CASES ON JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN PALAWAN PROVINCIAL JAIL AND PUERTO PRINCESA CITY JAIL SILVER JOHN S. SOBEBE AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY COMMITTEEOF THE COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCES ANDTECHNOLOGY WESTERN PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITYPUERTO PRINCESA CAMPUS IN PARTIALFULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTSFOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF ARTS IN SOCIOLOGY APRIL 2010 ACKNOWLEDGMENT The researcher wishes to express his profound gratitude and sincere appreciation to the following individuals who willingly participated for the achievement of this study. To his adviser, Dr. Franklin Joseph Solita, for his assistance, encouragement and aspiring suggestions; To the members of the panel, Prof. Violeta T. Bargoyo, Ms. Juliet V. Vergara and, Prof. Jimmy M. Donton, Advisory Committee for their comments and suggestions for the refinement of the study; To Prof. Arlene L. Avillanosa, Dean, College of Arts, Sciences and Technologyfor her sincere approval; To his Statistician, Prof. Bonifacio V. Ayco, for his kindness, valuable suggestions and analysis of the statistical data; To his English critique, Ms. Katherine L. Halili;Mr. Diolin V. Hombre,for allowing the researcher to use his computer.Ms. Abegael B. Bantan, for her comments and suggestions. To Col. Ramon C. Espina, Warden, Palawan Provincial Jail, for allowing theresearcher to conduct the study in the said jail. To Supt. Ronaldo M. Senoc, Warden, Puerto Princesa Jail, for allowing theresearcher to conduct the study in the said jail To his beloved friends, Lhandz, Myra, Ping, Kath, Liza, Jane, Mitch, Temz, Telena, Geraldine, Yamz, and Jesel boy for their encouragement and help to attain the success of this study To his Social work friends, Reji Pancho, Joy eleca, Nikkie Dagot, Shiela Denaga,Mamie and Sai for their supports and companionship. To his board mates, Angela, Anne, Aiza, Alvin, Dagz, Jr, Chie, Joey, Jason, Beloi,Temz, T joanee, Erick, Ian and Patrick for their supports and untiring happy smile. To his best friend, Rojaipha Custudio. To his close friends, Maya Elvie, Ley, Romar, Dodong, Tin2, Mariel, Tita Jaja,Bunzo Especially Jerick and Dave. To his loving sisters and brother, Verlia, Velia, Chemphy, Mcgyver and Princess.
To his supportive and loving parents, Mr. Silverio L. Sobebe and Mrs. Lilia S.Sobebe for their patience, financial and moral support to the researcher. Finally, to God Almighty for his supervision and for giving him wisdom and knowledge needed for the accomplishment of this study. SJ.SS BIOGRAPHICAL DATA NAME :
Silver John S. Sobebe
NICKNAME :
Totz
BIRTHDAY :
April 01, 1990
BIRTHPLACE :
Alfonso XIII Quezon Palawan
CIVIL STATUS :
Single
RELIGION :
Roman Catholic
PARENTSFATHER :
Silverio L. Sobebe
MOTHER :
Lilia S. Sarusad
EDUCATIONAL ATTANMENT Level School
Year Graduated
ELEMENTARY :
Quezon Central School 2003Pob. Quezon Palawan
SECONDARY :
Quezon National High School 2006Pob. Quezon Palawan
TERTIARY :
Western Philippines University 2010Puerto Princesa CampusPuerto Princesa City
COURSE :
Bachelor of Arts in Sociology ABSTRACT
Sobebe, Silver John S., College of Arts Sciences and Technology, Western Philippines University, Puerto Princesa Campus, Puerto Princesa City, March 2010. ”CASES ON JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN PALAWAN PROVINCIAL JAIL AND PUERTO PRINCESA CITY JAIL” .´70 pages. Adviser: Franklin Joseph D. Solita Ed.D The study entitled ³Cases on Juvenile Delinquency in Palawan provincial Jail and Puerto Princesa City Jail´ was conducted from January 26-28, 2010. The study was carried out (1) to determine the demographic and socio-economic profile of the respondents; (2) to identify the cases filed to the respondents ; (3) to analyze the levels of motivation of the respondents in terms of the factors that motivate them to commit an offense (4) to find out if there is a significant relationship between the respondents demographic and socio-economic profile and the factors cited; (5) to find out if there is significant difference between the factors cited among the respondents in Palawan Provincial Jail and Puerto Princesa City Jail.
The descriptive method was used to gather information pertaining to the cases on juvenile delinquency; the total enumeration was used in the selection of the respondents within the two selected area of the study namely the Provincial Jail and City Jail. Pearson product moment correlation was used in analyzing the relationship between the respondent’s demographic and socio-economic profile and the factors level of motivation. The total enumeration was used the 12 respondents are from Palawan Provincial Jail and 3 respondents from Puerto Princesa City Jail with a total of 15 respondents. In the data gathered by the researcher in Provincial Jail, Results revealed that majority six (50.0%) of the respondents belonged to the age bracket of 23-26and to be followed by six (50%) of the respondents were on ages of 19-23. While on the data gathered on the City jail showed that three of the respondents are now in the age of 25-20 it can be observed that the respondents are now on their legal age. In terms of early commission of crimes, respondents coming from both Provincial Jail and City Jail were minors. In terms of Cases on Juvenile Delinquency the twelve respondents has an equal response, six of them have been accused on murder and six were charged on rape however the three respondents from City jail have been charged on murder robbery and theft. Further results revealed that the null hypothesis have no significant difference between the level of motivation among City Jail and Provincial Jail inmates. There is no significant relationship between the respondents demographic and socio-economic profile in the factors cited such Individual factors, Family factors, School factors, Peer related factors and Community factors. TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE APPROVAL SHEET ACKNOWLEDGMENT BIOGRAPHICAL DATA ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF APPENDICES CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study Conceptual Framework Research Paradigm Statement of the Problem Hypothesis Significance of the Study Scope and Limitation Problem Locale of the study Time frame Definition of Terms II REVIEW OF LITERATURE Related Literature and Studies
i ii iii v vi viii x xi xii
PAGE 1 3 5 6 7 8 10
12 13
III METHODOLOGY Research Design Sampling Procedure Research Instrument Research Procedure Statistical Tools/ Treatments
23 23 23 24 24
IV RESULTSAND DISCUSSION Demographic and Socio-economic profile of 30 the respondents in PPCJ Cases filed to the respondents 33 Demographic and Socio-economic profile of 38 the respondents in PPJ Level of perception of the respondents 34 Difference between PPCJ and PPJ 48 Correlation of data in terms of demographic and Socio-economic50 Profile of the respondents with regards to the factors cited V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary Conclusions Recommendations
53 55 56
BIBLIOGRAPHY
57
APPENDICES Letter of Request for the Warden Letter of Request for the Respondents Survey Questionnaire
60 61 62
DOCUMENTATION
63 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. 2. 3. 4.
Page Demographic and Socio-economic profile of the respondents in PPJ Demographic and Socio-economic profile of the respondents in PPCJ Level of perception on the factors that motivate the youth to commit an offense in PPJ Level of perception on the factors that motivate the youth to
30 40 34 43
commit an offense in PPCJ 5. 6.
Difference between PPCJ and PPJ paired samples correlation Correlation among the Demographic and Socio-economic profile in regards with the factors cited
48 49
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The Research Paradigm of the study 2. Location Map showing the area of the study
Page 5 11
LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix
Page
a. Letter of Request for the Warden
59
b. Letter of Request for the Respondents
60
c. Letter for the Respondents
61
d. Survey Questionnaire
62
e. Documentation
68
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the study This paper examines the delinquent’s acts among the adolescents. The acts are associated with the anti-social activities, including the deviance behavior in the society; it does not conform to the set of rules and norms. Youth are likely to adopt such behavior when they are exposed during childhood; some of delinquents are from delinquent peers, parental criminality, exposed to criminal activities, hyper activities and beliefs to the attitudes favorable to deviant activities. The juvenile delinquency is an abundant area for the construction of sociological theory. Delinquency is defined as the action; course or conduct that deviates from the acts approved by the majority of people. It is a description of those acts that do not conform to the accepted rules, norms, and mores of the society. Delinquency, therefore, is a general term for any misconduct or misbehavior that is tantamount to felony or offense. It is, however distinct from crime in the sense that the former may be in the form of violation of law, ordinance or rule but it is punishable only by a small fine or short term imprisonment or both. Legally speaking delinquency means the failure to perform an act required by law, or the non-existing law or rule (Mendoza, 2002).The problems of juvenile delinquents are much related to social problems. To survive in life you almost have to become delinquent. Exposed to criminal elements these children are vulnerable to prostitution, drug addiction pushing and most street children have become juvenile delinquents either out of necessity because they are poor or through the force called modos operande. Puerto Princesa City has now a large number of youth that is not productive in our community. Some of them are engaged in many anti-social activities; an anti-social activity that is not conform by the prevailing norms, as the sociology student I had a lot of bad experienced with this so called juvenile offenders and yet I felt bad about the situation that they were, some of the youth are member of gangs, this groups might have a great influence pertaining to youth behavior, this gangs exist in the selected barangays of Puerto Princesa, it is much likely can be explained as the deviance act, it is not an aggressive offenses but sometimes it will trigger them to level up and became like an adult criminal. A large problem arose from the treatment accorded to the juveniles when they were placed in jails. Most juvenile delinquents were not segregated from the hardened adult criminals in the biggest jails in the Philippines, such as in the Muntinlupa jail outside Manila, so that after their release they went back in the street with more knowledge of crime. This
severely hampered the social integration of the youth offenders after they left prison. Chances were high that these young offenders would become chronic delinquents and eventually hardened criminals (Manwong, wt al, 2002) Three major sociological traditions have the best way to explain to this matter including the structural functionalism, symbolic interactionism, and conflict theory. This 3 major theory in the field of sociology contribute its explanation of delinquency. Much of the work in this area seeks to explain why officially recorded delinquency is intense in the lower class, or in what is today more often called the underclass. Given the fact that most of the offenders are coming from the lower class or poor, it is because they are not well informed in many ways (Conrad, et al, 2002) Current research into this difficult and pressing issue reflects a vast range of theories about, and predictors of delinquency as well as a multitude of strategies to control and reduce overall delinquency. The consensus among practitioners and researchers however maintains that juvenile delinquency is a dynamic, multifaceted problem with numerous potentially causal factors. Subsequently, investigators and professionals suggest that treatment procedures must focus on not only the immediate issue of the offender’s deviant behavior but on every element within the context of that behavior as well, including for example, family relations and social support services/networks. Conventional practice has long associated early preventive measures with positive delinquency reduction results. In particular, timely recognition of at-risk youth and correction of ineffective or minimally effective parenting techniques are critical to the prevention of future delinquency (Lundman, 1993). Numerous risk factors have been identified as indicators or predictors of juvenile delinquency and those factors represent dysfunction at several levels, specifically within the structure of the offender’s family. Some of this factor includes conflict within the family, a lack of adequate supervision and/or rules, distinct lack of parent-child attachment, instability, poor home life quality, parental expectations, out-of-home placements and inconsistent discipline. Social service professionals who frequently come into contact with children must be specially vigilant in order to detect the presence of any of the possibly contributory conditions mentioned above and to refer families to appropriate sources of assistance as early as possible. Generally speaking, the relationship between family conflict and delinquency is significant (Shumaker, 2000). Conceptual Framework The primary objective of this study is to determine the case filed to the juvenile delinquents in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan. Literature acquaints that socio-economic characteristics such as present age and age during commission of crimes, gender, civil status, educational attainment, ethnic affiliation, parents income and monthly income of adolescents who engaged in crime may show a discrepancy. The conceptual framework shows independent variables which include the socio-economic profile of the delinquents. On the other hand intervening variables which include the factors that motivate the youth to commit crimes. The dependent variables are the level of significance. Statement of the Problem The study aims to answer the following questions regarding the cases filed against the Juvenile Delinquent at the Palawan Provincial Jail. Specifically, it will attempt to answer the following research questions.
1. What are the demographic and socio economic profile of the juvenile delinquent sat the Princesa City Jail in terms of: a. Present age b. Age during the commission of crime c. Civil status d. Gender e. Educational attainment f. Ethnic group g. Religion h. Parents occupation i. Monthly family income 2. What are the cases filed against the juvenile delinquents?
Palawan Provincial Jail and Puerto
3. What is the level of motivation on the factors cited among respondents in: a. b.
Palawan Provincial Jail Puerto Princesa City Jail
4. Is there a significant relationship between the respondent’s demographic and socio-economic profile and the factors cited in Palawan Provincial Jail and Puerto Princesa City Jail?
a. Individual factors b. Family factors c. Social factors d. Peer-related factors e. Community factors
5. Is there a significant difference between the factors cited among the respondents in; a. b.
Palawan Provincial Jail Puerto Princesa City Jail
Significance of the study This study has a great significance to our local government officials, as well as to the students, faculty and administrators of Western Philippines University. The results of this study would like to show design interventions and motivational instruments that are responsive to the youth related cases in Puerto Princesa City. The law enforcers of Palawan expect a tremendous rate of crimes coming from the youth or so called the juvenile delinquents, this might happen because of the rapid population growth in the society. This study will also be useful to the parents who are responsible in playing the positive role for their children. The role of parents is to emphasized to their children the importance of education but the questions which always remain, does the involvement of parents will have a positive impact on the children’s achievement, or do they push their children too hard? This will inform them to be aware on every possible outcomes and involvement of their children in crimes. This study would be helpful also to the Filipino family, for them to be aware, to know exactly the role of family inside the home and the acts of discipline to the children; we all know that family is responsible for the primary nurturing and rearing of children which is in critical delinquency prevention. Would serve as a primary motivational element for the establishments of God fearing family. The study would be specifically useful to the administration of Palawan Provincial Jail and Puerto Princesa City Jail that serves as the correctional institution in Palawan. This study would bring an impact to our educational system; educational institutions shall work together with families, community organizations and agencies in the preventions of juvenile delinquency and in the rehabilitation Andre integration of child in conflict in the sets of prevailing norms and mores. Schools shall provide adequate necessary and individualized educational schemes for children manifesting difficult behavior. On the other hand, the mass media should play an active role in the promotion of child rights, and delinquency preventions by only relaying on consistent messages through balanced sending of information. It would be functional if local council should serve as the primary agency to coordinate with and assist the LGU concerned for the adoption of comprehensive plan on delinquency preventions.
The Local government of Puerto Princesa City should focus on the welfare of the delinquent youths; the city planning must established an institution as there habilitating center for the related case of juvenile crime. Promotion of welfare a24 hour group care, treatment and rehabilitation services under the guidance of trained staff. The DSWD must communicate to local government in Puerto Princesa City Palawan to promote a juvenile rehabilitation institution Scope and limitation Problem The study aims to answer the following questions regarding the cases on juvenile delinquency in Palawan Provincial Jail and Puerto Princesa City Jail. a. Problem This study was conducted at the Palawan Provincial Jail and Puerto Princesa City Jail. b. Locale of the study This study was conducted at the Palawan Provincial Jail and Puerto Princesa City Jail. c. Time Frame This research pointed out only the delinquents that are detained at the Palawan Provincial Jail and Puerto Princesa City Jail. The focused of the study was the factors that motivate the youth to commit an offense and be called as the delinquent. The study was in the month of January. Operational Definition of Terms To facilitate the understanding of ideas in this study, the terms are defined operationally. Age-these terms refer to the length of time a person lived Crime-these refer to the breach of rules or laws for which some governing authority (via mechanisms such as police power) may ultimately prescribe conviction. Delinquent acts-Anti social behavior performed by the delinquent people Demographic profile-These is refer to the age, civil status, educational attainment, ethnic group and religion. Educational attainment- These terms refer to the level of education finished on currently enrolled by the respondents. Ethnic affiliation-these is refer to the ethnic groups and tribes Juvenile delinquency-these is refer to the youth that involved in many anti social activities against the law. Respondent-These is refer to a group of people that is being asked for the research study. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LTERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter presents the related literature and studies. Foreign literature and studies The harsh beginning Children were viewed as non-persons until 1700s. They did not receive special treatment or recognition. Discipline then is what we now call abuse. There were some major assumptions about life before the 1700¶s. The first assumption about life was hard, and you had to be hard to survive, the people of that time in history did not have the conveniences that we take for granted. The second assumption was that infant and child mortality were high. It did not make sense to the parents in those days to create emotional bond with children. There was a strong chance that the children would not survive until adulthood (Manwong 2000).
th
At the end of the 18 century, ³The Enlightenment´ appeared as the new cultural transition. This period of history is sometimes known as the beginning of reason and humanism. People began to see children as flower that needed nurturing in order to bloom. It was the beatings to stay in line (Gramskie, et al, 2005). th
Prior to the 20 century, juvenile offenders were often treated as adults. The first development contrary to this in United Kingdom was establishment of borstal training center in place normal imprisonment, which was intended to build up the offender’s character (Cohen, et al, 2004). Delinquency through path Analysis Juvenile delinquency has become an increasing concern to society; aggressive behaviors are particularly harmful. This study examined parent and youth behaviors and personality types that may influence delinquent and aggressive behaviors. Youths were referred by the court to an intervention program; ratings of delinquency and aggression were derived from parent reports, self-report, and court referral data. Results showed that high parent ratings of youth aggressiveness were related to high turmoil in the home and to youths' positive opinions of delinquent peers, while high aggressiveness of the youths' referring offenses was related to lax punishment. Developmentally, this suggests that in adolescence both the peer group and home influences are important in shaping different aspects of the youths' aggressive and delinquent behaviors(Erdwin, et al., 2002). Relationships between father's occupation, delinquent peer association, tendency to neutralize, and self-reported delinquency are explored in a path model. Self-reported delinquencies are categorized into Minor, Predatory, and Aggressive delinquency. The effect of this division is analyzed among Mexican Americans and Anglo college students (N =694).The structure of the resulting path models remained similar across these sub samples, although there was some variation in the strength of the relationships. The effect of father's occupation was minimal. The strongest relationships were between neutralization and delinquency, controlling for delinquent peers and for father's occupation, which decreased as the seriousness of the delinquency increased. Additionally neutralization was more strongly related to delinquency among Anglos tha namong Mexican Americans, explaining 39% of the variation in delinquency among Anglos, but only 28% among Mexican Americans. Association with delinquent peers, however, was more strongly related to delinquency among Mexican Americans ( Farrington, et, .al 2000). Social Factors, portrayals of violence among youths The motion picture industry began depicting delinquent youth in the1930s, and the practice continues to the present day. Since the 1950s, youth between the ages of 12 and 20 have comprised about 40% of all admissions to American movie theaters (Squire, 1983). Further, the proliferation of videocassette recorders has increased the ability of adolescents to view motion pictures. A large youth audience exists for movies dealing with adolescent themes, such as juvenile delinquency. Given the high incidence of juvenile delinquency and conduct disorder in the United States (Lewis, 1991), it is logical to conclude that a large number of delinquent youth are viewing contemporary films, especially those dealing with topics relevant to them. Due to the relative ease of access to videocassette recorders and cable television, there is increasing evidence that the age at which youth are exposed to the movies is becoming lower. Current evidence suggests that the use of aggression as a means of solving social problems usually develops early in life; the more aggressive child is very likely to become the more aggressive adult. But the central question is the degree to which such childhood aggression is predictive of adult criminality. Again, research has demonstrated a very significant correlation between aggression at age 8 with aggression at age 30, especially for boys. Harmful lifelong consequences can result from aggressive habits learned early in life (Herrenkohl,et., al 2000). One of the main psychological processes through which excessive exposure to media violence may produce aggressive behavior in delinquent you this known as observational learning. Youth learn to behave aggressively by modeling violent actors in the media (Bandura, 2000). Although research indicates that the period between 6 to 10 years is an especially sensitive one for learning by observation, Hearold's (1996) review indicates that such imitation of violent behavior in the media might also increase among adolescent boys. The theory of "resonance" is relevant to such social learning of violence. This theory states that when what is viewed in the media is congruent with real-life experiences of the audience, the result is a significant increase in the reality of the media messages (Gerbner et al., 1996). For example, Frost and Stauffer (1997) found that residents of an inner-city housing project were much more aroused by film depictions of rape than were college students. Attitudes supportive of male tendencies to behave aggressively toward women and to engage in rape are increased by exposing males to violent pornography, according to most of the research available (Ellis, 1999). It is therefore important to know the extent to which today's movies are reflective of actual factors associated with juvenile delinquency. If film depictions of delinquency are consonant with delinquent youths' own experience, a powerful interactive effect could occur in which the delinquent, or future delinquent, may be even more desensitized and disinherited to engage in delinquent acts. Youths'
willingness to accept delinquent behavior in other children can be increased by even brief viewing of violent movie scenes and such accepting attitudes make it more likely that the youths will behave aggressively toward others, a process known as "desensitization." When a subject sees violent acts in the media which are perceived as justified, the probability increases that the subject will act aggressively, a process known as "disinheriting"(Huesmann, 1996). Feshbach (1996) found that the observer of visual media stores for later retrieval only those scenes viewed as likely solutions to real social problems. Delinquent acts perceived as unreal would not be modeled as readily ( Kornhauser, et. ,al 2000). Observational learning Human learning is a continuous reciprocal interaction of cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors. Sometimes called observational learning, social learning theory focuses on behavior modeling, in which the child observes and then imitates the behavior of adults or other children around him or her. On his study he emphasizes how violence portrayed in mass media can have tremendously negative impact on the behavior of certain types of children watching violent television shows. What he noted was that some children will observe and then imitate the behavior of the characters on the television screen. From these observations, we can conclude that juvenile delinquency is the result of imitation of aggressive actions. Bandura determined that certain types of children learn to perform violent and aggressive actions by observing and then modeling their behavior after what they have seen. He referred to this as direct learning through instantaneous matching of the observed behavior to the modeled behavior (Erdwin, et. al 2000). Social Factors of Juvenile Delinquency There are many social factors that can contribute to juvenile delinquency. One that has risen to the forefront has been the role the family plays in delinquency. It has become increasingly obvious that a child's family can have significant impact on the child's level of deviance (Matherne &Thomas, 2001). In fact, research has shown that children with strong parental ties are less likely than their peers without these ties to become aspects of their children's lives. Parental supervision, effective communication, and simple closeness can all help to reduce a juvenile's chance at becoming delinquent. Parents must work to see that these issues are addressed. Community and law enforcement can also take up the mantel when a parent needs additional help. Local literature and studies Presidential Degree no. 603 otherwise known as the Child and Youth Welfare Code was signed into law on December 10, 1974 and became effective six months after its approval. This code mentions in Chapter 3, articles 189-204, the care and treatment of youthful offenders from the time of apprehension up to the termination of the case. Before Marcos time the Juvenile and Domestic Relations Courts provided unique form of adjudication to youthful offenders and disposal of family cases. It was effective in administering justice, because the methods were not adversarial, but it was oriented to rehabilitation. It viewed the minor as a victim not as an aggressor. It undertook the reformation of the youth with the purpose of integration of him or her into mainstream society. However, on January 17, 1980 the Judiciary Reorganization Act or Batasang Pambansa 129 abolished the Juvenile and Domestic Relations Courts. Section 23 of that law authorized the Supreme Court to designate certain branches of the Regional and Municipal Courts to act exclusively on juvenile and domestic creations cases. However, these courts functioned also as courts of general jurisdiction which meant that separate proceedings for youthful offenders were delinquent. However, this is only the beginning. Parents obviously play the largest role in a child's development. Naturally, the more time parents can spend with their children, the more of a positive influence the parents can have. One study has shown that children who lack parental supervision after school hours run a higher risk of engaging in delinquent acts. Above all of these, the best indicator seems to be family type and status (Matherne &Thomas, 2001). Status refers to the makeup of the family. Children that come from single parent home are significantly more likely to become delinquent. It has also been found that communication, cohesiveness, and adaptability within the family can also impact delinquency. These fall under they family type category. Unquestionably, the family can play a huge role either positive or negative on the delinquency of their children. There are a few strategies that can be adopted to ensure that the family is a positive influence on a child so that their risk of delinquency is reduced. It obviously starts with the family itself. Parents must be willing to engage in all not possible. This in spite of the fact, that the Philippines had signed all the International Treaties concerning the rights of children. In the final years of the Marcos era, crime became hardened in the street. Between 1976 and 1983 murder, robbery, theft, rape and homicide rose from 37%to 58% of all crimes committed. Delinquent youth doubled from 3,814 in 1987 to 6,778
in 1989. The majority (59.1 %) apprehended were between 17 and 21 years old, while another 31.8% were between 13 and 16 years old. Only 2.3 % were preteens. This was the situation based on data given by the Department of Social Welfare (1). Under Pilipino law; article 189 of Presidential Decree 1179, a youth full offender is over nine but under eighteen years of age of the time the offence is committed. Children under the age of nine are exempt from criminal responsibility and those between nine and fifteen are liable only if they are able to demonstrate discernment, which is a level of intellectual maturity including the ability to distinguish right from wrong. There are seven penitentiaries in the Philippines. Two of them are in Metro Manila, two elsewhere in Luzon, one in the Visayas and two in Mindanao. As of November 1992, these penitentiaries had a total of 14,007 inmates. More than half of them (or 7,717) were at the Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa, Metro Manila, which is the most crowded. There were 72 provincial jails, one for every province, in the country. There are 60 city jails and 1,506 municipal jails all over the country. The conditions in these jails and rehabilitation centers were deplorable. The worst one was the rehabilitation Centre named the Molave Youth Center. According to PAHRA (2), the Molave Youth Home suffered from a 67%rate of congestion. Its ideal capacity was only 100 yet an average of 167 offenders was being housed there (www.judgesandmagistrates .org). Implementation on of Law for the juvenile offenders UNICEF Philippine reported that from 1995 to 2000, a total of 52,576children were monitored as having been deprived of their liberty in detention placement under the custodial setting through suspended sentence according to the second country report on the implementation if the convention on the rights of the child submitted by the government council for the welfare of children. The report is an official admission that an average of 10,515 children are being arrested and detained every year about 28 children every day or more than one child every hour. The report also established that more boys than girls were in jail. Republic Act No.8369 –the family courts Act of 1997 An act establishing family courts, granting them exclusive original jurisdiction over child and family case, amending BP Blg. 129, as amended, otherwise known as Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980, appropriating fundstherefore and for other purposes. JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM ± the law on the juvenile justice system in the Philippines is Republic Act No. 9344 known as the juvenile justice and Welfare Act of 2006 which took effect on May 20, 2006 (Manwong et al, 2008). Juvenile Corrections in the Philippines A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of personal freedoms. Prisons are conventionally institutions, which form part of the criminal justice system of a country, such that imprisonment or incarceration is a legal penalty that may be imposed by the state for the commission of a crime. As cited by the Philippine Constitution, criminal suspect who has been charged with or is likely to be charged with a criminal offense may be held on remand in prison if he or she is denied, refused or unable to meet conditions of bail, or is unable to post bail. This may also occur where the court determines that the suspect is at risk of absconding before the trial, or is otherwise a risk to society. A criminal defendant may also be held in prison while awaiting trial or atrial verdict. If found guilty, a defendant will be convicted and may receive a custodial sentence requiring imprisonment. By 2002, Children in Jail in the Philippines were attracting International Media attention. The Australian Government owned television network, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation run a documentary on the issue in which it stated, Children as young as eight are being held in adult prisons in The Philippines in contravention of international statutes and the country’s own laws. In September 2005, it was estimated that over 4,000 children were in jails and detention centers all over the country many of them mixed with adults. Another estimate states there are an estimate 20,000 children in prison in the Philippines throughout a single year. By May 6, 2005, it was estimated there were 2,100children in jails across the Philippines, 20 of them on death row.
Getting information on children in jail is difficult, "No one knows what goes on inside of prisons because no one is allowed in," Father Cullen said during an interview with the Western Catholic Reporter, the official newspaper of the Archdiocese of Edmonton. Children in Angeles City Pampanga Jail are detained in a small (3 meters by 7 meters approx.) unventilated concrete cell. There is no window in the cell, and the minors have no access to an electric fan which many of the adult cells shave and which is necessary in the constant oppressive heat. The children's cell is in a block containing over a hundred convicted adult prisoners. The same cell is always used to house children regardless of the number in the jail. Reports from adult inmates indicate that the same cell was used for up to 15 children at a time. There are no bedding or basic sanitary items supplied by the jail. There is a separated concrete cubicle in the corner of the cell with a toilet. The children are not given any change of clothes, and commonly wear rags. There have been reports of a Hepatitis and TB epidemic in the Jail. The children have a maximum one-hour a day of exercise. They have to request this each day. Children report being underfed and hungry. Conditions in the jail may amount to torture, inhuman, degrading treatment of the children (http://www.bulalat.com/yc) CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter presents research design, sampling procedures, research instrument, research procedure, and statistical tools. Research Design This study used descriptive research to identify the cases filed to the juvenile delinquents. . Likewise, it also used illuminative research in explaining the demographic characteristics of the respondents being investigated which in this case about the juvenile delinquents at the Palawan Provincial Jail and Puerto Princesa City Jail. Sampling Procedures Total enumeration was used in this study. The main respondents of the study were the selected Juveniles who are currently detained at Palawan Provincial Jail and Puerto Princesa City Jail. The key informants were identified to provide the necessary information pertaining to the cases of the juvenile delinquents.
Research Instrument Questionnaire was prepared in a convenient manner providing check list for respondents to answer the question to evaluate the level of factors that motivate youth to commit an offense; a liker scale questionnaire was prepared. The researchers designed a questionnaire for the juvenile delinquents of the Palawan Provincial Jail and Puerto Princesa City Jail as primary data gathering instrument. The said questionnaire is consists of five (5) parts; Part 1. To identify the demographic and socio economic characteristics of the respondents. Part 2. To identify the cases filed against the juvenile delinquents. Part 3. To identify the level of motivation on the factors cited among respondents. Part 4. To determine the correlation between the demographic profile and the factors cited. Part5. To determine the correlation between the differences of the factors cited among the respondents in Palawan Provincial and Puerto Princesa Jail. Research Procedure A survey questionnaire was used in gathering the needed data. It is written in English but translated to tagalog during the actual interview. The researcher personally administered the questionnaire to the respondents in the study area. All respondents was given time to go over and accomplish the questionnaires. Letters of request was sent to the warden of Palawan Provincial Jail and Puerto Princesa City Jail to ask for permission in conducting the study
Statistical tools/ treatments The data gathered was presented in tabular form; it was interpreted and analyzed using frequency distributions, percentages and means. Pearson product moment correlation (Pearson r) was used to analyze the relationship between the respondents Socio-demographic profile and the factors cited such as Individual factors, Family factors, School factors, Peer related factors and Community factors. CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This chapter presents the results, discussion and interpretation of the study. This included the demographic profile of the respondents, socio-economic profile of the juvenile delinquents in Palawan Provincial Jail and Puerto Princesa City Jail. The results discussed the level of perception on the factors that motivate them to commit an offense. It also discussed the significant relationship between the respondents demographic and socio-economic profile in the factors cited such as Individual factors, Family factors, School factors, Peer related factors and community factors. Further, it discussed the significant difference between the factors that motivate the youth to commit an offense among the selected juveniles. Demographic profile of the respondents in Palawan Provincial Jail The demographic profile of the juvenile delinquents in the Palawan Provincial Jail as to their present age, age during the commissions of crime, sex, civil status, educational attainment, religion and ethnic affiliation. Age A total of twelve (n=12) respondents that are currently detained in Palawan Provincial Jail. The results revealed that majority of six or (50%) of the respondents as to their present age were belong to the age bracket of 23-26 year sold while same frequency of six with (50%) belong to age bracket of 19-22 years old. It implies that young offenders of Palawan Provincial Jail are now in their legal ages. Age during commission of crimes Figure 4 presents the age distribution during their commission of crimes. Majority of seven or (58.3%) of the respondents were on age of 17 years old followed by four or (33.3%) were on age of 18 while (8.3%) with a frequency of one belongs to the age of 15 years old. It implies that majority of the respondents in terms of early commission of crimes were in the adolescent stage. Gender As to gender distribution, respondent were males and all of them were still single. It implies that males are more aggressive than females which violent crime statistics support. Ethnic affiliation Figure 5 presents the ethnic affiliation of the respondents. It could be observed that the respondents belong to different ethnic groups. Majority of sevenor (58.3%) of the respondents are Cuyuno, two or (16.6%) are Tagalog same with(16.6%) with a frequency of two are belong to an ethnic group called Tausog while one or (8.3%) belongs to Agutaynen. It implies that Palawan comprised different ethnic groups the native-born Palawan’s include the Cuyunon. Religion Figure 6 presents the religious affiliation of the respondents, majority of ten or (83.3%) of the respondent were labeled as devoted Roman Catholic while two or (16.6%) of them was Islam. It implies that Philippines a multi dominations and dominantly Roman Catholic by religion.
Religion Figure 6 presents the religious affiliation of the respondents, majority of ten or (83.3%) of the respondent were labeled as devoted Roman Catholic while two or (16.6%) of them was Islam. It implies that Philippines a multi dominations and dominantly Roman Catholic by religion. Educational attainment Figure 7 presents the educational attainment of the respondents. The data revealed that majority of four or (33.3%) of the respondents earned Tertiary level of education while (33.3%) with a frequency of four reveal that they only finished secondary level of education, on the other hand only three or (25.0%) were elementary graduate and one or (8.3%) attained secondary level during their school days. The result implies that commissions of crimes of inmates are prevalent whatever educational attainment they had.
Socio-economic profile of Juvenile delinquents in Palawan Provincial Jail Monthly family income Figure 8 presents the socio-economic profile of the respondents. Results reveal that seven or (58.3%) of the respondents have a monthly family income of P1, 000-5,000 four or (33.3%) revealed that their parents earned P 6, 00010,000and one (8.3%) reveals that their parents earned 11,000 and above. It implies that the monthly family income of the respondents were fall into below family threshold Parents Occupation Figure 9 presents the parents occupation of the respondents. Majority of four or (33.3%) of the respondents reveal that their parents were house keepers three or (25.0%) were vendors; same with three or (25.0%) were farmers and two(16.6%) were employed as government employees. It implies that the socio-economic profile of the respondents fall into the minimum wage of income. Cases filed to the juvenile delinquents in Palawan Provincial Jail Table 1c presents the cases filed to the juvenile delinquents in Palawan Provincial Jail. Crimes committed A total of 12 respondents (n=12) that are currently detained in Palawan Provincial Jail. It can be observed from the data that respondents have different committed crimes, majority of six or (50%) of the respondents had been charged on murder while six or (50%) had been charge on rape. It implies that prevalent among cases are murder and rape. Demographic profile of the respondents in Puerto Princesa City Jail. The demographic profile of the respondents as to their present age and age during the commission of crimes, sex, civil status, educational attainment, religion and ethnic affiliation. Age The results showed that three respondents coming from the city jail (n=3) in terms of their present age were in the age bracket of 25-22-20. The data reveal that the respondents are now in their legal age. Age during commission of crimes As to their early commission of crimes majority of two or (66.6%) of the respondents were on age of 17 years old however the one remaining respondents with (33.3%) belongs to the age of 18 years old. Results showed that majority of the respondents in terms of their early commission of crimes were on the adolescent’s stage. Gender As to gender distribution, all of them were males and they were still single. It implies that single person commit crimes rather than widower and separated.
Ethnic affiliation In terms of their ethnic affiliation, all of the respondents have different ethnic groups. Each one or (33.3%) were tagalog, visaya and cuyuno. It implies that Province of Palawan comprised of different ethnic groups. With regards to religious affiliation of the respondents all of them were devoted Roman Catholic believers. It implies that Philippines are multidenominations and dominantly Roman Catholics by religion. Educational attainment In terms of educational attainment of the respondents, data revealed that majority of two or (66.6%) of the respondents revealed that they earned secondary level of education while (33.3%) with a frequency of one reveals that he was able to finished elementary level of education. It implies that juvenile delinquents in Puerto Princesa City Jail had no formal education. Socio-Economic profile of the juvenile delinquents in Puerto Princesa City Jail Monthly family income Result revealed that two or (66.6%) of the respondents have a monthly family income of P1, 000-5,000 on the other hand only one or (33.3%) of the respondents have a monthly family income of P6, 000-10,000. It implies that monthly family income of the respondents were fall below family threshold. Parents Occupation As to the parents occupation of the respondents, one or (33.3%) of the respondent revealed that his parents owned a single business, same with (33.3%) claimed that his father was a driver, however (33.3%) with a frequency of one reveals that his parents was a vendor. Cases filed to the juvenile delinquents in Puerto Princesa City Jail Pie Graph presents the cases filed to the juvenile delinquents in Puerto Princesa City Jail. Committed crimes A total of 3 respondents (n=3) that are currently detained in Puerto Princesa City Jail. It can be observed that respondents have different committed crimes. (33.3%) with a frequency of one reveals that he had been charge on murder same with (33.3%) had been charged on robbery while (33.3%) had been charged on theft. It implies that young offenders comprised different cases. CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS This chapter presents the summary, conclusions and recommendations of the study Summary This study was conducted to identify the cases on juvenile delinquency in Palawan Provincial Jail and Puerto Princesa City Jail. The selected 12 respondents in the study are coming from Provincial Jail while 3 of the respondents are from City Jail. The study covers the period of early commission of crimes of juvenile delinquents in up to their legal ages. The descriptive method was used to gather information pertaining to the cases on juvenile delinquency; the total enumeration was used in the selection of the respondents within the two selected area of the study namely the Provincial Jail and City Jail. Pearson product moment correlation was used in analyzing the relationship between the respondent’s demographic and socio-economic profile and the factors level of motivation. In the data gathered by the researcher in Provincial jail, results revealed that majority of six or (50.0%) of the respondent belong to the age bracket of 23-26 followed by six or (50%) of the respondents were on age of 19-23. The commission of crimes of the respondents majority, seven or (58.3%)of the respondents were on age of 17 years old followed by four or (33.3%) were on age of 18 while one or (8.3%) belongs to the age of 15 years old. The respondents were males and all of them were still single.
The ethnic affiliation of the respondents could be observed that majority of seven or (58.3%) of the respondent belong to Cuyuno, two or (16.6%) were Tagalog same with (16.6%) revealed that they were Tausog. However one remaining respondents belong to Agutaynen. The religious affiliation of the respondents, majority of ten or (83.3%) of the respondents were devoted Roman Catholic while two or (16.6%) of them was Islam. However, in terms of educational attainment of the respondents, the data revealed that majority of four or (33.3%) of respondent earned tertiary level of education same with (33.3%) revealed that they finished secondary level of education three or (25.0%) were elementary graduate and one or (8.3%) attained high school level of education. The socio-economic profile of the respondents revealed that seven or (58.3%) of the respondents have a monthly family income of P1, 000-5,000 four or (33.3%) revealed that their parents earned P 6, 000-10,000 and one (8.3%) reveals that their parents earned 11,000 and above. The parents occupation of the respondents revealed that majority of four or (33.3%) of the respondents revealed that their parents were housekeepers three or (25.0%) were vendors; same with three or (25.0%) were farmers and two(16.6%) were employed as government employees. It implies that the socio-economic profile of the respondents fall into the minimum wage of income. In terms of cases on juvenile delinquency in Palawan Provincial Jail the twelve respondents has an equal response, six of them had been charged of murder and six of them had been charged of rape PUERTO PRINCESA CITY JAIL In the data gathered in Puerto Princesa City Jail showed that three of the respondents are now in the age bracket of 25-20 it can be observed that the respondents are now on their legal age. In terms of early commission of crimes majority of two or (16.6%) were on age of 17, one respondent’s response in the age of 18. It could be observed that the early commissions of crimes were labeled in adolescent’s stage. Three respondents have different ethnic groups, as to the religious affiliation of the respondents all of them were in dominant religion well known as Roman Catholic. The educational attainment of the respondents led to majority of two or (16.6%) finished secondary level of education while one or (8.3%) of the respondents revealed that he had attained elementary level of education. The socio-economic profile of respondents revealed that two or (66.6%) of the respondents have a monthly family income of P1, 000-5,000 on the other hand only one or (33.3%) of the respondent have a monthly family income of P6, 00010,000. The respondents revealed that his father was a driver while the other one claimed that his mother and father was a vendor and the remaining respondent revealed that his parents owned a business. The respondents have different committed crimes such as murder, theft and robbery. The results revealed that there is no significant difference between the factors that motivate the youth to commit an offense among City Jail and Provincial Jail inmates. There is no significant relationship between the respondent’s demographic and socio-economic profile in the factors such as Individual factors, Family factors, School factors, Peer related factors and community factors.
Conclusions In consideration of the significant findings of the study the following conclusions were drawn:
1. During the commission of crimes of the respondent, the results revealed that they are in age bracket of 15-18, therefore at an early age they are prone in any environmental factors that might affects their behavior towards people. 2. Respondents coming from both Palawan Provincial Jail and Puerto Princesa Jail were all male; therefore more males commit crime than females. 3. It is observed that prevalent cases among the respondents are murder and rape. 4. Respondents have low educational attainment. 5. Their monthly family incomes of 1,000-5,000 fall into below family threshold. 6. Their parent’s occupations such as House keepers, vendors and farmers were not capable in sustaining the high monthly family income. 7. The levels of perception among the factors that motivate the respondents show a discrepancy during the statistics. 8. Null hypothesis have no significant difference between the factors that motivate the youth to commit an offense among City Jail and Provincial Jailinmates. 9. There is no significant relationship between the respondents demographic and socio-economic profile in the factors cited such as Individual factors, Family factors, School factors, Peer related factors, and Community factors. Recommendations Based on the findings and conclusion the following recommendations were formulated: The juvenile delinquency is a much related problem in the Philippines; young offenders should be linked with broader development initiatives aimed at delinquency reduction and social acceptance of the whole. 1. Rehabilitative services for youth offenders, to the persistent social problem of juvenile delinquency. 2. Efforts to organize and strengthen community-level mechanisms for surveillance, monitoring, protection and care, such as the barangay councils for the protection of children, the barangay human rights action center, or the basic ecclesial communities organized under the auspices of the Catholic Church; and creating spaces and more opportunities for effective and meaningful participation by children and young people in all decisions and actions affecting the 3. Efforts to build and strengthen the stability of the Filipino family, particularly among the disadvantaged, focusing on the role of children and parents. 4. Proposals such as these are opposite to the view that young offenders still have a chance of growing up responsible and lawabiding adults if properly educated and reformed. Called restorative justice for the juvenile, this concept still advocates punishment for juvenile offenders but ensures that the punishment fits the crime. 5. The local council must give extra efforts, serve as the primary agency to coordinate with and assist the LGU concerned for the adoption of comprehensive plan on delinquency preventions. 6. Community Involvement like Girl scouts, boy scouts, church youth groups, and volunteer groups all involve youth within a community. Involvement in community groups provide youth with an opportunity to interact in a safe social environment.
BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Chopra, D. (2002). Juvenile crime in legal situation. Mc Graw Hill Publishing House, New York Chang, Jun-shu (2000), Inherited Behavior and violence among children, First Edition, Wu Nan Publishing Company, Taipei.
Unpublished/Published Thesis/Dissertatio Crockett, L.J., Eggebeen, D.J., and Hawkins, A.J.2005. Father’s presence and young Children’s behavioral and cognitive adjustment. Journal of Family Issues 14(3):355±377. Derzon, J.H., and Lipsey, M.W. 2005. The correspondence of family features with problem, aggressive, criminal and violent behavior.
Internet
Internet Juvenile welfare http://www.articles hared.com Date downloaded: Jan, 20,2010 Movie portrayal of delinquency Downloaded http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles Date downloaded: Jan, 30,2010
APPEND IX A Letter for the Warden Republic of the Philippines WESTERN PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY PUERTO PRINCESA CAMPUS College of Arts, Sciences and Technology Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City January 27, 2009
Col. Ramon C.Espina Warden Palawan Provincial Jail Puerto Princesa City Sir: th
I am a 4 year student enrolled in Bachelor of Arts in Sociology at the Western Philippines University Puerto Princesa Campus, Puerto Princesa City. I am conducting a research study entitled: “CASES ON JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN THE PALAWAN PROVINCIAL JAIL AND PUERTO PRINCESA CITY JAIL”. This is a requirement of the course in Socio 200(Undergraduate thesis). In connection with this, I would like to request permission to allow me to conduct my research study and set an interview for the juvenile delinquents, and the outcome of this work will be treated in utmost confidentiality. Thank you and more power! Very truly yours,
(SGD.) SILVER JOHN S. SOBEBE Researcher NOTED:
(SGD.) FRANKLIN JOSEPH D. SOLITA Ed.D Adviser
APPEND IX D SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE Part-I Please answer the following question by writing your answer in the space provided or by putting a check in the provided space before your response; Topic: Cases on juvenile delinquency in the Palawan Provincial Jail and Puerto Princesa Jail Name______________________ Age_____ (During the commission of crime) Present age_____ Gender_____ Civil Status_______ A.Educatonal Attainment: ( ) Elem. Grade ( ) High School Years ( ) High School Grad ( ) Freshmen College B. Religion ( ) Roman Catholic ( ) Iglesia Ni Kristo ( ) Seventh Day Adventist ( ) Protestant ( ) others, pls. specify______________________ C. Ethnic Affiliation ( )Cuyuno ( ) Tagbanua ( ) Palawan ( ) Badjao ( ) others, pls. specify______________________ Continued… D.What is your parents occupation? ( ) Teacher ( ) House Keeper ( ) Vendor ( ) others, pls. specify______________________ E. Please estimate your Monthly income? ( ) 11,000 above ( ) 6,000-10,000 ( ) 1,000-5,000 ( ) others, pls. specify______________________
Part-II Delinquent offenses What offense/offenses you have committed? ______________________________ Part-III Factors that motivate you to commit an offense Instruction: B. What are the factors that motivate you to commit an offense? Please check the corresponding box based in your personal experiences. 5 - Strongly agree 4 - Agree 3 - Undecided 2- Disagree
Continued… INDIVIDUAL FACTORS Hyper activity Aggressiveness Beliefs and attitudes favorable to deviant activities FAMILY FACTORS Parental Criminality Poor family management Parent and child separation SCHOOL FACTORS Academic Failure Low Bonding to school School dropout PEER RELATED FACTORS Delinquent Siblings Delinquent peers Gang membership COMMUNITY FACTORS Poverty Exposure to violence Availability of Porno DVDs
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DOCUMENTARY PHOTOS PALAWAN PROVINCIAL JAIL Fig 4. The researcher together with the respondents. And the researcher on his one on one interview to the respondents of City Jail.
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