UNIVERSITAS BANDAR LAMPUNG FAKULTAS TEKNIK SIPIL TUGAS MAKALAH TANAH SEBAGAI BAHAN BANGUNAN
DIBUAT OLEH :
NAMA : M. IRVAN PRATAMA NPM : 15311328
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1. Latar Belakang Tanah merupaka merupakan n bahan bangunan yang berasal berasal dari alam ,yang terdiri dari air, udara dan butir – butir tanah yang padat ,dimana bagian yang berisi dengan air dan udara disebut rongga atau pori . Perbandingan isi air dengan udara dalam pori menentukan kondisi tanah ,yaitu apabila tanah tersebut kering ,maka volume udara dalam pori lebih sedikit dibanding volume udara ,maka tanah tersebut dikatakan basah .Apabila pori penuh diisi air ,sehingga tidak ada udara didalamnya ,maka tanah dikatakan sebagai sebagai tanah jenuh.
Menurut J.J. Berzelius (Swedia, (Swedia, 1803). Tanah adalah sebagai sebagai laboratorium kimia tempat tempat proses dekomposisi dan reaksi kimia yang berlangsung secara tersembunyi.
Pada umumnya tanah terdiri dari zarah atau bagian yang kecil dari lapukan batu – batuan batuan ,sisa tumbuhan dan hewan .Diatas tanah juga didirikan pondasi namun sebelum menetapkan macam pondasi yang akan digunakan ,harus diketahui terlebih dahulu sifat – sifat sifat tanah dasarnya. untuk itu perlu diadakan pemeriksaan tanah terlebih dahulu.Pemeriksaan dahulu.Pem eriksaan tanah tersebut meliputi jenis tanah , tegangan – dukungan dukungan tanah atau tahan yang dapat diterima oleh tanah ,serta keadaan air tanah . Pada dasarnya menjadikan tanah sebagai bahan konstruksi pastinya memiliki permasalahan permasala han . misalnya misalnya permasalahan permasalahan dari segi segi tekstur tanah tanah dan kadar air tanah. tanah.
Pemeriksaan dan penyelidikan tanah diperlukan untuk menentukan kekuatan tanah untuk pondasi . Pemeriksaan tanah meliputi : 1. Pemeriksaan jenis tanah 2. Pemeriksaan tegangan dukung tanaah 3. Pemeriksaan keadaan air tanah
Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut penulis tertarik untuk membahas permasalahan tanah sebagai bahan konstruksi.
1.2 Rumusan Masalah
Berdasarkan latar belakang yang telah dipaparkan, maka dapat diidentifikasikan perumusan masalah nya adalah apakah permasalahan sebagai bahan konstruksi?
1.3 Batasan Masalah
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BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1
Pengertian Tanah
Tanah merupaka merupakan n bahan bangunan yang berasal berasal dari alam ,yang terdiri dari air, udara dan butir – butir butir tanah yang padat ,dimana bagian yang berisi dengan air air dan udara disebut disebut rongga atau atau pori . Menurut
Justus
Von
Liebig
(Jerman,
1840),
mengajukan
teori
keseimbangan keseimba ngan hara tanaman (theory balanchesheet of plan naturation) , yang menganggap tanah sebagai tabung reaksi dimana dapat diketahui jumlah dan jenis hara tanamannya tanamannya 2.2 1.
. JENIS – JENIS JENIS TANAH
Menurut jenis susunannya tanah dibagi menjadi. Tanah batu Pada tebal ±2,5 m merupakan dasar yang amat baik untuk bangunan .
2.
Tanah padas,cadas Merupakan hasil pengerasan dari tanah dan kadang – kadang terdapat tanah – tanah lembek.Pada tebal 2,5 merupakan dasar fondasi yang baik,umumnya jika dibuka tanah padas ini lapuk lain halnya jika terdapat banyak pasir. 3. Tanah - kerikil Terdiri dari butiran – butiran batuan andesit yang cukup kasar.biasanya kerikil banyak bercampur pasir,selain kerikil sebagai tanah dasar ,baik untuk didirikan bangunan. 4. Tanah pasir Butir – butir pasir mendekati bentuk yang bulat – bulat .butir- butir yang berbentuk tajam disebut pasir tajam merupakan tanah dasar yang baik untuk bangunan . 5. Tanah liat Tanah liat sukar ditembus oleh air karena memiliki susunan butir yang rapat dan butir tersebut sanagt liat,akan tetapi tanah liat tersebut mudah menerima air . keburukan tanah ini adalah jika musim kemarau menunjukkan retak – retak sampai dibawah muka tanah sehingga kejadian ini mengakibatkan tegangan dukung tanah menjadi berkurang .Sehingga mengakibatkan retak – retak pada bangunan. 6. Tanah geluh Tanah ini terdiri dari campuran tanah liat dan pasir . jika butir – butir pasir banyak terkandung lebih banyak daripada tanah liatnya maka susunannya lebih rapat.Jika tanah geluh tidak banyak mengandung air , maka dapat digunakan sebagai dasar bangunan. 7. Tanah napal Terdiri dari campuran tanah liat,pasir dan kapur.Tanah ini baik digunakan sebagai dasar bangunan asal mempunyai tebal lapis yang cukup bedarnya. 8. Tanah lus Terdiri dari butiran – butiran halus dan rata susunannya . Dalam susunan butir banyak terdapat butir – butir kapur . Tanah ini baik digunakan sebagai tanah dasar,asal butir – butirnya tidak mengandung air didalamnya . 10. Tanah gambut Tanah gambut banyak terdapat dirawa – rawa .Tanah gambut tidak baik sebagai dasar bangunan,perlu diketahui bahwa urungan rawa dengan lumpur kurang kuat yang lebih kuat adalah urungan dengan pasir kali.
2.3 FUNGSI TANAH
Tanah mempunyai peran yang sangat penting pada suatu pekerjaan konstruksi ,keberhasilan perencanaan dan pelaksanaan suatu bangunan dipengaruhi kemampuan memahami sifat dan jenis j enis
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Sebagai material untuk bahan bangunan seperti untuk membuat batu bata,genteng,keramik yang khusus dibuat dari tanah liat. Kayu adalah jaringan, struktural serat keras yang ditemukan di batang dan akar pohon dan lainnya pada tanaman berkayu . Bahan ini telah digunakan selama ratusan ribu tahun sebagai bahan sebagai bahan bakar dan bahan konstruksi. Terdiri dari bahan organik, alamikomposit alamikomposit dari serat selulosa
(yang kuat dalam ketegangan) tertanam
dalam matriks dalam matriks dari lignin dari lignin yang tidak mudah di kompresi. Kayu, kadang-kadang hanya didefinisikan sebagai sekunder xilem pada xilem pada batang pohon, atau didefinisikan lebih luas untuk mencakup jenis yang sama dari jaringan di tempat lain seperti pada akar pohon atau tanaman lain seperti semak. Dalam pohon hidup telah melakukan fungsi pendukung, memungkinkan memungkinkan tanaman berkayu untuk tumbuh besar atau untuk membela membela diri sendiri. Hal ini juga menengahi transfer air dan nutrisi dan nutrisi ke daun ke daun dan jaringan berkembang lainnya. Kayu juga dapat merujuk kepada bahan tanaman lainnya dengan properti yang sebanding, dan untuk materi rekaya r ekayasa sa dari kayu, atau keripik kayu atau fiber. Bumi terdapat sekitar satu triliun ton kayu, yang tumbuh pada dari 10 miliar ton per tahun. Sebagai, berlimpah karbon-netral berlimpah karbon-netral pada sumber daya terbarukan, bahan kayu telah berkepentingan berkepentingan intens sebagai sumber energi terbarukan. Pada tahun 1991, sekitar 3,5 miliar meter kubik kayu yang dipanen. Dominan di perabotan dan konstruksi bangunan. Sebuah penemuan 2011 di Kanada, provinsi New Brunswick menemukan tanaman / pohon kayu yang ditanam sekitar 395-400 juta 395-400 juta tahun yang lalu . Orang-orang telah menggunakan kayu sejak ribuan tahun lalu untuk berbagai tujuan, terutama terutama sebagai bahan bakar atau atau sebagai bahan konstruksi untuk membuat membuat rumah, alat perkakas, perkakas, senjata, mebel, kemasan karya seni dan kertas. Kayu biasanya terdapat tanda umur oleh penanggalan oleh penanggalan karbon di dalam tubuh batang dan pada beberapa spesies oleh karena dendrochronology untuk membuat sejarah kayu tersebut sejak tumbuh. Dilihat variasi tahun ke tahun pada lingkaran lebar di batang pohon dan juga kelimpahan kelimpahan isotop memberikan memberikan petunjuk petunjuk dengan iklim yang berlaku pada saat itu. Kayu telah menjadi bahan konstruksi penting karena manusia mulai membangun tempat penampungan, rumah dan perahu. Hampir semua perahu terbuat dari kayu sampai akhir abad 19, dan kayu masih umum digunakan saat ini dalam konstruksi kapal.
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Perumahan lokal baru di berbagai belahan dunia saat ini umumnya terbuat dari konstruksi bingkai kayu. kayu. Kayu direkayasa menjadi bagian yang lebih besar dari industri produk konstruksi. Kayu dapat digunakan dalam bangunan baik perumahan dan komersial sebagai bahan struktural dan estetika. Dalam bangunan terbuat dari bahan lain, kayu masih akan ditemukan sebagai bahan pendukung, terutama dalam konstruksi atap, di pintu interior dan kusennya, dan sebagai cladding eksterior. Kayu juga biasa digunakan sebagai bahan shuttering untuk membentuk cetakan dimana beton dituangkan dalam konstruksi beton bertulang.
Kayu merupakan suatu bahan yang bersifat higroskopik, yaitu dapat kehilangan atau bertambah kelembabannya akibat perubahan kelembaban dan suhu udara sekitarnya. Kayu dapat diserang makhluk hidup perusak kayu, dapat juga terbakar, terutama bila kayu dalam keadaan kering. kering. Kayu berasal dari berbagai jenis pohon memiliki sifatyang berbeda-beda. Bahkan kayu berasal dari satu pohon memiliki sifat agak berbeda, jika dibandingkan bagian ujung dan pangkalnya. Dalam hubungan itu maka ada baiknya jika sifat-sifat kayu tersebut diketahui lebih dahulu, sebelum kayu dipergunakan sebagai bahan bangunan,industri kayu maupun untuk pembuatan perabot. Sifat dimaksud antara lainyang bersangkutan bersangkutan dengan sifat-sifat sifat-sifat anatomi kayu, kayu, sifat-sifat fisik, sifat-sifat sifat-sifat mekanik mekanik dan sifat-sifat kimianya. kimianya.
2.1.2
Sifat - Sifat Kayu
2.1.2.1 Sifat – Sifat – Sifat Sifat Umum Kayu
Di samping sekian banyak sifat-sifat kayu yang berbeda satu sama lain,ada beberapa sifat yang umum terdapat pada semua semua kayu yaitu: 1.
Semua batang pohon mempunyai pengaturan vertikal dan sifat simetri radial.
2.
Kayu tesusun dari sel-sel yang memiliki tipe bermacam-macam dan susunan dinding selnya terdiri dari senyawa-senyawa senyawa-senyawa kimia berupa selulosa (unsure karbohidrat) serta berupa lignin l ignin (non-karbohidrat).
3.
Semua kayu bersifat anisotropic, yaitu memperllihatkan sifat-sifat yang berlainan jika diuji menurut tiga arah utamanya (longitudinal, tangensial dan radial). Hal ini disebabkan oleh struktur dan orientasi selulosa dalam dinding sel, bentuk memanjang sel-sel kayu dan pengaturan sel terhadap sumbu vertikal dan horisontal pada batang pohon.
4.
Kayu merupakan suatu bahan yang bersifat higroskopik, yaitu dapat kehilangan atau bertambah kelembabannya akibat perubahan kelembaban dan suhu udara di sekitarnya.
5.
Kayu dapat diserang makhluk hidup perusak kayu, dapat juga terbakar, terutama jika kayu keadaannya kering.
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dinamakan sumbu arah tangensial. Ketiga sumbu arah utama ini sangat penting zrtinyabagi keperluan mengenal sifat-sifsat kayu hyang khas. Yaitu antara lain sifat anisotropik yang telah disebut, perbedaan dalam kekuatan kayu, kembang susut kayu dan aliran zat cair di dalam kayu. Di samping itu mengenal kekuatan kayu yang menahan beban, ternyata lebih besar pada arah sumbu longitudinal daripada arah-arah yang lain. Demikian pula zat cair lebih cepat dan lebih mudah pada arah longitudinal daripada arah sumbu radial dan tangensial. t angensial. Sebaliknya kembang kembang susut kayu terbesar terdapat pada arah tangensial.
2.1.2.2 Sifat Fisik Kayu
Beberapa hal yang tergolong dalam sifat fisik kayu adalah : Berat Jenis, Keawetan Alami, Warna, Higroskopik, Berat, Kekerasan Kekerasan dan lain-lain.
Berat jenis Kayu memiliki berat jenis yang berbeda-beda, berkisar 0,20 sampai 1,28. Berat jenis merupakan petunjuk penting bagi aneka sifat kayu. Makin berat kayu itu, umumnya umumnya makin kuat pula kayunya. Semakin ringan suatu jenis kayu, akan berkurang pula kekuatannya. Berat jenis kayu diperoleh dari perbandingan antara berat suatu volume volume kayu tertentu tertentu dengan volume volume air yang sama sama pada suhu standar.
Keawetan Kayu Alami Yang dimaksut dengan keawetaan alami ialah ketahanan kayu terhadap serangan dari unsure-unsur perusak kayu dari luar seperti : jamur, rayap, bubuk, cacing laut dan mahluk lainnya yang diukur dengan jangka waktu tahunan. Keawetan kayu tersebut disebabkan oleh adanya suatu zat di dalam kayu yang merupakan sebagian unsur racun bagi perusak-perusak kayu, sehingga perusak tersebut tidak sampai masuk dan tinggal di dalamnya serta merusak kayu. Misalnya kayu jati memiliki tectoquinon, kayu ulin memiliki silica dan lain-lain. Keawetan kayu didefinisikan sebagai ketahanan kayu terhadap serangan dari unsurunsur perusak kayu dari luar seperti jamur, rayap, bubuk, cacing laut dan makhluk lainnya dalam jangka waktu tahunan. Keawetan kayu tersebut disebabkan oleh adanya suatu zat didalam kayu (zat ekstraktif) yang merupakan sebagian unsur racun bagi perusak-perusak perusak-perusak kayu, sehingga perusak tersebut t ersebut tidak sampai masuk dan tinggal didalamnya serta merusak kayu. Misalnya kayu jati memiliki tectoquinon, kayu ulin memiliki silika dan lain-lain. Sehingga jenis-jenis kayu ini mempunyai cukup keawetan secara alami. Klasifikasi kayu di Indonesia membagi tingkat keawetan kayu kedalam 5 kelas.
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lebih gelap daripada warna bagian kayu gubal. Kayu yang umurnya lebih tua umumnya berwarna lebih gelap daripada kayu yang muda dari jenis yang sama. Kayu yang kering berbeda pula warnanya dengan kayu yang basah. Demikian pula kayu yang lama berada diluar kelihatan lebih gelap atau lebih pucat warnanya daripada kayu yang segar dan kering udara.
Higroskopik Kayu mempunyai sifat higroskopik, yaitu suatu sifat yang dapat menyerap atau melepaskan air atau kelembaban.Sifat higroskopik ini merupakan suatu petunjuk bahwa kelembaban kayu sangat dipengaruhi oleh kelembaban dan suhu udara sekitarnya pada suatu saat tertentu. Makin lembab udara disekitarnya maka makin tinggi pula kelembaban kayu sampai tercapai keseimbangan dengan lingkungannya. Kandungan air pada kayu seperti ini dinamakan kandungan air kesetimbangan (EMC=Equilibrium Moisture Content) masuknya air kedalam kayu itu, maka berat kayu akan bertambah. Selanjutnya masuk dan keluarnya air dari kayu menyebabkan kayu itu basah atau kering. Akibatnya kayu itu akan mengembang atau menyusut.
Tekstur Tekstur ialah ukuran relative sel-sel kayu. Yang dimaksut dengan sel kayu ialah serat-serat serat-serat kayu. Jadi dapat dikatakan tekstur ialah ukuran relative serat-serat kayu. Berdasarkan teksturnya, kayu dapat digolongkan ke dalam :
Kayu bertekstur halus, contoh : giam, lara, kulim dll Kayu bertekstur sedang, contoh : jati, sonokeling dll Kayu bertekstur kasar, contoh : meranti, kempas dll
Serat Bagian ini terutama menyangkut sifat kayu, yang menunjukkan arah sel-sel kayu di dalam kayu terhadap sumbu batang pohon asal potongan tadi. Arah serat dapat ditentukan oleh alur-alur yang terdapat pada permukaan kayu.
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4. Serat diagonal; yaitu serat yang terdapat pada potongan kayu atau papan, yang digergaji sedemikian rupa sehingga tepinya tidak sejajar arah sumbu, t etapi membentuk sudut dengan sumbu.
Berat kayu Berat sesuatu jenis kayu tergantung dari jumlah zat kayu yang tersusun, rongga-rongga sel atau jumlah pori-pori, kadar air yang dikandung di kandung dan zat-zat ekstraktif di dalamnya. dalamnya. Berat suatu jenis kayu ditunjukkan dit unjukkan dengan besarnya berat jenis kayu yang bersangkutan, dan dipakai sebagai patokan berat kayu. Berdasarkan berat jenisnya, jenisnya, jenis-jenis kayu kayu digolongkan ke ke dalam kelas-kelas kelas-kelas sebagai sebagai berikut:
Sangat berat = lebih besar dari 0,90 Berat = 0,75 - 0,90 Agak berat = 0,60 - 0,75 Ringan = lebih kecil dari 0,60
Sebagai contoh jenis kayu yang termasuk dalam kelas sangat berat adalah giam, balau, dan lain-lain. Masuk kelas berat misalnya misalnya kulim,sedangkan kulim,sedangkan agak berat misalnya bintangur dan yang yang termasuk ringan misalnya misalnya pinus dan balsa. balsa.
Kekerasan Pada umumnya terdapat hubungan langsung antara kekerasan kayu dan berat kayu. Kayu-kayu yang keras juga temasuk kayu-kayu yang berat. Sebaliknya Sebaliknya kayu ringan adalah juga kayu yang lunak. Berdasarkan kekerasannya, kekerasannya, jenis-jenis kayu digolongkan sebagai berikut:
Kayu sangat keras, contoh: balau,giam, dan lain-lain. Kayu keras, contoh: kulim, pilang dan lain-lain. Kayu sedang kekerasannya, kekerasannya, contoh: mahoni, meranti, dan lain-lain. Kayu lunak, contoh: pinus, balsa, dan lain-lain.
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mengandung lilin. Sebaliknya apabila keadaan tekstur kayunya kasar. Kesan raba dingin ada pada kayu bertekstur halus dan berat jenisnya j enisnya tinggi, sebaliknya terasa panas bila teksturnya kasar dan berat jenisnya rendah. Jati member kesan agak berlemak atau berlilin kalau diraba; sedangkan kayu renghas memberi kesan
gatal
pada
kulit
(alergi).
Bau dan Rasa Bau dan rasa kayu mudah hilang bila kayu itu lama tersimpan di udara luar. Untuk mengetahui bau dan rasa kayu perlu dilakukan pemotongan atau sayatan baru pada kayu atau dengan membasahi kayu tersebut. Sebab ada jenis-jenis kayu mempunyai bau yang cepat hilang, atau memiliki bau yang merangsang. Sifat bau dari kayu dapat digambarkan digambarkan sesuai dengan bau yang umum dikenal. Untuk menyatakan menyatakan bau kayu yang dihadapi, sering kali kita gunakan bau sesuatu benda yang umum dikenal, misalnya: bau bawang putih (kulim), bau keasam-asam keasam-asaman an (ulin), bau zat penyamak penyamak (jati), bau kamper kamper (kapur) dan lain lain sebagainya. sebagainya. Kesan raba dan bau tidak jauh berbeda. Adanya persamaan di antara kesan bau an rasa disebabkan oleh adanya hubungan erat yang terdapat pada indera pembau dan indera perasa kita.
Nilai dekoratif : Umumnya menyangkut jenis-jenis kayu yang akan dibuat untuk tujuan tertentu yang hanya mementingkan nilai keindahan tertentu pada kayu tersebut. Nilai dekoratif sesuatu jenis kayu tergantung dari penyebaran warna, arah serat kayu, tekstur dan pemunculan ria-riap tumbuh yang bersama-sama muncul dalam pola atau bentuk tertentu. Pola gambar inilah yang membuat sesuatu jenis kayu yang memilikinya mempunyai suatu nilai dekoratif. Kayu-kayu yang memiliki nilai dekoratif antara lain: sonokeling, sonokembang, renghas, eboni, dan lain sebagainya. sebagainya.
Sifat-sifat lain : Sifat lain antaranya sifat pembakaran. Semua jenis kayu dapat terbakar,tergolong terbakar,tergolong dalam tingkatan menjadi arang dan sampai menjadi abu. Sifat mudah terbakar ini pada satu pihak memberi keuntungan, misalnya kalau kayu itu akan dipergunakan sebagai bahan pembakar. Di lain pihak ada sifat yang merugikan, misalnya kalau kayu itu dipakai sebagai bahan perabot atau bangunan. Walaupun demikian kayu tidak
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Menutup kayu itu dengan bahan-bahan kimia yang bersifat mencegah terbakarnya kayu, misalnya: jenis cat tahan api, persenyawaan garam antara lain amoniun dan boor zuur, dengan mengimpregnir kayu itu dengan macam-macam bahan kimia yang bersifat mengurangi terbakarnya kayu. Ada juga bahan-bahan lain yang menghasilkan gas yang dapat mencegah api tersebut.
Sifat kayu tehadap suara :
Sifat akustik : : sifat akustik kayu sangat penting dalam hubungan dengan alat-alat music dan konstruksi bangunan. Dasar akustik menunjukkan, bahwa kemampuan untuk meneruskan atau tidak meneruskan suara erat hubungannya dengan elastisitas kayu. Jadi sepotong kayu dapat bergetar bebas, jika dipukul akan mengeluarkan suara tingginya tergantung pada frekuensi alami getaran kayu tersebut. Frekuensi ini ditentukan oleh kerapatan/elastisitas dan ukuran kayu tersebut. Kayu yang telah kehilangan elastisitas misalnya akibat serangan jamur, jika dipukul akan memberikan suara yang keruh, sedang kayu yang sehat suaranya akan nyaring.
Sifat resonansi : resonansi : yaitu turut bergetarnya dengan gelombang sxuara, karena kayu memiliki sifat elastisitas. Kualitas nada yang dikeluarkan oleh kayu sangat baik. Oleh sebab itu banyak kayu dipakai untuk alat-alat music: kulintang, piano, biola, guitar, dan lain-lain. Kemampuan Kemampuan benda untuk mengabsorpsi mengabsorpsi suara tergantung pada masa dan pada sifat-sifat akustik permukaan benda, yaitu mampu tidaknya permukaan benda mengabsorpsi suara atau memantulkan suara. Struktur kayu mempunyai sifat demikian, sehingga kalau kayu tidak dapat bergetar dengan mudah, permukaannya mempunyai sifat meredam gelombang suara. Karena itu kayu serupa ini baik kalau dipakai sebagai lantai atau parket.
2.1.2.3 Sifat Mekanik Kayu
Sifat-sifat mekanik atau kekuatan kayu ialah kemampuan kayu untuk menahan muatan dari luar. Yang dimaksud dengan muatan dari luar ialah gaya-gaya di luar benda yang mempunyai kecenderungan untuk mengubah bentuk dan besarnya benda. Kekuatan kayu memegang memegang peranan penting dalam penggunaan kayu untuk bangunan,
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mempunyai
hubungan
dengan
ketahanan
kayu
terhadap
pembelahan.
Keteguhan tekan/kompresi
Keteguhan tekan suatu jenis kayu ialah kekuatan kayu untuk menahan muatan jika kayu itu dipergunakan untuk penggunaan tertentu. Dalam hal ini dibedakan 2 macam kompresi yaitu kompresi tegak lurus arah serat dan kompresi sejajar arah serat. Keteguhan kompresi tegaklurus serat menentukan ketahanan kayu terhadap beban. Seperti halnya berat rel kereta api oleh bantalan di bawahnya. Keteguhan ini mempunyai hubungan juga dengan kekerasan kayu dan keteguhan geser. Keteguhan kompresi tegaklurus arah serat pada semua kayu lebih kecil daripada keteguhan kompresi sejajar arah serat.
Keteguhan geser
Yang dimaksud dengan keteguhan geser ialah suatu ukuran kekuatan kayu dalam hal kemampuanya menahan gaya-gaya, yang membuat suatu bagian kayu tersebut bergeser atau bergelingsir dari bagian lain di dekatnya. Dalam hubungan ini dibedakan 3 macam keteguhan geser sejajar arah serat, keteguhan geser tegaklurus arah serat dan keteguhan geser miring. Pada keteguhan geser tegaklurus arah serat jauh lebih besar daripada keteguhan geser sejajar arah serat.
Keteguhan lengkung (lentur)
Ialah kekuatan untuk menahan gaya-gaya yang berusaha melengkungkan kayu atau untuk menahan beban-beban mati maupun hidup selain beban pukulan yang harus dipikul oleh kayu tersebut, misalnya blandar. Dalam hal ini dibedakan keteguhan lengkung static dan keteguhan lengkung pukul. Yang pertama enunjukkan kekuatan kayu menahan gaya yang mengenainya mengenainya secara perlahan-lahan, perlahan-lahan, sedangkan keteguhan pukul adalah kekuatan kayu yang menahan gaya yang mengenainya secara mendadak seperti pukulan.
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bentuk yang permanen dan kerusakan sebagian. Keuletan kebalikan dari kerapuhan kayu dalam arti bahwa kayu yang ulet akan patah secara berangsur-angsur dan memberi suara peringatan tentang kerusakannya. Sifat keuletan itu terutama merupakan faktor yang penting untuk menentukan kepastian suatu jenis kayu t ertentu untuk digunakan sebagai tangkai alat pemukul, alat-alat olahraga dan lain penggunaan sebagai bagian alat untuk mengerjakan sesuatu.
Kekerasan
Yang dimaksud dengan kekerasan kayu ialah suatu ukuran kekuatan kayu menahan gaya yang membuat takik atau lekukan padanya. Juga dapat diartikan sebagai kemampuan kayu untuk menahan kikisan (abrasi). Dalam arti yang terakhir kekerasan kayu bersamaan keuletannya merupakan suatu ukuran tentang ketahanannya terhadap pengausan kayu. Hal ini merupakan suatu pertimbangan dalam menentukan suatu jenis kayu untuk digunakan sebagai lantai rumah, balok pengerasan, pelincir sumbu,dan lain-lain. Kekerasan dalam arah sejajar serat pada umumnya melampaui melampaui kekerasan kayu dalam arah lain.
Keteguhan belah
Sifat ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kekuatan kayu menahan gaya-gaya yang berusaha membelah kayu. Tegangan belah adalah suatu tegangan yang terjadi karena adanya gaya yang berperan sebagai baji. Suatu sifat keteguhan belah yang rendah sangat baik dalam pembuatan sirap ataupun pembuatan kayu bakar.sebaliknya bakar.sebaliknya keteguhan belah yang tinggi sangat baik untuk pembuatan jenis ukir-ukiran (patung). Contoh:
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pengerjaan dan pengolahan pengolahan kayu, kayu, sehingga didapat hasil hasil yang maksimal. maksimal. Pada umumny umumnyaa komponen kimia kayu daun lebar dan kayu daun jarum terdiri dari 3 unsur:
Unsur karbohidrat terdiri dari selulosa dan hemiselulosa
Unsur non- karbohidrat terdiri dari lignin
Unsur yang diendapkan dalam kayu selama proses pertumbuhan dinamakan zat ekstraktif
Distribusi komponen kimia tersebut dalam dinding sel kayu tidak merata. Kadar selulosa dan hemiselulosa banyak tedapat dalam dinding sekunder. Sedangkan Sedangkan lignin banyak terdapat dalam dinding primer dan lamella tengah. Zat ekstraktif terdapat di luar dinding sel kayu. Komposisi unsur-unsur kimia dalam kayu adalah:
Karbon 50%
Hidrogen 6%
Nitrogen 0,04 – 0,10% 0,10%
Abu 0,20 – 0,50% 0,50%
Sisanya adalah oksigen.
Struktur kimia lignin, yang terdiri dari sekitar 30% dari kayu dan bertanggung jawab untuk banyak banyak sifat-sifatnya.
Bidang orientasi kayu
Bidang tangensial : bidang yang diperoleh dengan memotong kayu tegaklurus salah satu j ari-jari kayu, searah serat, tidak melalui sumbu kayu. Bidang radial : : bidang yang diperoleh dengan memotong kayu searah serat serat melalui sumbu kayu.
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Hemiselulosa:
Sealin kedua bahan tersebut di atas, kayu masih mengandung sejumlah zat lain sampai 15- 25%. Antara lain hemiselulosa, semacam selulosa berupa persenyawaan dengan molekul-molekul besar yang bersifat karbohidrat. Hemiselulosa dapat tersusun oleh gula yang bermartabat lima dengan rumus C5H10O5 disebut pentosan atau gula bermanfaat bermanfaat enam C6H12O6 disebut hexosan. hexosan. Zat-zat ini terdapat sebagai bahan bahan bangunan dinding-dinding sel juga sebagai bahan zat cadangan.
Zat ekstraktif:
Umumnya adalah zat yang mudah larut dalam pelarut seperti: eter, alcohol, bensin dan air. Banyaknya rata-rata 3 – 8% 8% dari berat kayu kering tanur. Termasuk didalamnya minyak-minyakan, resin, lilin, lemak, tannin, gula, pati dan zat wsarna. Zat ekstraktif tidak merupakan bagian struktur dinding sel, tetapi terdapat dalam rongga sel. Zat ekstraktif memiliki arti yang penting dalam kayu karena: Dapat mempengaruhi sifat keawetan, warna, bau dan rasa sesuatu jenis kayu Dapat digunakan untuk mengenal sesuatu jenis kayu Dapat digunakan sebagai bahan industry Dapat menyulitkan dalam pengerjaan dan mengakibatkan kerusakan pada alat-alat pertukangan.
Abu:
Di samping persenyawaa-persenyawaan organik, di dalam kayu masih ada beberapa zat organik, yang disebut bagian-bagian bagian-bagian abu (mineral pembentuk pembentuk abu abu yang tertinggal setelah setelah lignin dan selulosa habis habis terbakar). Kadar Kadar zat ini
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2.1.3 Proses Produksi Kayu Sebagai Material Bangunan
Penebangan dan Pemotongan
Teknik Penebangan Kayu
Penebangan merupakan langkah awal dari kegiatan pemanenan kayu, meliputi tindakan yang diperlukan untuk memotong kayu dari tunggaknya secara aman dan efisien (Suparto, 1979). Tujuan penebangan penebangan adalah untuk mendapatkan mendapatkan bahan baku untuk keperluan industri perkayuan dalam jumlah yang cukup danvberkualitas baik. Pada dasarnya kegiatan kegiatan penebangan pohon terdiri dari 3 kegiatan, yaitu : 1. Persiapan dan pembersihan tumbuhan bawah. Tujuannya adalah untuk mempermudah kegiatan penebangan penebangan dan mencegah mencegah terjadinya terjadinya kecelakaan kecelakaan selama selama kegiatan penebangan. penebangan. 2. Penentuan arah rebah. 3. Pembuatan Pembuatan takik rebah dan takik balas.
Arah rebah Pohon
Sebelum penebangan penebangan dimulai perlu dilakukan penandaan terhadap pohon yang akan ditebang dan pohon yang tidak boleh ditebang. Penandaan ini harus dilakukan pada setiap pohon yang dimaksud dengan menggunakan menggunakan cat atau bahan lain yang yang tahan lama. lama. Terdapat beberapa hal hal yang penting yang yang perlu diperhatikan diperhatikan dalam menentukan menentukan arah rebah pohon, yaitu : a) Kondisi pohon : kondisi pohon yang dimaksud disini adalah posisi pohon (normal atau miring): kesehatan pohon (gerowong atau terdapat cacat-cacat cacat-cacat lain yangnmempengaruhi yangnmempengaruhi rebahnya pohon); bentuk tajuk dan
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Diusahakan menuju menuju tempat yang tegakan tinggalnya relatif sedikit.
Arah rebah diupayakan disesuaikan dengan arah penyaradan kayu atau ke arah yang memudahkan penyaradan penyaradan kayu.
Pada daerah yang datar, arah rebah pohon disesuaikan dengan bentuk tajuk dan posisi pohon.
Selain menentukan arah rebah pohon, perlu juga ditentukan arah keselamatan bagi regu penebang. Apabila sebatang pohon akan ditebang, luas daerah berbahaya diperkirakan 2 x tinggi pohon yang bersangkutan. Demi menjamin keselamatan keselamatan penebang, maka daerah daerah yang aman aman berada pada sudut 45
di kiri dan kanan garis garis lurus arah arah
rebah pohon yang ditentukan.
Teknik Pemotongan / Penebangan P enebangan
Selain arah rebah pohon, faktor yang menentukan keberhasilan penebangan adalah pembuatan takik rebah dan takik balas. Takik rebah dan takik balas ini yang akan menentukan arah robohnya pohon. Tipe-tipe takik rebah yang dapat digunakan antara lain : (1) tipe biasa, (2) tipe humbolt, (3) dan (4) tipe takik rebah yang digunakan untuk pohon yang besar. Tipe takik rebah nomor (1) merupakan takik rebah yang umum digunakan pada kegiatan penebangan kayu rimba di hutan alam, sedangkan tipe nomor (2) adalah tipe takik rebah yang umum digunakan pda kegiatan tebang habis di hutan jati. Sebelum takik rebah dibuat, untuk pohon-pohon yang mempunyai banir perlu dilakukan pemotongan (pengeprasan) banir, yaitu memotong banir sehingga diameter pangkal mendekati diameter batang kayu. Tujuan dari pengeprasan banir adalah untuk memudahkan pembuatan takik rebah dan takik balas. Pembuatan takik rebah
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waktunya dan terjadi unusan, yaitu serat kayu yang terjulur di atas tunggak sebagai akibat kesalahan dalam pembuatan takik takik rebah.
Peralatan Penebangan
Peralatan non mekanis
Gergaji tangan untuk 2 orang Gergaji ini dapat dibedakan berdasarkan bentuk gigi gergajinya. Macam-macam gigi gergaji antara lain : bentuk segitiga (segitiga selang datar maupun segitiga selang lengkung), bentuk m dan hobelzhan. Kapak Tipe kapak dapat dibedakan berdasarkan bobot kapak dan jumlah mata kapak. Berdasarkan Berdasarkan bobotnya kapak dapat diklasipikasikan sebagai sebagai berikut : Kapak yang berat : lebih dari 1400 gram Kapak yang sedang : antara 1200 – 1400 1400 gram Kapak yang ringan : kurang dari 1200 gram
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Untuk menjaga keselamatan selama bekerja, seorang penebang seharusnya memakai perlengkapan penebangan yang lengkap. Perlengkapan tersebut antara lain : 1. Jaket (pakaian) khusus yang dirancang untuk kegiatan pemotongan kayu. 2. Celana panjang 3. Sepatu lapangan 4. Helm pengaman 5. Pelindung muka 6. Penutup telinga 7. Sarung tangan
Feller (penebang)
Alat ini adalah alat penebang modern, yaitu berupa traktor yang dilengkapi dengan peralatan pemotongan kayu yang mekanis, dan biasanya hanya digunakan untuk menebang poon.
Harvester
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Semua pohon yang berjarak (radius) 50 m dari sumber mata air, saka alam atau suaka margasatwa, jalur vegetasi sepanjang jalan raya/propinsi; pohon-pohon pada jarak 100 m dari daerah yang mengandung nilai estetika (keindahan) dan semua pohon pada jarak 200 m dari tepi sungai/pantai.
Pengeringan kayu
Tujuan dari pengeringan kayu adalah :
Menghasilkan Menghasilkan kestabilan dimensi kayu.
Menambah kekuatan kayu.
Membuat kayu menjadi ringan.
Mencegah serangan jamur dan bubuk kayu.
Mempermudah proses pengerjaan selanjutnya.
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Keuntungan dari cara pengeringan ini adalah: 1. Biaya relatife murah 2. Tanpa menggunakan peralatan yangmahal. 3. Pelaksanaanya mudah sehingga tidak memerlukan tenaga ahli. 4. Kapasitas pengeringan pengeringan bias di buat besar ( tergantung lahan yang kita miliki) 5. Bahan yang digunakan adalah tenaga alam ( udara & matahari ) Kerugian dari cara ini: 1. Memerlukan Memerlukan waktu yang relative lama. 2. Memerlukan areal yang cukup luas. 3. Cacat yang timbul sulit untuk di perbaiki. Penumpukan kayu
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Penumpukan sejajar: umumnya digunakan untuk papan ada kolong minimal 50 cm, memakai atap yang terbuat dari kayu atau seng, menggunakan kayu ganjal antara papan, t umpukan miring keluar 10 derajat. a) Penumpukan persegi, pengeringan lambat karena bidang permukaan tertutup oleh kayu lain.Penumpukan bersilang, bidang sentuh kecil dan karena letak kayu miring maka tidak terjadi endapan air pada kayu sehingga lebih mudah mengering. mengering.
b) Penumpukan segi tiga, penumpukan cara seperti ini memerluka lahan untuk penumpukan yang relative luas, pengeringan bias lebih cepat kecuali pada bagian yang bersentuhan. 1. Pengeringan Buatan.
Panas yang digunakan adalah uap air yang dialirkan kedalam peralatan yang sudah di sediakan.
Keuntungan menggunakan pengeringan buatan.
Waktu lebih singkat.
Kadar air akhir dari kayu bias diatur disesuakan kebutuhan. kebutuhan.
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Cara Inspeksi ruang Kiln Dry
Lakukanlah inspeksi ruang pengeringan sebelum anda mulai membuat tumpukan. Pemeriksaan terhadap kondisi ruang
pengeringan,
peralatan
bantu
dan
alat
ukur
misalnya
sangat
penting
dilakukan.
Distribusi uap panas bisa mulai dilakukan setelah pintu kiln dry t ertutup. Perlu diperhatikan untuk tidak menaikkan temperatur terlalu cepat ke dalam chamber. Bisa dimulai dari 50 °C selama beberapa hari kemudian dinaikkan sedikit demi sedikit hingga 80 °C. Temperature ini selama pengalaman saya adalah level aman untuk kiln dry. Mengapa? Selain pengeringan tidak terlalu cepat karena uap air 'dipaksa' keluar terlalu cepat, batas suhu udara ini
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Tidak Kurang Dari 25 M3/chamber
Apabila anda ingin membangun kiln dry baru, sebaiknya kapasitas setiap ruangan tidak kurang dari 25 M3. Volume kayu ini tidak seimbang dengan biaya yang dibutuhkan untuk proses penumpukan, alat kerja dan energi pemanasan. pemanasan. Terkecuali Terkecuali bila anda telah memperhitungkan memperhitungkan biaya tersebut seminimal seminimal mungkin sehingga berapapun volume kayu tidak akan membuat anda rugi. Pengawetan Kayu
Bahan pengawetan kayu
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Keawetan kayu berhubungan erat dengan pemakaiannya. Kayu dikatakan awet bila mempunyai umur pakai lama. Kayu berumur pakai lama bila mampu menahan bermacam-macam factor perusak kayu. Dengan kata lain: keawetan kayu ialah daya tahan suatu jenis kayu terhadap factor-faktor perusak yang datang dari luar tubuh kayu itu sendiri. Kayu diselidiki keawetannya pada bagian kayu terasnya, sedangkan kayu gubalnya kurang diperhatikan. Pemakaian kayu menentukan pula umur keawetannya. Kayu, yang awet dipakai dalam konstruksi atap, belum pasti dapat bertahan lama bila digunakan di laut, ataupun tempat lain yang berhubungan langsung dengan tanah. Demikian pula kayu yang dianggap awet bila dipakai di Indonesia. Serangga perusak kayu juga berpengaruh besar. Kayu yang mampu menahan serangga rayap tanah, belum tentu mampu menahan serangan bubuk. Oleh karena itu
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Faktor kimia, juga mempunyai pengaruh besar terhadap umur pakai kayu. Faktor ini bekerja mempengaruhi unsure kimia yang membentuk komponen seperti selulosa, lignin dan hemiselulosa. Unsur kimia perusak kayu antara lain: pengaruh garam, pengaruh asam dan basa.
Penyebab kerusakan kerusakan oleh makhluk hidup: hi dup: Makhluk hidup perusak kayu beraneka macam, kebanyakan serangan perusak ini sangat cepat menurunkan nilai keawetan dan umur pakai kayu. Ada jenis yang langsung memakan komponen kayu tersebut, ada juga yang melapukkan kayu, mmengubah susunan kimia kayu, tetapi ada pula yang hanya merusak kayu dengan mengubah
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Alasan manusia melakukan pengawetan kayu karena: 1. Kayu yang memiliki kelas keawetan alami tinggi sangat sedikit, dan sulit didapat dalam jumlah banyak, selain itu harganya cukup mahal. 2. Kayu berkelas keawetan III sampai dengan V cukup banyak dan mudah didapat dalam jumlah banyak dan cara pengerjaannya pengerjaannya pun lebih l ebih mudah. Selain itu segi keindahannya cukup tinggi, hanya faktor keawetannya keawetannya saja yang kurang. Sehingga lebih efisien bila diawetkan terlebih dahulu.
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JENIS PENGAWETAN KAYU
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Tentunya tidak semua sifat-sifat di atas dimiliki oleh sesuatu jenis bahan pengawet. Dalam praktek biasanya diperhatikan sifat-sifat mana yang perlu tergantung pada tujuan pemakaian kayu itu nantinya. Pada waktu memilih
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2. Bahan pengawet larut minyak:
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Menyiapkan kayu yang akan diawetkan:
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dengan cara penyemprotan dan pelaburan (pemolesan). Cara ini umumnya dilakukan di industri-industri jian untuk
ah
jamur blue stain. Bahan
t
dipakai Natrium
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Perlindungan komponen Bambu
Bambu tidak tahan lama dalam keadaan aslinya. Kandungan alami bambu terdapat sumber makanan yang siap untuk serangga dan jamur, dan dapat membusuk dalam waktu kurang dari satu tahun jika kontak langsung dengan tanah. Oleh karena itu perlindungan merupkan merupkan usaha yang penting untuk menjamin umur yang lama dari material bambu. Perlindungan tidak selalu berarti perawatan dengan kimia. Garis pertahanan pertama adalah desain yang baik. Perlindungan dengan desain melibatkan empat prinsip dasar yaitu : menjaga bambu tetap kering, menjaga bambu kontak kontak dengan tanah, tanah, memastikan memastikan sirkulasi udara udara yang baik, dan dan memastikan memastikan visibilitas yang baik.
Konsol atap yang lebar dapat mencegah pembasahan langsung dinding saat hujan lebat, dan drainase saluran atau selokan dapat digunakan untuk menjauhkan air dari gedung dengan jarak yang aman. Risiko banjir yang lebih umum dapat dikurangi dengan membangun sebuah situs dinilai atau sedikit miring, dan menggunakan batu dinaikkan dinaikkan atau pondasi pondasi beton. (Gambar (Gambar 9).
Meningkatkan kolom bambu atau panel dinding jelas tanah juga mengurangi risiko serangan rayap, dan meningkatkan visibilitas, membuat pemeriksaan lebih mudah. Perisai rayap dapat digunakan antara pondasi dan dinding, jika risiko dianggap tinggi. Bila memungkinkan, ruang atap harus dibiarkan terlihat dengan baik sehingga untuk visibilitas dan aliran udara, dan pemeliharaan rutin, Konstruksi bambu juga dapat memberikan daerah bersarang ideal untuk tikus dan dan hama lainnya. lainnya. Secara umum, konstruksi konstruksi rongga harus dihindari. dihindari.
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Bangunan bambu sebagai bangunan ramah lingkungan “Green Building”
Setiap bangunan menempati ruangan, dirancang, dibangun, dioperasikan dan dipelihara untuk kesehatan dan kesejahteraan penghuni, sambil meminimalkan dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan. Adapun kategori bahan
“green building” adalah sebagai berikut: a) Produk yang dibuat dari bahan lingkungan yang menarik.
b) Produk yang mengurangi dampak lingkungan selama konstruksi, renovasi atau pembongkaran. c) Produk yang mengurangi dampak lingkungan dari operasi bangunan.
d) Produk yang membuat lingkungan yang aman dan sehat dalam ruangan.
Bambu memenuhi syarat sebagai bahan bangunan ramah lingkungan (green building). Bambu saat ini sedang dipandang sebagai alternatif bahan dengan biaya rendah untuk masalah besar perumahan yang dihadapi oleh beberapa negara berkembang. Bambu merupakan potensi bahan untuk perumahan dan konstruksi yang ramah lingkungan, karena:
•
Kekuatan tarik tinggi dibandingkan dengan yang ri ngan baja.
•
Kekuatan tinggi untuk rasio berat dan beban daya dukung tinggi tertentu.
•
Membutuhkan Membutuhkan lebih sedikit energi untuk produksi,
•
Layanan kinerja bambu dapat ditingkatkan dengan pengawetan dengan pengobatan yang cocok.
•
Dapat dibentuk menjadi panel dan material komposit yang dapat meningkatkan kekuatan yang cocok untuk aplikasi struktural properti.
•
Bambu juga memiliki kekuatan sisa tinggi untuk menyerap pengaruh guncangan dan sangat cocok untuk bahan pembangunan pembangunan rumah rumah untuk melawan melawan kekuatan angin dan seismik seismik yang tinggi.
Bambu sangat efisien dalam menyerap karbon dioksida dan berkontribusi terhadap pengurangan efek rumah kaca. Peran bambu dalam restorasi lingkungan
Biosfer kita menderita penipisan sumber daya, hilangnya habitat, kepunahan spesies dan pencemaran ekosistem, ekosistem, menunjukkan keberlanjutan yang tidak t idak cukup. Arsitek dan pengembang sekarang dapat memilih bahan dan sistem yang memiliki efek restoratif pada lingkungan. Bambu dapat memainkan peran kunci.
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Bambu menghasilkan struktur balok, lantai, panel dinding, pagar dan banyak yang berkelanjutan dengan produk dari restorasi restorasi lingkungan. lingkungan.
Batang bambu dapat dipanen setiap tahun setelah 3 smpai 5 tahun, dibandingkan dengan 30 sampai 50 tahun untuk pohon. Dengan kenaikan tahunan 10-30% dalam biomassa dibandingkan 2-5% untuk pohon, bambu dapat menghasilkan 20 kali lebih banyak kayu dari pohon-pohon di daerah yang sama. Bambu dapat selektif dipanen setiap tahun dan melahirkan tanpa melakukan penanaman kembali. Bambu menghasilkan oksigen 30% lebih dari pohon. Hal ini membantu mengurangi karbon dioksida gas yang menyebabkan pemanasan global. Rumpun bambu dapat menyerap karbon dioksida hingga 12 ton per hektar, yang membuat bambu menjadi pengisi ulang udara segar yang efisien. Bambu merupakan penghalang mengalirnya air alami, karena sistem akar yang luas penyebarannya, bambu sangat mengurangi mengurangi limpasan hujan, mencegah mencegah erosi tanah besar- besaran dan membuat air dua kali lebih banyak di daerah aliran sungai (DAS). Bambu membantu mengurangi polusi air karena konsumsi nitrogen tinggi, sehingga merupakan solusi untuk penyerapan nutrisi kelebihan air limbah dari pertanian, manufaktur, peternakan, dan pengolahan limbah.
Berdasarkan uraian di atas, dapat di simpulkan dampak positip penggunaan bambu pada konstruksi bangunan sebagai sebagai berikut:
1) Bambu dapat dugunakan untuk berbagai aplikasi di bidang konstruksi bangunan sebagai pengganti keberadaan keberadaan kayu yang semakin langka, dan jika didasain dengan baik dan di rawat dengan baik akan mempunyai daya tahan yang lama. 2) Pengakuan penggunaan bambu oleh masyarakat luas untuk konstruksi bangunan dan keperluan lain akan berpengaruh pada kebutuhan pengadaan pengadaan bambu yang semakin semakin besar pula. Hal ini dapat memicu memicu masyarakat masyarakat untuk melakukan penanaman bambu di tanah-tanah yang kurang produktif dengan demikian akan memberikan memberikan nilai tambah secara ekonomis.
3) Dengan semakin meluasnya lahan yang ditanami bambu, maka akan berdampak positip bagi lingkungan antara lain: udara segar karena bambu penyumbang oksigen yang lebih besar dibanding kayu dan dapat menyerap karbon dioksida, pemanfaatan lahan gundul, dan dapat mencegah mencegah erosi.
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2.4
Inovasi Bahan
Bahan Bangunan dari LUSI LUSI (Lumpur Sidoarjo) Sidoarjo) Bahan bangunan dari LUSI (lumpur Sidoarjo) merupakan merupakan produk inovasi bahan bangunan lokal sebagai komponen bangunan alternatif yang dibuat dari bahan lumpur sidoarjo sebagai bahan baku dan campuran bahan lain sebagai substitusi/tambahan.
I shipping two. This comprar This comprar viagra Bought color – on on that cialis that cialis 5mg I’ve is gooey drives cialis tadalafil coming day system been generic been generic viagra online brush online brush product product item only sildenafil only sildenafil citrate 100mg production 100mg production her. Arms Arms face cialis face cialis 5mg price strong they makes many. T thattakesovaries.org T thattakesovaries.org cialis drug are aggravated makes soda? Secara umum ada 2 kelompok produk yang dihasilkan yaitu : Bahan bangunan keramik (ceramic ( ceramic based materials) materials) seperti bata merah, genteng, dan agregat tanah (arta), serta Bahan bangunan bersemen ( cement based materials) materials) seperti conblock, paving block dan ubin semen. Untuk bahan keramik, proses pembuatan pembuatan melalui cara dibakar sampai suhu sintering (antara 800 s/d 900 oC) hingga memperoleh memperoleh produk yang stabil, kuat dan berpenampilan baik, sedangkan bahan bangunan bersemen proses pembuatan dengan dengan cara cara dicetak dari dari campuran campuran lumpur, pasir dan dan semen Portland. Portland. Inovasi ini bermula dari sebuah pemikiran, dengan melimpahnya bahan lumpur yang keluar dari kegiatan pengeboran (kegagalan (kegagalan teknis) teknis) dan untuk mengurangi mengurangi dampak dampak negatif dari semburan semburan itu, bahan bahan ini perlu dimanfaatkan dimanfaatkan sebagai komponen bangunan agar diperoleh nilai guna dan nilai tambah t ambah dari bahan tersebut. Di sisi lain, akibat rusaknya bangunan dan lingkungan li ngkungan dilokasi semburan serta rencana relokasi penduduk, maka perlu didukung ketersediaan ketersediaan material material yang memadai. memadai. Untuk hal hal tersebut, diperlukan diperlukan suatu produk komponen bangunan dengan dengan memanfaatkan memanfaatkan bahan bahan setempat setempat sehingga pengadaan pengadaan dapat dilakukan secara secara cepat dan murah. Disisilain, akibat semburan yang telah menutupi sebagian wilayah t erdampak erdampak dan telah mengakibatkan mengakibatkan hilangnya kesempatan kesempatan kerja/usaha, maka perlu diciptakan lapangan kerja baru untuk mengurangi dampak sosial yang lebih luas bagi masyarakat masyarakat yang terdampak sekaligus mengatasi masalah lingkungan. Produk bata, genteng dan agregat agregat sendiri telah dikenal sejak lama, namun untuk produk dengan bahan baku LUSI merupakan produk baru yang sedang dikembangkan. Keunggulan dan Kelemahan 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Dapat diproduksi dengan skala kecil (home i ndustri atau UKM) maupun skala besar (padat modal), Teknologi yang digunakan sederhana dan mudah diterapkan oleh masyarakat masyarakat setempat, Produk yang dihasilkan lebih ringan dibanding dengan produk komponen pada umumnya, umumnya, Dapat dikembangkan dikembangkan dan diaplikasikan oleh masyarakat tanpa keahlian khusus. Produk ini hanya dapat dikembangkan dilokasi semburan lumpur dan sepanjang sungai porong yang merupakan merupakan saluran pembuangan pembuangan lumpur, tetapi tidak menutup kemungkinan dikembangkan dikembangkan dilokasi lain sepanjang masih dalam batas radius ekonomis. Pemanfaatan bahan lokal Mengembangkan Mengembangkan teknologi konstruksi Meningkatkan Meningkatkan nilai bahan limbah Efisiensi bahan dinding Menciptakan lapangan kerja baru
Penggunaan
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Produk bata dan genteng LUSI dapat digunakan dalam pembangunan rumah dan gedung dengan mudah, dan karena bobotnya yang ringan maka akan mengurangi beban struktur secara keseluruhan. Sedangkan agregat LUSI dapat digunakan untuk pembuatan beton ringan seperti beton mikro, lapisan kedap suara, penahan panas atau struktur tahan api Saat ini produk ini baru dalam tahap uji coba dengan membuat rencana pembangunan pembangunan pilot pilot project dilokasi dilokasi semburan lumpur dengan melibatkan pemerintah daerah dan masyarakat setempat. Respon dari stakeholders baik pemerintah daerah maupun masyarakat sangat antusias setelah melihat contoh produk yang dihasilkan, dihasilkan, terutama terutama dengan adanya adanya pendirian pabrik pabrik yang diharapkan diharapkan dapat menampung menampung tenaga kerja setempat sekaligus pemenuhan kebutuhan akan bahan bangunan. Kriteria Desain Bahan Bangunan Dari LUSI Kriteria desain dapat dibagi dalam 2 aspek 1. Peralatan produksi, Merupakan Merupakan paket peralatan yang terdiri dari crusher, (tunnel crusher, extruder , cetakan, rak pengering, tungku bakar (tunnel kiln), kiln), screen screen,, dan alat pendukung lainnya, merupakan alat-alat yang telah umum digunakan dengan modifikasi beberapa bagian bagian untuk penyesuaian penyesuaian terhadap terhadap raw materials materials dan produk produk yang akan akan dihasilkan. 2. Hasil produksi, Kriteria disain teknologi dari produk ini utamanya utamanya adalah proporsi campuran campuran bahanbaku(LUSI) bahanbaku(LUSI) dengan bahan substitusi (abu batu bara) yang berfungsi sebagai penstabil dan peningkatan karakteris karakteristiknya tiknya JENIS PRODUK
1. PAVING BLOCK
2. CONBLOCK
SPESIFIKASI
1 PC : 5 AG (60 % LUSI + 40 % PS) KUAT TEKAN : 80 KG/CM2
1 PC : 8 AG (60 % LUSI + 40 % PS) KUAT TEKAN : 30 KG/CM2
APLIKASI
Jalan setapak, trotoar, halaman halaman
Dinding
HARGA
Rp. 36.650 /M2
Rp. 39.500/M2
____________________________________ __________________ ___________________________________ _______________________________ __________________________________ _________________________ _____ JENIS PRODUK
1. BATA MERAH
2. GENTENG KERAMIK
80 % LUSI + 20 % ABB BEBAN LENTUR 38 KG F 90% LUSI + 10% ABB KUAT TEKAN 43 KG/CM2
PENYERAPAN AIR 8 %
SPESIFIKASI A
SPESIFIKASI B
80 % LUSI + 20 % ABB KUAT TEKAN : 52 KG/CM2
70% LUSI + 30 % ABB BEBAN LENTUR 56 KG F PENYERAPAN AIR 12 % 60% LUSI + 40 % ABB BEBAN LENTUR 25 KG F
70% LUSI + 30 % ABB
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Hasil Uji Agregat
Syarat mutu (utk beton struktural)
Hasil uji No
Uraian uji Lumpur : abu batu bara
80 : 20
70 : 30
60 : 40
Berat jenis, ……………….. gr/cc 1
1,43
1,38
1,32
1,0 -1,8
12,16
15,36
21,28
Maks. 20,0
1,19
0,97
0,86
-
1,27
1,16
0,94
-
10,6
9,2
6,7
7,5 – 14,0 14,0
1,64
1,38
1,25
1,0 -1,8
Penyerapan air, ……………. % Bobot isi, 2 - gembur, ………………….. kg/lt 3
kg/lt - padat, …………………….. kg/lt Nilai keremukan keremukan 10 %,.. (ton)
Berat jenis, ……………….. gr/cc 4
Biaya Investasi Biaya investasi untuk pendirian pabrik bata, genteng dan agregat LUSI sangat t ergantung dari skala produknya, tetapi untuk skala UKM diperkirakan memerlukan memerlukan biaya sebesar 1 – 1,2 1,2 Milyar. Biaya tersebut meliputi pembuatan los/barak kerja, perkantoran, mushola, KM/WC, dan peralatan (tunnel (tunnel kiln, crusher, extruder , cetakan, rak pengering, screen pengering, screen), ), pagar pengaman, dan alat pendukung lainnya, tetapi belum termasuk pengadaan pengadaan lahan seluas 2000 s/d 5000 m2.
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BAB III PENUTUP
3.1. Kesimpulan Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil pada pembahasan dari makalah ini, yaitu: a. Setiap konsep pembangunan pembangunan memiliki spesifikasi bahan material yang berbeda-beda,sesuai dengan kebutuhannya. b. Lokasi penggunaan penggunaan bahan material mempengaruhi jenis dari bahan material itu sendiri.. c. Bahan yang sebenarnya sebuah bencana alam bisa dijadikan inovasi bahan material untuk mendapatkan bahan yang lebih terjangkau. 3.2. Saran Untuk mendapatkan kualitas dan harga yang anda inginkan, ada baiknya anda mengenal jenis bahan-bahan bangunan beserta kelebihan dan kekuranggannya secara keseluruhan sebelum memutuskan untuk memilih atau menggunakannya dalam proses konstruksi.
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
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