ÍNDICE
Resumen…………………………………………………………………………………..….2 Introducción………………………………………………………………………………..…3 Principios Teóricos………………………………………………………………………..…4 Detalles Experimentales………………………………………………………………..…..5 Tabulación de datos y resultados experimentales…………………………………..….. !"lculos………………………………………………………………………………………#$ %n"lisis y discusión discusión de resultado resultados………………………… s…………………………………………………… ……………………………...#2 …...#2 !onclusiones y Recomendaciones…………………………………………………….....#3 &iblio'ra()a……………………………………………………………………………………#4 %nexos……………………………… %nexos………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………… ……………………………..#5 ..#5
1
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RESUMEN
Esta pr"ctica tiene como ob*eti+o la determinación experimental de la +iscosidad y dens densid idad ad de l),u l),uid idos os util utilii-an ando do los los mto mtodo dos s de /ts0 ts0ald ald y del del picn picnóm ómet etro ro respecti+amente. Traba Traba*amo *amos s con las si'uient si'uientes es condici condiciones ones de laborat laboratorio orio11 P5mm P5mm' ' T246! T246! y 7R847. 9a +iscosidad se puede expresarse como +iscosidad absoluta +iscosidad cinem"tica y +iscosidad relati+a. Esta tiene una dependencia con la T. En la pr"ctica utili-amos el +iscos)metro de /st0ald donde a di(erentes temperaturas 2$ 3$ y 4$ 6! y obser+amos el tiempo ,ue demora en pasar entre unas marcas puest puestas as en el +isco +iscos) s)met metro. ro. En el picnóm picnómetr etro o utili utili-a -amos mos 4 pesos pesos el prime primero ro con con picnómetro +ac)o y seco picnómetro con el l),uido estudiado picnómetro +ac)o y seco nue+amente y picnómetro con el otro l),uido estudiado. 9le'amos a la conclusión ,ue al aumentar la temperatura la +iscosidad en el a'ua y en el 2:propanol disminuye.
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INTRODUCCIÓN
9a +isc +iscosi osidad dad es una una ma'nit ma'nitud ud ,ue ,ue repre represe senta nta la resis resiste tenci ncia a a (luir (luir esta esta es una ma'nitud ma'nitud necesaria necesaria en di+ersas di+ersas industrias industrias ya ,ue se (undame (undamenta nta en muc;as muc;as leyes ()sicas y ,u)micas ,ue permiten entender por ,u un compuesto es m"s espeso ,ue otro o por,ue uno puede ser utili-ado como un buen lubricante. lubricante. %dem"s estudiando estudiando la +iscosidad podemos saber cómo +ar)a esta con la temperatura permitindonos as) saber ,ue lubricante usar a tal temperatura o tal +e- como in(luencia la +iscosidad en el 'usto de las personar por una bebida y no por otra. El conocimiento de la +iscosidad nos permite detectar de la manera m"s con+eniente cambios en el producto como el color densidad estabilidad contenido de sólidos y peso molecular. En de(initi+a la +iscosidad es un par"metro de control de +ital importancia en la b
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PRINCIPIOS TEÓRICOS
. =I>!/>ID%D 9a +iscosidad es una propiedad ()sica caracter)stica de todos los (luidos ,ue sur'e de las colisiones entre las part)culas del (luido ,ue se mue+e a di(erentes +elocidades pro+ocando una resistencia a su mo+imiento. !uando un (luido se despla-a (or-ado por un tubo las part)culas del (luido se mue+en m"s r"pido cerca del e*e lon'itudinal lon'itudinal del tubo y m"s lento cerca de las paredes. >i un (luido no posee +iscosidad +iscosidad se le llama (luido ideal. 9a +iscosidad +iscosidad nula solo aparece en super(luidos a temperaturas ba*as. Esta propiedad depende del tama?o de las molculas de su lon'itud y de las (uer-as intermoleculares 9a const constant ante e de propor proporcio ciona nalid lidad ad n se llama llama coe(i coe(ici cient ente e de +iscos +iscosida idad@ d@ en :# :# unidades del >.I. tiene dimensiones de A' m s . 9a +iscosidad cintica es m"s si'ni(icati+a ,ue la +iscosidad absoluta ya ,ue las propiedades de (lu*o dependen de la inercia y del ro-amiento interno. 9a +iscosidad disminuye cuando se aumenta la temperatura y a*ust"ndose as) a la ecuación de %ndrade1
ƞ= A e
B/ RT
Donde % y & son constantes para cada 'as. 9a +iscosidad de al'unos (luidos se puede medir experimentalmente utili-ando un +iscos)metro o un reómetro. Bn +iscos)metro (unciona midiendo la +elocidad con la ,ue (luye un l),uido. 9a (orma m"s usual es utili-ar el +iscos)metro de /st0ald /st0ald el cual es un aparato sencillo y se'uro para comparar las +iscosidades de di(er di(erent entes es l),uid l),uidos. os. Dado Dado ,ue ,ue la +eloc +elocid idad ad de (lu*o (lu*o es propo proporc rcion ional al a la relación (uer-aCresistencia el tiempo de paso entre meniscos t # y t2 para un mismo +olumen de ambos l),uidos est"n en la relación1
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. DEF>ID%D 9a densidad es una ma'nitud escalar ,ue se re(iere a la cantidad de masa en un +olumen determinado de una sustancia. Puede expresarse como1
•
ρ=
Densidad absoluta1 Tambin llamada solamente densidad es la ma'nitud ,ue expresa la relación entre la masa y el +olumen de una sustancia.
m V
Densidad relati+a1 Es la relación ,ue existe entre la densidad de la sustancia con la densidad de otra sustancia re(erencial. Es una ma'nitud adimensional. Para los l),uidos la densidad re(erencial ;abitual es la del a'ua a #atm y a 46! a estas condiciones la densidad absoluta del a'ua es #A'Cm 3.
ρ ρr = ρ o
9a medición de la densidad densidad de l),uidos ;omo'neos ;omo'neos no es di()cil pudindose pudindose reali-ar reali-ar por +arios mtodos siendo el m"s exacto el del picnómetro. Este aparato consiste en un (rasco de +idrio de un +olumen conocido pro+isto de un cuello capilar. El +olumen del picnómetro se puede determinar pes"ndolo primero en el +ac)o y lue'o lleno de a'ua destilada a una temperatura conoc)a. % partir del peso obtenido del a'ua y de la densida densidad d de la misma a la tempera temperatura tura de traba*o traba*o se puede puede calcular calcular el +olumen +olumen del (rasco. 9a masa de la sustancia problema ,ue llena exactamente el picnómetro di+idido por este +olumen da la densidad buscada.
Gra+edad espec)(ica1 Tambin llamada densidad relati+a est" de(inida como el peso unita unitari rio o del del mater material ial di+idi di+idido do por por el peso peso unita unitario rio del del a'ua a'ua desti destilad lada a a 4 6!. 6!. >e
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Hateriales :
=is isco cos) s)me metr tro o de de /st /st0 0al ald d
:
=asos pre prec cip ipiita tad dos
:
Pipeta de #$ml
:
&ombilla de de *e *ebe
:
Picnómetro
:
%'ua destilada
:
2 propanol
Reacti+os
Procedimiento Experimental . Hedición de la =iscosidad de 9),uidos con el =iscos)metro /st0ald 9a+ar el +iscos)metro y ponerlo a secar en la estu(a cuando se ten'a ya bien seco el +iscos)metro +iscos)metro con la pipeta se +ierte el a'ua a'ua destilada en el +iscos)metro +iscos)metro ;asta ;asta llenar los 2C3 del bulbo in(erior. >e anota el +olumen utili-ado. 9ue'o se lle+ar" el +iscos)metro a un ba?o de temperatura constante de 2$6! y lo de*aremos unos minutos para ,ue ad,uiera la temperatura del ba?o. !on una bombilla de *ebe en el extremo del +iscos)metro se ;ar" subir el l),uido ;asta el bulbo superior lue'o se medir" el tiempo ,ue demora el l),uido en pasar entre a y b. >e tomar"n m)nimo 2 mediciones. Terminando con esto se ;ar" los mimos pasos para las temperaturas de 3$ y 4$ 6! y lue'o se pasar" a secar en la estu(a nue+amente y reali-ar todos los pasos con el otro l),uido a estudiar. . Determinación de la densidad de la >olución mediante el mtodo del picnómetro 9a+e el picnómetro y pon'a a secar en la estu(a cuando se ten'a ya totalmente seco se procede a pesar donde obtendremos un J # lue'o se llenar" el picnómetro de a'ua
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+erter" el l),uido estudiado y se ;ar"n los pasos ,ue se ;icieron para ;allar el J obtendremos el J 4.
2
y
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T6!
t# s
t2 s
Tiempo promedio
2$
38$
3K2
3K
3$
3#
3#5
3#
4$
285
284
285
Tabla N°3: Tiempo de despla-amiento del 2 propanol a di(erentes temperaturas
T6!
t# s
t2 s
Tiempo promedio
2$
K3#
K2
K28
3$
K
KK
KK
4$
5K5
5KK
5K
Tabla N°4: Datos de los pesos con el picnómetro
T6!
2$
J# '
#452
J2 '
24K4
J3 '
#454
J4 '
252#4
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T6!
2$
3$
4$
ȠmF.s.m :2
2433
#K5
#34
Tabla N°: Datos teóricos de la densidad del a'ua
T6!
2$
3$
4$
L'Ccm 3
$88K2
$885
$8822
Tabla N°!: Datos teóricos de la densidad del 2:propanol
T6!
2$
3$
4$
L'Ccm 3
$K3
$K24
$KK
Tabla N°": Resultados de +iscosidad para el 2:propanol
T6!
2$
3$
4$
ȠmF.s.m :2
2#5
#43
#3#$
Tabla N°1#: 7Error de la +iscosidad del 2:propanol
2:propanol
2$
3$
4$
7E
##38
235
25
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( ρT ) agua ( ρ ) agua 1
ρ
T 1
ρ
20
T 1
T 1 =¿4 =¿T 1
4
( 0,9982 g / cm ) 3
20 =¿ 4 =
0,7542
( 1)
=0,7528 g / cm
3
%E =
0,7863 g / cm −0,7528 g / cm 0,7863 g / cm
3
3
3
× 100= 4,26
b !alcule !alcule las +isco +iscosida sidades des abso absoluta lutas s
: % 2$6! ƞ2− p=
ƞagua ρ 2− p t 2− p
ρ agua t agua
3
ƞ2− p a=
ƞ2− pr =
%E =
1,002 cp × 0,7528 g / cm × 8,29 s 3
0,9982 g / cm × 3,86 s
1,623 0,7528
=2,156 cp
2,433 cp −2,156 cp
× 100 =11,39
=1,623 cp
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%E =
1,785 cp −1,743 cp 1,785 cp
× 100= 2,35
: % 4$6! ƞ2− pr= 1,310 cp
%E =
1,347 cp−1,310 cp 1,347 cp
× 100 =2,75
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% /bser+amos ,ue tenemos un porcenta*e de error relati+amente ba*o lo ,ue nos indica ,ue ;emos tenido un óptimo desempe?o de la pr"ctica.
. 9os datos ,ue tenemos nos indica una +ariación en la +iscosidad del 2:propanol con(orme +amos ele+ando la temperatura esta disminuye. . En nuestras 'r"(icas obtenidas tanto teórica como experimental notamos ,ue tenemos una pendiente positi+a.
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%l aumentar la temperatura la +elocidad de despla-amiento despla-amiento tanto para el alco;ol y el a'ua disminuye.
9a +iscosidad en los l),uidos depende de la temperatura a mayor temperatura la +isco iscosi sid dad dis disminu minuy ye por lo cual cual la +isc +iscos osid idad ad y la temp temper erat atur ura a son son in+e in+ers rsam amen ente te prop propor orci cion onal ales es.. Esta Esta es una una rela relaci ción ón expo expone nenc ncia iall como como obser+amos en la 'r"(ica.
RECOMENDACIONES
. 9a+ar y secar bien los materiales para no tener impure-as ,ue puedan crear malas obtenciones experimentales. . 9lenar por completo al picnómetro eso ,uiere decir ;asta la altura donde termina el capilar. . Esperar el tiempo adecuado para ,ue la muestra alcance la temperatura del ba?o al
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BIBLIO&RA'ÍA
•
•
Tru*illo >. laboratorio de +iscosidad !EF%H. @ Hxico. Tabla de +iscosidad del a'ua a di(erentes temperaturas ;ttp1CC000.+axaso(t0are.comCdocMeduC,uiC+isco;2o.pd(
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ANEXOS Gráficas
Teórico
Ln(n) vs 1/T 1 0.8
f(x)) = 2711.66 f(x 2 711.66x x - 8.37
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ln(n) vs 1/T 0.9 0.8 f(x) = 2280.09x - 7
0.7 0.6 0.5
ln(n)
ln(n) 0.4
Linear (ln(n))
0.3 0.2 0.1 0
0
0
0
0
1/T 1/ T
0
0
0
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•
•
los (ue se pueda disponer en #astante cantidad% Se puede utili*ar el aparato de .i#son & /aco#s% #iscos$"etro de Ost&ald0 Es el m,todo m"s sencillo & seguro para comparar las viscosidades de diferentes l-(uidos% Es el m,todo utili*ado en nuestra pr"ctica% El amortiguamiento de las oscilaciones de un alam#re de torsión del (ue cuelga un disco 1tam#i,n puede ser una esfera 2ueca o un cilindro 2ueco3 (ue contenga el l-(uido% Este m,todo se utili*a para metales l-(uidos a altas temperaturas% Los Los otro otross m,to m,todo doss de medi medici ción ón de la visc viscos osid idad ad depe depende nden n de sist sistem emas as m"s m"s complicados%