UREA PRODUCTION PROCESSES

UREA PRODUCTION PROCESSES.

A

TERM PAPER  PAPER 

BY

VICTOR ALI MENTA

IN

PETROCHEMICAL PROCESSING PROCESSING (CHEN ( CHEN 808)

SUBMITTED TO:

Dr. A. HAMZA DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING FACULT FACULTY Y OF ENGINEERING ENGINEERI NG AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA. DECEMBER, 20!.

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .............................. ................... iii LIST OF FIGURES .....................

LIST OF TABLES..................... ................................ ..................... ..................... .................................................... ......................................... iv

ABSTRACT..................... ................................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... ........ v ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS...................................................................vi CHAPTE APTER R : :

INTRODU ODUCTIO TION.................... ............................... ..................... ..........................................1 ................................1

CHAP CHAPTE TER R 2:

.............................. ..................... ..................... ........................ .............. 2 LITE LITERA RAT TURE URE REVI REVIE" E"....................

............................... ...................... ...............................2 ....................2 INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF UREA ....................

AVANCORE# AVANCORE# UREA PROCESS PRO CESS.................... ............................... ..................... ..........................................2 ................................2 ISOBARIC DOUBLE RECYCLE UREA U REA PROCESS.................................................4 CHAP CHAPTE TER R $: $:

COMP COMPA ARISO RISON N BET BET"E "EEN EN PROC PROCES ESSES SES.........................................11

COMPARISON BET"EEN THE AVANCORE# AND SNAMPROGETTI UREA ............................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ....................................... ............................. .... 11 PROCESSES..................... COMPARISON COMPARISON BET"EEN THE MITSUI TOATSU TOATSU AND ISOBARIC DOUBLE ................................ ..................... ................................................. ....................................... 11 RECYCLE PROCESSES..................... CHAPTER !:

................................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ......................13 ............13 CONCLUSION.....................

REFERENCES..................... ................................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................................. ....................... 14

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LIST OF FIGURES F%&'r : S*+-% %&r+ / -* A1/r 'r 3r/44 (C*+%5 E&%r%&, 202) ......4 F%&'r 2: S*+-% %&r+ / -* '55 A1/r Ur Pr/44 (S-+%r6/, .., 3&4. 27$) 4 F%&'r $: S*+-% %&r+ / -* %4/6r% /'65 r5 'r 3r/44 (G//&5 P--4, 2026).............................................................................................................. 6 F%&'r !: S*+-% %&r+ / -* %4/6r% /'65 r5 3r/44 9%-* ++/% %-%/ % %r4- *- -r-+- 4-& (G//&5 P--4, 2026) ........................................................7 F%&'r ;: S*+-% %&r+ / -* %4/6r% /'65 r5 'r 3r/44 9%-* -9/ r-%/
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LIST OF TABLES T65 : C/+3r%4/ 6-9 -* M%-4'% T/-4'  -* %4/6r% /'65 r5 'r 3r/444. ..................................................................................................................... 12

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ABSTRACT T*%4 4-' 94 rr% /'- -/ 4-' 'r 3r/'-%/ 3r/444. I -*%4 4-', -9/ 'r  3r/'-%/ 3r/444 +5: -* A1/r 'r 3r/44 15/3 6 S-+%r6/  -* I4/6r% /'65 r5 3r/44 15/3 6 Fr-%+/-. T* -%54 / -* A1/r  3r/44 9r /6-% r/+ -* 3r/44 15/3r 6r/*'r 9*%5 -* -%54 / -* I4/6r% /'65 r5 3r/44 9r /6-% r/+  3'65%4* 3-- / -* 3r/44. A /+3r%4/ 94 -* + 9%-* -9/ /-*r 3r/444: -* S+3r/&--% 'r 3r/44  -* M%-4'% T/-4' 'r 3r/44.

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS IDR

I4/6r% D/'65 R5

HP

H%&* Pr44'r

MP

M%'+ Pr44'r

LP

L/9 Pr44'r

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Ur (54/ 55 r6+%) %4  /r&% /+3/' 9%-* -* *+%5 /r+'5 CO(NH2)2 9%-* -* 4-r'-'r5 /r+'5:

I- %4  /5/'r544 r4-55% /+3/' *%&*5 4/5'65 % 9-r 9%-* +5-%& 3/%- / $2.>/ C. Ur %4 54/ 4/5'65 % 5/*/5  45%&*-5 4/5'65 % -*r. Ur %4 /' 6'-5 % -* 'r% / +++54  % 544r ?'-%-%4, %- %4 3r4- % -* 65//, 5%1r, 5+3*  4r/'4 5'%4  54/ % -* @r+- / %4*  + /-*r 5/9r %+54. Ur %4 3r/' +/4-5 % -* 5%1r 4 -*  3r/'- / 3r/-% +-6/5%4+. Ur %4 9%5 '4 % +'-'r / &r%'5-'r5 r-%5%<r4 4  /1%- 4/'r / %-r/& (' -/ %-4 *%&* %-r/& /--)  %4 54/  %+3/r-- 4/'r / r9 +-r%5 /r -* *+%5 %'4-r /r @+35, %- %4 '4 4  4-6%5%<r % %-r/55'5/4 @35/4%14  %4  64% /4-%-'- / 4-*-%55 3r3r r4%4. Ur 94 %r4- %4/1r % 'r% % >2> 6 -* D'-* 4%-%4- Hr+ B/r*1. I 828, -* Gr+ *+%4- Fr%r%* "*5r %4/1r -*- 'r /'5 6 4-*4%4 r/+ %/r&% 4-r-%& +-r%54  6 -r-%& 4%51r - 9%-* ++/%'+ *5/r%. T*%4 94  %+3/r-- %4/1r 6'4 3r%/r -/ -*- %- 94 65%1  673r/'- / 5% 4'* 4 'r, /'5 /5 6 4-*4%4 9%-* 6%/5/&%5 4-r-%& +-r%54 (-* /-r% / 1%-5%4+).

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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF UREA T* %'4-r%5 3r/'-%/ / 'r 64%55 %1/514 -9/ 4-34: r-%/ / ++/%  r6/ %/@% - *%&* -+3r-'r  3r44'r -/ r/+ ++/%'+ r6+-  -* -* ++/%'+ r6+- /r+ %4 *r- -/ /r+ 'r  9-r. I -* *r-%/ 4-3, /1r4%/ / r6+- -/ 'r %4 / -* /rr / ;0 -/ >;. T* r+%r %4 /+3/4 -/ ++/%  r6/ %/@%. Vr%-%/4 +/& 3r/444 r %r- 3r%+r%5 -/ //+% %43/45 / -*%4 &4/'4 +%@-'r. F/r+-%/ / ++/%'+ r6+-:

2NH$  CO2  NH2COONH! (ΔH < 0)

D*r-%/ / ++/%'+ r6+-:

NH2COONH!  NH2CONH2  H2O (ΔH > 0)

D/+3/4%-%/ ++/%'+ r6+-:

NH2COONH!  2NH$  CO2 (ΔH > 0)

AVANCORE UREA PROCESS I -*%4 3r/44, ++/%  r6/ %/@% r %-r/' -/ -* *%&* 3r44'r 4-*4%4 '4%&  *%&*73r44'r ++/% 3'+3   r6/7%/@% /+3r44/r. T* ++/%, 4 955 4 -* r6+- 4/5'-%/ r/+ -* /94-r+ r%r'5-%/ 4-%/, -r4 -* 3//5 r-/r. T* +/r 3r- / -* r6/ %/@% -r4 -* 4-*4%4 -*r/'&* -* *%&*73r44'r 4-r%33r /'-r7'rr- -/ -* 'rr6+- 4/5'-%/ 51%& -* r-/r. O -* 4*55 4%, -* *%&*73r44'r 4-r%33r %4 *- 9%-* 4-+. T* /7&4 / -* *%&* 3r44'r 4-r%33r, /-%%& -* r6/ %/@%, -/&-*r 9%-* -* ++/%  r6/ %/@% r4'5-%& r/+ %44/%- r6+-, %4  %-/ -*  3//5 r-/r. T* +%/r 3r- / -* r6/ %/@% -r%& -* 4-*4%4 4   -r4 -* 1r-%5 r-/r - -* 6/--/+ % /rr -/ 3r/' 4'%%- *- /r -* /-*r+% 'r r-%/. I -* 3//5 r-/r, ++/%  r6/ %/@% r /4 -/ /r+ r6+-   4'64--%5 3r- / -* /1r4%/ -/ 'r %4 5r 4-65%4* *r. 2

T* *- r54 6 /4-%/  4'64?'- /r+-%/ / r6+- %4 '4 -/  3r/' r7'465 5/973r44'r 4-+. D/94-r+ r/+ -* 3//5 r-/r, -* 'r7 r6+- 5%?'% -r4 -* 1r-%5 r-/r 5/- - &r/' 515. Hr, -* %5 3r/ -* 'r /1r4%/ -4 35. T* 'r 4/5'-%/ -* 514 -* -/3 / -* r-/r, 55 6 &r1%- 5/9 (1%  /1r5/9 '5) 6/r 6%& %-r/' %-/ -* *%&*7  3r44'r 4-r%33r. G44 51%& -* 1r-%5 r-/r r /+6% 9%-* -* &44 51%& -* 3//5 r-/r  r  %-/ -* 4r'66r /3r-%& -  r' 3r44'r. Hr, -* &44 r 94* 9%-* -* r6+- 4/5'-%/ r/+ -* 5/973r44'r r%r'5-%/ 4-&. T* r%* r6+- 4/5'-%/ %4 -*  %-/ -* 3//5 r-/r. T*%4 r%* r6+- 5/9 /-%4 / +/r 9-r -* % r5%r &r-%/4 / S-+%r6/ CO 2 74-r%33%& 35-4, +%& -*- -* /1r4%/4 % -* 4-*4%4 4-%/ r 4 *%&* 4 1r. Ir- &44 51%& -* 4r'66r - r' 3r44'r /-%%& 4/+ ++/%  r6/ %/@% r -* r54 %-/ -* -+/43*r -r -r-+- %  5/9 3r44'r 64/r6r. O3-%/5 %4  54* -  r' 3r44'r / -* 5%?'% 51%& -* *%&*73r44'r 4-r%33r, -r 9*%* -* r4'5-%& 13/r %4 +%@ 9%-* -* 13/r 51%& -* 'r 4-*4%4  -* r6+- 4/5'-%/ /+%& r/+ -* /94-r+ 5/9 3r44'r r%r'5-%/ 4-%/. A%-%/5 r6+- /4-%/ % -*%4 +%@-'r %4 / - -* 4*55 4% / -* %r44-& 13/r-/r. T*%4 /3-%/ 55/94 /r  r4 *%&*73r44'r 4-+ /4'+3-%/ % -* *%&*73r44'r 4-r%33r, 9*%5 5/973r44'r 4-+ /4'+3-%/ %4 r4 ' -/ -* r6+- /4-%/ 4'335%& *- -/ -* %r4- 4-& 13/r-/r.

3

F!"#$% 1: S&'%*!& +!"$ ,- *'% A./&,$% #$% $,&% (C'%!& E/"!/%%$!/"3 2012)

F!"#$% 2: S&'%*!& +!"$ ,- *'% -# A./&,$% U$% P$,&% (S*!&$4,/3 /5+53 "5 12617)

ISOBARIC DOUBLE RECYCLE UREA PROCESS I -*%4 3r/44, NH $  CO 2 r r- -  -+3r-'r / 6-9 >0 -/ 20; C (3rr65 r/+ 80 -/ 200 C)  3r44'r / 6-9 00  2;0 &+ 2 (3rr65 6-9 80  22; &+ 2) 9%-*  NH $:CO2  +/5r r-%/ 'r%& -* 4-*4%4 r&4 r/+ 2.; -/ 0 (3rr65 r/+ ! -/ >). T* r-/r -3 %4  1r-%5 5%r%5 r-/r ?'%33 9%-* /1-%/5 4%1 -r4 % /rr -/ +%-% -* @%5 5/9 */+/&/'4 /r '%/r+ -*r/'&*/'- -* r-/r -*'4 1/%%&  67+%@%& /  -* r-%/ 5%?'%. T* r-%/ 3r/'4 ++/%'+ r6+- 9*%* %4 -* -r4rr -/  /1-%/5 1r-%5 -'6 6'5 *- @*&r 9*r %- %4 5+/4/+35-5 /+3/4 -* 3r/'-4 / /+3/4%-%/ r 'r, 9-r, NH $  CO2.

4

T* /+3/4%-%/ &44   3/r-%/ / -* @44 NH $ 5/9 6 -/ -* r-/r -r  -* 5%?'% (4/5'-%/ / 'r % 9-r) %4 43r-. T* 43r- 5%?'% 3444 -/  4/ *- @*&r (9*%* %4  /1-%/5 55%& %5+ 4-r%33r -3) 9*r >; /  -* r?'%r CO2  %4 '4 -/ r+/1 5+/4- 55 -* r4%'5 NH $  -*r6 51%&  5+/4- 3'r 'r 4/5'-%/ 9*%* %4 -* - -/ 'r-*r 3'r%%-%/ 4-34. T* /1r* &4 r/+ -* 4/ *- @*&r %4 4'6- -/  /4-%/  -/  r4%'5  3'r& 6/r 6%& 54/ r5, % -* 5%?'% 4-- (r6+-) -/ -* 4-*4%4 4-&.

T* -9/ *- @*&r4 r /3r- - -* 4+ -+3r-'r 4 -* r-/r 4 r -* -9/ r5 4-r+4 -*- &/ 6 -/ -* r-/r, * -* + %4/6r% /'65 r5  3r/44.

5

F!"#$% 7: S&'%*!& +!"$ ,- *'% !,4$!& +,#4% $%&8&% #$% $,&% (G,,"% P*%/*3 20124)

I- %4 3/44%65 -/ %+3r/1 -* /+3/4%-%/ / ++/%'+ r6+- % -* %r4- 4-& /  -* %4/6r% *- -r-+- 'r r-% /3r-%& /%-%/4 6 -* %-%/ /  4-r%33%& ++/%.

6

F!"#$% 9: S&'%*!& +!"$ ,- *'% !,4$!& +,#4% $%&8&% $,&% !*' ,/! !/;%&*!,/ !/ -!$* '%* *$%*%/* *"% (G,,"% P*%/*3 20124)

I- %4 54/ 3/44%65 -/ /3r- -* %4/6r% /'65 r5 3r/44 9%-*  45%&*+/%%-%/ -/ -* r-/r. T* 4-*4%4 + 6 rr% /'- % -9/ %r- 4'64?' 4'3r%+3/4 r-%/
-* /+35-%/ / -* *r-%/ %4 rr% /'- 4'64--%55 '-%5 -* ?'%5%6r%'+ 515 %4 r*. "* -*%4 5-r-%1 %4 '4, -* NH$:CO2 r-%/ %4 3rr65 r/+ ! -/ > % -* %r4-  '33r+/4-
8

F!"#$% : S&'%*!& +!"$ ,- *'% !,4$!& +,#4% $%&8&% #$% $,&% !*' *, $%&*!,/ =,/% (G,,"% P*%/*3 20124)

J'4- 4 9%-* -* 3r1%/'4 /%&'r-%/, %- %4 54/ 3/44%65 -/ %+3r/1 -* /+3/4%-%/ / ++/%'+ r6+- % -* %r4- 4-& / -* %4/6r% *- -r-+- 'r r-% /3r-%& /%-%/4 6 -* %-%/ / 4-r%33%& ++/%.

9

F!"#$% : S&'%*!& +!"$ ,- *'% !,4$!& +,#4% $%&8&% $,&% !*' *, $%&*!,/ =,/% /+ ,/! !/;%&*!,/ !/ -!$* '%* *$%*%/* *"% (G,,"% P*%/*3 20124)

10

CHAPTER 7: COMPARISON BETWEEN PROCESSES COMPARISON BETWEEN THE AVANCORE AND SNAMPROGETTI UREA PROCESSES Fr/+ -* 4-'  %4'44%/4 rr% /'- % /rr -/ /+3r -* 'r 3r/444 -*9r 4-'%, %- 94 /64r1 -*- % 55 / -*4 3r/444, 'r %4 /r+ 64%55 % -9/ 4-34 %r4- ++/%'+ r6+- %4 /r+ r/+ -* r-%/ 6-9 ++/%  r6/ %/@%  -* -* ++/%'+ r6+- %4 *r- -/ /r+ 'r. I -* S+3r/&--% 3r/44, /5 / r-/r %4 '4 9*%5 -* A1/r # +35/4 -* '4 / -9/ r-/r4:  1r-%5 r-/r   */r%
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE MITSUI TOATSU AND ISOBARIC DOUBLE RECYCLE PROCESSES I- 94 +-%/ r5%r -*- 55 -* 'r 3r/444 '4'55 %1/51 -* r-%/ /  ++/%  r6/ %/@% -/ /r+ ++/%'+ r6+- -r 9*%* -* ++/%'+ r6+- %4 *r- -/ /r+ 'r -* -9/ /+3r *r r / %r-. I 6/-* /  -* 3r/444 /+3r, -* 'r 4-*4%4 +5- r/+ -* r-/r %4 /6-% 9%-* ++/%'+ r6+-  4/+ '/1r- r-- &44  %4 -*'4 4'6- -/ *- -r-+-  4-r%33%& 9%-* r6/ %/@%. B/-* 3r/444 +35/ -*%4 *-

11

-r-+-4-r%33%& 4-3  54/  4'64?'- 4-3 -*- 4-r%34 / -* r+%%& ++/% '4%& r6/ %/@% &4 6'- -* % -* I4/6r% D/'65 R5 3r/44, 6/-* / -* 4-r%33%&*- -r-+- 4-34 r 3r/r+ - -* 4+ 3r44'r 9*%5 % -* M%-4'% T/-4' 3r/44, -* 3r44'r % -* 4/ 4-r%33%& 4-3 %4 5/9r -* -*- % -* %r4-. I M%-4'% T/-4' 3r/44,  'r-*r r'-%/ % 3r44'r  %r4 % -+3r-'r %4 '4 %  -*%r CO 274-r%33%& &4 4-3 -/ * -* 43r-%/ 6-9 'r  '/1r- ++/%  r6/ %/@% &44. I 6/-* 3r/444, 'r- ++/%  r6/ %/@% 4 955 4 ++/%'+ r6+- r/1r % -* *-r-+-4-r%33%&  /4-%/ 4-%/4 r43-%15 r r5 6 -/ -* r-%/
P$,%$*8

M!*#! T,*# $,&%

I,4$!& +,#4% $%&8&% $,&%

R-/r /3r-%& -+3r-'r

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>0 7 20; / C

R-/r /3r-%& 3r44'r

=0  K0 &+2

00  2;0 &+ 2

 NH$:CO2 +/5r r-%/

$.;  ;.0

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CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSION Fr/+ -* 4-' rr% /'-, %- %4 /64r1 -*- 55 %'4-r%5 'r 3r/'-%/ 3r/444  64%55 3r/ /r%& -*r/'&* -* 4+ r-%/ -*- %4, ++/%  r6/ %/@% r r- -/ /r+ ++/%'+ r6+- 9*%* %4 -* *r- -/ /6-% 'r. T* *r-%/ 4-3 %4 '4'55 /+3% (% 4r%4) 6  '9- /+3/4%-%/ r-%/ / ++/%'+ r6+- -/ ++/%  r6/ %/@%. B'4 / -*%4 /+3/4%-%/ r-%/, %- %4 /64r1 -*- 55 -* 'r 3r/'-%/  3r/444 /4%r % -*%4 4-' +35/ / /r +/r r5(4) -*- r/1r -*  3r/'-4 / /+3/4%-%/  r-'r4 -*+ -/ -* r-/r(4). A-r -* 'r %4 /r+, %- '4'55 /-%4 'r- r--4 -*4 'r- r--4 r 43r- r/+ -* 'r -*r/'&* &4 4-r%33%&. I 55 / -* 3r/444 -*9r 4-'%, -* 4-r%33%& &4 94 CO 2. I 4/+ 3r/444 5% -* M%-4'% T/-4' 'r  3r/44 */91r, ++/% %4 54/ '4 4  4-r%33%& &4. T* 4-' 94 rr% /'- 4/'r%& 5%-r-'r +%5 r/+ -9/ 4/'r4: -* 3r/44 15/3r 6r/*'r  3'65%4* 3-- %/r+-%/. I- 94 /64r1 -*- -* 3r/'15/3r %/r+-%/ % +/4- 44 94 4r%6 64%55 4  4'++r / -*  3r/44 +%& %- 4 -/ 'r4- 9*%5 -* 3-- 4r%6 -* 3r/44 -/  &r-r  -%5 -*r6 +%& -* 3r/44 4r%3-%/ +/r %-r%-.

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REFERENCES C*+%5 E&%r%& (202). Making Urea Heaps. R-r%1 J'r !, 20; r/+: *--3:999.*+&/5%./++%&7'r7*34 G//&5 P--4 (202). Process for synthesizing urea US 4504679 A. R-r%1 J'r =, 20; r/+: *--3:999.&//&5./+3--4US!;0!=>K G//&5 P--4 (2026). Process for the synthesis of urea US 40!"47 A. R-r%1 J'r =, 20; r/+: *--3:999.&//&5./+3--4US!208$!> M-r, S+%  H-*, L9%4 F. (2000). #he$istry of Petroche$ica% Processes. 2 . H/'4-/, T: G'5 P'65%4*%& C/+3 S%3+ S.3.A (..) &he Sna$progetti' urea techno%ogy. A1%565 r/+: *--3:999.4%3+./+4%-/95/.43%D/'+-$2%4-2 S-+%r6/ (..). (icensing Urea &echno%ogy. R-r%1 r/+: *--3:999.4-+%r6/./+/'+-4/-'r76r/*'r.3 

Ur (200K) Microsoft ) *ncarta ) 009. M%r/4/- C/r3/r-%/. Ur (20!). +ikipe,ia- the free encyc%opae,ia. R-r%1 D+6r K, 20! r/+: *--3:.9%%3%./r&9%%Ur

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