Descripción: An analysis of the theoretical techniques used by Jimi Hendrix.
This course provides an overview of the theoretical foundations of nursing. It examines philosophical schools of thought and theoretical perspectives from nursing and related disciplines. It presen...
Theoretical Frameworks
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Theoretical Framework This chapter presents and discusses theories that are applicable to our study. This theories helps explain the concept behind the research and establish the relationship of the study’s variables. John B. Watson derived much of his thinking from the work of Ivan Pavlov’s animal studies (classical conditioning) and applied it to human beings. In 1921, Watson studied Albert, an 11 month old infant child. The goal of the study was to condition Albert to become afraid of a white rat by pairing the white rat with a very loud, jarring noise. At first, Albert showed no sign of fear when he was presented with rats, but once the rat was repeatedly paired with loud noise; Albert developed a fear of rats. It could be said that the loud noise induced fear. The implications of Watson’s experiment suggested that classical conditioning could cause some phobias in humans. Watsons coined the term “Behaviorism” which basically revolves around the principle that human behavior is but a response to external stimuli. Behaviorism helps us understand and explain the nature of any human behavior. It is rooted on what the developers of this movement call as the “stimulus-response model”. Concepts of Behaviorism may be applied to the thought that a student’s tardiness is always just a response to an external factor. According to John B. Watson, in his development of Behaviorism, any human act or behavior can be explained without having to study internal and mental processes and consciousness. All human behavior, furthermore, is caused by external stimuli. Basing from this theory a student tends to get tardy because it is provoked by an instructor who doesn’t do any action like giving punishment to those students who are frequently tardy that results in thinking of a student that it is okay to get tardy because there is no consequence in their behavior. Further supporting this experiment is the theory of Burrhus Frederic skinner who believed that the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences that he called Operant Conditioning meaning roughly changing of behavior by the use of reinforcement which is given after the desired response. Skinner studied operant conditioning by conducting experiments using animals which he placed in a 'Skinner Box' which was similar to Thorndike’s puzzle box. Skinner identified three types of responses or operant that can follow behavior: Neutral operant which are responses from the environment that neither increase nor decrease the probability of behavior being repeated, second is punishment that is designed to weaken or eliminate a response rather than increase it. The two types of punishment
are positive punishment involves the presentation of an unfavorable event or outcome in order to weaken the response it follows and negative punishment which is also known as punishment by removal that occurs when an favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs. Lastly reinforcers this are responses from the environment that increase the probability of a behavior being repeated. Positive reinforcers are favorable events or outcomes that are presented after the behavior. In situations that reflect positive reinforcement, a response or behavior is strengthened by the addition of something, such as praise or a direct reward. From the skinner’s box, the box contained a lever in the side and as the rat moved about the box it would accidentally knock the lever. Immediately it did so a food pellet would drop into the container next to the lever. The rat quickly learned to go to the lever after a few times of being put in the box. Negative reinforcers involve the removal of an unfavorable events or outcomes after display of a behavior. In these situations, a response is strengthened by the removal of something considered unpleasant. Skinner showed how negative reinforcement worked by placing a rat in his Skinner box and then subjecting it to an unpleasant electric current which caused it some discomfort. As the rat moved about the box it would accidentally knock the lever. Immediately it did so the electric current would be switched off. The rats quickly learned to go straight to the lever after a few times of being put in the box. The consequence of escaping the electric current ensured that they would repeat the action again and again. In fact Skinner even taught the rats to avoid the electric current by turning on a light just before the electric current came on. The rats soon learned to press the lever when the light came on because they knew that this would stop the electric current being switched on. In relation with the problem tardiness, when a student goes to school early he/she will learn things that the late students will miss which in return they have a higher grade than those who are late and this will be encouraged to continue going to school early and when a student tends to get tardy and was sent to get an admission slip or they will miss a quiz that results in having a low grade in response to that unpleasant consequence that student will go to school early for he/she doesn’t want to get an admission slip or to have a low grade.
