Pretest -- Choose the best answer. 1. The foll ollowin owing g except. A. Tools
are
B. Weapons
*efini *efining ng +ultur +ulture e and and ocie ociety ty *as Anthropologi#al Anthropologi#al an )o#iologi#al Con#epts+
exa examples ples
of
C. Dwelling units
materi teria al
D. Customs
2. These These are guides guides or or models models of behav behavior ior which which tell ell us what is proper and which are appropriate or inappropriate, right or wrong. A. Folkways
B. Norms
C. Beliefs
D. Laws
3. These These are customar customary y pattern patterns s of everyday everyday life that that spec specif ify y what what is soci social ally ly corre correct ct and and proper in everyday life. A. Mores
B. Norms
C. Laws
D. Folkways
. They embody the code of standards of morality in society. A. Mores
B. Norms
ethics
and
C. Folkways D. Fas
!. They rep repres resent ent the the stan tandards rds we use to evaluate the desirability of things. things.
, +ulture , +ulture is the pro#ess by whi#h a person be#omes all that that they they were were #reat #reate e #apabl #apable e of being being-- Thoma Thomas s Carlyle Ther There e are are iffe iffere rent nt ways ways of efin efinin ing g #ult #ultur ure e an an so#iet so# iety. y. %a#h %a#h efinitio efinition n is always always ass asso#i o#iate ate with with man/s relationship relationship to the en'ironment. en'ironment. 0en#e1 man/s so#ial so#ial intera#tio intera#tion n ser'es ser'es as an a'erage a'erage for #reating #reating patterns of beha'ior that will guie the members of so#iety so#iety to li'e in an organi2e organi2e an orerly manner. manner. ociety ociety in this #onte3t1 refers to a group of people sharing a #ommon #ulture within a efine territorial boun bouna ari ries es.. Like Likewi wise se11 e'er e'ery y huma human n so#i so#iet ety y is orga organi ni2e 2e in su#h su#h a way way that that ther there e are are rule rules s of #onu#t1 #ustoms1 traitions1 folkways an mores1 an e3pe#tations that ensure appropriate beha'ior among members *(alispis1 *(alispis1 4556 p. 478+. Thus1 e'ery so#iety is uni$ue in terms of #ulture. What is Culture9 +T/0 Language Working )#heules Clothing an Dressing Manners :okes Celebrations Folk Art Mei#al Cure &eligion Foo
A. Fas
B. !alues
C. laws D. Mores
". The The follow following ing statem statement ents s are charact characteri eristi stics cs of culture except
A. "t is learne an a#$uire B. "t is eliberate an ena#te C. "t is share an transmitte D. "t gratifies human nees #. This arise arise from the fact fact that that culture culture differ differ and and each culture defines reality differently. A. ino#t ino#trin rinati ation on B. &ela &elati' ti'is ism m
C. %thno# %thno#ent entris rism m D. imit imitat atio ion n
+ulture is a #ompos #omposite ite or multifa multifario rious us areas areas that that #omprise #omprise beliefs1 beliefs1 pra#ti#es pra#ti#es11 'alues1 'alues1 attitues1 attitues1 laws1 laws1 norms1 artifa#ts1 symbols1 knowlege1 an e'erything that that a pers person on lear learns ns an an shar shares es as a memb member er of so#iety. Therefore1 #ulture is;
$. The follo ollow wing are fou our r prin rincip cipal ways ays of cultural adaptation except
A. %thno# %thno#ent entris rism m. B. Con'e Con'erg rgen# en#e e
C. Fissio Fission n D. (arall (aralleli elism sm
%. The fol followin owing g are modes odes of learn earnin ing g and ac&uiring culture except A. Diffusion B. "mitation
C. "no#trination D. Conitioning
1'. (t is an attempt attempt to )udge )udge behavior behavior according according to its cultural context A. Cultural ino#trination B. )ub#ultures
C. Cultural relati'ity D. Culture sho#k
A prou#t of human intera#tion. A so#ial heritage that is #omple3 an so#ially transmitte. (ro' (ro'i ies es so#i so#ial ally ly a##e a##ept ptab able le patt patter erns ns for for meeting biologi#al. A istinguish fa#tor. An establishe pattern of beha'ior. Cumulati'e Meaningful to human beings
Types of +ulture Cultur Culture e is #ompo #ompose se of mater material ial an non
aterial +ulture Ar#hite#tural )tru#tures Fashion an A##essories Te#hnologi#al Tools Foo
aaptation. A##oring to :oseph Fi#hter1 here are four principal ways in which this process of culture adaptation occurs; occurs;
@.
Parallelism refers to the inepenent e'elo e'elopme pment nt of a #ultur #ulture e #hara# #hara#ter terist isti#s i#s in two wiely wiely separate separate #ultures. #ultures. There is no histori#al histori#al e'ien#e that the use of the wheel1 or the ar#h of builings1 or of omesti#ate ogs1 pigs1 an other animals was originate by one people in only one pla# pla#e. e. %'en %'en in the the moe moern rn worl worl1 1 the the same same me#hani#al in'ention or s#ientifi# is#o'ery o##urs in pla#es that are 'ery far apart.
4.
*iffusion *iffusion is the mu#h more #ommon pro#ess of patterns patterns an traits traits passing passing ba#k an forth from one one #ultur #ulture e to anothe another. r. %3ampl %3amples es of these these are are beha beha'i 'ior or patt patter erns ns11 foo foo11 #ust #ustom oms1 s1 reli religi giou ous s pra#ti#es1 rituals1 festi'ities.
.
5ission is a pro#ess that #an be tra#e histori#ally when a long establishe so#iety breaks up into into two two or more more in inepen epene ent nt unit units. s. For For instan instan#e1 #e1 the 'ariou 'arious s tribes tribes of North North Ameri# Ameri#an an "nian "nians1 s1 the %skimo %skimos1 s1 an the Appala Appala#hi #hian an hill hill folks1 folks1 the Aetas of amba ambale2 le211 the Manob Manobos1 os1 the "gor "gorot ots s of Bont Bonto# o# pro' pro'in in#e #e11 the the Duma Dumaga gats ts of (alanan1 "sabela1 an the Baluga of Bula#an are e3amples of people who ha'e broken away from their #ultures origins an ha'e e'elope ifferent internal #ulture traits.
8.
+onvergence is the fusio fusion n of two or more more #ult #ultur ures es into into a new new one one whi# whi#h h is some somewh what at ifferent ifferent from its pree#es pree#essors sors.. %3amples %3amples of this pro# pro#es ess s may may in#l in#lu ue e the the Norm Norman an in'a in'asi sion on of %nglan %nglan1 1 the fusion fusion of the Mo Moori orish sh an )panish )panish #ult #ultur ures es11 an an the the #on' #on'er erge gen# n#e e of &oma &oman n an an Cermanti# traits.
0lements of +ulture To unerstan #ulture1 it is ne#essary to unerstan the ifferent elements that #ompose it; nowledge "t nowledge "t refers to any information re#ei'e an per#ei'e to be true. 4eliefs The 4eliefs The per#eption of a##epte reality. <<&eal <<&eality ity refer refers s to the e3iste e3isten#e n#e of things things wheth whether er material or non material. ocial orms=These orms =These are establishe e3pe#tations of so# so#iety iety as to how how a pers person on is supp suppos ose e to a#t a#t epening on the re$uirements of the time1 pla#e1 or situation. "nee1 so#ial norms are 'ery imp important in umerstaning the nature of man/s so#ial relationship. "n the the so#i so#ial al inte intera ra#t #tio ion n pro# pro#es ess1 s1 ea#h ea#h memb member er possesse possesses s #ertain #ertain e3pe#tati e3pe#tations ons about the response responses s an rea#tions rea#tions of another another member *(alispis1 *(alispis1 4556 4556 p. 88+. 88+. 0ow it is essent essential ial to eter etermin mine e the iffer ifferent ent forms of so#ial norms; 5ol6ways 5ol6ways The patterns of repetiti'e beha'ior whi#h be#omes habitual an #on'entional part of li'ing. ores=T ores=The he set set of ethi ethi#a #all stan stana ar rs s an an mora morall oblig obligati ations ons as i#tat i#tates es of reason reason that that istin istingui guishe shes s human a#ts as right or wrong or goo from ba. 7alues=anything 7alues=anything to be relati'ely worthy1 important1 esirable1or 'aluable. Te#hnology=The pra#ti#al appli#ation of knowlege in #on'erting raw materials into finish prou#ts. 8spects of +ulture )in#e )in#e #ultur #ulture e is 'ery 'ery #ompl #omple31 e31 there there are impor importan tantt aspe#ts of #ulture that #ontribute to the e'elopment of man/s so#ial intera#tion.
Dynami#1 fle3ible1 an aapti'e )hare an #onteste Learne through so#iali2ation or en#ulturation (atterne so#ial intera#tion "ntegrate an at times unstable Transmitte through so#iali2ation &e$ui e$uirres lan langua guage an other ther for forms of #ommuni#ation
8daptations of +ulture -- >ne ma?or #hara#teristi#s of #ulture #ulture is its being being aapti aapti'e. 'e. "t #an be sai sai that that #ulture has e3iste whene'er human beings ha'e li'e in group life. "ts origin as a whole is simultaneous with the origin of the so#iety. 0owe'er1 #ulture 'ary greatly from from one one so#i so#iet ety y to anot anothe her1 r1 from from one one peri perio o to anothe another1 r1 an to lesser lesser egree1 egree1 a #ultur #ulture e may 'ary 'ary internally from one institution to another. Man is one1 but #ultures are many. This is so sin#e there are any fa#tors in'ol'e in the pro#ess of #ulture
As es#ribe by Fi#hter1 iffusion an #on'ergen#e of #ulture are the two most important forms of aaptation in the moer moern n worl worl.. The physi# physi#al al interm interming inglin ling g of people people from from iffer ifferent ent ba#kg ba#kgro roun uns s has in#re in#rease ase tremeno tremenously usly be#ause of both for#e an 'oluntar 'oluntary y migr migrat atio ion. n. (eop (eople le tran transp spor ortt with with them themse sel' l'es es the the beha'i beha'ior or patter patterns ns from from their their origi original nal #ultur #ulture. e. Mo More re important than physi#al intermingling1 howe'er1 is the rapi rapi #ommu #ommuni# ni#ati ation on of ieas ieas from from one one #ultur #ulture e to another. odes odes of 8c&uir 8c&uiring ing +ultur +ulture e * ways ways by whi#h whi#h #ulture may be a#$uire + @. "mitat "mitation ion<< The pro#es pro#ess s of so#iali so#iali2at 2ation ion plays plays a 'ery 'ery impor importan tantt role role in the e'elo e'elopm pment ent of e'ery ini'iual.As the #hil grows1 he imitates the things aroun him. 4. "n "no#tr o#trin inat atio ion< n
+ultural +ultural 7ariabili 7ariability ty < ,the ,the rang range e of 'ari 'ariat atio ions ns betwee between n #ultur #ultures es is almost almost enless enless an yet at the same same time time #ultur #ultures es resemb resemble le one anothe anotherr in many many important ways-. Dean an his asso#iates.
8ctivities 8. nowledge Dire#tions; "entify the following<
0thnocentrism
@.
4. %3ample< ra#ial is#rimination arises be#ause of those ten tenen en#y #y of one one grou group p to rega regar r his his own own ra#e ra#e as superior to those of the others. %3ample of %thno#entrism << White suprema#y or white suprema# suprema#ism ism is a ra#ist ra#ist ieology ieology #entere #entere upon the belief1 an promotion of the belief1 that white people are are superi superior or in #ertai #ertain n #hara# #hara#ter terist isti#s i#s11 traits traits11 an attributes to people of other ra#ial ba#kgrouns
. 8.
7. +ultural relativity
6.
G.
%3. 5andom < 5andom < #an be fans of mo'ies1 a #elebrity1 or any share interest. 94T < somet sometime imes s refer referre re to as the gay #ultur #ulture1 e1 in#lues lesbian1 gay1 bise3ual an transgener people :ta6u < :ta6u < people obsesse with anime an manga popper
gbu >gburn rn <<"n <<"nab abil ilit ity y of a gi'e gi'en n so#i so#iet ety y to aop aoptt a #ultu #ulture re imme immeiat iately ely.. %3amp %3ample; le; when when the 'illag 'illage e folks folks1for 1for instan#e #annot a##ept inno'ations in s#ientifi# farming be#ause they #annot gi'e up the anti$uate methos they learne learne from their fore fathers this is be#ause they ha'e pra#ti#e the traitional system for years.
H.
@5.
"t refer fers to a group of people sharing a #ommon #ommon #ultur #ulture e within within a efine efine territ territor orial ial bounaries. A #omposite or multi ltifariou ious areas that #omprise #omprise beliefs1 beliefs1 pra#ti#es pra#ti#es11 'alues1 'alues1 attitues1 attitues1 laws1 norms1 norms1 artifa#ts1 artifa#ts1 symbols1 symbols1 knowlege knowlege11 an an e'er e'eryt ythin hing g that thatEE a pers person on lear learns ns an an shares as a member of so#iety. "t #onsi #onsist sts s of tangib tangible le thing things s use use by man in his e'eryay life. The The patt patter erns ns of repe repeti titi ti'e 'e beha beha'i 'ior or whi# whi#h h be#ome be#omes s habitu habitual al an #on'en #on'entio tional nal part part of li'ing. The set of ethi#al stanars an moral obligations as i#tates of tease; that istinguishes human a#ts as right or wrong or goo from ba. "t refer efers s to any anythin thing g hel hel to be rela elati' ti'ely worthy1 important1 esirable or 'aluable. "t refers to the pra#ti#al appli# li#ation ion of knowlege knowlege in in #on'ertin #on'erting g raw materials materials into into finishe prou#ts. "t refers refers to the the iffer ifferen# en#es es in so#ial so#ial beha' beha'ior iors s that that ifferen ifferentt #ultures #ultures e3hib e3hibits its aroun aroun the worl. "t is a per#e per#epti ption on that that arise arises s from from the fa#t fa#t that that #ult #ultur ures es iff iffer er an an #ult #ultur ure e efin efines es real realit ity y ifferently The attempt attempt to ?uge ?uge beha'ior beha'ior a##oring a##oring to its #ultural #onte3t.
4. @. Colle Colle#t #t as many many #on#e #on#ept pts s an an efin efinit itio ions ns of #ultur #ulture e as you you #an from from iffer ifferent ent sour# sour#es. es. A#knowlege the sour#es by using bibliography. 4. "n your your own way1 way1 illus illustra trate te how the the follow following ing #hara#teristi#s of #ulture work in you. a. b. #. . e.
Cult Cultur ure e Cultur Culture e Cultur Culture e Cult Cultur ure e Cult Cultur ure e
is is lear learne ne grati gratifie fies s human human nees nees.. is a prou prou#t #t of so#i so#ial al inter intera#t a#tion ion.. is integ integra rate te. . is is ie ieat atio iona nal. l.
. "enti "entify fy spe#ifi# spe#ifi# #omp #ompone onents nts of Filipino Filipino #ultur #ulture e as regars a. b. #. . e.
Folkways mores #ustoms 'alues beliefs
8. "nter' "nter'iew iew ten of your your neighb neighbor ors. s. Ask them them to prio priori riti ti2e 2e the the iff iffer eren entt aspe aspe#t #ts s of Filip Filipino ino #ulture. #ulture. Make a list list of these #ultur #ultural al aspe#ts aspe#ts after getting the a'erage or mean.
