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Urbanization refers to general increase in population and the amount of industrialization of a settlement. It includes increase in the number and extent of cities. It symbolizes the movement of people from rural to urban areas. Urbanization happens because of the increase in the extent and density of urban areas. The density of population in urban areas increases because of the migration of people from less industrialized regions to more industrialized areas. The rapid urbanization of the world¶s population over the twentieth century is described in the 2005 Revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects report. The global proportion of urban population rose dramatically from 13% (220 million) in 1900, to 29% (732 million) in 1950, to 49% (3.2 billion) in 2005. The same report projected that the figure is likely to rise to 60% (4.9 billion) by 2030. Urbanization is closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and the sociological process of rationalization.
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The concept ³Urban Sprawl´ means increase in spatial scale or increase in the peripheral area of cities. ³Urban Sprawl´ has its own drawbacks.
The city and its infrastructure may not be adequately planned. Traffic is high with increased time needed for commuting. Mssential services are not reachable within time. ëity administration becomes extremely difficult.
An excellent example of urban sprawl within our country is that of the city of Bangalore. After the establishment of IT industry in Bangalore, the population exploded from 24,76,355 in 1980 to 42,92,223 in 2001 with influx of 18 lakh immigrants within two decades. The growing population has increased pressure on several resources including civic amenities, residential availability, cost of living, local infrastructure, transport, traffic and administration. Bangalore has lost many if its water bodies (lakes) and consequently the fragile ecosystem have been disturbed due to the ever-increasing need for space, to cater to residences and business establishments.
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The beginning of urbanization can be traced back to Renaissance times in 16th century. Turkish assaults resulted in movement of ëhristians from the east to western Muropean countries. As a result, trade grew and Muropean cities along the coasts developed greatly. A further boost for urbanization was created with the arrival of the ³Ã ´. Populations of cities in Murope and USA started to increase significantly in the 18th and 19th centuries. However, urbanization started in Asia only in the first half of the 20th century and in the second half of the 20th century in Africa, when the countries obtained independence from colonial rule. An example for a dramatic increase in extent and population of cities is ëhicago in USA. The population increased from 15 people to about 20 million, within a span of 78 years.
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Since the number of people competing for jobs is more than jobs available, unemployment is an inevitable problem. ë Slum conditions make maintenance of law and order difficult. Patrolling of slums is not a priority of law enforcing officers. Unemployment and poverty force people into anti-social activities. Slums become a breeding ground for criminal activities. M
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× Factories and automobiles are symbols of urbanization. Due to harmful emissions of gases and smoke from factories and vehicles, air pollution occurs. ëurrent research shows high amount of suspended particulate matter in air, particularly in cities, which contributes to allergies and respiratory problems thereby becoming a huge health hazard. Water issues - When urbanization takes place, water cycle changes as cities have more precipitation than surrounding areas. Due to dumping of sewage from factories in water body, water pollution occurs which can lead to outbreaks of epidemics. u To make an area urbanized, a lot of forested areas are destroyed. Usually these areas would have been habitats to many birds and animals. cc cc c
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The main goal of urban planning is to make all amenities and comforts available to the public without imposing many negative effects on society and environment, aptly referred to as ³V ´. The cardinal rule is to plan cities beforehand, rather than let them grow spontaneously and haphazardly. During city planning it should be ensured that adequate infrastructure is available to support the population. Residences should be conveniently located near the civic bodies. This could improve effective provision of the necessary services. Opportunities can be created within rural areas to reduce stress on cities. This also results in a higher standard of living for the people of the country as a whole. Some of the villages in South Kanara district of Karnataka set a good example for this. They have efficient transport and communication system and electricity. ëooperatives have been set up to provide financial aid to peasants. The rural people have been encouraged to engage in cottage industries and commercial activities such as making pickles, handicrafts, sweets and savories. Through cooperative agencies, marketing of these goods also has become easy. This is an efficient cc cc c
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method of curbing urbanization, by creating opportunities for people in villages. This reduces the rate of migration. ëurrently, planning cities for sustainable growth, mainly in the third-world societies, is a major challenge for humanity. Restricting the population boom is another major issue of the third millennium. All these vital factors would decide what the future would look like for humankind and our planet.
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Rapid urbanization puts stress on the provision of basic infrastructure serviceswater, sanitation, electricity, and roads- as well as leaves many fast-growing cities with disorderly and unplanned growth, sprawling slums, rising levels of inflation, poverty and crime and environmental damage. Given the current and projected global trends in urbanization, it is important to understand and resolve these opposing viewpoints and develop effective programs and policies for sustainable economic development in the years ahead. Although it is impossible to restrict urbanization it can be ensured that the path of the development can move in the right path.
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