xoxo qhmkcki ofghb wh}mki`. Gkbko mkm ini lknyk k`kn gimklkq ofghb uh}oinwkkn ukwkl ,`in`hg ghokng ofghb) gkn ofghb `huhoiouinkn lk}ck ,u}iah bhkgh}qliu ofghb). k. Ofghb Uh}oinwkkn yknc Ukwkl ,`in`hg Ghokng Ofghb) Ofghb ini gi`homknc`kn fbhl U.O. qshhzy ,;919). Gxk uhoi`i}kn uhnwinc yknc gibfnwk}`kn qshhzy kgkbkl lk}ck gkbko ukqk} fbicfufby mh}qidkw `k`x ,indbh`qimbh) gkn fbicfufbihq ohnckomib `huxwxqkn mh}gkqk}`kn qi`ku ,qahnk}if) uhqioiq ,uhqqioiqwia ,uhqqioiqwia sky). sky). Uh}oinwkkn qknckw hbkqwiq hbkqwiq mibk lk}ck lk}ck giknki``kn giknki``kn gkn gkn inhbkqwia mibk lk}ck giwx}xn`kn. @fnqh`xhnqi gk}i uhoi`i}kn wh}qhmxw kgkbkl uh}xqklkkn ohnlkgkui gxk qahnk}if uh}oinwkkn. Qahnk}if Qahnk}if uh}wkok" uh}wkok" qhmxw qkj qkj G; kgkbkl uh}oinwkkn uh}oinwkkn ghnckn ghnckn kqxoqi uhqkinc wigk` mh}k`qi wh}lkgku qw}kwhci uh}xqklkkn. uh}xqklkkn. Uh}oinwkkn Uh}oinwkkn ini qknckw qknckw hbkqwiq. Uh}oinwkkn `hgxk ,G=) kgkbkl ji`k uhqkinc mh}hk`qi wh}lkgku qw}kwhci uh}xqklkkn. uh}xqklkkn. Uh}oinwkkn ini wigk` w igk` hbkqwia" qhuh}wi ckomk} gikc}ko gimkskl ini
‑ uxwxq). @x}tk yknc }hbktkn mkci uh}xqklkkn kgkbkl KMG= ,ck}iq wigk` uxwxq ‑ uxwxq). Qkouki mkwkq lk}ck U;" `x}tk uh}oinwkkn yknc }hbhtkn kgkbkl KM" `k}hnk ji`k uh}xqklkkn ohnhwku`kn lk}ck gikwkq U;" uhqkinc wigk` mh}hk`qi. K`imkwnyk mibk fbicfufbihq ohnhwku`kn `hnki`kn lk}ck" oiqkbnyk" ;5( ,U1)" ik k`kn `hlibknckn uh}oinwkkn bhmil mhqk} gk}i ;5( ,[; ‑ [1). Lkb ini `k}hnk uk}k fbicfufbihq ohnhwku`kn lk}ck gimkskl U;" oiqkbnyk U=" uhqkinc mh}hk`qi. @x}tk uh}oinwkkn yknc }hbhtkn kgkbkl MG=. Mibk fbicfufbihq ohnx}xn`kn lk}ck qhmhqk} ;5(" wkomklkn uh}oinwkkn yknc giuh}fbhl bhmil qhgi`iw gk}i ;5(" `k}hnk uh}xqklkkn ‑ uh}xqklkkn bkinyk i`xw ohnx}xn`kn lk}ck ,mh}k`qi). Oh}h`k wigk` okx `fnqxohnyk mh}uingkl `huh}xqklkkn `huh}xqklkkn yknc wkgi ohnx}xn`kn ohnx}xn`kn lk}ck. lk}ck. @x}tk uhnh}iokkn uhnh}iokkn ok}jinkb ,O]) yknc }hbhtkn mkci uh}xqklkkn kgkbkl KAGH. Lk}ck `hqhiomknckn ukqk} kgkbkl U;. Ukgk gikc}ko ;;.=" fbicfufbihq mh}kgk gkbko `hqhiomknckn ukgk qkkw O] ? OA ,wiwi` G) ghnckn jxobkl fxwuxw [;. Whwkui uh}xmklkn qw}x`wx} mikyk ,uh}xmklkn OA) wigk` fwfokwiq ohouhnck}xli lk}ck jxkb" qhmkm gkukw ohniomxb`kn }hk`qi uhqkinc. Ji`k OA mh}chqh} giknwk}k OA; qkouki OA= lk}ck wigk` mh}xmkl. Fbicfufbihq jxck wigk` k`kn ohncxmkl jxobkl fxwuxw" qhmkm qknckw oh}xci`kn. Oiqkbnyk fxwuxw ginki``kn `h [=" uhqkinc k`kn mh}hk`qi `k}hnk `x}tk O] yknc }hbhtkn kgkbkl KAGH. K`imkwnyk bkmk ohnx}xn `k}hnk O] 2 OA. Ji`k fbicfufbihq ohncx}knci fxwuxw `h [1 ,lk}ck bhmil wincci gk}i U;)" uhqkinc wigk` mh}hk`qi" qhlicck lkb ini oh}xci`kn" qhmkm ukgk u}fgx`qi [1" O] > OA" gkn bkmk yknc giuh}fbhl mh}`x}knc .
m. Ofghb @huhoiouinkn Lk}ck , u}iah bhkgh}qliu bhkgh}qliu ofghb )
gkbko ofghb ini uh}xqklkkn yknc gfoinkn ohnckomib iniqikid gkbko uhnhnwxkn lk}ck .Wxjxknnyk kgkbkl xnwx` ohninc`kw`kn bkmk ghnckn ohomhnwx` `fbxqi qhak}k ioubikqiw ,ioubiaiw afbbxqifn). Gi`kwk`kn `fbxqi `k}hnk uh}xqklkkn gfoinkn mh}lk}ku uh}xqklkkn bkin ohnci`xwi bknc`klwh}qhmxw. Gi`kwk`kn ioubiaiw `k}hnk `fbxqi wigk` mh}gkqk}`kn uh}jknjikn df}okb.u}fgxqhn gfoinkn ohomh}i`kn
qinykb lk}ck ,u}iah qicnkbinc)" oiqkbnyk ghnckn ohocxnk`kn ohgik okqqk ,`fnd}hnqi uh}q)u}fgxqhn gfoinkn ohoibi`i ufqiqi uhnhnwx lk}ck ,u}iah qhwwh})"uh}xqklkkn yknc bkin qhmkcki uhnh}iok lk}ck ,u}iah wk`h}) gikc}ko ;;.1 ohncckock}`kn qhmkcki qhak}k c}kdiq. Gi Ingfnhqik " qhohn Wick ]fgk ,ingfafohnw)"gkn dibo dxji kgkbkl afnwfl u}iah bhkgh} gkbko ukqk} yknc fbicfufbiqwia.
Uh}oinwkkn ukqk} kgkbkl Go yknc oh}xuk`kn uh}oinwkkkn wfwkb yknc gi lkgkui qhwiku uh}xqklkkn gkbko ukqk}" ukgk qkkw lk}ck U ;"uh}xqklkkn gfoinkn wigk` mh}u}fgx`qi . Mibk lk}ck gi mkskl U ="uh}oinwkkn uh}xqklkkn gfoinkn ighnwi` ghnckn uh}oinwkkn ingxqw}y " `k}hnk uh}oinwkkn wh}lkgku uh}xqklkkn bkin nyk qxgkl wigk` kgk ,nfb).qw}x`wx} uhnksk}kn ingxqw}y gi ckomk} `kn `x}tk Qo yknc oh}xuk`kn uhnjxobklkn mikyk ok}jinkb qhbx}xl uh}xqklkkn gkbko ingxqw}y .qhgknc`kn uh}oinwkkn uh}xqklkkn gfoinkn kgkbkl Ggghnckn q}x`wx} uhnksk}kn Qg. Xnwx` ohnakuki bkmk ok`qioxo uh}xqklkkn gfoinkn ohnykok`kn O] gkn OA" qhlincck ohjxkb qhlk}ck Ug ghnckn fxwuxw qhjxobkl [g. @k}hnk ufqiqi nyk lknyk qhmkcki uhnh}iok lk}ck " uh}xqklkkn/ uh}xqklkkn uh}xqklkkn bkin ohnhwku`kn jxobkl u}fgx`qi mh}gkqk} yknc gi whwku`kn uh}xqklkkn gfoinkn ,Ug) ghnckn lk}ck jxkb Ug uh} xniw" jxobkl fxwuxw yknc oholkqib`kn bkmk ok`qioxo kgkbkl [q" ukgk qkkw ?Qo. Jxobkl fxwuxw yknc gi u}fgx`qi ingxqw}y kgkbkl [o?[q[g. Qhkngkinky `fbxqi h`quiqiw ,h|ubiaiw afbbxqifn) giijin`kn"u}fgxqhn ohnhnwx`kn `h}jk qkok df}hokb yknc giqhmxw `k}whb ,ak}whb). Qhuh}wi yknc gi bk`x`kn fbhl Nhck}k/ nhck}k uhnclkqib oinyk` mxoi gkbko `k}whb ` k}whb FUHA uhomhnwx`kn `k}whb ohnyhmkm`kn ohnyhmkm`kn u}fgxqhn yknc mh}ckmxnc ohoibi`i ufqiqi fbiufbfci gfoinkn ,gfoinknw fbifufbiqw) gkn gkukw o"hnckomib iniqikwid uhnhnwx lk}ck.kbkw knkbiqiq uh}ibk`x uh}xqklkkn gfoinkn ,u}iah bhkgh}qliu ofgkb ).xnwx` ohnakuki lkqib ok`qiokb" gxk qky}kw gi uhnxli `k}whb "ykiwx ohoibi`i ufnwhnqi ofnfufbiq,uh}oinwkkn inhbkqwia )
A. U}iah bhkgh}qliu gkn `in`hg ghokng ax}th Gkbko uhomiak}kkn ohnchnki fbicfufbi gijhbkq`kn whnwknc whf}i `x}tk uh}oinwkkn yknc ukwkl,`in`hg ghokng ax}th) gkq}i }hk`qi bkskn. Qhuh}wi whbkl giqinccxnc" lkb iwx gigkqk}`kn ukgk kqxoqi mklsk uh}xqklkkn uh}xqklkkn bkskn k`kn ohouxnyki `hahngh}xnckn xnwx` ohnci`xwi uhnx}xnkn lk}ck gk}i uh}xqklkkn yknc fbicfbfufbiqwi`" wkui wigk` k`kn ohnci`xwi mibk lk}ck ginki``kn. Qhgknc`kn u}iah bhkgh}qliu oh}xuk`kn `hkgkkn gioknk uh}xqklkkn uh}xqklkkn k`kn ohnci`xwi uhoiouinyk" mki` xnwx` lk}ck nki` okxuxn lk}ck wx}xn. Ghnckn ghoi`ikn whf}i `in`hg ghokng ax}th wigk`bkl }hbhtkn ghnckn u}iah bhkgh}qliu. @in`hg ghokng ax}th lknky mh}bk`x mkci uhnx}xnkn lk}ck. Kukmibk lk}ck nki` ok`k o k`k uh}xqklkkn uh}xqklkkn bkin k`kn ohnci`xwi qhmkckioknk wh}jkgi kukmibk lk}ck wx}xn" ok`k lkb iwx k`kn ohnclkuxq`kn ‒ukwkl‟nyk `x}tk uh}oinwkkn gkn ghnckn ghoi`ikn whf}i `in`hg ghokng ax}th wigk` kgk. 7. Gxfufbi Gxfufbi ,gxfufby) kgkbkl `hkgkkn `lxqxq gioknk gkbko ukqk} fbicfufbi lknyk kgk gxk uh}xqklkkn. Ofghb inigi`homknc`kn xnwx` ohbilkw bhmil wkjko inwh}k`qi knkwk} uh}xqklkkn uh}xqklkkn gkbko ukqk} fbicfufbi. k. Ofghb afx}nfw ,afx}nfw ofghb) Ofghb ini gi`homknc`kn kxcxqwin afx}nfw ,h`fnfo u}knaiq) wklxn ;91<. Gkqk} uhnchomknckn ofghb ini kgkbkl `hqhiomknckn gxfufbihq wh}akuki mibk mikyk ok}jinkb kgkbkl nfb ,OA?5). Ghnckn uhomx`wikn fwfowiq " gxffufbiq , kukmibk oqinc/ okqinc )uh}xqklkkn wigk` qkbinc m}i}inwh}k`qi)k`kn ohnakuki inwh}k`qi `hqhinomncn mibk fxwuxw okqinc/okqinc uh}xqklkkn kgkbkl qhuk}xljxobkl uh}oinwkkn ukgk qkkw lk}ck U?5" Qhuh}wi gikc}ko mh}i`xw
Okqinc/okqinc gxfufbihq ,uh}xqklkkn yknc mh}fuh}kqi gkbko ukqk} gxfufby)ohouxnyki gkyk ofnfufbi yknc qkok. @huxwxqkn jxobkl fxwuxw yknc gi u}fgx`qi gxfufbihq mh}gkqk}`kn kqxoqi mklsk fxwuxw gxfufbihq yknc qkwx ,qkincknnyk) ,qkincknnyk) qxgkl gi uxwxq`kn gkn wigk` k`kn mh}xmkl. Oiqkb`kn uh}oinwkkn ukqk} kgkbkl: ․․․․․․․․․․․․․..․.,;;.;) [ ? 15 ‑ 15 ‑ U U ․․․․․․․․․․․․․ Kwkx U ? 15 ‑ 15 ‑ [ [ Gioknk: [ ? [ ; [= Ok`k uhnh}iokkn wfwkb gxfufbihq yknc uh}wkok ,W] ;) gkn `hgxk ,W] =) kgkbkl jxobkl fxwuxw yknc gi jxkb gi `kbi`kn lk}ck jxkb. W]; ? U | [; ? ,15 / [) | [; ? p15 / ,[;[=) | [; ? 15[; ‑ [ /[;/[=․․․․․․․․․․․․․... ․․․․․․․․․․․․․....,;;.=) .,;;.=)
Bkmk ok`qioxo wh}akuki mibk O] ?5 O] ? 15 15 / =[; [= ? 5․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,;;.1) [; ? ;8 / ;&= [=...................................... ............................................................. .................................,;;.7) ..........,;;.7) Uh}qkokkn ,;;.7) oh}xuk`kn `x}tk }hk`qi [ ;" `k}hnk ohnxnjx``kn mhqk}nyk fxwuxw yknc gi whwku`kn gxfufbihq gxfufbihq uh}wkok mh}gkqk}`kn uh}`i}kkn fxwuxw gxfufbihq `hgxk. Ghnckn ak}k yknc qkok `iwk gkukw ohnx}xn`kn `x}tk }hk`qi gxfufbihq `hgxk,[ =). [= ? ;8 ‑ ;8 ‑ ;&= ;&= [=........................................ ...........................................................,;; ...................,;;.8) .8) @hgxk `x}tk }hk`qi gkukw gi ckomk}`kn gkbko gikc}ko ;;.7 mh}i`xw ini
Gxfufbiq k`kn ohnakuki `hqhiomknckn mibk }hk`qinyk qkok ,[ ;?[=). Ghnckn uhnyhbhqkikn okwhokwi`k qhgh}lknk " `hqhiomknckn k`kn wh}akuki ukgk qkkw [;?[=?;5 xniw.ji`k U?15/[" ok`k lk}ck `hqhiomknckn kgkbkl =5. @hqhiomkckn ini gi qhmxw `hqhiomknckn Afx}nfw ,Afx}nfw h{xibim}ixo) kwkx wiwi` Afx}nfw ,afx}nfw ufinw). Gkbko Gikc}ko ;;.7 `hqhiomknckn `hqhiomknckn afx}fw wh}jkgi gi wiwi` A
ukgk wiwi` Afx}nfw wh}jkgi `hqhiomknckn yknc qwkmib" qhwiku ch}k`kn ohnjkxli wiwi` iwx k`kn gi gf}fnc xnwx` `homkbi `hwiwi` `hqhiomknckn " gi oknk okqinc/okqinc ohnlkqib`kn ;&1 gk}i fxwuxw wfwkb ingxqw}y . ofgkb ini gkukw gi `homknc`kn xnwx` bhmil gk}i gxk uh}xqklkkn yknc mh}qkinc. Kukmibk wh}gkukw n uh}xqklkkn gkbko ingxqw}y " ok`k okqinc/ okqinc uh}xqklkkn k`kn ohnclkqib`kn ;&,n;) gk}i fxwuxw wfwkb ingxqw}y " kwkx qhak}k mh}qkok/qkok oh}h`k ohnclkqib`kn qhmknyk` n& ,n;) gk}i fxwuxw wfwkb ingxqw}y m. Ofghb `huhoiouinkn Qwka`hbmh}c , Qwka`hbmh}c bhkgh}qliu ofghb ) Ofghb af}nfw gi kwkq ohnckqxoqi`kn mklsk `huxwxqkn gxk uh}xqklkkn gi bk`x`kn qhak}k mh}qkok.mkckioknk ji`k uh}xqklkkn yknc ohnckomib iniqikwid wh}bhmil gklxbx 6 qikuk yknc bhmil mh}xnwxnc 6 ofghb qwka`hbmh}c ohnafmh ohnjkskm uh}wkknykkn ini . ji`k `kqxq gi kwkq gi `homknc`kn ghnckn ohnckqxoqi`kn mklsk uh}xqklkkn uh}wkok ohnckomib iniqikwid " `hoxgikn uh}xqklkkn `hgxk ohnci`xwi"ok`k: U ?15 [" gi oknk `x}tk }hk`qi uh}xqklkkn `hgxk :[ =?;8 /;&= [; ok`k xnwx` ohnakuki bkmk ok`qioxo " dxncqi uhnh}iokkn uh}xqklkkn uh}wkok ohouh}wiwxnc`kn }hk`qi uh}xqklkkn `hgxk W]; ? p15 / [; [= . [; ? 15[; / [ / [= [;
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Mibk bkmk ok`qioxo wh}akuki ukgk qkkw O]?5" ok`k uh}xqklkkn uh}wkok ohou}fgx`qi qhmknyk` ;8 xniw. Qhohnwk}k uh}xqklkkn `hgxk mh}gkqk}`kn `x}tk }hk`qinyk ,[=?;8 /;&=[;) lknyk ohou}fgx`qi qhmknyk` 3"8 xniw. Jkgi ohnx}xw ofghb Qwka`hbmh}c" uh}xqklkkn yknc ohnckomib iniqikwid uhnhnwxkn lk}ck k`kn ohouh}fbhl bkmk gi mknginc uh}xqklkkn yknc lknyk ohnci`xwi ,dfbbfsh}) a. Ofgkb Gibhok Nk}kuigknk ,U}iqfnh}q’ Gibhook ofghb ) Ofghb ini incin ohnjhbkq`kn mkckioknk qi`ku qhqhf}knc ohnckomib `huxwxqkn gkbko `hkgkkn wigk` gkukw gi mh}`foxnxi`kqi ghnckn whokn kwkx bksknnyk. Ofghb gi mkncxn mh}gkqk}`kn ah}iwk mklsk gxk nk}kuigknk wh}wknc`ku qhwhbkl mh`h}jk qkok gkbko ohbk`x`kn `hjklkwkn.lkb yknc lk}xq gi bk`x`kn kgkbkl kuk`kl oh}h`k lk}xq ohnck`xi `hjklkwknnyk gi ghukn ufbiqi uhoh}i`qk" lkqib uky fdd yknc gi uh}fbhl gk}i qhwiku `huxwxqkn gi ckomk}`kn gkbko okw}i`q mh}i`xw ini
Nk}kuigknk M
Nk}kuigknk K
Ohnck`x Wigk` Ohnck`x
ohnck`x
Wigk` Ohnck`x
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Ji`k `hgxk nk}kuigknk ohnckomib `huxwxqkn ohnck`x " qhwiku f}knc k`kn gi uhnjk}k 8 wklxn. Qhmkbinyk ji`k qkok/ qkok wigk` ohnck`x okqinc/okqinc lknyk k`kn gi uhnjk}k`kn = wklxn. Mibk lknyk qkwx yknc ohnck`x"yknc wigk` ohnck`x k`kn gi uhnjk}k ;5 wklxn" yknc ohnck`x lknyk ; wklxn. @huxwxqkn yknc ukbinc ohncxnwxnc`kn kgkbkl mibk `hgxknyk wigk` ohnck`x" `k}hnk okqinc ‑ okqinc okqinc lknyk gi uhnjk}k qhbkok= wklxn. Whwkui oh}k`k wigk` ohouxnyki `hokouxk{n mh}`foxni`kqi `k}hnk gi wklkn gkbko gxk }xknckn yknc wh}}uiqk jkxl. @lkskwi} `k}hnk yknc bkin ohnck`xi `hqkbklkn" ok`k `hgxknyk nk}kuigknk ohnckomib `huxwxqkn xnwx` ohnck`x gkn okqinc/okqinc ohnjkbkni lx`xokn uhnjk}k 8 wklxn. Ofgkb gibhook nk}kuigknk gkukw gikgkuwkqi xnwx` ohncknkbiqiq `huxwxqkn okqinc/ okqinc gxfufbihq gkbko ohnhnwx`kn lk}ck jxkb. Oiqkbnyk uh}xqklkkn fwfokwid K kgkbkl ukqknckn gxfufbiq uh}xqklkkn fwfofwid M. Oh}h`k lk}xq ohnckomib `huxwxqkn whnwknc lk}ck jxkb ofmib oh}h`k. @huxwxqkn gkn lkqibnyk qhuh}wi gkbko okw}i`q gi mkskl ini. Uh}xqklkkn Fwfofwid M Uh}xqklkkn Fwfofwid M
Lk}ck Ofmib ]u ;=8 Jxwk&xniw
Lk}ck Ofmib ]u ;85 Jxwk&Xniw
Lk}ck Ofmib ]u ;=8 Jxwk&Xniw
;8.555" ;8.555
15.555" ;=.555
Lk}ck Ofmib ]u ;85 Jxwk&Xniw
8.555"15.555
=8.555" =8.555
Mibk uh}xqklkkn K gkn M okqinc/ okqinc ohnhwku`kn lk}ck ]u;=8 jxwk uh} xniw" qhwiku uh}xqklkkn k`kn ohnjxkb qhmknyk` ;8.555 xniw ofmib. Mibk qkok/qkok ohnjxkb ghnckn lk}ck ]u ;85 jxwk uh} xniw" okqinc/ okqinc ohnjxkb qhmknyk` =8.555 xniw ofmib. @k}hnk mh}mhgk gkbko `hkgkkn gibhook qhuh}wi yknc gi lkgkui nk}kuigknk gkbko afnwfl gi kwkq" ok`k `huxwxqkn kukuxn yknc gi whouxl fbhl uh}xqklkkn K" uh}xqklkkn M ohoibil xnwx` ohnhwku`kn lk}ck ofmib ]u ;=8 jxwk uh} xniw . ohnckuk6 Qhmkm ghnckn ohnhwku`kn lk}ck qhmhqk} ]u ;=8 jxwk uh} xniw" uh}xqklkkn M k`kn gkukw ohnjxkb ofmib oiniokb qkok ghnckn jxobkl uhnjxkbkn uh}xqklkkn K ,;8.555 xniw) ji`k uh}xqklkkn K ohoxwxq`kn lk}ck qkok. Whwkui ji`k uh}xqklkkn K ohnhwku`kn lk}ck bhmil oklkb" uh}xqklkkn uh}xqklkkn M okoux ohnjxkb 15.555 xniw. Ji`k uh}xqklkkn M ohnhwku`kn lk}ck ]u ;85 jxwk uh} xniw" `fngiqinyk mh}mklkyk qhmkm uh}xqklkkn K gkukw ohnjxkb ofmib qhmknyk` 15.555 xniw" qhgknc`kn uh}xqklkkn M lknyk 8.555 xniw qhkngkinyk uh}xqklkkn K ohnhwku`kn lk}ck ]u ;=8 jxwk. Ji`k Kngk kgkbkl kgkbkl gi}h`wx} uh}xqklkknn uh}xqklkknn K kwkx kwkx M" kuk yknc yknc Kngk uxwxq`kn6 uxwxq`kn6 ]knc`xokn
@k}k`wh}iqwi` ukqk} fbicfufby ohouxnyki mhmh}kuk xnqx} uhnwinc ykiwx :
Lknyk qhgi`iw uh}xqklkkn gkbko ingxqw}y ,dhs nxomh} fd di}oq)
U}fgx`nyk lfofchny kwkx wh}gidh}hnqikqi ,lfofchny f} gidh}hnwikwhw u}fgx`)
Uhnckomibkn ghaiqifnq)
`huxwxqkn
yknc
qkbinc
ohouhnck}xli
,inwh}ghuhnghnah
@fouhwiqi nfnlk}ck ,nfn u}iainc `fouhwhwifn)
Kgk gxk dkawf} uhnwinc uhnyhmkm wh}mshnwx`nyk ukqk} fbicfufby :
Hdhqihnqi q`kbk mhqk}
@foubh`qiwkq oknkjhohn
Uh}xqklkkn yknc mh}ch}k` gkbko ukqk} fbicfufby giqhmxw fbicfufbihq kukmibk. Qhmkcki u}fgxqhn `hqiomknckn wh}jkgi mibk bkmk ok`qioxo wh}akuki. Mhciwx `foubh`nyk qiwxkqi ukqk} gkbko fbicfufby" qhlincck uk}k h`fnfo ohnchomknc`kn mh}mkcki ofghb xnwx` ohncknibiqiq u}ibk`x fbicfufby. Gxfufby oh}xuk`kn `hkgkkn `lxqxq gioknk gkbko ukqk} fbicfufby lknyk kgk gxk uh}xqklkkn. Ofghb ini gi`homknc`kn xnwx` ohbilkw bhmil wkjko inwh}k`qi knwk} uh}xqklkkn uh}xqklkkn gkbko ukqk} fbicfufby.
Ofghb afx}nfw Ofghb ini gi`homknc`kn Kxcxqwin afx}nfw ,h`fnfo u}knaiq) ;91<. Gkqk} uhnchomknckn ini kgkbkl `hqhiomknckn gxfufbihq wh}akuki mibk mikyk ok}jinkb kgkbkl nfb ,OA ? 5). Ofghb `huhoiouinkn qwka`hbmh}c ,qwka`hbmh}c bhkgh}qliu ofghb) Ji`k gi`homknc`kn ghnckn ohnckqxoqi`kn mklsk uh}xqklkkn uh}wkok ohnckomib iniqikwid `hoxgikn uh}xqklkkn `hgxk ohnci`xwi ok`k xnwx` ohnakuki bkmk ok`qioxo" dxncqi uhnh}iokkn uh}xqklkkn uh}wkok ohouh}liwxnc`kn }hk`qi `hgxk. Ofghb gibhok nk}kuigknk Ofghb ini ohnjhbkq`kn mkckioknk qi`ku qhqhf}knc ohnckomib `huxwxqkn gkbko `hkgkkn wigk` gkukw mh}`foxni`kqi ghnckn whokn kwkx bksknnyk.
