Pemahaman tentang teori produksi film, tentang apa yang dibutuhkan dan jadwal skejul produksi film yang di butuhkan.
It explains the basic principles of acoustic theory of speech productionFull description
Theory of Machine and MechanismsDescripción completa
Theory of Plates and ShellsFull description
taxation
Art Appreciation LectureFull description
Oil and gasDescripción completa
Full description
Fundamentals of production Control and planningDescripción completa
Fundamentals of production Control and planning
article about the contemporary western popular music industryDescripción completa
Feasibility
dr.nikhil dhar (PHD) lecture on production planning and control
PGP I Term I
Broad types of businesses organizations Proprietorship Partnership Corporations
What is a ‘firm’? Specialized organization devoted to managing the process of production •
•
•
Produce goods or services Raise resources Manage and coordinate production process
Why do firms exist? •
•
Transaction cost (Ronald Coase, 1937)-specific assets, contractual issues, hold up problems Horizontal and vertical boundaries of firms
Firm’s objectives 1. Produce maximum output from given level of inputs (technical efficiency) 2. Produce at least cost (cost efficiency), given •
•
The output level Price of inputs
3. Supply output that maximize profit
Production function
Cost min. subject to output level
Production with one variable input
Production with one variable input Labour(L)
Total output
AP
MP
0
0
-
-
1
10
10
10
2
30
15
20
3
60
20
30
4
80
20
20
5
95
19
15
6
108
18
13
7
112
16
4
8
112
14
0
9
108
12
-4
10
100
10
-8
Product curves Output
D
112
C
80
60 30
B A 2 3 4
Labour
8
AP, MP E
Stage I
Stage II
Stage III
Labour
Relationship between AP and MP
Technology improvement/Change in K
Output C
Q3 B
Q2 Q1
A
L1 L2
L3
Labour
Returns to scale (all inputs are variable)
Which cost matters and which does not? Opportunity cost matters in economic decision making. Sunk cost-Should be ignored; opportunity cost is zero Fixed versus variable cost Fixed cost versus sunk cost Marginal and average cost
Short run costs
Relationship between short run production and short run costs
The shapes of the cost curves Cost Total cost B
Variable cost
A Fixed cost Output
The shapes of the cost curves Cost
MC ATC AVC AFC Output
Relationship between AC and MC
Relationship between Average and Marginal costs If MC > ATC, then ATC is rising. If MC = ATC, then ATC is at its low point. If MC < ATC, then ATC is falling. If MC > AVC, then AVC is rising. If MC = AVC, then AVC is at its low point. If MC < AVC, then AVC is falling.
Long run cost curves Cost LRMC
LRAC
A
Output
Economies of scale Long run AC falls if economies of scale Long run AC rises if diseconomies of scale
Reasons for economies of scale: •
Specialization and IRS
•
Cheaper inputs, loans
•
Lower advertising cost/marketing cost
Reasons for diseconomies of scale •
Inefficient management and coordination issue
•
Bulk effect disappears
•
Specialization effect disappears and DRS
Cost elasticity and economies of scale
Returns to scale and cost IRS: LRAC exhibits economies of scale CRS: LRAC is constant as output increases DRS: LRAC exhibits diseconomies of scale
Exercise 1. Assume that the
marginal cost of production is increasing. Can you determine whether the average variable cost is increasing or decreasing? Explain.
2. Assume that the marginal cost of production is greater than the average variable cost. Can you determine whether the average variable cost is increasing or decreasing? Explain.
3. If the firm’s average cost curves are U-shaped, why does its average variable cost curve achieve its minimum at a lower level of output than the average total cost curve?
