UNIT 5 the 19th Century in Spain

History, 4th ESO – Bilingual Section – IES Sánchez Lastra

UNIT 5 th The 19 Century in Spain

Unit 5 – The 19 th Century in Spain

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Contents: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

The Crisis of the “Ancien Régime” in Régime” in Spain (1808-1833). The Configuration of the Liberal State (1833-1868). The Democratic Sexennium (1868-1874). The Restoration (1874-1898). The Economic and Social Transformations. Art and Culture in the 19th Century Spain.

Salvador Viniegra: “The promulgation of the Constitution of 1812”


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The Crisis of the “Ancien Régime” in Régime” in Spain (1808-1833).


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The Configuration of the Liberal State (1833-1868).


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The Democratic Sexennium and The Restoration (1868-1898).


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1. The Crisis of the “Ancien Régime” in Régime” in Spain (1808-1833). th

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The current Spanish society takes shape in the 19 century. It was in the 19 century when Liberalism and Capitalism spread all over Europe and arrived in Spain, nevertheless both systems came late and in a more temperate way. The first stage, called the Crisis of the “ Ancien Régime ”, ”, established the transition from the Old System to the Liberal Society. This change was peculiar within Europe and it was in this period when the most important conflicts of the Spanish Liberalism took place. The fear to the French Revolution stopped the slight economic and cultural reforms undertaken by the enlightened th ministers in the 18 century. A: The “Guerra de la Independencia española ” AND THE CONSTITUTION OF CADIZ. th Spain began the 19 century in the midst of a period of crisis and social unrest. These were the main causes: A long cycle of bad harvests and Epidemics. Wars against Revolutionary France, a.k.a. “Guerra de la Convención“ , (1793-1795); War against England (1797-1801) ; War of the Third Coalition (1803-1806) where Spain lost the best ships of her Navy in the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. Separatist movements in the Spanish American Colonies, where many resources for the Crown Treasury came from. The political situation was also critical and the dissatisfaction with King Carlos IV exploded in 1808 with the Mutiny of Aranjuez. The King had to abdicate in favour of his son Fernando VII. • •

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The Mutiny of Aranjuez (“Motín de Aranjuez”.) Napoleon had nearly all Europe in his hands at that time but when Portugal, a close ally to England violated the Continental System, he looked for the Spanish support. Manuel Godoy, Prime Minister or Valido of King Carlos IV, signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau with Napoleon in 1807. They agreed to let the French Army a free pathway through Spain for a joint invasion of Portugal. However the true intention of Napoleon was to conquer Spain herself and ensure the southern border of France. The presence of French troops in Spanish soil made the concern spread out all over the country. Godoy finally took the Royal Family to Aranjuez with the idea of a flight southwards or th even to America America if necessary. In this context on March the 17 1808 a crowd stormed the Palace and Godoy hardly could hide and save his life. It was Fernando, Prince of Asturias who was behind the Mutiny. Two days later he forced his father, the King Carlos IV to abdicate in his favour. The Mutiny of Aranjuez was the beginning of the end of the “Ancien Régime” in Spain. When Napoleon noticed about the dispute between the father and the son, he called them to Bayonne, and forced both of them to abdicate the Spanish throne. After the Abdications of Bayonne, where Fernando was appropriately bribed, Napoleon ceded the crown to his brother Jose Bonaparte who became King of Spain with name of José I. The people soon nicknamed the foreign king as “Pepe Botella ”. ”. Napoleon granted then the Bayonne Statute (Glossary 2).


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History, 4th ESO – Bilingual Section – IES Sánchez Lastra The spontaneous uprising of the Spanish people against the invader led to the War of Independence (1808-1814). The French Army never controlled the whole Spanish territory but prevailed until 1812. The Spanish developed the Guerrilla Warfare (Glossary 1) and were supported by the British army. El Empecinado, el Cura Merino or Agustina de Aragón were the most famous heroes of the guerrilla warfare in the “Guerra de la Independencia ”. ”. Afrancesados Only the “ ”, members of the intellectual elites, supported the French invasion as ”, they thought it was the only way to modernise Spain. nd rd After the terrible repression of the patriots in Madrid on May 2 and 3 1808, the Mayor of Móstoles called to arms to liberate the fatherland. When the uprising extended to all the towns in the country, Napoleon himself had to get involved to quell the Spanish rebellion.

However, from 1812 on an Anglo-Spanish army led by Wellington gained territory until the French were thrown out of Spain in 1814 and Fernando VII recovered his crown. During the War of Independence there were two parallel powers in Spain: the Monarchy of José ” that held power on behalf of Fernando VII. I and the “Junta Central Suprema ” This “Junta ” managed to call the Cortes in Cadiz in 1812 and approved the first Spanish th ”, Constitution on March 19 upon a liberal majority. This Chart, popularly known as “La Pepa ”, abolished Absolutism, established the National Sovereignty, and proposed a constitutional monarchy with separations of powers. However, “ La Pepa ” did not grant the freedom of worship and considered the Roman Catholic Church as the only religion allowed.

Art. 1. La Nación española es la reunión de todos los españoles de ambos hemisferios . Art. 2. La Nación española es libre e independiente, y no es ni puede ser patrimonio de ninguna familia ni persona. Art. 3. La soberanía reside esencialmente en la Nación , y por lo mismo pertenece a ésta

exclusivamente el derecho de establecer sus leyes fundamentales. española es y será perpetuamente la católica , apostólica, Art. 12. La religión de la Nación española es romana, única verdadera. La Nación la protege por leyes sabias y justas y prohíbe el ejercicio de cualquiera otra.


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History, 4th ESO – Bilingual Section – IES Sánchez Lastra B: THE REIGN OF FERNANDO VII. (I) THE T HE ABSOLUTIST SEXENNIUM 1814-1820. Fernando VII recovered his throne in 1914, as soon as the war was over and Napoleon was defeated. He immediately abolished the Constitution and restored the absolute monarchy. The liberals were excluded and persecuted so they answered by plotting several “ pronunciamientos” Glossary 3) against the absolutism of the king. ( Glossary In addition to the serious situation of the country after the “Francesada ”, ”, things went even worse when the “Libertadores” started their own War of independence in 1816. The “Libertadores ” were the main leaders of the Latin American wars of independence from Spain. They were largely bourgeois criollos (local-born people of Spanish ancestry) influenced by liberalism and in most cases with military training in the metropolis. The most prominent libertadores were Simón Bolívar (Venezuela, New Granada and Quito) and José de San Martín (Argentina, Chile and Peru) who had a famous conference in Guayaquil in 1822.

C: THE REIGN OF FERNANDO VII. (II) THE T HE LIBERAL TRIENNIUM 1820-1823. In this context, it was a question of time that a liberal pronunciamiento succeeded finally. In 1820 Colonel Riego started a mutiny demanding the return of 1812 Constitution and brought the period known as Liberal Triennium. King Fernando was therefore forced to take the oath of allegiance to the Constitution against his will. «Marchemos francamente, y yo el primero, por la senda constitucional» he said reluctantly. Nevertheless the Holly Alliance agreed to quell the Liberal uprising in Spain and sent a French Army that invaded the country once again in 1823. It was popularly known as “los Cien mil hijos de San Luis ”. ”. The royal absolutism had been finally restored in Spain by a foreign influence.


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History, 4th ESO – Bilingual Section – IES Sánchez Lastra D: THE REIGN OF FERNANDO VII. (III) THE T HE OMINOUS DECADE 1823-1833. The period between 1823 and 1833 is known in the Spanish History as the Ominous Decade because of the fierce repression undertaken by the King against the Liberals. The main problem Fernando VII had to face in his final decade was the Succession Question. The King had fathered only two daughters so he favoured the Pragmatic Sanction of 1830 (Glossary 4) in order to let his oldest daughter Isabel inherit the crown. This decision had to cope with the opposition of the most radical absolutists who supported Carlos, the King’s brother. In the other hand the Liberals supported Isabel, which eventually would plunge Spain into the Carlists Wars.

2. The Configuration of the Liberal State (1833-1868).

The tensions between those who defended the “Ancien Régime” and the partisans of the Liberal Revolution took most of the mid 1800's. In the practice, the Liberal Model consolidated in spite of the Carlist Wars that endured most of the century. The current political tendencies (Right and Left wings) arose in this moment under the name of Moderates and Progressives, and contested for power throughout the century. A. THE CARLISM AND THE PROGRESSIVE TRIUMPH. (1833-1843) In 1833 Fernando VII died and since his daughter Isabel was underage, a Regency (Glossary 5) of the Queen Mother María Cristina was established. The main issue of this period was the Civil War between Carlists and Isabelians. The Isabelians Liberals represented the bourgeoisie, part of the Aristocracy and the urban common people. The absolutist Carlists had on their side the rural clergy, the low aristocracy and in many places the peasants and the craftsmen. A1. THE CARLIST WARS AND THE CONVENTION OF VERGARA. st On august 31 1839, the Liberal General Espartero, and his Carlist counterpart Maroto, confirmed the so-called Convention or “Abrazo” of Vergara with an embrace before their troops. It was the end of the war on the northern front during the First Carlist War. The Convention meant practically the end of the civil war, although the combats went on in Aragon and Catalonia until July 1840. The agreement recognised the military ranks of those who had fought in the Carlist side and made an ambiguous promise of respect to the Basque-Navarrese Fueros, Glossary 6. That War had been a civil conflict initiated in in 1833 for the succession to Fernando VII. The followers of the King’s Brother, Carlos María Isidro, were Absolutists and were known as Carlists. On the other hand the supporters of the King’s daughter Isabel were the Isabelists or “Cristinos” named after the regent queen María Cristina and aspired to a Liberal system.


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History, 4th ESO – Bilingual Section – IES Sánchez Lastra The Carlism endures so far under several expressions, but its armed uprisings against the th Liberal State are limited to three stages in the 19 century. 1. The First Carlist War (1833-1840) broke up when the Infante Carlos called for open rebellion to his supporters. The Carlists parties controlled the rural regions in the Basque country, Navarre and some mountain areas in Catalonia, Aragon and Valencia using the guerrilla warfare. On the contrary the cities always remained loyal to Isabel II. 2. The Second Carlist War (1846-1849), known as “Guerra dels Matiners”, took place mainly in Catalonia. 3. The Third Carlist War (1872-1876), the Revolution of 1868 and the election of a foreign King, Amadeo I of Savoy, led the Carlists again to declare War. The conflict was limited to Navarre, the Basque country and Catalonia. Their final defeat took place against the Liberal Army of Alfonso XII, under command of General Martínez Campos.

FOCUS 1. The Catalan Nationalism. Catalonia and the other Kingdoms of the Crown of Aragon had lost their Laws and “ Fueros ” with the “Nueva Planta ” Decrees imposed after the War of succession. Catalan Nationalism evolved on three stages: In the 1830’s, began the Romantic “Renaixença ”: ”: an intellectual, literary movement with no political aims that was based in the recovery of the Catalan language. In 1882, Valentí Almirall founded the “Centre Català ”, ”, a political organization that vindicated Autonomy and criticised the corruption (Caciquismo ) in the Spain of the Restoration. In 1891, Enric Prat de la Riba founded the “Unió Catalanista ”, ”, a conservative and catholic party that was fiercely nationalist but allegedly had no separatist aims. In 1892, this organization drafted and approved the Bases of Manresa, a program that claimed for self-government and a share of competences between the Spanish Sate and the Catalan Autonomy. The Catalan Nationalism spread among the bourgeoisie and the peasantry but the working class mostly embraced anarchism. FOCUS 2. The Basque Nationalism. th The defence of the Basque “Fueros ” during the 19 century was linked to the Carlist cause. The successive defeats of the absolutists led to the abolition of the Fueros in 1876. The Biscayan bourgeoisie, enriched with the industrialisation, was the growth medium for the Basque Nationalism. The PNV (“Partido Nacionalista Vasco”) was founded in 1895 by Sabino Arana. Arana was the descendant of a Carlist Ultra-Catholic family and set the ideological principles of the Basque nationalism on four points: Separatism: The Independence of Euskadi (Basque Fatherland with its 7 provinces). Racism: The exaltation of the Basque Race and the maintenance of its racial purity. Roman Catholic Integrism: A complete subordination of the State to Church. Promotion of the Basque Language and cultural traditions. The social and geographical influence of the Basque nationalism was not homogenous. It spread within the small and medium-sized bourgeoisie and the rural countryside. The high industrial and financial bourgeoisie kept the distances with nationalism and most of the proletariat, who were coming from other regions in Spain, embraced Socialism. PNV became very popular in Biscay and Guipuzkoa while Alava and Navarre remained out of its influence.


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History, 4th ESO – Bilingual Section – IES Sánchez Lastra A2. THE PROGRESSIVE TRIUMPH (1835-1843) The Crown asked the Moderates (Conservatives) to govern in the first stage but their resistance to change was the cause of many uprisings and revolts. The Progressives replaced them and undertook a far deeper reform. In 1836 Mendizábal (Progressive) started his “Desamortización “(Glossary “(Glossary 7), or Ecclesiastical confiscation as a first step to get the Land Reform. Meanwhile, the progressives drafted and approved the Constitution of 1837. The persistence of the uprisings forced Maria Cristina to resign the Regency in 1840. She was succeeded by the progressive General Espartero as the Regent until 1843. B. THE RULE OF THE MODERATES (1843-1868). After the coming of age of Isabel II in 1843, the moderates would rule for nearly 25 years and tailored the Liberal State. The first stage of their rule is known as the Moderate Decade (18441854). The new Constitution of 1845 enclosed the guidelines of the Moderate Liberalism: A Shared Sovereignty between the Cortes (Parliament) and the Queen. A Censitary Suffrage determined by the incomes: Only the wealthy citizens had the right to vote. Limited Liberties. Besides, the moderates undertook a State administrative reorganization: Division of the territory in Provinces. A new System of Education. The Moyano Law of 1857, named after the minister Claudio Moyano, tried unsuccessfully to improve the national instruction and eradicate illiteracy. It was the most long-lasting Educational law, since it was in force until 1970. The Foundation of the “Guardia Civil ”. ”. The Tax Reform. This was the third Constitution in 30 years. The change of Law according to the Governing th Party became unfortunately usual in the Spanish political life of the 19 century Spain. Some other problems soon became also chronic: Social unrest, Sexual Scandals in the court that involved the Queen herself and Political instability. B1. THE PROGRESSIVE BIENNIUM (1854-1856) The situation changed briefly in 1854 after a pronunciamiento called “La Vicalvarada”; it was the beginning of the Progressive Biennium (1854-1856). The progressives deepened the Economic Reform in 1855 with the Railways Law that gave major benefits and privileges to whoever would invest in the construction of railways and the Civil Confiscation (Desamortización ) of Madoz.

“, the properties owned by municipalities, military orders, In this new “Desamortización “, hospitals, hospices and “casas de misericordia” (charity homes) were confiscated and sold to raise funds for the State as those of the Clergy in the time of Mendizábal. The negative consequences were suffered not only by the owners of these institutions but by the poorer villagers, who used the municipal commons for their subsistence. But these reforms barely developed. A new pronunciamiento brought back the power to the Moderates in 1856. General O’Donnell resumed the Constitution of 1845 and undertook a period of authoritarianism marked by economic stability. This Situation lasted until 1866 when the economic crisis, the drop in popularity of the Queen and several political Scandals led to the Revolution of 1868 also known as “La Gloriosa”. Most of the opposition groups agreed to establish a democratic regime and expel the Queen Isabel II who had to go into exile in Paris.


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3. The Democratic Sexennium (1868-1874). The Sexennium governments tried to satisfy the necessities of all the social classes where those in the former stage had only favoured the privileged groups. Initially a democratic monarchy was established and afterwards a republic came, but both of them failed to achieve their democratic goals. A. THE DEMOCRATIC MONARCHY (1868-1873). The Revolution of 1868 plotted by Progressives and Republicans sent the Queen into exile. Soon afterwards the first Spanish election with universal male suffrage was called and in 1869, a Constitution was drafted establishing a democratic monarchy. But what’s a Monarchy without a King? The Crown fell on Amadeo of Savoy, a King of democratic mood and respectful with the Constitution. However, his reign lasted only 4 years. Amadeo I abdicated in 1873 overwhelmed by the lack of support and four main political problems: an oppressive Economic Crisis, the Third Carlist War, the First Cuban War and several Republican uprisings.

B. THE FIRST REPUBLIC (1873-1874) The Spanish First Republic was proclaimed when the Monarchy failed. The Republicans took advantage of the regime of liberties that came after the revolution and went organised. The change of Regime was undertaken hurriedly with a simple ballot in the Cortes. The Constitution of 1869 was still in force and stated that Spain was still a Monarchy. A Federal Republic model with basic social reforms was considered so the popular support was high in the first moment. Nevertheless serious problems arose: divisions among the Republicans (Unitarians and Federals), the Third Carlist War, the First Cuban War and the Cantonalist uprising. These issues made the Stability impossible and caused her failure.

The Cantonalist Insurrection. During the First Republic, the most extremist Federal Republicans provoked the Cantonalist Insurrection. They rebelled against the republican Government of Madrid and established little regional semi-independent States in Valencia, Murcia and Andalusia. The Army quelled fiercely the uprising. The Cantón of Cartagena became the symbol of this insurrection that merged FederalRepublican and Anarchist ideas. It was proclaimed on July 1873 and lasted till January 1874. The Pronunciamiento of General Martínez Campos in Sagunto put an end to the Republic. Meanwhile the conservative politicians prepared the return of the Bourbon dynasty with Alfonso XII, the son of Isabel II.


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4. The Restoration (1874-1898). In December 1874, General Martínez Campos proclaimed Alfonso XII as King of Spain, though the true architect of this new monarchical System was Antonio Cánovas Del Castillo. Despite the problems of the country, the Restoration was the most lasting and stable regime of th the 19 century. It copied the British political system proposing a peaceful turn in government of two establishment parties, the Conservatives and the Liberals. It maintained liberalism in theory, but the Crisis of 1898 revealed its contradictions. The new system was based on the Constitution of 1876 and represented the most conservative liberalism. The Chart established the Separation of Powers, but set a Shared Sovereignty of the King and the Parliament. The leaders of the main political parties, Cánovas (Conservative) and Sagasta (Liberal), met in late 1885 and agreed the Pacto de El Pardo. They agreed on the eve of death of Alfonso XII, a Two-Party System and a peaceful turn in government in order to save the regime from the pressure of Carlism and Republicanism. Both parties took turns for 40 years but to keep the alternation, they were compelled to use anti-democratic mechanisms such as Caciquism Pucherazo (Glossary 9). Alfonso XIII, the posthumous son (Glossary 9) and Electoral Fraud or Pucherazo ( of Alfonso XII, was proclaimed King at his birth. His mother, Queen Maria Christina, was appointed regent during his minority.

The Opposition to the system was excluded from the political life and never reached a significant electoral result. These forces were the Carlists, the Republicans, the Socialists and towards the end of the century the Nationalists, mostly the Catalans and the Basques. The most important problem of the regime was the colonial wars of independence that broke out in Cuba in 1895 and Philippines a year later. An intervention of the USA in 1898 in favour of the colonies was moved by the American economic interests in the area and decided the war. It was in 1895 when the third and last Cuban uprising against the Spanish rule broke out. The other conflicts in 1868 and 1879 had finished with the Peace of Zanjón. The war destroyed the old slave plantations and the sugar industry started to develop with American Capitals. Besides, the protectionist measures adopted to favour the Spanish products (mainly Catalan) were not advantageous to the Cuban customers and the American products either. In this context the unrest of the Cuban society grew up and when the insurrection led by José Martí broke out in 1895 it acquired a remarkable popular support. The war spread across the Island and the Spanish government was forced to send to Cuba an army of 200 000 men, nevertheless by 1897 the rebels controlled half of the country. In early 1898 the USA and their interests in the area increased the pressure on the conflict. The battleship USS Maine sank in Havana Harbour because of a mysterious explosion that was used as a pretext to declare war to Spain. The American intervention decided the Spanish defeat in the conflict: the land Battle of San Juan Hills and the Naval battles of Cavite in Philippines and Santiago de Cuba put and end to the Spanish Empire in America on August th 12 1898 with the loss of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines . The economic consequences of the war were very serious. The rise in prices affected the common people who had also contributed with the main human effort to the war. The colonial disaster underlined the economic weakness of the country and worsened the crisis of the regime. The fiercest criticisms came from the “regeneracionismo ” movement (Glossary 10) led by Joaquín Costa and the regional nationalisms that started to become apparent. The “Desastre del 98 ” meant also a cultural crisis whose reaction was the Generation of 98.


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5. The Economic and Social Transformations. Nowadays, many historians hold that the developement of capitalism was not completed in Spain until the last decades of the 20th century. Nevertheless Industrilization flourished in some regions although an agricultural economy prevailed. Spain didn’t achive the goals of some other European countries but Industrializaction transformed the Spanish society by the end of the 19th century. A: THE EVOLUTION OF THE ECONOMY During the 19th century the population growth was remarkable but the most notorious phenomenon in demographics was the emigration: from the countryside to the urban industrial centers and by the end of the century to America. In the agricultural domain the “Desamortizaciones ” put up many lands for sale that were acquired by rich landowners and bourgeois. Despite this measure the land ownership kept on being concentrated in few hands and the new owners proved unable to modernise agriculture. Besides, unfair inequalities persisted between the rich owners and the poor peasants and day labourers or “braceros ” that made difficult the development of the sector. The massive mining of the subsoil in Spain started in 1868. The economic needs of the Treasury forced the State to grant the exploitation of the mineral resources to foreign corporations, mainly French and British: Riotinto in Huelva (Copper ), ), Almadén in Ciudad Real


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History, 4th ESO – Bilingual Section – IES Sánchez Lastra (Mercury ), ), La Unión in Murcia (Lead), La Carolina and Linares in Jaén (Lead), Somorrostro in Biscay (Iron), Langreo and Mieres in Asturias (Coal). The process of Industrialization was only a reality in some regions like Catalonia, The Basque Country and Asturias where there were raw materials. The weakness of the domestic consumption and the shortage of energy sources made impossible a complete industrial takeoff. The developement of a railway network after the Ley General de Ferrocarriles in 1855, opened a stage of intense construcction and built up the hope of creating a great market in Spain. Besides, the new energy sources of the final decades of the century, Electricity and Oil, favoured the industrialization of new regions and the diversification in sectors such as Iron and Steel, Chemical and Naval Construction. B: THE SOCIAL CHANGES: The politic and economic transformations had their impact in society. The developement of the Class Society in Spain had some particular features. The preponderance of the agricultural sector and the low industrial developement brought about a weak bourgeoisie whereas the old landowning aristocracy kept so long her economic influence. In this context it was difficult for the bourgeois way of life to become popular and was also the main reason for the endurance of the aristocratic mentality and the great social influence of the church. The dominant groups were the landowning aristocracy and the high bougeoisie. The rural and urban popular classes (craftsmen, employees, labourers, shopkeepers) suffered precarious living condition and a limited political participation. The Labour Movement developed also with the pace of industrialization. The first way of protest was the Luddism : destruction of mechanical looms in Alcoy in 1829 and the arson of the Bonaplata factory in Barcelona in 1835. However the Labour Associations started by 1840. The employers reacted very soon and the moderate governments under Isabel II banned the Labour Unions. The organization of the first main associations was only possible when the democratic Sexennium Sexennium came: came: in 1870, the Spanish Spanish Federation of the International Workingmen’s Association was created in Barcelona with a deep Anarchist nuance. Anarchism spread among the Catalan workers and the Andalousian countryside though with different aims. Their favourite expression was the Terrorism whose objectives were mainly politicians and high ranking officers of the Army in the Restoration. In the other hand, Socialism had more impact in Asturias and Madrid. Pablo Iglesias founded the Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE) in 1879, and with the Trade Union UGT (Unión General de Trabajadores) from 1888 onwards, they also vindicated labour improvements.


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6. Art and Culture in the 19th Century Spain. As we’ve seen before, the European Art evolved from the Neoclasicism of David or Ingres towards the Romanticism of the first half of the Century. The main character of the Spainsh Art in the 19th Century was Francisco de Goya y Lucientes. Atfer him, it seemed that the arts stagnated at least until the end of the century. Although this is not exactly true, it’s clear that the Spanish Art turned its back on the changes happening in Europe and remained anchored between an outmoded Historicism of Neoclasical inspiration and a mellow Romantic “Costumbrismo ”. ”. A: THE ART OF GOYA. Goya (1745-1828) was a contemporary of David, however his Art played not only David’s role in France (Neoclasicism) but also that of a truly revolutionary romantic for the Spanish Painting. His fluid brushstroke full of color, a scarce concern about drawing in addition to a subjective approach to reality and a critical expresionim anticipated some other artistic movements such as Realism, Impresionism, Expresionism and even Surrealism. The Life and Work of Goya could be divided into three stages: Goya, the Royal painter: 1774-1800 • After some years of training in Zaragoza, Goya moved to Madrid and became the Court Painter (Pintor de Cámara) of King Carlos IV where his Portraits made him famous. He portrayed the Royal Familiy, some enlightened figures like Jovellanos, and the famous “ Majas ” (Clothed and Nude). In 1799 he painted his first engravings (Glossary 11) Los Caprichos , a fierce critic on the Spanish society. In 1792 he went deaf because of an illness.

The war of Independence: 1800-1814 The War marked the personality of the painter for good. The “ afrancesadas ” enlightened ideas he defended were brought in Spain by a ruthless army that proceeded with extreme brutality against the civilian population. Many of his works show what Goya thought about war: el 2 y 3 de Mayo (Page 7) and the engraving series Los Desastres Los Desastres de la Guerra (1810-1820). Absolutism and exile 1814-1828 • This stage was contemporary to the absolutist restoration undertaken by Fernando VII after having recovered the Throne. The enlightened ideas of Goya and some of his paintings (Majas) created problems for him with Inquisition and Justice. It was then that he painted the Pinturas Negras, several personal and overwhelming works painted on the walls of his property of the Quinta del Sordo. Finally he decided to exile in Bourdeaux where he died and was buried in 1828. •

Goya is considered, along with Dürer and Rembrandt, one of the most important engravers of the History of Art as much as a Painter. His four series of Gravings, Los Caprichos, los Desastres de la Guerra, La Tauromaquia and Los Disparates show his mastery on several techniques such as etching (aguafuerte) and aquatint (aguatinta) as well as being even more personal and critical than his painted work. Disparates weren’t published until after his death.


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History, 4th ESO – Bilingual Section – IES Sánchez Lastra B: HISTORICISM AND ROMANTICISM. th The Spanish Art in the 19 Century beyond Goya, moved among three options that complemented each other and evolved simultaneously without significant changes until the end of the century. Academic CLASSICISM • The academic Classicism in the style of David flourished during the reign of Fernando VII (“La muerte de Viriato ” of José de Madrazo). His son Federico de Madrazo became the official portraitist of the whole Spanish court and aristocracy during the reign of Isabel II. HISTORICISM • In the meantime, the loss of international presence of Spain made the artists look at a more glorious past. “La Rendición de Bailén ” de Casado del Alisal is a good example of that historicist painting. Landscape and Costumbrist ROMANTICISM • Halfway through the century the Europeans converted Spain into a romantic and exotic destination full of “Castizos” , Bullfights and Goyesque “Majas ”. ”. That same exotic spirit was assumed by the Spanish romantic painters. The most prominent and internationally renowned among them was Mariano Fortuny.

C: LITERATURE AND THEATRE. The Spanish romantic writers followed the European fashion: tragical love stories, interest in irrationality and gloominess. The main representatives of this style are Espronceda, Larra and Bécquer. Larra became the tragical ideal of the romanticism by committing suicide because of an unrequited love. The romantic drama prevailed in theatre (Don Álvaro o la fuerza del sino by the Duke of Rivas) but the bourgeois comedy or the historical drama ( Don Juan Tenorio de José Zorrilla) were also very successful. The Naturalism and Realism arose in the second half of the Century. The two greatest authors of these styles were Benito Pérez Galdós and Leopoldo Alas “Clarín”. Both figures were novelists and but also journalists and criticised their society with works such as the “ Episodios Nacionales ” and “La Regenta ”. ”.


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History, 4th ESO – Bilingual Section – IES Sánchez Lastra Questions: 1. Why did Napoleon invade Spain? 2. What did did the Mutiny of of Aranjuez Aranjuez consist of? 3. What was was the First Spanish Constitution? Where was it signed? signed? 4. What is the Liberal Triennium? 5. What were were the Ecclesiastical Confiscations also known in Spain as Desamortizaciones ? th 6. What kind of political tendencies divided the Spanish Liberals in the 19 Century? 7. What were were the main problems of Spain Spain during the Democratic Sexennium? 8. What are the political political regimes that appeared in this period? 9. How could the political system of the restoration work? 10. Why did the Spanish society suffer a crisis after the colonial defeat? th 11. Why didn’t the Industrial Revolution happen in Spain during the 19 Century? 12. Where in Spain could we talk about a real industrial takeoff? 13. Chose two works of every stage in the life of Goya. 14. What’s the name of the technique that let us engrave wood, stone or metal? th 15. List the three main tendencies in the Spanish Art Art of the 19 Century. 16. List a name in every one of the three options. 17. Summarize the main characteristics of the Spanish Romanticism. 18. What do Clarín and Galdós have in common? 19. What are the most remarkable novelists and dramatists of the century? Glossary

1. Guerrilla warfare refers to conflicts in which a small group of combatants including armed civilians (or "regulars") use military tactics, like ambushes, sabotage, raids, the element of surprise, and extraordinary mobility to harass a larger and less-mobile traditional army, or strike a vulnerable target, and withdraw almost immediately. The term was coined during the Spanish war of Independence and is used in many languages. 2. The Bayonne Statute (Estatuto de Bayona) was a constitution or a royal charter ( carta otorgada ) approved in Bayonne, France, 8 July 1808, by Joseph Bonaparte as the intended basis for his rule as king of Spain. The statute was Bonapartist in overall conception, with some specific concessions made in an attempt to accommodate Spanish culture. Few of its provisions were ever put into effect. 3. A Pronunciamiento is a form of military rebellion or coup d'état peculiar to Spain and the Spanish American republics, particularly in the 19th century. In a pronunciamiento , a group of military officers publicly declare their opposition to the current government. The rebels then wait for the rest of the armed forces to declare for or against the government. There is no fighting at this point; if the rebellion has no support, the organizers lose. One example of a pronunciamiento was the successful rebellion of September 1868 against Queen Isabel II of Spain, by Generals Prim and Serrano. 4. The Pragmatic Sanction of 1830 was a Royal Decree enacted by Fernando VII to revoke the Salic Law. The old Salic Law prevented women from inheriting the Crown, so Fernando brought forth the Pragmatic Sanction of 1830, so that his oldest daughter Isabel would inherit the throne and be declared queen upon his death. 5. Regency: The Regency is a provisional government motivated to the underage, incapacity or absence of the legitimate monarch. 6. Fueros. The (Spanish) “Fuero” has a wide range of meanings, depending upon its context. It has meant a compilation of laws, especially a local or regional one; a set of laws specific to an identified class or estate (for example fuero militar, or fuero eclesiástico). In many of these senses, its equivalent in the Anglo-Saxon world would be the charter. In contemporary Spanish usage, the word “Fueros” most often refers to the historic and contemporary charters of certain regions, especially of the Basque provinces and Navarre. 7. Desamortización is the expropriation and privatization of the lands owned by Mortmain (Manos muertas ), ), normally monastic or church properties. The government wished to use the land to encourage the enterprises of small-land owning bourgeoisie, since much of the land was in underuse by languishing monastic orders. The government, which did not compensate the


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History, 4th ESO – Bilingual Section – IES Sánchez Lastra church for the properties, saw this as a source of income. Finally, wealthy noble and other families took advantage of the legislation to increase their holdings.

8. Caciquism is a complex system of social relations that shaped the political life of the Spanish Restoration. The wealthy and influential Cacique was a powerful man in a rural area who determined coercively the option of ballot of his neighbours according to the turn system. 9. Electoral Fraud (Pucherazo (Pucherazo ). ). The Pucherazo was an electoral Fraud consisting on adding or removing papers form the ballot box according to the result of the election agreed upon beforehand. It was common in the time of Restoration. Restoration. 10. Regeneracionismo was an intellectual and political movement in late 19th century and early 20th century Spain. It sought to make objective and scientific study of the causes of Spain's decline as a nation and to propose remedies. It is largely seen as distinct from another movement of the same time and place, the Generation of '98. While both movements shared a similar negative judgment of the course of Spain as a nation in recent times, the regenerationists sought to be objective, documentary, and scientific, while the Generation of '98 inclined more to the literary, subjective and artistic. 11. Engraving is the practice of incising a design on to a hard, usually flat surface, by cutting grooves into it. The result may be a decorated object for printing images on paper as prints or illustrations; these images are called engravings.


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UNIT 5 the 19th Century in Spain

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