The 19th Century World of Jose Rizal
2. Growth and Development of Nationalism 3. Nationalism is a sense of loyalty or psychological attachment that members of a nation share, based on a common language, history, culture, and desire for independence. It is a feeling that drives a people together as a nation. It is love of country expressed in devotion to and advocacy of national interest and independence. 4. The growth of nationalism can be attributed to two major revolutions of the earlier century; the American Revolution of 1776; and the French Revolution of 1789 5. The American Revolution gave birth to the United States of America. On the other hand, French Revolution led to the overthrowing of the absolute rule of the Bourbon Dynasty and the abolition of the feudal system. 6. The ideology of the French Revolution ; Liberty Fraternity Equality – had influenced subject peoples to cast off the yoke of colonialism by means of armed uprising. 7. There are three points that stand out in this complex ideology; 1.Nationalism has evolved from a real and or imagined cultural unity manifesting itself in a common language, history and territory. 2.Nationalists have usually sought to turn this cultural unity into political reality so that the territory of each people coincides with its state boundaries. 3.Nationalist believed that every nation has the right to exist in freedom and develop its character and spirit. 8. Negative side of Nationalism; - The ideas of national superiority and national mission can lead to aggressive crusades and counter- crusades. - Nationalism can also stress differences among peoples. 9. Rise and Gradual Spread of Liberalism and Democracy -The principal ideas of liberalism- liberty and equality- were first realized successfully in the American Revolution and then achieved in part in the French Revolution. This political and
social philosophy challenged conservatism in the European continent. -Liberalism demanded representative government as opposed to autocratic monarchy, equality before the law as opposed to legally separate classes. The idea of liberty also meant to specific individual freedoms: freedom of the press; freedom of speech,freedom of assembly; and freedom from arbitrary arrest. 10. Rise and Gradual Spread of Liberalism and Democracy Democracy became a way of life in many European countries, like Britain, Belgium, and Switzerland. -Democracy was gradually established thru the following means: *promulgation of laws that advance democracy; *undertaking of reforms thru legislation; abolition of slavery; *adoption of a liberal constitution; providing the citizens the *opportunity to propose laws; *adoption of manhood suffrage; and *granting of political, economic and social rights to the people. 11. The Industrial Revolution One of the most crucial developments in the 19th century was the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution refers to the transformation of manufacturing brought about by the invention and use of the machines. This development started in England and later on spread into Belgium, France, Germany, and even in the United States. 12. Positive effects of industrial revolution; The rise of the factory system; Mass production of essential and non-essential goods; Improvement of people’s standard of living; Greater urbanization of society; Beginnings of specialization or division of labor; Invention of labor-saving devices; The beginnings of industrial capitalism; Fostering of liberalism and nationalism; and Encouragement of people’s mobililty. 13. Negative effects of Industrial Revolution; -Widening of gap between the rich and the poor; -Unending economic warfare between labor and capital and other environmental problems Beginning of child and women labor; and -Intensification of imperialistic rivalry between and among industrialized countries. In the Philippines, it caused the displacement of the farmers from their lands.
14. The Advancement of Science The triumph of science and technology had at least three significant consequences. - First, everyday experience and innumerable scientists impressed the importance of science on the mind of ordinary citizens. Second, as a science became more prominent in popular thinking, the philosophical implication of science spread to broad sections of the population. Technical advances led the people to develop optimistic faith in man’s capability to achieved progress. -Third, the methods of science acquired unrivaled prestige after 1850. For many, the union of careful experiment and abstract theory was the only route to truth and objective reality. 15. Optimism and Confidence in Progress Optimism or faith in society and man’s ability to progress was brought about by the advancement of science, the coming of steam-powered industry, and the spread of liberalism and socialism. The optimism of the century was summed by Marquis de Condorcet in his work, Sketch for the Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind. He saw that “the strongest reason for believing that nature has set no limit to the realization of our hopes” and foresaw “the abolition of inequality between nations, the progress of equality within nations, and the true perfection of humanity. Progress was now independent of any power that might wish to halt it and will never be reversed.” 16. Optimism and confidence in progress can be gleaned from the achievements of men in the 19th century. Notable among these were the following; -Extensions of human rights to many people; -Promotion of higher education for men and women; Education for nationalism in schools; -Investment in science to serve mankind; -Improvement of public health thru the establishment of numerous, hospitals; and -Emergence of realistic literature, depicting the life of the time 17. End J
