W-Indoor Coverage Design Guide-short

Guide to Indoor WCDMA Coverage Design

For internal use only

Product Name

Confidentiality Level

WCDMA RNP


Product Version

Total 86 pages

3.1 Guide

Guide to Indoor WCDMA Coverage Design (For internal use only)

Prepared by

Chen Lei

Date

Reviewed by

Xie Zhibin, Wu Zhong, Hu Wensu, Yang Shijie, and Ai Hua

Date

Yao Jianqing

Date

Reviewed by Approved by

2006-03-20 2006-03-22 2006-03-25

Date

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

2014-06-26

All rights reserved.

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Revision History Date Guide

Revision Version

Description

Author

1.00

Completed the first draft and revised some contents according to review comments.

2004-10-29

2.00

Added the analysis on a multi-system shared system, preliminary analysis on an IRS, and method of calculating the WCDMA service thresholds by GSM signals. Discussed handoff problems in an indoor system. Supplemented and perfected other projects according to relevant data of project S and domestic experimental offices.

Zhang Junhui

2004-12-10

2.01

Revised some contents according to review comments.

Zhang Junhui

2002-12-30

Gu Jufeng

Added the following chapters:    

2006-3-20

3.00

   

Planning concepts of an indoor coverage system Indoor and outdoor interference control Indoor and outdoor handoff design Design requirements of an indoor distributed system manufacturer Review on the design scheme of an indoor distributed system Investment evaluation of an indoor distributed system Expansion and evolution of an indoor distributed system Cases of designing an indoor distributed system

Chen Lei

Revised some contents in other chapters. Added the following contents: 

2006-5-29

3.1





2014-06-26

Indoor coverage strategy for the HSDPA Analysis on the coverage and capacity influences of the existing R99 network Methods of indoor HSDPA coverage


Liao Zhengzhong

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Table of Contents Guide 1 Overview....................................................................................................................................... 10

2 Planning Concepts of an Indoor Distributed System .............................................................. 10 2.1 Design Flow of an Indoor Coverage System ...................................................................... 10 2.2 Key Issues in Different Phases of Indoor Coverage ........................................................... 12 2.3 How to Help Operators with the Design of an Indoor Coverage System ........................... 12 2.4 Comparison Between Intra-frequency and Inter-frequency Networking Solutions for an Indoor Distributed System ........................................................................................................ 12 2.5 Planning Concepts of Different Application Scenarios ....................................................... 13 2.5.1 Airports, Bus Stations, and Docks ........................................................................... 13 2.5.2 Shopping Centers and Large Supermarkets............................................................ 14 2.5.3 Exhibition Centers, Convention Centers, and Gymnasiums .................................... 14 2.5.4 Office Buildings and Hotels ...................................................................................... 14 2.5.5 Government Offices and Companies ....................................................................... 15 3 Design for an Indoor Distributed System ................................................................................. 15 3.1 Collecting Coverage Target Information ............................................................................. 15 3.1.1 Collecting Coverage Information (Mandatory) ......................................................... 15 3.1.2 Collecting Service Information (Mandatory) ............................................................. 16 3.1.3 Collecting Capacity Information (Mandatory) ........................................................... 16 3.1.4 Analyzing Requirements of System Transmission Resources (Mandatory) ............ 16 3.2 Surveying and Testing the Indoor Distributed System ....................................................... 17 3.2.1 Surveying the Existing Network of the Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory) ...... 17 3.2.2 Preparing Coverage Area Drawings (Mandatory) .................................................... 18 3.2.3 Surveying the Indoor Structure of a Building (Mandatory) ....................................... 18 3.2.4 Indoor CW Tests (Optional) ..................................................................................... 20 3.3 Estimating the Coverage and Capacity of an Indoor Distributed System........................... 20 3.3.1 Link Budget of an Indoor WCDMA Distributed System (Mandatory) ....................... 20 3.3.2 Estimating the Capacity of a Single Indoor WCDMA Distributed System (Mandatory) ........................................................................................................................................... 23 3.3.3 Link Budget of an Indoor WCDMA and DCS 1800 Shared Distributed System ...... 25 3.4 Choosing a Signal Source for an Indoor Distributed System ............................................. 27 3.4.1 Choosing a Proper Signal Source According to Capacity and Coverage Requirements (Mandatory) ............................................................................................... 27 3.4.2 Repeater Influences on an Indoor Distributed System (a Key Issue) ...................... 27 3.5 Designing Indoor and Outdoor Handoffs ............................................................................ 30 3.5.1 Designing Intra-WCDMA System Handoffs (Mandatory) ......................................... 30 3.5.2 Planning Neighbor Cells for an Indoor Coverage System (Mandatory) ................... 31 2014-06-26


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3.6 Analyzing a Shared Indoor Distributed System and Control the Interference .................... 31 3.6.1 Analyzing a Shared Indoor Distributed System of the Operator (Mandatory) ......... 31 3.6.2 Controlling the Interference in a Shared Indoor Distributed System of the Operator (Mandatory) ....................................................................................................................... 32 Guide

3.6.3 Analyzing an IRS  a Shared Indoor Distributed System of Multiple Operators (Optional) ........................................................................................................................... 37 3.6.4 Analyzing Interference Between WCDMA Systems of Different Operators (Optional) ........................................................................................................................................... 39 3.6.5 Methods of Controlling Indoor and Outdoor Interference (Mandatory) .................... 42

3.7 Designing Parameters of an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory) ................................ 43 3.8 Choosing Components (Mandatory) ................................................................................... 43 3.8.1 Choosing a Combiner and a Filter for an Indoor Distributed System ...................... 43 3.8.2 Choosing Antennas for an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory) ........................ 44 3.8.3 Choosing Feeders for an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory) .......................... 47 3.8.4 Choosing a Power Splitter and a Coupler for an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory) ....................................................................................................................... 48 3.8.5 Choosing a Trunk Amplifier for an Indoor Distributed System ................................. 49 3.8.6 Choosing Feeder Connectors for an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory) ......... 50 3.8.7 Replacing and Adding Components in an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory) 50 3.9 Designing a Detailed Solution for an Indoor Distributed System ........................................ 51 3.9.1 Requirements on Design Reports of Indoor Distributed System Manufacturers (Mandatory) ....................................................................................................................... 51 3.9.2 Reconstruction Concepts and a Schematic Diagram of an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory) .......................................................................................................... 51 3.9.3 Antenna Layout Plan of Floors in an Indoor Distributed System ............................. 52 3.9.4 Transmit Power Budget of Antenna Ports in an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory) ....................................................................................................................... 52 3.9.5 Detailed Network Topological Diagram of an Indoor Distributed System ................ 53 3.9.6 Detailed Cabling Diagram of an Indoor Distributed System .................................... 53 3.9.7 Material List of an Indoor Distributed System .......................................................... 54 3.10 Testing and Verifying an Indoor Distributed System and Improving the Solution (Optional) .................................................................................................................................................. 57 3.11 Evaluating the Investment of an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory) ........................ 58 3.11.1 Main Cases of the Investment of an Indoor Distributed System ............................ 58 3.11.2 Investment Model of an Indoor Distributed System ............................................... 59 3.11.3 Investment Estimate of an Indoor Distributed System ........................................... 61 3.12 Reviewing the Design Solution for an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory) ............... 62 4 Expansion and Evolution of an Indoor Distributed System ................................................... 63 4.1 Methods of Expanding the Capacity of an Indoor Distributed System ............................... 63 4.2 HSDPA Strategy in an Indoor Distributed System.............................................................. 63 4.2.1 Influences of HSDPA on the Original Indoor R99 Coverage ................................... 64 2014-06-26


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4.2.2 Influences of HSDPA on the Original Indoor R99 Capacity ..................................... 67 4.2.3 Design of HSDPA Indoor Coverage Solution ........................................................... 68 5 Optimization for an Indoor Distributed System ....................................................................... 72 5.1 Optimizing the Coverage of an Indoor Distributed System ................................................ 72 Guide5.2 Optimizing the Handoff of an Indoor Distributed System ................................................... 73

5.3 Optimizing the Interference of an Indoor Distributed System ............................................. 73 6 Cases of Designing an Indoor Distributed System.................................................................. 73 6.1 Analyzing Target Determination for an Indoor Distributed System .................................... 73 6.1.1 Analyzing Coverage Targets .................................................................................... 73 6.1.2 Analyzing Service Requirements ............................................................................. 75 6.1.3 Analyzing Requirements of Transmission Resources ............................................. 75 6.2 Surveying and Testing an Indoor Distributed System ........................................................ 75 6.2.1 Surveying the Existing Network ............................................................................... 75 6.2.2 Surveying the Inside of the Building ......................................................................... 76 6.3 Making Link Budget and Estimating the Capacity of an Indoor Distributed System .......... 76 6.3.1 Making Link Budget for an Indoor WCDMA Distributed System.............................. 76 6.3.2 Estimating the Capacity of an Indoor Distributed System ........................................ 77 6.4 Choosing Signal Sources for an Indoor Distributed System .............................................. 79 6.5 Designing the Handoff of an Indoor Distributed System .................................................... 80 6.6 List of Newly-Added Main Devices of an Indoor Distributed System ................................. 80 6.7 Detailed Solution for an Indoor Distributed System ............................................................ 81 6.7.1 Concepts of Reconstructing an Indoor Distributed System ..................................... 81 6.7.2 Schematic Diagrams of the Networking of an Indoor Distributed System ............... 82 6.7.3 Detailed Network Topological Diagram of an Indoor Distributed System ................ 85 7 Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 86 7.1 Improvement Based on V2.01 ............................................................................................ 86

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List of Tables GuideTable 2-1 Comparison between intra-frequency and inter-frequency networking solutions for

an indoor distributed system ............................................................................................ 13 Table 3-1 Values of the distance loss coefficient of ITU-R.P 1238 model ............................... 22 Table 3-2 Values of the floor penetration loss coefficient of ITU-R.P 1238 model .................. 22 Table 3-3 Reference values of indoor WCDMA penetration losses ........................................ 23 Table 3-4 Service threshold calculation of an indoor WCDMA and DCS 1800 shared distributed system ............................................................................................................ 25 Table 3-5 Design for Intra-frequency handoffs in and out of an elevator ................................ 30 Table 3-6 Analyzing spurious interference of GSM 900M BTS in the band of a WCDMA BTS according to the protocol .................................................................................................. 35 Table 3-7 Analyzing spurious interference of DCS 1800M BTS in the band of a WCDMA BTS according to the protocol .................................................................................................. 36 Table 3-8 Analyzing spurious interference of PHS BTS in the band of a WCDMA BTS according to the protocol .................................................................................................. 37 Table 3-9 Example of IRS specifications ................................................................................. 38 Table 3-10 Estimated thresholds of the interference of operator B's macro cell BTS with operator A's indoor distributed system ............................................................................. 40 Table 3-11 Estimated thresholds of the interference from operator A's own equipment ......... 42 Table 3-12 Antenna models of an indoor distributed system .................................................. 45 Table 3-13 Attenuation of feeders in an indoor distributed system ......................................... 47 Table 3-14 Parameter indexes of Kathrein coupler ................................................................. 48 Table 3-15 Parameter indexes of Kathrein power splitter ....................................................... 48 Table 3-16 A material list of an indoor distributed system ....................................................... 54 Table 3-17 Use scale model of devices and components of an indoor distributed system .... 59 Table 3-18 Example of calculating the reconstruction costs of a single-site indoor coverage system .............................................................................................................................. 60 Table 3-19 Example of estimating Investments of an indoor distributed system .................... 61 Table 3-20 Key issues of a design review on the solution for an indoor distributed system ... 62 Table 4-1 Changes of dynamic power distribution in the case of the downlink load change of indoor coverage................................................................................................................ 65 Table 4-2 Influences of HSDPA indoor coverage on the original R99 network coverage ....... 66

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Table 4-3 Influences of HSDPA on the original R99 network capacity .................................... 67 Table 4-4 Merit and demerit comparison between independent networking and hybrid networking ........................................................................................................................ 68 Table 4-5 Recommendation of networking solutions in various scenarios ............................. 69 GuideTable 4-6 Merit and demerit comparison between the two modes of allocating power

resources in an indoor scenario ....................................................................................... 71 Table 4-7 Merit and demerit comparison between the two modes of allocating code resources in an indoor scenario ........................................................................................................ 72 Table 6-1 Details about the floors in the coverage target........................................................ 74 Table 6-2 Elevators of the coverage target ............................................................................. 75 Table 6-3 GSM traffic and number of WCDMA users ............................................................. 78 Table 6-4 Service model .......................................................................................................... 78 Table 6-5 Traffic model values................................................................................................. 78 Table 6-6 Distribution features of PS bearing types ................................................................ 79 Table 6-7 Indoor WCDMA traffic model ................................................................................... 79 Table 6-8 Choosing signal sources for an indoor distributed system ...................................... 80 Table 6-9 List of newly-added main devices of an indoor distributed system ......................... 80 Table 6-10 List of coverage areas of GSM and WCDMA signals ........................................... 82

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List of Figures GuideFigure 2-1 Flow chart of designing an indoor distributed system ........................................... 11

Figure 3-1 Floor plan example of a building ........................................................................... 18 Figure 3-2 Example of an indoor photo .................................................................................. 20 Figure 3-3 Influence of a repeater on the noise floor of a BTS ............................................... 28 Figure 3-4 Interference between operator A's indoor distributed system and operator B's outdoor BTS terminal ....................................................................................................... 40 Figure 3-5 Interference from operator A's own equipment ..................................................... 41 Figure 3-6 Sample of a combiner............................................................................................ 44 Figure 3-7 Indoor antennas ..................................................................................................... 45 Figure 3-8 Leakage cables ..................................................................................................... 46 Figure 3-9 Log-per antennas .................................................................................................. 46 Figure 3-10 A power splitter and a coupler ............................................................................. 49 Figure 3-11 A trunk amplifier ................................................................................................... 50 Figure 3-12 A schematic diagram of reconstructing an indoor distributed system ................. 52 Figure 3-13 An antenna layout plan ........................................................................................ 52 Figure 3-14 Detailed network topological diagram of an indoor distributed system ............... 53 Figure 3-15 A detailed cabling diagram of an indoor distributed system ................................ 54 Figure 3-16 Example of an onsite test and verification in a floor ............................................ 57 Figure 6-1 Illustration of coverage targets .............................................................................. 73 Figure 6-2 Indoor photo of the building ................................................................................... 76 Figure 6-3 Calculation of indoor slow fading margin ............................................................... 77 Figure 6-4 Reconstructing an indoor distributed system ........................................................ 81 Figure 6-5 Part of the design for WCDMA signal sources (1) ................................................. 82 Figure 6-6 Part of the design for WCDMA signal sources (2) ................................................. 82 Figure 6-7 Vertical area coverage method of the small commodity market............................ 84 Figure 6-8 Detailed network topological diagram of an indoor distributed system ................. 86

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Guide to Indoor WCDMA Coverage Design Keywords Guide Design of indoor distribution system, signal source, link budget, interference analysis, IRS, handoff, parts selection, and investment evaluation Abstract From the aspects of planning concept and design flow, this guide describes the planning design process and attention points of an indoor distribution system as a reference of indoor WCDMA distribution system project. Acronyms and abbreviations Abbreviation

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Full Spelling

BCCH

Broadcasting Channel

DAS

Distributed Antenna System

DCS 1800

Digital Cellular System at 1800 MHz

HSDPA

High Speed Down Packet Access

IRS

Integrated Radio System

POI

Point of Interface

RRU

Remote Radio Unit


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1 Overview Guide

This document is used to guide the planning design of an indoor WCDMA distributed system. The guide consists of the following chapters: 

‎1

"Overview"



‎2

"Planning Concepts of an Indoor Distributed System"



‎3

"Design for an Indoor Distributed System"



‎4

"Expansion and Evolution of an Indoor Distributed System"



‎5

"Optimization for an Indoor Distributed System"



‎6

"Cases of Designing an Indoor Distributed System"



‎7

"Summary"

2 Planning Concepts of an Indoor Distributed System 2.1 Design Flow of an Indoor Coverage System The design for an indoor distributed system falls into the following three types: 

Design for a single indoor WCDMA distributed system



Design for a multi-system shared indoor distributed system of a single telecom operator



Design for an integrated radio system (IRS) of multiple telecom operators

This guide mainly describes the design scenario of the first type and briefs key design points of the second and third types. ‎Figure 2-1 shows the design flow based on the key design points of an indoor distributed system.

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Flow Chart of Designing an Indoor Distributed System

Start the project

Guide


Determine the targets of the distributed system: 1. Analyze and determine coverage targets 2. Analyze and determine basic services 3. Analyze and determine the system capacity 4. Analyze transmission resources

This flow chart consists of the following design scenarios of an indoor distributed system: 1. Design for a single WCDMA system 2. Design for a shared IRS of multiple operators 3. Design for a multi-system shared system of a single operator

Reset system targets

No

No Is it an IRS

Is it a single WCDMA system

Yes

Yes

Survey the existing network of indoor system Prepare coverage area drawings Survey the indoor structure

Survey the existing network of indoor system Confirm coverage areas of the IRS

Confirm the propagation model of indoor distributed system

Ask the leader for the specifications of the IRS

Estimate the link budget and capacity of the system

Survey the existing network of indoor system Analyze the existing antenna distribution Test the existing indoor signals Test the switching of the existing system

Survey the existing reference network Confirm the propagation model of indoor distributed system

Estimate the link budget and capacity of the system

No The IRS commitment satisfies the design

Choose a networking solution and a signal source

Choose a networking solution for the shared distribution system and a signal source Yes

Control system interference Determine the IRS solution

Control the interference of the shared distribution system

Design the switching of the distributed system

Choose components for the indoor distributed system

Design the switching of the distributed system

Generate a material list for the indoor distribution system

Choose and replace components for the indoor distributed system

Design a solution for the distributed system: 1. Distribution of floor antennas 2. Budget of antenna port power 3. Detailed network topology 4. Cabling diagram of the distributed system

Design the reconstruction of the indoor distributed system

Generate a material list for the indoor distributed system

Generate a material list for the indoor distributed system

Analyze the investment of the indoor distributed system

Analyze the investment of the indoor distributed system

Review and improve the solution No No

Yes

Review and improve the solution Yes

Complete the design of the indoor distributed system

Implement the engineering

Figure 2-1 Flow chart of designing an indoor distributed system 2014-06-26


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2.2 Key Issues in Different Phases of Indoor Coverage Phase 1: In the phase of network design, the Ec of edge coverage is the main focus point for the network design and acceptance. Guide

Phase 2: In the phase of early network optimization, the Ec/Io of a pilot in indoor cells is the main focus point. Phase 3: In the phase of network operation and optimization, the soft handoff ratio of edge areas or special areas is the main focus point.

2.3 How to Help Operators with the Design of an Indoor Coverage System 1)

Huawei Network Planning Department helps an operator and a design institute prepare a networking solution, design report template, and review template for an indoor WCDMA coverage system.

2)

The concerned manufacturer designs an indoor distributed system accordingly.

3)

Huawei Network Planning Department helps the operator and the design institute review the design report of the indoor distributed system. The manufacturer optimizes the system based on review comments.

4)

The design report passing the review is sent to the operator for filling. Then the operator declares the project implementation.

2.4 Comparison Between Intra-frequency and Inter-frequency Networking Solutions for an Indoor Distributed System Suggested strategy: Control the interference and realize the coverage through a dominant intra-frequency solution and a secondary inter-frequency solution.

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Table 2-1 Comparison between intra-frequency and inter-frequency networking solutions for an indoor distributed system Intra-frequency Coverage Solution for Both Indoor and Outdoor Systems

Inter-frequency Coverage Solution for Both Indoor and Outdoor Systems

Merits

Handoffs between entrances and exits of a building or an elevator entrance and exit are soft handoffs. The soft handoff success rate is high and the spectrum resources are used effectively.

Indoor and outdoor interference is small and the system capacity is large.

Demerits

In dense urban areas, the large intra-frequency interference between indoor and outdoor cells in high buildings affect the quality and capacity.

Additional frequencies must be added. The hard handoff success rate is lower than that of soft handoff.

Guide

  

Applicable scenarios  

Early phase of network construtction Low buildings Indoor scenarios with small intra-frequency interference Indoor scenarios with low traffic Terminals not supporting inter-frequency hard handoffs

   

High buildings Scenarios with large intra-frequency Scenarios with heavy traffic Scenarios with abundant frequency resources

In the early phase of network construction, the indoor and outdoor intra-frequency interference is small and the traffic is also small. Therefore, use the intra-frequency strategy. Strategy suggestions

Clear the intra-frequency interference by optimizing the network. Then use the inter-frequency solution to control interference. Use the inter-frequency coverage strategy for meeting capacity requirements. In a mature network, this strategy can help solve indoor or outdoor interference and capacity problems.

2.5 Planning Concepts of Different Application Scenarios Design principles and attention points for an indoor distributed system vary with different scenarios classified by user distribution and building functions.

2.5.1 Airports, Bus Stations, and Docks 

Coverage scenarios Airports, bus stations, and docks



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Coverage features All rights reserved.

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Both the social value and the economic value of indoor coverage are high. The traffic density is heavy. Dominant common voice service users move frequently in such open places. VIP areas in such places as an airport require seamless coverage of data services. Generally, outdoors BTSs cover these areas. 

Guide

Key design points Indoor coverage is a supplement of dead zones and hot spots covered by outdoor BTSs. Interference control is a major problem in these areas. In outdoor BTSs, cells with redundant capacity can be cascaded to an RRU to cover indoor areas, thus making full use of CE resources and ensuring softer handoffs for indoor and outdoor users.

2.5.2 Shopping Centers and Large Supermarkets 

Coverage scenarios Shopping centers and large supermarkets



Coverage features CS users are dominant. The traffic is distributed regularly, that is, in evenings or on the whole days of a vacation. The traffic density is large in peak hours.



Key design points In scenarios of this type, the structure is complex and coverage is the main problem. Handoffs between entrances and exits of a hall must be considered. Generally, use RRUs or micro BTSs as the major signal source.

2.5.3 Exhibition Centers, Convention Centers, and Gymnasiums 

Coverage scenarios Exhibition centers, convention centers, and gymnasiums



Coverage features The traffic is mainly triggered by events. Sufficient margins must be reserved during capacity estimate.



Key design points Capacity is a key point for the indoor design of the scenarios of this type. Do not set handoff areas in traffic peak zones or auditoriums. Ensure good coverage and smooth handoff for the entrances and exits of such places. Generally, use macro cells to cascade RRUs for coverage, making full use of CE resources. A news center may have many coverage requirements on the data service. Use multi-cell and multi-carrier configuration or the HSDPA function.

2.5.4 Office Buildings and Hotels 

Coverage scenarios Office buildings and hotels



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Coverage features All rights reserved.

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In scenarios of this type, high-end users are more. Mainly consider users' requirements on the coverage of data services. 

Key design points In business areas and shopping areas, the traffic is larger, whereas the traffic is smaller in guest rooms. Consider the differences. Generally, use RRUs or micro

Guide

BTSs as the signal source. The drip irrigation technique of the multi-antenna with small power is commonly used in the scenarios of this type. Ensure the good coverage of CS services in such places as elevators, entrances and exits of a hall, and garages.

2.5.5 Government Offices and Companies 

Coverage scenarios



Coverage features

Government offices and companies Scenarios of this type requires excellent network coverage. Voice services are dominant and high-end users take a large proportion. 

Key design points Ensure seamless coverage of voice services and the coverage of data services in VIP areas. The coverage is crucial. Generally, use macro cells or RRU for coverage.

3 Design for an Indoor Distributed System 3.1 Collecting Coverage Target Information 3.1.1 Collecting Coverage Information (Mandatory) The operator offers opinions and the concerned manufacturer collects coverage information. 1)

Determine whether to build a new indoor coverage system or to reuse the original one.

2)

Determine the specific floor where the coverage target is located.

3)

Determine the requirements of coverage probability.

For a specific coverage floor, specify coverage probability requirements, which vary with different requirements of design margin. If the indoor coverage probability is 90% and the standard deviation of shadow attenuation estimated indoors is 6 dB, the relevant design margin is 5 dB. After collecting coverage information, make a link budget for the indoor distributed system. 2014-06-26


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3.1.2 Collecting Service Information (Mandatory) The operator offers suggestions. Comments offered by Huawei are for your reference. 1)

Determine types of service object requirements Requirements of WCDMA services vary in the service threshold and system

Guide

capacity. Therefore, during the design of an indoor distribution system, confirm that the WCDMA services require seamless coverage. 2)

Determine the service thresholds after making sure of basic service requirements. The collected service information is a reference of link budget and capacity estimate of the indoor distributed system.

3.1.3 Collecting Capacity Information (Mandatory) The concerned manufacturer collects capacity information according to the opinions offered the operator or referring to Huawei calculation methods. 1)

Collect the capacity information of a newly-built indoor WCDMA distributed system.

2)

a)

Predict the number of users of the coverage target.

b)

Decide the traffic model with the operator.

Collect the capacity information of a shared Indoor GSM distributed system. For an existing indoor GSM distributed system, you can predict the capacity of indoor WCDMA distributed system according to GSM traffic. a)

From the operator, obtain the traffic of the indoor GSM distributed system in the building.

b)

Get the traffic percentage by the ratio of the GSM traffic in the building to the total GSM traffic in the area.

After collecting the capacity information, calculate the capacity of indoor distributed system.

3.1.4 Analyzing Requirements of System Transmission Resources (Mandatory) The concerned manufacturer analyzes the requirements of system transmission resources by referring to Huawei analysis methods. 1)

Check whether E1 cables or optical fibers are used for the transmission of WCDMA coverage in the building.

2)

Decide whether transmission resources are properly used according to the calculated capacity and the type of signal source.

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If transmission resources are limited due to the operator's transmission conditions, duly communicate with the operator to prevent disputes caused by transmission bottlenecks due to increased capacity.

3.2 Surveying and Testing the Indoor Distributed System Guide

3.2.1 Surveying the Existing Network of the Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory) I. Outdoor WCDMA BTSs Covering Indoors If the existing WCDMA network still covers around the building designed for indoor coverage, the outdoor cells may interfere with the indoor distributed system later built. The main interference is pilot pollution. Generally, the higher the floor is, the more serious pilot pollution becomes. Therefore, you need to test the pilot signals of outdoor BTSs in the indoor environment and to record the quantity and strength of pilots and the distribution of pilot signals in the building. The test result is a reference of edge field strength design of the indoor distributed system. In actual engineering, the strength of pilot signals of dominant indoor cells is higher in the design margin than that of the strongest pilot signals of outdoor cells. The edge field strength of indoor cell signals is about 5 dB higher than that of outdoor cell signals. The test can be made selectively inside the building. For example, choose one or two floors at the bottom of the building, one or two floors in the middle, and one or two floors at the top. The test needs Agilent-E6474A or Huawei PROBE for indoor measurement.

II. No Outdoor WCDMA BTSs Covering Indoors If no WCDMA BTSs covers outdoors but a GSM distributed system covers the inside of a building, record the coverage level of the indoor GSM distributed system, pay attention to the places or floors with poor indoor GSM distributed coverage, and make handoff tests relevant to the GSM system. During the design for an indoor WCDMA system, refer to the results of GSM network tests. Make GSM signal level tests in different areas. The test items include floor information, location information of the floor, and CELL_ID, signal strength, and neighbor BCCH frequency and signal strength of the serving cells of the test point. Make handoff tests in major indoor and outdoor handoff areas, especially entrances of halls and elevators. Record such information as signal strengths of main serving cells and neighbor cells, and form a GSM signal distributed diagram or table for the reference of indoor WCDMA coverage design.

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3.2.2 Preparing Coverage Area Drawings (Mandatory) The operator or the indoor distributed system manufacturer provides coverage area drawings. Guide

Obtain detailed building drawings, including the floor plan for each coverage target and elevational drawing of each direction. Try to obtain an electronic copy in the AutoCAD format and a scanned copy of engineering blueprint. In addition, obtain the construction drawings of electrical and communication equipment rooms in the building and mark the locations of allowable cabling holes and the available transmission lines.

Four floors Scale 1:500

Figure 3-1 Floor plan example of a building

3.2.3 Surveying the Indoor Structure of a Building (Mandatory) The design institute and the indoor distributed system manufacturer jointly complete an indoor survey of a building.

I. Main Tasks of an Indoor Survey Prepare information for the planning design of an indoor distributed system. Through indoor survey and communications with the concerned property management company, fulfill the following tasks: 

Decide the coverage scope and specify coverage requirements and differences of the floors in the building.



Take enough digital photos to show the indoor structure and outline of the building.



Decide the materials and thickness of the inner walls, floors, and ceilings to estimate the penetration loss. For the penetration loss, refer to ‎Table 3-3.



Decide available transmission, power, and cabling resources and confirm the construction requirements of the concerned property management company.

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Guide to Indoor WCDMA Coverage Design 


Decide the installation space for the equipment room, antennas, and feeders required by BTS equipment.



Know the usage of each floor and estimate the number of users on each floor.



If an indoor GSM distributed system already exists, check the original design scheme during the indoor survey, using it as a reference of designing a shared

Guide

indoor distributed system.

II. Survey on Indoor Cabling Resources During a survey on cabling resources, know the bearing capacity and curve radius of the cabling environment. Pay attention to the following two points about the survey on the curve radius:

III. If the property management company provides PVC pipelines for cabling, know the curve radius at the corners of the PVC pipelines. Know the curve radius from teh vertical cabling rack of the building to the cabling corner of each floor. Indoor Structure Shooting Choose model floors before taking photos indoors to ensure efficient photographic tasks and to provide enough feature information of the building. Suppose that there are 25 floors in the target building. According to the building structure and floor layout, take the first floor as a model floor. Choose one as a model floor from floors 2 to 5, which are of the same structure and layout. Similarly, choose one from floors 6 to 25, which are of the same structure and layout. After choosing model floors, begin to take indoor photos. The number of photos to be taken for each model floor must meet the following requirements: 

Two to four photos: Embody the floor layout.



One or two photos: Embody the structure of the ceiling.



One or two photos: Show the locations for antennas.



One or two photos: Embody the features of outer walls and windows.



One or two photos: Embody the features of corridors and elevators.



One or two photos: Show unusual structures such as large metal objects, and unusual equipment rooms (possible interference sources).



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Guide

Figure 3-2 Example of an indoor photo

3.2.4 Indoor CW Tests (Optional) Generally, the calibration of indoor propagation models is not recommended. The current planning software cannot calibrate propagation models. You can use the existing propagation models. If the operator requires CW tests on a typical building, the indoor distributed system manufacturer and Huawei can jointly complete the tests. Making an indoor CW test is to obtain the indoor propagation feature information of the coverage target. After a CW test, analyze test data and obtain the penetration loss values of separation walls, floors, and ceilings in the building. You can use the GATOR signal source as the signal source of an indoor CW test. The output power is about 5 dBm, which can meet the requirements of an indoor test. For transmitting antennas, use common vehicle antennas. In a CW test, transmitting antennas must be placed near the chosen locations for antennas, where antennas may be installed in actual engineering. For more details about a CW test, see WCDMA Test Guide.

3.3 Estimating the Coverage and Capacity of an Indoor Distributed System 3.3.1 Link Budget of an Indoor WCDMA Distributed System (Mandatory) The indoor distributed system manufacturer completes a link budget of an indoor distributed system by referring to the operator's comments and the calculating methods of Huawei.

I. Choosing an Indoor Propagation Model 

Keenan-Motley indoor propagation model

Based on the free space propagation model, the Keenan-Motley model is added with the penetration loss of walls and floors. This model uses the following formula: 2014-06-26


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PLdB  32.5  20 log f   20 logd   P  W

f : frequency, its unit: MHz Guide

d : distance between a UE and a transmitter, its unit: km P : reference value of wall loss

W : number of walls In this formula, multipath effects are not considered, the penetration loss is regarded only as the product of the number of walls and the reference value of wall loss, and all walls use the same penetration loss value. Therefore, the result of this formula is inaccurate. The following is another formula improved from the above one. A finer model considers the penetration losses of walls and floors of different types. I

J

i 1

j 1

PL dB  32.5  20 log  f   20 log d    k fi L fi   k wj Lwj k fi : number of type- i floors penetrated k wj : number of type- j walls penetrated

L fi : penetration loss of type- i floors Lwj : penetration loss of type- j walls I : number of floor types

J : number of wall types Relevant experiments show that the typical value of attenuation through floors is 12 dB to 32 dB and the value of attenuation through walls depends on the type of separation walls used. If typical soft separation walls are used, the attenuation value is 1 dB to 5 dB, whereas the value is 5 dB to 20 dB for hard separation walls. 

ITU-R P.1238 indoor propagation model

Currently, the industry recommends the ITU-R P.1238 indoor propagation model. This model divides the propagation scenarios into NLOS and LOS. For NLOS, the model uses the following formula:

LID＝20log f   N logd   L f n   28dB  X

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N : coefficient of distance losses f : frequency, its unit: MHz

d : distance between an UE and a transmitter, its unit: m, d  1m Guide

L f n  : coefficient of floor penetration losses

X  : slow fading margin, whose value is relevant to the coverage probability requirements and the standard deviation of indoor slow fading For LOS, the model uses the following formula:

PLLOS  20 log( f )  20 log( d )  28dB  X  The applicable frequency range of the model is 1800 MHz to 2000 MHz. Table 3-1 Values of the distance loss coefficient of ITU-R.P 1238 model Coefficient of Distance Losses

N

Frequency (GHz)

Residences

Offices

Shops

1.8-GSMHz

28

30

22

Table 3-2 Values of the floor penetration loss coefficient of ITU-R.P 1238 model Coefficient of floor Penetration Losses Frequency

Residences

Offices

L f n 

Shops

9 (1 floor) 900 MHz

-

19 (2 floors)

-

24 (3 floors) 1.8-GSMHz

4n

15 + 4 (n - 1)

6 + 3 (n - 1)

Note: "n" denotes the number of the floors to be penetrated, larger than or equal to 1.

II. Estimating the Indoor Edge Field Strength and the Antenna Transmit Power 

Estimating the indoor edge field strength if outdoor BTSs are built According to the results of indoor pilot tests, design the edge field strength of indoor cell signals higher than the indoor pilot Ec of outdoor cells by 5 dB, which is regarded as an experience reference value. In addition, consider the Ec and Ec/Io requirements of the lowest access thresholds of a service. Considering the above two points, determine the indoor edge field strength.

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Estimating the indoor edge field strength if outdoor BTSs are not enabled According to the results of outdoor BTS coverage prediction, input the longitude and latitude where the building with an indoor distributed system to be built is located into the coverage predication result diagram. Then you can see the pilot

Guide

Ec of outdoor cells outside the building. Design the edge field strength of indoor cell signals higher than the pilot Ec of outdoor cells outside the building by 5 dB, which is regarded as an experience reference value.

In addition, consider the

Ec and Ec/Io requirements of the lowest access thresholds of this service. Considering the above two points, determine the indoor edge field strength.

III. Deciding the Path loss According to the Chosen Indoor Propagation Model IV. Getting the Transmit Power of Antenna Port by Adding the Path Loss and the Design Value of Edge Field Strength V. Statistic Reference Values of Indoor Penetration Loss Tests Table 3-3 Reference values of indoor WCDMA penetration losses Reference value

Theoretical value or industrial empirical value

Item

Signal type

Penetration loss through an elevator door

WCDMA

22.6

20–30

dB

Average of the penetration loss through an indoor brick separation wall

WCDMA

7–10

10

dB

Average of the penetration loss through a reinforced concrete wall

WCDMA

About 20

15–30

dB

Penetration loss through thin glass (on an ordinary glass window)

WCDMA

About 1

1

dB

Penetration loss through thick glass (

WCDMA

About 3

3

dB

Unit

3.3.2 Estimating the Capacity of a Single Indoor WCDMA Distributed System (Mandatory) The indoor distributed system manufacturer estimates the capacity of a single indoor distributed system by referring to the operator's comments and the calculating methods of Huawei.

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I. Estimating the Capacity of a Newly-Built Indoor WCDMA Distributed System 1)

During a building survey, predict the number of users in the coverage target and the traffic model confirmed by the operator (busy hour traffic and throughput of a single user).

Guide

2)

Calculate the number of CEs, number of uplink and downlink demodulation boards, and number of E1 links required by a single site according to the single-site CE calculation by using the RND tool.

The calculated numbers of CEs and uplink and downlink demodulation boards required by a site of an indoor distributed system can be taken as a reference of choosing a signal source of the indoor distributed system. Compare the calculated number of E1 links with the original transmission resources of the operator. If the transmission resources are limited, remind the operator in time.

II. Estimating the Capacity of a Shared Indoor GSM Distributed System If the operator regards that the percentage of the indoor GSM traffic to the total GSM traffic is the same as the percentage of the indoor WCDMA traffic to the total WCDMA traffic in the same building, use the following calculating methods. Otherwise, predict the number of users in the coverage target before other tasks. 1)

Determine the building that needs a shared distributed system.

2)

From the operator, obtain the traffic of the indoor GSM distributed system in the building.

3)

Traffic of the indoor GSM distributed system / Total GSM traffic in the area = Percentage of the traffic of the indoor GSM distributed system to the total traffic

4)

Total predicted number of WCDMA users in the area x Percentage of the traffic of the indoor GSM distributed system to the total traffic = Number of WCDMA users of the indoor distributed system

5)

Determine with the operator the traffic model of the indoor distributed system (busy hour traffic and throughput of a single user).

6)

Calculate the number of CEs, number of uplink and downlink demodulation boards, and number of E1 links according to the single-site CE calculation by using the RND tool.

The calculated numbers of CEs and uplink and downlink demodulation boards required by a site of an indoor distributed system can be taken as a reference of choosing a signal source of the indoor distributed system. Compare the calculated number of E1 links with the original transmission resources of the operator. If the transmission resources are limited, remind the operator in time.

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3.3.3 Link Budget of an Indoor WCDMA and DCS 1800 Shared Distributed System When making a link budget for an Indoor WCDMA and DCS 1800 shared distributed system, consider the frequency loss differences between different systems and the Guide

insertion loss differences during the access to a shared distributed system. This section describes the reuse of the existing DCS 1800 system, covering the differences of WCDMA and DCS 1800 shared distributed system. Figure out the BCCH receiving level relevant to the DCS 1800 system required for satisfying the service access thresholds of WCDMA system. That is, through the BCCH receiving level test of the existing DCS 1800 system, you can evaluate whether the system can satisfy the service threshold requirements after direct WCDMA signal combination in the future. Table 3-4 Service threshold calculation of an indoor WCDMA and DCS 1800 shared distributed system Minimum SigLvl requirements based on link budget

max CL in UL (dB) a max CL in DL (dB) b Tx Power P-CPICH c minimum P-CPICH RSCP requirements (dBm)

Voice

CS64k

PS64/384

PS128/384

PS144/384

PS384/384

142.7

137.4

137.7

134.9

134.4

130.2

144.1

138.8

139.1

136.3

135.8

131.6

33

33

33

33

33

33

-111.1

-105.8

-106.1

-103.3

-102.8

- 98.6

5

5

5

5

5

5

-106.1

-100.8

-101.1

-98.3

-97.8

-93.6

39

39

39

39

39

39

d=c-b design margin (dB) e indoor coverage P-CPICH target (dBm) F=d+e Tx Power of BCCH of co-site GSM BTS (dBm) g

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Minimum SigLvl requirements based on link budget

Coupling loss difference between UMTS and Guide GSM1800 band (dB)

Voice

CS64k

PS64/384

PS128/384

PS144/384

PS384/384

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

-97.1

-91.8

-92.1

-89.3

-88.8

-84.6

h Additional loss to connect NodeB into existing GSM DAS (dB) i Min BCCH target (dBm) j=f+g-c+h+i

In ‎Table 3-4, the parts in pink are output results, those in green are input values, and those colorless are constant items. To get the link budget values in ‎Table 3-4, we suppose as follows: 

The Tx Power P-CPICH of the BTS in the indoor WCDMA system is 33 dBm.



The Tx Power of BCCH of the co-site GSM BTS in an indoor GSM system is 39 dBm.



The coupling loss difference between UMTS and GSM1800 band refers to the uplink frequency loss difference.



The additional loss to connect NodeB into existing GSM DAS refers to the insertion loss caused by the combiner when the WCDMA signal source is introduced into the indoor GSM distributed system.

The maximum transmit power of GSM BTS signals must be set according to facts. By referring to the actually-tested level of the indoor GSM distributed system, you can know whether the indoor GSM distributed system can meet the access threshold requirements of WCDMA services if the WCDMA and DCS 1800 systems combine directly. If not, reconstruct the indoor distributed system accordingly. This link budge is for the reference of calculating the WCDMA service threshold levels by using the existing the GSM system.

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3.4 Choosing a Signal Source for an Indoor Distributed System 3.4.1 Choosing a Proper Signal Source According to Capacity and Coverage Requirements (Mandatory) Guide

The indoor distributed system manufacturer chooses a proper signal source by referring to the operator's comments and Huawei solution. According to coverage and capacity requirements in different scenarios, choose relevant devices for the signal source of an indoor distributed system. 

Choosing indoor coverage signal sources of small buildings 2

A small building is lower than 10 floors and its total area is smaller than 10,000 m . If coverage and capacity requirements are met, use the microcell BTS3801C to combine with the original system and reconstruct the combined system. 

Choosing indoor coverage signal sources of medium sized buildings A medium sized building is of 10 to 20 floors and its total area is smaller than 2

20,000 m . If coverage and capacity requirements are met, use one BBU3806 and two RRU3801Cs to combine with the original system and reconstruct the combined system. 

Choosing indoor coverage signal sources of large sized buildings A large sized building is of 20 to 30 floors and its total area is smaller than 30,000 2

m . If coverage and capacity requirements are met, use one BBU3806 and three RRU3801Cs to combine with the original system and reconstruct the combined system. 

Choosing indoor coverage signal sources of ultra-large buildings An ultra-large building is of over 30 floors, having skirt buildings. Its total area is 2

larger than 30,000 m . If coverage and capacity requirements are met, use two BBU3806s and multiple RRU3801Cs or one BBU and multiple pico RRUs to combine with the original system and reconstruct the combined system. 

Choosing signal sources for both indoor and outdoor coverage scenarios For the scenarios requiring both indoor and outdoor coverage, use one BBU plus one RRU or a macro BTS plus one RRU to make full use of CE resources of signal sources.

3.4.2 Repeater Influences on an Indoor Distributed System (a Key Issue) The indoor distributed system manufacturer chooses a proper signal source by referring to the comments of the operator and Huawei.

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Restrict the use of repeaters and trunk amplifiers in an indoor distributed system to control the interference and to reduce the influence on the capacity of the system.

I. Merits, Demerits, and Use Suggestions of a Repeater Guide



Radio frequency (RF) repeater Merits: Requires no transmission resources. Demerits: Insufficient isolation between the donor antenna and the service antenna may cause self-excitation. The repeater causes pilot pollution easily, thus affecting the network quality. It may also increase the noise level of donor BTS receiver, thus reducing the capacity and the coverage radius of the system. In addition, the repeater affects RRM algorithms such as power control, handoff, and admission algorithms.



Fiber repeater Merits: Transmitting signals through fibers, a fiber repeater is stabler than an RF repeater. Tx and Rx isolation does not need to be considered and self-excitation does not occur easily. Demerits: A fiber repeater may increase the noise level of donor BTS receiver, thus reducing the capacity and the coverage radius of the system. It may cause longer delay, thus affecting the location service. In addition, the repeater affects RRM algorithms such as power control, handoff, and admission algorithms. Suggestions: Do not use an RF repeater as a signal source of an indoor distributed system in urban areas. A fiber repeater can be used only in the scenarios with low capacity requirements, such as a close underground parking garage.

II. Repeater Influences on the Noise Floor Rise of a Donor BTS

BTS noise increment Cascade noise increment of a repeater

Figure 3-3 Influence of a repeater on the noise floor of a BTS

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In ‎Figure 3-3, the x-axis is the noise increment factor

N rise (dB) and the y-axis is the

noise increment (dB) including the BTS noise increment Guide

noise increment

FREP rise .

FBTS  rise  10 lg(1  10 FREP rise  10 lg(1  10

N rise (dB) 10



)

N rise (dB) 10

)

N rise  ( FREP  FBTS )  (GREP  Ld )

FREP

FBTS rise and the repeater

dB

(1)

dB

(2)

dB

(3)

— Noise coefficient (dB) of a repeater

FBTS — Noise coefficient (dB) of the donor BTS GREP — Uplink gain (dB) of the repeater

Ld — Path loss (dB) from the uplink Tx port of the repeater to the Rx port of the donor BTS, including the cable loss, antenna gain, and space path loss

(GREP  Ld ) — Net gain (dB) Formulas (1) and (2) show that a repeater can increase the uplink noise floor of the donor BTS by 3 dB when the noise increment factor

N rise

is 0. Meanwhile, the noise

floor of the repeater also increases by 3 dB. The noise floor increase means the decrease of the receiving sensitivity, increase of the UE transmit power, and reduction of the uplink coverage radius. A repeater can increase the noise floor of both the donor BTS and the repeater itself. The noise floor is balanced when

N rise

is 0.

The key factor of a repeater to the noise increase of the donor BTS is the uplink gain of the repeater. Reducing the uplink gain of the repeater may reduce the noise increase of the donor BTS. Because uplink losses cannot be totally made up, however, the noise floor of the repeater itself increases. UEs in the repeater coverage area must increase the transmit power to make up the loss difference value.

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3.5 Designing Indoor and Outdoor Handoffs 3.5.1 Designing Intra-WCDMA System Handoffs (Mandatory) I. Designing Handoffs Between the Entrances and Exits of a Hall Guide 

The size of an handoff area at the entrances and exits of a hall depends on the settings of handoff parameters and the Ec and Ec/Io of the edge field strength. Generally, use Huawei default settings of the baseline parameters. To avoid too much indoor signal leakage, ensure that the pilot Ec outdoors five to seven meters away from the door is smaller than -95 dBm.



Generally, the handoff area at the entrance and exit of a hall is within the range of five to seven meters outdoors away from the hall door. The handoff area cannot be close to the road or deep indoors.

II. Designing Handoffs at the Entrance and Exit of an Indoor Elevator For the entrance and exit of an elevator, use intra-frequency soft handoffs. If you use the indoor and outdoor inter-frequency solution, use the inter-frequency coverage solution for the entire building. Table 3-5 Design for Intra-frequency handoffs in and out of an elevator Building

Design for elevator coverage and handoff

Small building (of less than 10 floors)

Use a directional antenna at the top of the elevator shaft. Vertically downward, the antenna directly covers the elevator shaft. No handoff exists in a same cell.

Medium sized building (of 10 to 20 floors)

Install a small directional antenna every several floors in the elevator shaft to vertically cover the elevator shaft. If the building is covered by two cells, use the cell signals of lower floors to cover the elevator shaft. On lower floors or at the exit of the elevator on the first floor, UEs are in a same cell. Therefore, no handoff is triggered.

Large building (of 20 to 30 floors)

The signals of two cells are introduced to cover the elevator shaft. It is recommended that the system cover the elevator shaft by different segments, which are the same as the floors. During the moving of the elevator, soft handoffs between two cells are performed in the elevator.

Ultra-large building over 30 floors)

Cover the elevator shaft by segments, which are the same as the floors. Soft handoffs are performed in the elevator. You can also use leakage cables for elevator coverage.

(of

III. Designing Handoffs at the Indoor Windows of a High Building Outdoor cell signals are easy to get into the windows of a high building. As a result, pilot pollution and ping-pong handoffs occur, which cause call drop easily. Therefore, 2014-06-26


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the pilot power at the antenna port near the windows of a high building must be designed 5 dB margin higher than the signals of outdoor cells for the control of handoffs between indoor and outdoor cells of the high building.

3.5.2 Planning Neighbor Cells for an Indoor Coverage System (Mandatory) Guide

For the neighbor planning of an indoor distributed system, because an indoor coverage area is relatively closed, consider the signal strength of the actual handoff area when setting the neighborship. The basic principle is that the neighborship must be as simple as possible.

I. Choosing Neighbor Cells in Indoor and Outdoor Intra-frequency and Inter-frequency Cases Make a choice according to the planning emulation results and the neighborship of the co-site indoor GSM distributed system. If outdoor BTSs are built, take the site survey results as a reference and choose the outdoor cells with good and stable Ec and Ec/Io as mutual neighbors of indoor cells.

II. Choosing Neighbor Cells for the Cells of a High Building 

Planning phase In this phase, it is hard to tell stable cells with strong signals from unstable cells with weak signals. Considering the complexness of indoor environment and the uneven distribution of indoor signals of a same outdoor cell, Huawei recommends two-way neighbor planning based on the results or logical relations of an indoor signal survey.



Optimization phase A one-way neighbor solution is that the indoor cells of a high building are not used as neighbors of the outdoor cells. After an indoor distributed system comes into operation, if it is found during optimization that the large fluctuation of outdoor signals of a high building causes frequent indoor and outdoor handoffs and thus affects the network quality, you can use the one-way neighbor solution as an optimization means.

3.6 Analyzing a Shared Indoor Distributed System and Control the Interference 3.6.1 Analyzing a Shared Indoor Distributed System of the Operator (Mandatory) The indoor distributed system manufacturer analyze the shared indoor distributed system by referring to the comments of the operator and Huawei.

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Generally, the operator may choose a shared indoor distributed system to save costs. The following are the key points for a shared indoor distributed system: 

Reducing influences on the original system Try to reduce changes and influences on the original system. According to the results calculated by the detailed topological diagram of the system design, the

Guide

indoor distributed system manufacturer evaluates influences on the original system. The network reconstruction must try to solve such problems as serious signal leakage or coverage insufficiency of the original system. 

Referring to the design of the original system For the design of a new system, refer to the solution and actual test data of the original system. Refer to the design solution of the original system and offer the most proper reconstruction ideas. In the new system, avoid such problems as handoff failure, call drop, and interference occurring in the indoor tests of the original system



Transforming components Reuse the passive components of the original system that have good performance and satisfy frequency requirements. The combiner must meet the requirements of isolation and intermodulation perforation index. Try to use trunk amplifiers less. Mainly, use 1/2-inch feeders. For some trunks or distribution cables with large losses, use 7/8-inch feeders.



Choosing signal sources According to the coverage and capacity requirements in the system design, choose a proper signal source. For urban areas, be careful to choose a repeater as the signal source of the indoor coverage system.



Controlling costs Try to save costs in engineering reconstruction. State reasons before replacing or adding components.

3.6.2 Controlling the Interference in a Shared Indoor Distributed System of the Operator (Mandatory) Interference in a shared indoor distributed system involves three aspects: 

Congestion interference



Intermodulation interference



Spurious interference

To clear outband interferences, the simplest way is to add a filter to the receiver. To clear inband interference, however, you may reduce the power of the transmitter or add a filter to the transmitter. Space isolation is effective for spurious interference, receiver congestion, and intermodulation interference. The isolation size depends on 2014-06-26


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the maximum isolation required by various interferences. For an indoor distribution system, to reduce transmitting intermodulation interference and suppress spurious interference is to add a filter to the transmitter. For more details about interference control, see Guide to WCDMA Antenna and Guide

Feeder Design-20060323-A-3.0.

I. Congestion Interference Definition: If interference signals are too strong, they may congest the WCDMA receiver and exceed the working scope of the amplifier and the frequency mixer, thus making the receiver fail to demodulate signals normally and interfering with the operation of the receiver. Congestion falls into inband congestion and outband congestion. Congestion interference has fewer impacts on the system. Solution: To relieve inband congestion, add a filter to the transmitter. To relieve outband congestion, add a filter to the receiver. For the requirements of filter isolation, see the methods of calculating isolation in the following examples. For example: 

Calculate the inband congestion interference caused by the spurious signals of GSM 900M BTS in bands 1920 MHz to1980 MHz. Spurious signals of GSM 900M BTS in non-GSM frequency band: -30 dBm / 3 MHz Maximum transmit power of a GSM 900M BTS: 46 dBm / 200 KHz Required congestion of a WCDMA receiver:  -40 dBm (inband)  -15 dBm (outband)  -16 dBm (GSM and DCS inband) Because the spurious signals of GSM 900M BTS in the WCDMA receiving frequency band is -30 dBm / 3 MHz (equal to -29 dBm / 3.84 MHz) and the WCDMA inband congestion is required equal to or less than -40 dBm, the isolation of an antenna must be: -29 dBm / 3.84 MHz – (-40 dBm / 3.84 MHz) = 11 dB



Calculate the inband congestion interference caused by the spurious signals of DCS 1800M BTS in bands 1920 MHz to1980 MHz. Spurious signals of DCS 1800M BTS in non-DCS frequency band: -30 dBm / 3 MHz Maximum transmit power of a DCS 1800M BTS: 46 dBm / 200 KHz Required congestion of a WCDMA receiver:  -40 dBm (inband)

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 -15 dBm (outband)  -16 dBm (GSM and DCS inband) Because the spurious signals of DCS 1800M BTS in the WCDMA receiving frequency band is -30 dBm / 3 MHz (equal to -29 dBm / 3.84 MHz) and the WCDMA inband congestion is required equal to or less than -40 dBm, the

Guide

isolation of an antenna must be: -29 dBm / 3.84 MHz – (-40 dBm / 3.84 MHz) = 11 dB 

Calculate the inband congestion interference caused by the spurious signals of PHS BTS in the band of a WCDMA BTS. Required congestion of a WCDMA receiver:  -40 dBm (inband) Strictly, the maximum transmit power of a PHS BTS is 27 dBm. Then, the required isolation of an antenna is calculated as follows: 27 – (-40) = 67 dB If the adjacent channel interference is considered when a WCDMA BTS works in band 1920 MHz, the adjacent-channel congestion signal allowed by the WCDMA receiver is -52 dBm. The isolation between the systems that meets the congestion condition is: 27 – (-52) = 79 dB

II. Intermodulation Interference Definition: If multiple systems coexist, intermodulation products may be generated between different frequencies of different systems, thus causing interference. If the antenna system uses improper components, when signals of different frequencies pass through the components, intermodulation occurs. Due to the nonlinearity of a transmitter, the signals generate intermodulation products together with transmitting signals of the transmitter. The transmission of intermodulation products and useful signals together through an antenna may cause interference with the receiver. Solution: A rational frequency plan can reduce intermodulation interference to a tolerable scope. For component intermodulation interference, restrain it through component index selection and engineering standards, or clear it by replacing the components with lowered performance. To relieve inband intermodulation interference, add a filter to the transmitter. To relieve outband intermodulation interference, add a filter to the receiver. For the requirements of filter isolation, see the methods of calculating isolation in the following examples. For example:

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Calculate the isolation according to the intermodulation interference arising from other WCDMA signals and the spurious signals of GSM 900M BTS in bands 1920 MHz to 1980 MHz. Interference signals in the band of a receiver required by the WCDMA receiving intermodulation features:  -48 dBm

Guide

Spurious signals of GSM 900M BTS in bands 1920 MHz to 1980 MHz, stipulated in the protocol: -30 dBm / 3 MHz Therefore, the required isolation is: -30 dBm / 3MHz – (-48 dBm / 3.84 MHz) + (10log (3.84 MHz / 3 MHz)) = 19 dB 

Calculate the isolation according to the intermodulation interference arising from other WCDMA signals and the spurious signals of DCS 1800M BTS in bands 1920 MHz to 1980 MHz. Interference signals in the band of a receiver required by the WCDMA receiving intermodulation features:  -48 dBm Spurious signals of DCS 1800M BTS in bands 1920 MHz to 1980 MHz, stipulated in the protocol: -30dBm/3MHz Therefore, the required isolation is: -30 dBm / 3 MHz – (-48 dBm / 3.84 MHz) + (10log (3.84 MHz / 3 MHz)) = 19 dB

III. Spurious Interference Definition: The unideal features and broadband noises of the frequency mixer, filer, and power amplifier in a transmitter may generate many useless outband signals, called spurious signals. When transmitted from an antenna, spurious signals interfere with the receiver of another system. Spurious interference affects the system most greatly. Solution: To relieve inband spurious interference, add a filter to the transmitter. To relieve outband spurious interference, add a filter to the receiver. For the requirements of filter isolation, see the methods of calculating isolation in the following examples. For example: 

Calculate the isolation and the spurious interference of GSM 900M BTS in the receiving band of WCDMA BTS.

Table 3-6 Analyzing spurious interference of GSM 900M BTS in the band of a WCDMA BTS according to the protocol Value Spurious interference value 2014-06-26

Description -30 dBm / 3 MHz (required

-29


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by protocol)

(dBm / 3.84 MHz) Permissible value (dB) of sensibility drop of the interfered Guide system

the

< 0.1 dB

< 0.8 dB

< 3 dB

< 6 dB

< 10 dB

-

Permissible interference value (dBm / 3.84 MHz) of the interfered system

-121

-112

-105

-100

-96

-105 dBm / 3.84 MHz (noises)

Required isolation between systems

92

83

76

71

67

-



Calculate the isolation and the spurious interference of DCS 1800M BTS in the receiving band of WCDMA BTS.

Table 3-7 Analyzing spurious interference of DCS 1800M BTS in the band of a WCDMA BTS according to the protocol Value Spurious interference value (dBm 3.84 MHz)

/

Description -30 dBm / 3 MHz (required by the protocol)

-29

Permissible value (dB) of sensibility drop of the interfered system

< 0.1 dB

< 0.8 dB

< 3 dB

< 6 dB

< 10 dB

-


-121

-112

-105

-100

-96

-105 dBm / 3.84 MHz (noises)


92

83

76

71

67

-



Calculate the isolation and the spurious interference of PHS BTS in the receiving band of a WCDMA BTS.

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Table 3-8 Analyzing spurious interference of PHS BTS in the band of a WCDMA BTS according to the protocol Value

Description -26 dBm / 60 MHz (required by the protocol)

Spurious interference Guide value (dBm 3.84 MHz)

/

-38 dBm

Permissible value (dB) of sensibility drop of the interfered system

< 0.1 dB

< 0.8dB

< 3 dB

< 6 dB

< 10 dB

-


-121

-112

-105

-100

-96

-105 dBm /3.84 MHz (noises)


83

74

67

62

58

-

3.6.3 Analyzing an IRS  a Shared Indoor Distributed System of Multiple Operators (Optional) Operators choose the mode of a shared indoor distributed system. There is a special phenomenon about the indoor coverage outside China: Multiple operators share an indoor distributed system, antenna system, and equipment room, due to too expensive expenses such as rents and property management fees. They call such a site IRS. We rarely see such a case in China. Each IRS has a leader operator, who manages the shared parts. Other operators pay the leader operator and directly connect their feeders and cables to the POI. The leader operator is responsible for the rest, including commissioning and guarantee. Generally, an IRS connects with multiple systems, such as GSM, DCS, CDMA, and WCDMA. With fiercer competition in mobile communications, more operators will consider using an IRS to build their networks for cost saving. Especially, because the property problem is hard to be solved, more and more IRSs will come forth. This document takes an indoor WCDMA distributed system outside China as an example, indicating the issues to be considered when a signal source is introduced into an IRS. Generally, different system signals of different operators are led into the IRS through POIs. Currently, POIs fall into two types from the aspect of application: passive POI and active POI. An active POI is relevant to signal amplification. That is, it is added 2014-06-26


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with a power amplifier. A passive POI is simpler in design, similar to a more complex multi-system combiner. A POI system designer needs to consider the influence that the noise coefficient of an active POI may have on the sensitivity of the system, as well as the spurious and congestion interference between systems. Let us describe the Guide

issues to be considered for designing and using a POI system from the following two angles: 

As the leader of the POI system When designing the POI system, consider the POI selection first. Such materials are scare currently. Generally, assume various conditions to deduce the threshold levels of services. Secondly, consider dividing the transmission and reception of the whole POI system. If many signals are introduced, spurious interference and intermodulation interference become unpredictable. To maximally reduce intermodulation and spurious interference, do consider dividing transmission and reception when designing a POI system.



As a user of the POI system The leader completes the design of the POI system. What a user does is to introduce signals according to the POI specifications provided by the leader. Generally, the design results meet the requirements of service threshold levels in the POI specifications. ‎Table 3-9 lists the WCDMA IRS specifications that operator A provides for operator B.

Table 3-9 Example of IRS specifications Specifications of WCDMA IRS Downlink Requirement Item

Description

Data

Unit

DL-1

Data Rate

384

kbps

DL-2

Maximum no. of carriers

3

no.

DL-3

Cut-in Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) power per carrier

30

dBm

DL-4

Maximum composite power to POI

43

dBm

DL-5

Minimum Carrier-to-Intermodulation

45

dBc

DL-6

Minimum CPICH signal level* (MinDownLev) at user terminal per carrier

-85

dBm

DL-7

Minimum percentage of time of measurements > MinDownLev

90

%

DL-8

Minimum percentage of area of measurements > MinDownLev

90

%

Uplink Requirement Item

Description

Data

Unit

UL-1

Data Rate

384

Kbps

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UL-2

Transmit power at user terminal

21

dBm

UL-3

Maximum noise received power level at no load at 3840kHz at POI

-98

dBm

UL-4

Minimum Carrier-to-Intermodulation

33

dBc

Minimum uplink signal level** (MinUpLev) at POI

-90

dBm

UL-6

Minimum percentage of time of measurements > MinUpLev

90

%

UL-7

Minimum percentage of area of measurements > MinUpLev

90

%

Guide UL-5

In the above example, operator B's WCDMA signal sources are introduced into operator A's IRS. If the pilot power of each carrier of operator B's WCDMA input signals is ensured to be larger than 30 dBm but less than 43 dBm, the downlink receiving Ec for PS384K services can be larger than -85 dBm and the uplink receiving Ec of the BTS larger than -90 dBm within 90% of the time in 90% of the coverage areas. During the design of an IRS, the main task for a user is to analyze whether the IRS specifications provided by the leader can meet users' requirements.

3.6.4 Analyzing Interference Between WCDMA Systems of Different Operators (Optional) Surely, the existing network does not have only one WCDMA operator. Therefore, the problem of interference between systems of different operators must be considered during the design phase of an indoor distributed system. Generally, consider the interference between two operators' systems in adjacent bands. Suppose that operator A and operator B are in the adjacent bands. When designing operator A's indoor distributed system, analyze how to mitigate interference in each of the following three scenarios: 

Between operator A's indoor distributed system and operator B's outdoor macro cell BTS, the former may receive the uplink interference from operator B's outdoor BTS terminal. Scenario 1:

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Guide

Figure 3-4 Interference between operator A's indoor distributed system and operator B's outdoor BTS terminal In such a scenario, consider the minimum coupling loss between operator B's terminal and operator A's indoor distributed system, including the first adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) and the second ACLR. Operator A can try to avoid the first adjacent channel interference (ACI) to obtain better network quality. When analyzing and deciding the ACI, you can calculate the WCDMA interference thresholds according to the test signal levels of operator A's existing GSM system. For details, see ‎Table 3-10. Table 3-10 Estimated thresholds of the interference of operator B's macro cell BTS with operator A's indoor distributed system

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In ‎Table 3-10, the noise rise tolerated (30 dB) is derived from section 7.2 of protocol TS 25.104. The parameter describes the dynamic receiving scope of a NodeB receiver. The suggested maximum interference tolerated in the protocol is -73 dB. That is, the noise rise tolerated above the noise floor is 32 dB. Conservatively, set the noise rise Guide

tolerated to 30 dB. Based on ‎Table 3-10, we can conclude: According to the actual signal test results of the indoor GSM distributed system, if the BCCH receiving level exceeds the point of -23.5 dBm, the distributed system may be interfered. In this case, change the configuration, that is, enlarge the minimum coupling loss. 

Operator A's terminal may interfere in operator A's indoor distributed system. Scenario 2:

Figure 3-5 Interference from operator A's own equipment If a UE of operator A is close to the antenna of its own indoor distributed system, the noise rises suddenly at the receiving end of NodeB. Within the minimum transmit power, the UE cannot restrict noise rise through power control. Therefore, pay attention to the minimum coupling loss that may affect the system. You can judge possible influences through the equivalent GSM signal receiving level to the minimum WCDMA coupling loss. For details, see ‎Table 3-11.

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Table 3-11 Estimated thresholds of the interference from operator A's own equipment

Guide

A UE farer away from the antenna has a larger path loss. Therefore, suppose that such a UE has a power margin of 3 dB to overcome the burst interference from a UE closer to the antenna. Based on the supposition, the noise rise tolerated is 3 dB. If the estimated power margin is larger than the assumed one, the data calculated through the GSM signal level is more acceptable. Generally, if the level of GSM signals distributed right below the antenna is less than -19 dBm, no interference occurs. Conclusion: For satisfying the minimum coupling loss, the antenna is generally installed in a high location in actual engineering. In this way, the pilot power of antenna port is equal to or less than 5 dBm. On a lower building, the antenna is generally installed a little farer away from the places where UEs are often used.

3.6.5 Methods of Controlling Indoor and Outdoor Interference (Mandatory) 

Controlling too many outdoor signals to go indoors In actual engineering, the edge field strength of indoor cell signals must be about 5 dB higher than that of outdoor signals. A: Adjust the downtilt and azimuth angles of the antenna of an outdoor NodeB to control the strength of outdoor NodeB signals going indoors. B: Reconstruct the indoor distributed system or add an indoor antenna to enhance the strength of indoor signals. C: Use a rational handoff solution and set handoff parameters properly. For example, use the indoor and outdoor inter-frequency solution.



Controlling too many indoor signals to leak outdoors A: Lay out antennas rationally and allocate the antenna port power rationally to prevent too many indoor signals from leaking outdoors.

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B: Use the technique of drip irrigation coverage with multiple small-power antennas to prevent too many indoor signals from leaking outdoors.

3.7 Designing Parameters of an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory) Guide

When designing an indoor distributed system, generally use Huawei default settings of baseline parameters.

3.8 Choosing Components (Mandatory) 3.8.1 Choosing a Combiner and a Filter for an Indoor Distributed System By using the calculating methods described in section ‎3.6.2

"Controlling the

Interference in a Shared Indoor Distributed System of the Operator (Mandatory)", calculate the isolation required by the components of an indoor distributed system. Then accordingly, choose a proper combiner and filter. When choosing a combiner and a filter, note that the component performance indexes include the following key indexes: 

Frequency range



Insertion loss



Isolation



Power tolerance



Standing wave ratio (SWR)

Duplex filters are used in an actual indoor distributed system. If a duplex filter cannot meet the isolation requirements, add a filter to increase the isolation. A cross band coupler is a dual-band combiner commonly used in an indoor distributed system. The main performance indexes to be considered are: 

Isolation between systems



Insertion loss



Third-order cross modulation

The insertion loss cannot be too large; otherwise, the loss may greatly affect the original system. A multi-band combiner and a POI are also indoor combiners. Currently, in the application of an indoor distributed system, a combiner falls into three types: 

Ordinary two-in-one combiner



All-in-one combiner



Mixed combiner

‎Figure 3-6 shows a sample of a two-in-one combiner.

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Guide

Figure 3-6 Sample of a combiner

3.8.2 Choosing Antennas for an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory) Indoor antennas differ from outdoor ones because of the following factors: 

Close coverage



Restrictions by transmit power



Restrictions by installation space



Restrictions by visual pollution

Antennas of an indoor distributed system are usually applied in the following application scenarios: 

Indoors



In subways and tunnels



In elevators and supermarkets

I. Indoor Scenarios Due to the characteristics of indoor coverage, antennas used indoors have smaller gains, without detailed requirements on the half power width of the beam. In a scenario with a smaller coverage area, use omni-directional antennas. In a long and narrow open area, use directional antennas. If multiple systems share an antenna, use a broad frequency antenna. In an indoor application scenario, generally use ceiling mount omni-directional antennas, which are of a smaller size and a smaller gain (below 5 dBi). This type of antenna is attractive in appearance.

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Guide

Figure 3-7 Indoor antennas In ‎Figure 3-7, the first two are ceiling mount omni-directional antennas, the third and fourth are flat directional antennas, and the fifth is a stick omni-directional antenna. Table 3-12 Antenna models of an indoor distributed system Model

800 10137

TS-IAOMT-800/ 2400

TQJ-SA800/25 00-3

Frequency Range

Antenna Description

Azimuth

Gain

Manufacturer

876–960/1710–250 0 MHz

Ceiling mount antenna of vertical polarization and N female connector

360º

2 dBi

Kathrein

806–960/1420–240 0 MHz


360º

2 dBi

Telestone

824–960/ 1710–2500 MHz


360º

2 dBi

Guangdong Shenglu

II. Subway and Tunnel Scenarios In special indoor coverage scenarios such as subways or tunnels, leakage cables are applied in some long and narrow indoor coverage areas with limited antenna installation space, for example, a subway, road railway tunnel, underground market, and underground parking garage. Leakage cables are relatively expensive (100 RMB/m typically). They are hard to install.

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Guide

Figure 3-8 Leakage cables

III. Scenarios of Elevators and Some Large Warehouse Supermarkets In such application scenarios as an elevator, large warehouse supermarket, and tunnel, two types of narrow-beam directional antennas are used, that is, Yagi and log-per antennas. They are often installed in places with little attention to indoor decoration, for example, in an elevator or a large warehouse supermarket. A Yagi antenna is a narrowband antenna with a cheap price and a large gain (larger than 10 dBi). A log-per antenna is a broadband antenna with a higher price and a smaller gain (less than 10 dBi). Note that a Yagi antenna is recommended for a single WCDMA system while a log-per antenna is recommended for the multi-system combination of an operator.

Figure 3-9 Log-per antennas

IV. Installation of an Indoor Antenna The selection of an indoor antenna depends on the installation location and coverage target range of the antenna, and the requirements of the concerned property management company on the antenna (to avoid visual pollution and to ensure that the antenna is in tune with the decoration near its location). The selection principles are as follows: 2014-06-26


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Wall-against installation: Choose a flat directional antenna for intra-floor coverage.



Ceiling mounted installation: Choose a ceiling mount omni-directional antenna tightly against the ceiling to cover a whole floor or even the lower floor.



Guide

Concealed installation: Choose a stick omni-directional antenna installed above the ceiling to cover the whole floor or even the upper floor. In such a case, the penetration loss of the ceiling is introduced.



Elevator shaft: Choose a Yagi antenna or a log-per antenna, installed at the top of the elevator shaft. That is because the bottom of an elevator is of a full steel structure, hard to penetrate. The antenna lobe goes downwards to cover the entire elevator shaft.



Large warehouse supermarket: Because the indoor decoration of such a place is not important, install a Yagi antenna, log-per antenna, or wall-mounted antenna for coverage.

3.8.3 Choosing Feeders for an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory) In the design of an indoor distributed system, feeders are used for connecting all components. Generally, use the following two types of feeders: 

1/2-inch feeder: large-loss, low-cost, easy to bend, applicable to distribution cable connection of each floor



7/8-inch feeder: small-loss, high-cost, hard to bend, applicable to trunk connection between floors

Table 3-13 Attenuation of feeders in an indoor distributed system WCDMA Specification (m)

1/2-inch feeder (dB)

GSM




5

0.5

0.3

0.4

0.2

10

1.1

0.6

0.7

0.4

15

1.6

0.9

1.1

0.6

20

2.1

1.2

1.5

0.8

25

2.7

1.5

1.9

1.1

30

3.2

1.8

2.2

1.3

35

3.7

2.1

2.6

1.5

40

4.3

2.4

3.0

1.7

45

4.8

2.7

3.3

1.9

50

5.4

3.1

3.7

2.1

55

5.9

3.4

4.1

2.3

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WCDMA

GSM

60

6.4

3.7

4.4

2.5

65

7.0

4.0

4.8

2.7

70

7.5

4.3

5.2

2.9

75

8.0

4.6

5.6

3.2

80

8.6

4.9

5.9

3.4

85

9.1

5.2

6.3

3.6

90

9.6

5.5

6.7

3.8

95

10.2

5.8

7.0

4.0

100

10.7

6.1

7.4

4.2

Guide

3.8.4 Choosing a Power Splitter and a Coupler for an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory) The selection of a power splitter and a coupler for an indoor distributed system is relatively simple. Check that the component performance indexes meet the requirements of bandwidth and isolation. ‎Table 3-14 and ‎Table 3-15 list some performance parameters of optional components. Table 3-14 Parameter indexes of Kathrein coupler Coupling Attenuation

Insertion Loss

VSWR

dBcThird Order Intermodulation (dBc)

K 63 23 6061

7.0 / 1.0 dB

< 0.05 dB

< 1.15

< -150

800–2200

K 63 23 6101

10.4 / 0.4 dB

< 0.05 dB

<1.15

< -150

800–2200

K 63 23 6151

15.1 / 0.1 dB

< 0.05 dB

<1.15

< -150

800–2200

Model

MHzBand (MHz)

Table 3-15 Parameter indexes of Kathrein power splitter Model

Number of Output Ports

Power Split Attenuation

Insertion Loss

VSWR

Third order intermodula tion

Band

K 737 303

2

3 dB

< 0.05 dB

< 1.5

< -150 dBc

800–2200 MHz

K 737 305

3

4.8 dB

< 0.05 dB

< 1.5

< -150 dBc

800–2200 MHz

K 737 307

4

6 dB

<

< 1.5

< -150 dBc

800–2200

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dB


MHz

Both couplers and power splitters are power distribution components. The main difference is that a power splitter performs even power distribution while a coupler Guide

performs uneven power distribution. Therefore, couplers and power splitters are used in different scenarios. To distribute power to different antennas within a same floor, use a power splitter. To distribute power from a trunk to distribution cables on different floors, use a coupler. Using a coupler and a power splitter together is to distribute the transmit power of a signal source to antenna ports of the system as evenly as possible; that is, to make the same transmit power of each antenna in the distributed system.

Figure 3-10 A power splitter and a coupler

3.8.5 Choosing a Trunk Amplifier for an Indoor Distributed System Be cautious to use a trunk amplifier in the design of an indoor distributed system. In an indoor WCDMA distributed system, some tributaries may have large losses due to long feeders. They need trunk amplifiers to make up the losses of long distance transmission and distribution. A trunk amplifier is a bi-directional amplifier. Its main indexes are: 

Noise coefficient



Maximum output power



Gain



Intermodulation

A trunk amplifier is an active component. In an indoor distributed system using a trunk amplifier, consider the influence of the noise coefficient of the trunk amplifier on the downlink sensitivity and the uplink noise rise of the distributed system. Pay special attention to the uplink and downlink gain adjustment of the trunk amplifier. Ensure that the uplink gain is proper not affecting the system performance and the uplink gain can amplify the effective transmission power of the tributary antenna port. Meanwhile, make sure that the uplink and downlink gain adjustment is proper to keep the up and down links balanced.

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Guide

Figure 3-11 A trunk amplifier

3.8.6 Choosing Feeder Connectors for an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory) Feeder connectors are used on both ends of a feeder to connect equipment with components. The connector selection is based on the component selection. Component connectors are female and feeder connectors are male. Currently, connector types include the N type, 7-16 DIN type, and SMA type. Take Kathrein 1/2 power splitter as an example. K 737 303 is an N-type connector and K 737 304 is a connector of 7-16 DIN type. According to Huawei component procurement specifications, N-type connectors are used in the future new component procurement. For feeder connectors, only N-type male connectors are required. For old components not using N-type connectors, choose relevant feeder connectors or conversion connectors.

3.8.7 Replacing and Adding Components in an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory) Before reconstructing a multi-system shared indoor distributed system, be sure to understand the specifications and models of the components in the existing system. Check whether the specifications of all components meet the requirements of a WCDMA system. If yes, remain the components. If no, replace them. During the reconstruction, replace the components whose original system performance is reduced or damaged and state the reasons in the design report. The principles of replacing or adding components are: 

New components must meet the input requirements of all coexisting systems in the indoor distributed system.



Meet the system index requirements by replacing as few components as possible.

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I. Replacing an Antenna If a single-band antenna that does not support a WCDMA band is used in the original system, replace it with an antenna supporting dual bands. Guide

II. Replacing a Power Splitter and a Coupler If the power splitter and coupler in the original system do not support a WCDMA band, replace them with components supporting dual bands. If the intermodulation suppression performance index of the power splitter and coupler is reduced or the components are damaged in the original system, replace them.

III. Replacing a Feeder If the feeder in the original system has a too large loss, failing to meet the power requirements of antenna port design, replace the feeder with a 7/8-inch feeder that has a smaller loss.

IV. Adding a Combiner and a Filter According to the interference calculating methods of a shared system described above, add a combiner and a filter that meet the isolation requirements.

3.9 Designing a Detailed Solution for an Indoor Distributed System 3.9.1 Requirements on Design Reports of Indoor Distributed System Manufacturers (Mandatory) Unify a template for the design report of indoor distributed system manufacturers to facilitate the review of operators and design institutes. The template describes our requirements on the creation or reconstruction of an indoor distributed system. For the format and contents in the template, see the nested document below.

Report on the Design for the Indoor WCDMA Distributed System in XXX Building.doc

3.9.2 Reconstruction Concepts and a Schematic Diagram of an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory) An indoor distributed system manufacturer must offer its creation or reconstruction concepts and a simple schematic diagram of an indoor WCDMA distributed system at the beginning of the design report.

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Guide

Figure 3-12 A schematic diagram of reconstructing an indoor distributed system

3.9.3 Antenna Layout Plan of Floors in an Indoor Distributed System Determine the antenna quantity on each floor. Draw up an antenna layout plan based on the floor plan and mark new and reused antennas in different colors on the layout plan. Decide the rationality of antenna locations according to the layout plan.

Toilet Toilet Office

Office

Office

Office

Office

Office

Office

Office

Toilet

Electricity Water Communi cation

30 m

Lounge

Office

Office

Office

Office

Office

Office

Boardroom

Office

Office

Lounge Lounge

1F-8F 90 m

Figure 3-13 An antenna layout plan

3.9.4 Transmit Power Budget of Antenna Ports in an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory) Based on the determined edge field strength and indoor propagation model, decide the transmit power at an antenna port. Within the output pilot power range of a signal source, distribute power to antenna ports as required. Pay attention to the following points: 

Even distribution of pilot power at the antenna ports of different floors If there is no special requirement, try to evenly distribute pilot power at the antenna ports of different floors.



Antenna port power meeting the electromagnetic radiation standards as specified by the State

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In an indoor WCDMA distributed system, the pilot transmit power must be equal to or less than 5 dBm. 

Reference range (empirical value) of antenna port transmit power If the indoor structure is relatively simple and antennas can be installed in the

Guide

corridors according to link budget, the transmit power at the antenna ports must be 0 to 5 dBm. If the indoor structure is complex and antennas must be installed indoors according to link budget, the transmit power at the antenna ports must be -10 dBm to 0.

3.9.5 Detailed Network Topological Diagram of an Indoor Distributed System Requirements: Mark newly-added and replaced feeders and components in different colors on the detailed network topological diagram provided by the concerned indoor distributed system manufacturer. Moreover, mark the power loss of the original system at the power loss points of each component and each segment of the feeders. In this way, you can judge the influences of reconstruction on the original system.

Figure 3-14 Detailed network topological diagram of an indoor distributed system

3.9.6 Detailed Cabling Diagram of an Indoor Distributed System After finishing a network topological diagram, draw a detailed vertical and horizontal cabling diagram based on the architectural drawing. In the diagram, mark the feeder

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length of each segment and the installation locations of connectors, power splitters, and couplers, as shown in ‎Figure 3-15.

Guide

Corridor corner

Corridor corner

15 m

15 m

45 m

Elevator entrance 28 m

45 m

Figure 3-15 A detailed cabling diagram of an indoor distributed system

3.9.7 Material List of an Indoor Distributed System By now, the hardware design of an indoor distributed system is finished on the whole. A Material List of an Indoor Distributed System is an output document of the hardware design. We must generate such a list as a basis of engineering implementation. For a detailed list, see ‎Table 3-16. Table 3-16 A material list of an indoor distributed system Component Type

Component Model

Connector

Quantity Needed

Description

800 10137

N-type female

According to the concerned solution

Ceiling mount antenna of vertical polarization

TS-IAOMT-800/2400

N-type female



Antenna

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Component Type

Component Model


Connector

Quantity Needed

Description

TQJ-SA800/2500-3

N-type female



SYV-50-7-1

/


Add the length specified in the solution.

LDF5-50A-7/8"

/



/



Leakage cable

/



7 dB

N-type female


Give descriptions according to facts.

10 dB

N-type female



15 dB

N-type female



One split to two

N-type female



One split to three

N-type female



Two in one

N-type female



Three in one

N-type female



GSM/WCDMA

N-type female



DCS/WCDMA

N-type female



GSM filter

N-type

According

Give

Guide

Cable 1/2-inch flexible cable

Coupler

super

Power splitter

Combiner

Duplexer

Filter 2014-06-26


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descriptions Page 55 of 86


Component Type

Guide

Component Model


Quantity Needed

Connector

Description

female

the concerned solution

WCDMA filter

N-type female



GSM trunk amplifier

N-type female



WCDMA amplifier

N-type female



50 W

N-type male



100 W

N-type male



Trunk amplifier trunk

according to facts.

Load

Connector

Heat shrink tube

N-type connector

female

-



N-type connector

male

-



DIN-type connector

female

-



DIN-type connector

male

-



N-type connector SMA-type connector

female to female

-



Heat shrink tube 30

-



Heat shrink tube 30

-



‎Table 3-16 lists the components commonly used in the past indoor distributed systems. By referring to Huawei inventory about an indoor distributed system in the preliminary design phase, determine the component models and quantity needed to meet the 2014-06-26


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design objectives of the system. Then fill in the table according to the facts of the system design.

3.10 Testing and Verifying an Indoor Distributed System and Improving the Solution (Optional) Guide

After designing a solution for an indoor coverage system, test and verify it on the spot. Tests and verification play an important role in the planning of an indoor distributed system. It is mainly because the wireless propagation environments of indoor scenarios differ a lot and thus the standard deviation of path loss is relatively large despite link budget by using the known propagation models. By testing and verifying the design solution on the spot, we can ensure the final coverage effects of the indoor distributed system. You can make tests and verification in the specified model floors. ‎Figure 3-16 is an example of a test and verification in a floor. Make tests as follows: 1)

Install the antennas chosen according to the solution.

2)

Let each antenna in the floor transmit continuous waves based on the expected power level.

3)

Choose enough test points for signal level tests.

4)

If conditions permit, make an indoor drive test.

After completing the tests, analyze test data and check whether the design solution meet the coverage requirements. If not, take relevant measures to improve the original coverage solution.

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Location 1

Guide

Location 2

Transmitting antenna Test point

Figure 3-16 Example of an onsite test and verification in a floor

3.11 Evaluating the Investment of an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory) 3.11.1 Main Cases of the Investment of an Indoor Distributed System There are three construction cases of an indoor WCDMA distributed system. 

Reconstruct an indoor distributed system a little. The original indoor GSM distributed system has a large coverage margin and its edge field strength is higher than XX dBm. A little reconstruction can make the system meet the WCDMA requirements of edge field strength XX dBm. The reconstruction scale of the antenna system is less than 30%.



Reconstruct an indoor distributed system partially. The original indoor GSM distributed system has no coverage margin and its edge field strength is below XX dBm. Partial reconstruction can make the system meet the WCDMA requirements of edge field strength XX dBm. The reconstruction scale of the antenna system is larger than 30%.



Build a new indoor distributed system. Build a new indoor GSM/WCDMA distributed system.

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3.11.2 Investment Model of an Indoor Distributed System Based on the comparison with the original indoor GSM distributed system, set up a use scale model of different devices and components for the WCDMA reconstruction according to the three cases described in section ‎3.11.1

"Main Cases of the Investment of an Indoor

Distributed System." Guide

Table 3-17 Use scale model of devices and components of an indoor distributed system Signal Source Device

Trunk Amplifier

Combiner

GSM

XXX sets

XXX sets

WCDMA

XXX sets

Reconstruct ion scale

XX%

Category

Passive Component

Antenna

Feeder

XXX sets

XXX sets

XXX sets

XXX sets

XXX sets

XXX sets

XXX sets

XXX sets

XXX sets

XX%

XX%

< 30%

< 30%

< 30%

According to the model statistics, calculate the costs needed for the indoor coverage system and equipment reconstruction of a single site.

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Table 3-18 Example of calculating the reconstruction costs of a single-site indoor coverage system Trunk Amplifier (2 W)

Antenna

GSM

WCDMA

GSM

Added in WCDMA System

XXX sets

XXX sets

XXX sets

XXX sets

GSM

-

XXX sets

WCDMA

XXX sets

GSM WCDMA

Site Name

Combiner

Unit price in the industry (Yuan)

Total (Yuan)

GSM


Reconstruction Scale

GSM



XXX sets

XX%

XXX sets

XXX sets

XX%

XXX sets

XXX sets

XX%

XXX sets

XXX sets

XXX X

XXX sets

XXX sets

XXXX

XXX sets

XXX sets

XXXX

XXX sets

XXX sets

XXX sets

XXX X

XXX sets

XXX sets

XXXX

XXX sets

XXX sets

XXXX

-

XXX sets

XXX sets

XXX sets

XXX X

XXX sets

XXX sets

XXXX

XXX sets

XXX sets

XXXX

XXX sets

XXX sets

XXX sets

XXX sets

XXX X

XXX sets

XXX sets

XXXX

XXX sets

XXX sets

XXXX

Total costs (Yuan) of the original main GSM equipment

XXXX

Total costs (Yuan) of the main WCDMA equipment

XXXX

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Feeder


Guide

XXX building

Passive Component


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3.11.3 Investment Estimate of an Indoor Distributed System 

Guide 

Total investment costs -

Equipment costs, including the costs of main equipment and installation related materials (IRM)

-

The IRM costs are calculated according to 15% of the main equipment costs.

Engineering design and construction costs This part of costs is calculated according to 15% of the equipment costs. Costs of each square meter According to the total costs and coverage areas of each site, estimate the construction costs of each square meter.



Costs of each user Estimate the number of people in the site coverage area according to the site type. According to XX% of the people having a mobile phone and XX% of operator XX's users, estimate the number of mobile users in the site coverage area. According to the total costs of each site, estimate the costs of each user.

Table 3-19 Example of estimating Investments of an indoor distributed system Item

Main equipment costs

IRM costs

Total equipment costs

Engineering design construction costs

Price Original GSM

XXXX Yuan

WCDMA reconstruction

XXXX Yuan

Original GSM

XXXX Yuan


XXXX Yuan

Original GSM

XXXX Yuan


XXXX Yuan

Original GSM

XXXX Yuan


XXXX Yuan

Original GSM

XXXX Yuan


XXXX Yuan

and

Total investment costs

Original GSM Total coverage areas of all sites


XXXX m

2

Original GSM Total number of users of all sites Costs of each square meter 2014-06-26


XXXX users

Original GSM

XXXX Yuan


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Item

Costs of each user

Guide

Maintenance costs

Price WCDMA reconstruction

XXXX Yuan

Original GSM

XXXX Yuan


XXXX Yuan

-

XXXX Yuan/set/month

3.12 Reviewing the Design Solution for an Indoor Distributed System (Mandatory) After all the above steps are completed, the design institute, Huawei, and indoor distributed system manufacturer must jointly review the design report. Prepare a review form according to the format of ‎Table 3-20. In ‎Table 3-20, the descriptions on the left are key issues of the review. Table 3-20 Key issues of a design review on the solution for an indoor distributed system Description

Location (Page/Sec/All)

Defect/ Query

Defect Severity

Problem Confirmation

Problem Correction

Whether the reconstruction solution considers meeting the coverage requirements but reusing the original system as much as possible and reducing the addition of equipment to avoid influences on the original system

XXXX

Query

General

XXXX

XXXX

Whether the isolation and insertion loss of GSM/WCDMA combiner meet the requirements and whether the choice of signal source is proper

XXXX

Query

General

XXXX

XXXX

Whether the solution states the reasons for newly-added antennas in the reconstruction and whether the locations and quantity of antennas are rational

XXXX

Defect

Suggest

XXXX

XXXX

Whether the design of pilot power at antenna ports of different floors is rational and meets the electromagnetic radiation standards as specified by the State

XXXX

Defect

Suggest

XXXX

XXXX

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Description

Location (Page/Sec/All)


Defect/ Query

Defect Severity

Problem Confirmation

Problem Correction

Whether relevant solutions are considered for the locations suffering known GSM problems suchGuide as serious signal leakage or coverage insufficiency in the WCDMA reconstruction and whether the designer has referred to the test results of the original system

XXXX

Defect

General

XXXX

XXXX

Whether good coverage in key areas is ensured, penetration loss is considered, and the settings of handoff area are rational

XXXX

Defect

General

XXXX

XXXX

...

...

...

...

...

...

4 Expansion and Evolution of an Indoor Distributed System 4.1 Methods of Expanding the Capacity of an Indoor Distributed System Refer to Capacity Expansion Guide.

4.2 HSDPA Strategy in an Indoor Distributed System The introduction of HSDPA is an important issue to be considered for indoor coverage. That is because: 



If an indoor distributed system exists, the indoor propagation environment is relatively close, neighbor interference is smaller, and the possibility that a line of sight (LOS) exists between a transmitter and a receiver is greater. Therefore, the indoor wireless propagation environment is better than the outdoor one. Indoors, the signal strength can be ensured. Indoor signal interference is relatively less. The CQI value of HSDPA data channel is higher, which can greatly improve the edge throughput and cell throughput of HSDPA users. Therefore, the HSDPA can give full scope to its technical advantages. According to NTT DoCoMo statistics on the use of mobile phones in various scenarios, almost 70% of the use occurs indoors. It is estimated that the data traffic of a large scale of HSDPA users arises indoors. Therefore, introducing the HSDPA indoors is more necessary than outdoors.

By right of the application of such new technologies as 16QAM, AMC, fast scheduling, and HARQ, the HSDPA greatly improves the efficiency and data transmission rate of wireless network. For the areas where the indoor coverage design predicts large PS traffic and many data card users, consider using the HSDPA strategy. In the early phase of network construction, the traffic in most indoor areas is relatively small, except some hot spots such as high-class office buildings, four-star or higher-level 2014-06-26


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Guide


hotels, and airports. It is recommended that you use hybrid HSDPA/R99 to share a carrier network. Through rational power distribution and code resource allocation, such a network can bring the HSDPA efficiency into full play and increase the throughput of cells. For indoor hot spots with many data card users, consider directly introducing the second carrier of HSDPA. In the mature network phase, with the increase of the whole network capacity for indoor areas, consider introducing the second carrier of HSDPA for capacity expansion. An indoor coverage solution includes the following points: 





Key areas Determine HSDPA-required areas in a target building. In view of the continuity of users' feeling in a building and the simpleness of RRM algorithm, perform full HSDPA coverage for key buildings. Partition coverage According to the features of a building, estimate the coverage and capacity and plan different partitions for coverage of one or multiple cells. In places where users are massive but an antenna system is not easy to install, use a pico RRU for separate coverage. Inter-frequency recommendation For a high building, considering larger outdoor interference and higher capacity requirements, divide the building vertically into two parts: Use the same frequency as outdoor HSDPA for the lower floors and inter-frequency for the medium and higher floors. In this way, ensure the handoff success rate when going into and out of the building and reduce mutual interference between indoor higher areas and the outdoor network.

4.2.1 Influences of HSDPA on the Original Indoor R99 Coverage The previous chapters describe the design of a newly-built indoor WCDMA distributed system and the upgrade from a 2G indoor distributed system to a WCDMA one. After being introduced, the HSDPA and the R99 coexist indoors. Therefore, this section lays stress on the influences on the original indoor R99 coverage after the introduction of HSDPA. The following are analyses in terms of the two networking modes of HSDPA and R99.

I. Networking of HSDPA and R99 Sharing a Carrier 

Analyzing the influence on the downlink coverage of the R99 network Suppose that the downlink target load of the original R99 network is 75%. After the introduction of HSDPA, the downlink target load can be set in either of the two ways: -

The total power threshold of HSDPA cells remains as 75%, the designed target load of the original R99 network. In this way, do not need to make any adjustment on the power of CCHs like pilot channels and the power of R99 TCHs. The R99 coverage is not affected.

-

Control the cell power threshold of R99 to 75% but raise the total cell power threshold to 90%. If the total cell power threshold rises to 90%, the downlink interference increases, thus causing bad effects on the downlink coverage results of the original network. The downlink coverage quality is measured by the Ec/Io distribution in the coverage areas. When the downlink load rises from 75% to 90%, the rise of I0 is about 0.8 dB, that is, 10log (90% / 75%). Therefore, if the system load rises from 75% to 90%, the Ec/Io penalty of the points in the coverage areas is about 0.8 dB. To ensure that the Ec/Io distribution in the

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coverage areas remains unchanged, raise the power distribution of CCHs by 0.8 dB. To ensure no influence on the R99 coverage, adjust the parameters relevant to the power of CCHs like pilot channels and the power of R99 TCHs. For detailed changes, see ‎Table 4-1.

Guide

Table 4-1 Changes of dynamic power distribution in the case of the downlink load change of indoor coverage Downlink load (%)

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75%

90%

Rate of CCH power

20%

24%

Rate of DPCH power

30%

36%

Load occupied by HSDPA

25%

30%


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


Note:

To calculate the rise of downlink interference margin resulting from the increase of cell load, use the following formula:

Guide

NoiseRise  1  In the formula,

 DL



1    f    DL  Pmax

(1)

N o  NF  CL is the downlink orthogonal factor,

f is the neighbor interference

Pmax is the maximum downlink transmit power, N o is the background thermal noise, NF is the terminal noise coefficient, and CL

factor,

is the downlink load,

is the coupling loss between a BTS output port and a terminal. o , and NF For a user in a specific location, it is regarded that the  , , max , are unchanged. The downlink cell load rises from 75% to 90%. The downlink receiving power spectrum density rises by about 0.8 dB. Viewed from actual tests, after HSDPA users are accessed, the downlink cell load rises from 75% to 90%. After the increase of the pilot power by 0.8 dB, the pilot coverage keeps the same on the whole.

f



P

N

Analyzing the influence on the uplink coverage of the R99 network The introduction of HS-DPCCH over the uplink of HSDPA may have a few influences on the uplink Eb/No of the original indoor R99 network, thus affecting the uplink receiving sensitivity. However, the load threshold is set to 50% in uplink planning. Therefore, if the actual uplink load does not exceed the planned load threshold, the uplink R99 coverage is not affected.

II. Networking of HSDPA and R99 Using Independent Carriers For independent networking of HSDPA, inter-frequency is recommended. The HSDPA does not affect the CCH and TCH coverage of R99 frequency. However, the cell power of R99 may change in some cases. For example, the original R99 uses a 20 W power amplifier. If the same power amplifier is used without any addition after the introduction of HSDPA frequency, the maximum power of R99 and HSDPA is 10 W only. Thanks to the good wireless propagation environment and small coverage distance in an indoor scenario, the loss of 3 dB is acceptable. Moreover, with multiple antennas and small power, the drip-irrigation distributed system recommended by Huawei can well solve the coverage problem. Table 4-2 Influences of HSDPA indoor coverage on the original R99 network coverage Independent Networking

Hybrid Networking

Comparison

Influences on the downlink coverage of R99

No influence.

A few influences, depending on the rationality of power resource allocation.

Independent networking is a little superior.

Influences on the uplink coverage of R99

No influence.

No influence.

Almost the same.

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4.2.2 Influences of HSDPA on the Original Indoor R99 Capacity I. Networking of HSDPA and R99 Sharing a Carrier

Guide

If the R99 and HSDPA share a carrier for networking, consider the services carried by R99 channels and those carried by HSDPA channels in the network capacity planning, and rationally reserve code resources and power resources for the HSDPA. In the capacity planning, calculate the system capacity according to the code resources and power resources of the R99 and HSDPA. Therefore, code resources and power resources must be rationally and scientifically allocated to the R99 and the HSDPA so that the cell capacity meets the design requirement. 

Analyzing the influence on the uplink capacity of R99 When the HSDPA and R99 share a carrier, the HSDPA greatly increases the downlink rate and occupies downlink code resources and power resources, thus affecting the uplink capacity of R99. When the HSDPA and R99 share a carrier, the introduction of HS-DPCCH into the uplink may affect the uplink Eb/No slightly, thus causing slight effects on the uplink capacity. After being introduced, however, the HSDPA bears most of the original R99 services. Therefore, the introduction of HSDPA has few influences on the uplink capacity of R99 on the whole.



Analyzing the influence on the downlink capacity of R99 After being introduced indoors, the HSDPA needs to occupy extra downlink power resources. Different from an outdoor network, however, in a scenario of an indoor distributed system, the coupling loss between a NodeB and a UE is smaller. For the R99, the downlink code resources are often limited before the downlink power resources, especially in the current case of HSDPA UE CAT 12. You can omit the influence of HSDPA on the downlink power resources of R99. After being introduced indoors, the HSDPA needs to occupy extra downlink code resources to allocate to the HS-PDSCH and HS-SCCH. The SF of HS-SCCH is 128. Configure two or three HS-PDSCHs according to the number of indoor HS-PDSCH code words allocated. It is recommended that you use dynamic allocation for HS-PDSCH code words to improve the utilization of code words and to ensure the priority of R99 services. Considering that the HSDPA bears most of non-real time PS services of the R99 after being introduced, you can omit the influence of HSDPA on the downlink code resources of R99, by allocating code resources rationally.

II. Networking of HSDPA and R99 Using Independent Carriers When using an independent carrier, the HSDPA does not affect the original R99 capacity but increase the total capacity due to the high bearing efficiency of HSDPA. Table 4-3 Influences of HSDPA on the original R99 network capacity Independent Networking

Hybrid Networking

Comparison

Influences on the downlink capacity of R99

No influence.

A few influences, depending on the rationality of code resource allocation.

Independent networking is little superior.

Influences on the uplink capacity of R99

No influence.

No influence.

Almost the same.

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a

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4.2.3 Design of HSDPA Indoor Coverage Solution I. Determining HSDPA Coverage Information Guide

1)

Determine whether to build a new indoor distributed system or reuse the old one. If the existing 2G indoor distributed system can meet the HSDPA coverage requirements after the reconstruction with smaller costs, reuse the 2G indoor distributed system. If there is no 2G distributed system indoors, build a new indoor R99 and HSDPA distributed system.

2)

3)

Determine coverage areas. Deploy the indoor HSDPA by area. Divide indoor areas according to traffic and importance. Lay stress on the HSDPA deployment of key areas, such as a hotel lobby, boardroom, and VIP room. In these areas, the traffic is larger and the requirements of data services are more. (For a detailed coverage area solution the operator offers it and Huawei gives comments for reference.) Collect service information. Decide the HSDPA service bearing rate and the edge coverage probability after the introduction of HSDPA into a building. It is recommended that the operator provides them.

4)

Collect capacity information. The operator provides capacity information or the indoor distributed system manufacturer collects capacity information by referring to Huawei calculation methods. No matter whether to build a new indoor distributed system or to reuse the existing 2G indoor distributed system, the introduction of HSDPA is based on or keeps pace with the R99. Therefore, you can refer to section ‎3.1.3 "Collecting Capacity Information (Mandatory)." The difference is that the PS traffic in the original WCDAM traffic model is further fractionized according to the two bearing solutions of R99 and HSDPA.

II. Surveying and Testing the Existing Indoor Distributed System The survey and test contents and outputs are the same as those for the design of an indoor R99 distributed system. For details, see section ‎3.2 "Surveying and Testing the Indoor Distributed System."

III. Determining a Coverage Networking Mode After the introduction of HSDPA, the coverage networking modes fall into independent networking and hybrid networking. Table 4-4 Merit and demerit comparison between independent networking and hybrid networking Networking Mode

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Merit

Demerit

Independent networking

High assurance of resource use for HSDPA services

Low resource utilization

Hybrid networking

High resource utilization

Lower assurance of resource use for HSDPA services


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‎ able 4-5 lists the networking solution suggestions for some common indoor scenarios T for your reference. For a detailed coverage solution, the operator decides it and Huawei provide comments for reference. Table 4-5 Recommendation of networking solutions in various scenarios Scenario

Scenario Features

Guide Type 

High building

 

Large-scale venue

Subway and tunnel Underground parking garage

Other types of building

 

     

-

Networking Suggestions

Large traffic Large data traffic Very high importance

Use the networking mode of R99+HSDPA/HSDPA, fully considering the development of future services.

Large traffic High importance

In the early phase, use the mode of R99/R99+HSDPA, ensuring the access of R99 services. In the later phase, upgrade carrier 1 to R99+HSDPA with the increase of data. In the case of a sharp rise of data services during a large-scale game or activity, flexibly set the R99 access threshold to meet the requirements of HSDPA services.

Long and narrow space Small traffic High pedestrian flow

R99+HSDPA

Large space Small penetration loss Small traffic

Due to low data requirements, configure the R99 generally. The operator provides a detailed solution. According to the actual building and traffic features in the coverage area, determine a relevant solution by referring to those in the scenarios described above.

IV. Estimating the Coverage and Capacity of an Indoor Distributed System After the Introduction of HSDPA 

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Link budget Choose an indoor propagation model. Determine an indoor propagation model for the HSDPA in the same way as you do for the R99. You can directly use the propagation model in the design of an indoor R99 distributed system. Estimate the indoor edge field strength and the transmit power of an antenna. According to the service rate requirement in the target coverage area and the size of transmission block relevant to the service rate, determine the CQI needed for satisfying the service rate. If such parameters as maximum cell transmit power, pilot power, orthogonal factor, and neighbor interference factor are specified, the value of CQI depends on the Ec/Nt or Ec/Io of pilot. For indoor coverage, the signal propagation environment is simple, there are many LOSs, and the orthogonalization of codes is good. Therefore, after the introduction of HSDPA, you can refer to the indoor coverage requirement of the current highest-rate service of the R99 to meet the power requirement of


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


Ec. In some areas with poor Ec/Io, solve the problem by the means like dividing antennas. Capacity estimate After being introduced, the HSDPA bears most of the PS services. The service model for the design of the original R99 system is changed. According to the number of HSDPA users in the target coverage area determined during indoor survey and the service model decided by the operator, re-estimate the capacity by unifying the R99 and HSDPA service models.

Guide

According to the single-site CE calculation by using the RND tool, calculate the number of uplink and downlink CEs, number of demodulation boards, and number of E1 links, and HSDPA and R99 traffic at the lub interface required by a single site.



Note:

After the introduction of HSDPA, in theory, the uplink associated channels occupy CE resources. Currently, however, the single-site calculation by the RND does not consider the CE resources that the DPCCH needs to consume. This problem is expected to be solved in a later version.

V. Choosing Signal Sources The principle of choosing a signal source is to aim at different building features. Because the HSDPA often shares a distributed system with the R99, see section ‎3.4 "Choosing a Signal Source for an Indoor Distributed System" for the choice of signal sources. In principle, if there are optical fibers, try to use the signal source of BBU+RRU. In this way, you can make full use of the flexibility of RRU distribution, reduce unnecessary coupling loss, and reduce the use of active devices such as a trunk amplifier and optical fiber repeater. For supplementary coverage in partial hot spots or important areas, use a pico NodeB as a signal source. In a building with a close wireless environment and small coverage area, use a repeater as a signal source. Determine the power requirement of a signal source as follows: 

Exactly predict the number of indoor users and their service requirements. Then make a link budget for the power requirement of each antenna port. For details, see section ‎6.3 "Making Link Budget and Estimating the Capacity of an Indoor Distributed System." According to the power requirements of antenna ports and the structure of the existing distributed system, infer the power requirements of signal sources. Take the maximum value from the inference of each antenna port as the design requirement value of the power of a signal source. If the power requirement of some antenna port or the distribution loss between an antenna port and a signal source is too large, take a relevant measure in this area, such as: Add antennas to reduce the power at the Eirp port.

VI. Change the structure of the indoor distributd system. Replace the feeder with another having a small loss. Changing the Design for an Indoor Distributed System Change the design for an indoor R99 distributed system following the principle below: If the HSDPA is used in an indoor distributed system, a cell should cover a proper number of the floors in a building to avoid power rise resulting from coupling between antennas. In an area that an indoor distributed system cannot meet the coverage

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requirement or a very important area such as a presidential suite, use a pico NodeB for coverage to meet service quality requirements with acceptable costs.

VII. Allocating Power and Code Resources 

Allocating power resources If the HSDPA uses an independent carrier, no power resource allocation is involved. All power resources except CCHs belong to the HSDPA.

Guide

If the HSDPA and R99 share a carrier, allocate power resources in either of the two modes: -

Dynamic allocation: The HSDPA power is equal to PowerHS-PDSCH plus PowerHS-SCCH. Set the HSDPA power to the same as the maximum cell power. Use 75% of the maximum cell transmit power as the R99 admission control. Static allocation: Set the HSDPA power to a value less than the maximum cell power. Set the R99 admission control to 75% of the value got by subtracting the power distributed to the HSDPA from the total cell power.

Table 4-6 Merit and demerit comparison between the two modes of allocating power resources in an indoor scenario Allocation mode

Merit

Demerit

Dynamic allocation

High efficiency of power use

Low assurance of power use for the HSDPA due to high admission threshold and high priority of R99 services

Static allocation

Higher assurance of power use for the HSDPA due to lower admission threshold of R99 services

Low efficiency of power use

In either of the two modes, the R99 with a higher priority can seize the power for the HSDPA. The difference lies in the admission threshold of R99 users. In the early phase after the introduction of HSDPA, using the dynamic allocation mode can ensure the priority of R99 services and available power and make good use of the total cell transmit power. The power resource allocation of HS-SCCH supports fixed transmit power and power offset of relative associated DPCH. The setting of a fixed transmit power is simple. It is set to 3% indoors. However, the consumption is large because the power is set for CCHs. The setting of power offset for a relative associated DPCH is more complex. Compared with fixed power resource allocation, power offset saves power. 

Allocating code resources If the HSDPA uses an independent carrier, you do not need to consider code resource allocation. If the HSDPA and R99 share a carrier, allocate code words dynamically or statically.

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Table 4-7 Merit and demerit comparison between the two modes of allocating code resources in an indoor scenario Allocation mode

Guide

Merit

Demerit

Static allocation

The simple fixed allocation can ensure the number of code resources provided for HSDPA users.

The efficiency of using code resources is low.

Dynamic allocation

The efficiency of using code resources is high. The mode can fully ensure the priority of R99 users.

In this complex mode, HSDPA users is provided with the minimum number of code resources.

For an indoor distributed system with the HSDPA and R99 sharing a carrier, set five HS-PDSCH codes in the early phase of network construction to ensure the number of codes for normal use of R99 services. In the later phase, you can change the number of code resources reserved for the HSDPA at any time or use the dynamic allocation for code resources according to traffic statistic results or operation and maintenance requirements (for example, long-term average data throughput). Set the HS-SCCH codes according to the available power and the number of code resources of HS-PDSCH. For UE CAT 12, the configuration is as follows: -

If the HS-PDSCH has five codes, configure two HS-SCCHs. If the HS-PDSCH has 10 codes, configure 3 HS-SCCHs. If the HS-PDSCH has 14 codes, configure 4 HS-SCCHs.

In actual design for an indoor distributed system, configure three HS-SCCHs for an area with a large HSDPA capacity. For an area with a lower requirement on the HSDPA capacity, configure two HS-SCCHs to save code resources.

5 Optimization for an Indoor Distributed System This chapter describes the engineering optimization for an indoor distributed system after the engineering construction. The next task following optimization is acceptance.

5.1 Optimizing the Coverage of an Indoor Distributed System After an indoor distributed system is built, if it is found during tests and verification not meeting the requirements of service thresholds, optimize the indoor coverage, that is, reconstruct the indoor distributed system. Consider methods from the following two aspects: Coverage problems in a small range Replace antennas with those having a higher gain or add antennas and re-lay out the antennas. 

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Weak signals in a large range of a tributary Add trunk amplifiers to this tributary.


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5.2 Optimizing the Handoff of an Indoor Distributed System

Guide

See Optimization Guide. For a handoff problem failing to be solved by using Huawei default baseline parameters, optimize the indoor and outdoor handoff by adjusting such parameters as pilot power configuration at antenna ports, event thresholds, handoff hysteresis, delay triggering time, and filter coefficient.

5.3 Optimizing the Interference of an Indoor Distributed System If re-distributing power or changing antenna locations cannot solve the problem of large signal leakage in an indoor distributed system, add attenuators directly at the connections of feeders and antennas to control leakage of indoor signals. If suppressing outdoor signals cannot control the interference from too many outdoor signals going indoors, increase the pilot transmit power of the antenna in the area suffering larger interference.

6 Cases of Designing an Indoor Distributed System Take an indoor distributed system in XXX Small Commodity Market as an example to describe the process of designing an indoor distributed system.

6.1 Analyzing Target Determination for an Indoor Distributed System 6.1.1 Analyzing Coverage Targets

Figure 6-1 Illustration of coverage targets The Phase-2 engineering of Futian Market is located in the E district of the planning garden of Futian Market, Yiwu city. It is at the north of Yiwu Futian Market Phase-1, to the west of Jiangbinbei Road, and at the east of Chouzhoubei Road. The building area 2 of the engineering is 1,000,000,000 m . The Phase-2 engineering of Yiwu Futian 2014-06-26


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Market covers areas F, G, and H. It is 1.5 km long, in the shape of "Z", coordinated with the Phase-1 Market.

Guide

The building unit of Futian Market Phase-2 engineering is designed as a main market including three transaction areas, two star hotels, and four office buildings. The main market is of a structure with one floor underground and five floors on the ground. The 2 main transaction area is 830,000,000 m , designed with 12,000 standard booths. In the market, there are many commercial units:     

Shopping and tourism center Multi-function commodity sales exhibition hall Small commodity museum Multi-function network information and e-business system Large parking lot with more than 8,000 parking spots

After being built, Futian Market Phase-2 links up with the Phase-1 market, forming a 2 very large market with a business area of 1,300,000 m and 23,000 commercial booths. It becomes the largest commodity supermarket in the world. The operator has the following requirements on indoor WCDMA coverage:    

An indoor distributed system covers 95% of the areas in the building. The CS64K service has a continuous coverage. The Ec of edge pilot signals in the coverage areas is larger than or equal to -90 dBm and the Ec/Io is larger than or equal to -12 dB. The indoor Ec field strength at 10 m outdoors is less than -95dBm.

Table 6-1 Details about the floors in the coverage target Yiwu Futian Market Phase-2 Geographical location of the market Name

District E of the planning garden of Futian Market, Yiwu city 2

Function

Area (m )

B1F

Garage and equipment room

40000

1–3F

Shop

120000

4F

For commercial use and parking

40000

5F


20000

B1F


40000

1–3F

Shop

120000

4F

For commercial use

40000

5F


20000

B1F


70000

1–3F

Shop

210000

4F

For commercial use

70000

Area F

Area G

Area H

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Yiwu Futian Market Phase-2 Geographical location of the market

District E of the planning garden of Futian Market, Yiwu city

Name Guide

Total

2

Function

Area (m )

5F


40000

-

-

830000

Table 6-2 Elevators of the coverage target Elevators No.

Function

Quantity

Floors stopping

Location of equipment room

Area F: 1–3

Passenger elevator

3

B1–5F

6/F

Area G: 1–3

Passenger elevator

3

B1–5F

6/F

Area H: 1–5

Passenger elevator

5

B1–5F

6/F

Total

11

6.1.2 Analyzing Service Requirements Predicted by the operator, the WCDMA services in this small commodity market focus on voice and VP services. PS services are secondary, which occupy a certain proportion.

6.1.3 Analyzing Requirements of Transmission Resources The optical fiber transmission resources are abundant.

6.2 Surveying and Testing an Indoor Distributed System 6.2.1 Surveying the Existing Network For Yiwu Futian Market Phase-2, the GSM signal coverage uses an indoor distributed system, covering all areas including weak signal areas and dead zones. The coverage 2 area is about 830,000 m . The GSM signal coverage uses macro BTS+optical fiber repeater as the signal source. The system is equipped with 332 ceiling mount omni-directional antennas and 6 wall-mounted directional antennas (for areas F and G and union body 1). The existing network is in good coverage.

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6.2.2 Surveying the Inside of the Building

Guide

Figure 6-2 Indoor photo of the building Indoors, rectangle shops are distributed in a strip shape. GSM antennas are installed on the ceilings in the corridors. The shops are of a simple glass structure. The whole building has a clear structure and good signal propagation conditions.

6.3 Making Link Budget and Estimating the Capacity of an Indoor Distributed System 6.3.1 Making Link Budget for an Indoor WCDMA Distributed System Use the LOS indoor propagation model of ITU-R P.1238.

PLLOS  20 log( f )  20 log( d )  28dB  X 

f : frequency, its unit: MHz. In the example, the value is 2110 MHz. d : distance between a UE and a transmitter, d  1m X

: slow fading margin, whose value is relevant to the coverage probability requirements and the standard deviation of indoor slow fading. Calculated by the formula of calculating area coverage probability in the RND tool, the slow fading margin is 10.1 dB.

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Guide

Figure 6-3 Calculation of indoor slow fading margin According to the above calculation of indoor propagation model, the path loss is calculated by:

PLLOS (dB) = 66.5 + 20*lg(d) – 28 dB + 10.1 dB = 48.6 + 20*lg(d) In different cases, the signal path loss is:      

One meter away from an antenna Ls1 = 48.6 + 20lg1 = 48.6 dB 10 meters away from an antenna Ls25 = 48.6 + 20lg10 = 68.6 dB 15 meters away from an antenna Ls25 = 48.6 + 20lg15 = 72.1 dB 20 meters away from an antenna Ls25 = 48.6 + 20lg20 = 74.6 dB 25 meters away from an antenna Ls25 = 48.6 + 20lg25 = 76.6 dB 30 meters away from an antenna Ls25 = 48.6 + 20lg30 = 78.1 dB

By analysis on the existing indoor GSM distributed system, the maximum radius of the coverage is about 20 m. Because indoors are simple rooms in glass structure, the penetration loss is about 10 dB. Therefore, the maximum path loss is estimated as 84.6 dB. To ensure good coverage of indoor services, design the Ec of edge pilot signals in the floors larger than -90 dBm. Then the minimum pilot power for an antenna port is: -90 dBm + 84.6 dB = -5.4 dBm That is, to ensure that the WCDMA signal coverage of the indoor distributed system in Futian Phase-2 Small Commodity Market meets the design requirement, the power of WCDMA pilot signals outputted from the antenna ports of different floors must be larger than -5.4 dBm.

6.3.2 Estimating the Capacity of an Indoor Distributed System Use the method of estimating the capacity of a shared indoor GSM distributed system.

I. Predicting WCDMA Users 1)

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Gain the traffic of an indoor GSM BTS by analyzing the statistics on the traffic data (early and late busy-hour traffic in running seven days) of the existing network of the indoor GSM distributed system in the small commodity market. All rights reserved.

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2) 3)

Guide


Traffic of the indoor GSM BTS / Total GSM traffic in the area = Percentage of the traffic of the indoor GSM distributed system to the total traffic Total predicted number of WCDMA users in the area x Percentage of the traffic of the indoor GSM distributed system to the total traffic = Number of WCDMA users of the indoor distributed system

Table 6-3 GSM traffic and number of WCDMA users Area

Traffic percentage

GSM traffic

Futian Phase-2

88.91

Planned number of WCDMA users

38.38%

2665

II. Determining an indoor WCDMA Traffic Model Determine the traffic model of the indoor distributed system with the operator. Specially plan several services such as the voice service of CS12.2 Kbit/s, video phone of CS64 Kbit/s, email of PS64 Kbit/s, Web browse of PS128 Kbit/s, and video stream of PS384 Kbit/s, as listed in ‎Table 6-4. Table 6-4 Service model Service main category

Service type

Typical bearing rate (Kbit/s uplink/downlink)

AMRVoice

12.2/12.2

VideoPhone

64/64

Background

Email

64/64

Interaction

Web browse

64/128

Stream

Video stream

64/384

Session

The operator predicts the target throughput values of the services. The proportion of uplink and downlink throughput of PS data services is 1:4. ‎Table 6-5 lists the planned target values of traffic. Table 6-5 Traffic model values Traffic Targets of Dense and Ordinary Urban Areas

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Service type

Traffic (Erl) of a single user

Average throughput (Kbyte) of a single user

Voice service

0.02

-

Video phone

0.002

-

PS uplink

-

28.125

PS downlink

-

112.5

(specific to the 67% WCDMA users)


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In addition, the operator predicts the distribution proportion of PS services in various scenarios to guide service prediction, as listed in ‎Table 6-6. Table 6-6 Distribution features of PS bearing types Guide

Service Type

Dense Urban Areas

Ordinary Urban Areas

PS64K

50.00%

55.00%

PS128K

35.00%

35.00%

PS384K

15.00%

10.00%

Futian Phase-2 is an ordinary urban area in this planning. The PS bearing proportions are based on those for ordinary urban areas. The maximum uplink network load is 59%. The maximum downlink network load is 75%. ‎Table 6-7 lists the indoor WCDMA traffic model in this scenario. Table 6-7 Indoor WCDMA traffic model UL

DL

Number of users/NodeB

2665

AMR12.2 (Erl)

0.02

0.02

CS64 (Erl)

0.002

0.002

PS128 (Kbit)

78.75

315

PS384 (Kbit)

22.5

90

PS64 (Kbit)

123.75

495

III. Analyzing CE and Demodulation Board Resources of Signal Sources Calculate the number of CEs, number of uplink and downlink demodulation boards, and number of E1 links by putting the indoor WCDMA traffic model to the single-site CE calculation in the RND tool. According to the coverage requirements, the whole small commodity market requires 19 RRUs for coverage. We can use the optical fiber cascading mode only. Each BTS3812E can be cascaded with six RRUs through optical fibers. Considering that the market will be extended in the future, use four BTS3812Es as the signal source. According to the calculated numbers of CEs and uplink and downlink demodulation boards and the coverage requirements, four BTS3812Es are enough, each of which is configured with an uplink and a downlink demodulation boards.

6.4 Choosing Signal Sources for an Indoor Distributed System For the indoor WCDMA signal coverage in Yiwu Fitian Phase-2 Market, use the solution for an indoor RRU and GSM shared distributed system. Based on the results of estimating the coverage and capacity, use the devices listed in ‎Table 6-8 to meet the requirements.

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Table 6-8 Choosing signal sources for an indoor distributed system SN

1 Guide

2

Device (Set)

Location

Coverage Area

BTS3812E/4

In the mobile equipment room in floor 4 of area F4

-

RRU3801C/19

In the communication equipment rooms

Floors to 5

B1

Transmission Mode

Power

Optical fiber

20 W

Optical fiber

20 W

6.5 Designing the Handoff of an Indoor Distributed System According to the analysis on a shared distributed system, divide the whole into 14 coverage areas. Areas 1 to 4 covered by the six RRUs cascaded with NodeB 1Areas 5 to 8 covered by the five RRUs cascaded with NodeB 2Areas 9 to 12 covered by the four RRUs cascaded with NodeB 3Areas 13 and 14 covered by the two RRUs cascaded with NodeB 4 There is no handoff on each vertical layer of the 14 areas. They are covered by a same RRU. Softer handoffs occur between two different areas. This is a maximum ratio combining (MRC), having a higher gain. A same RRU covers the elevators and a same vertical layer, where there is no handoff. Handoffs between areas 4 and 5 and between areas 8 and 9 are soft handoffs between different NodeBs. Soft handoffs also occur between the entrance of the first floor of an area and the NodeB for outdoor coverage. Rationally set the reselection and handoff thresholds and the hysteresis between indoor coverage areas to avoid ping-pong handoffs between the areas. Exactly calculate the output power of antenna ports to prevent signals from leaking and interfering with outdoor signals. Rationally set the handoff threshold and hysteresis between outdoor macro cells and indoor coverage cells to ensure smooth signal handoffs at the entrance of each first floor and to avoid ping-pong handoffs and call drop resulting from untimely handoffs.

6.6 List of Newly-Added Main Devices of an Indoor Distributed System The WCDMA system has been considered during the design of a GSM system. Therefore, almost all the components and feeders meet the requirements and the system needs only a few changes. ‎Table 6-9 lists some of the main devices newly added. The list of others is provided by the indoor distributed system manufacturer. Table 6-9 List of newly-added main devices of an indoor distributed system SN

Name

1

WCDMA source

2 2

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signal

Model

Quantity

Unit

Manufacturer

BTS3812E

4

Set

Huawei

RRU

RRU3801C

19

Set

Huawei

Combiner

793363

19

Set

Kathrein


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6.7 Detailed Solution for an Indoor Distributed System 6.7.1 Concepts of Reconstructing an Indoor Distributed System

Guide

In this planning, introduce Huawei RRU3801C (transmit power: 20 W) as the WCDMA signal source. We need to reconstruct the existing indoor distributed system, as shown in ‎Figure 6-4. Remote device

Power splitter or coupler

Combiner

Ceiling mount omnidirectional antenna

Figure 6-4 Reconstructing an indoor distributed system To reduce influences on the original network, add a combiner on the backbone in each building in the vertical areas. After combination and filtering, WCDMA and GSM signals go into tributaries and reach antenna ports. Based on site survey, all engineering constructions can be implemented in the communication equipment rooms. For detailed design and calculation of each floor, see the schematic diagram of the system.

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6.7.2 Schematic Diagrams of the Networking of an Indoor Distributed System

Optical fibers

Cover F1, installed in communication equipment room 2 on floor 1 of F1 Cover area F basement, installed in communication equipment room 3 in the basement of area F

Guide NodeB 1

Cover F2, installed in communication equipment room 3 on floor 3 of F2 Cover F3, installed in communication equipment room 4 on floor 3 of F3 Cover F4, installed in communication equipment room 5 on floor 3 of F4 Cover union body 1, installed in communication equipment room 1 on floor 1 of union body 1

Optical fibers

Cover G1, installed in communication equipment room 1 on floor 3 of G1 Cover area G basement, installed in communication equipment room 3 in the basement of area G Cover G2, installed in communication equipment room 3 on floor 3 of G2 Cover G3, installed in communication equipment room 5 on floor 3 of G3

NodeB 2

Cover G4, installed in communication equipment room 7 on floor 3 of G4

Note: NodeB 1 and NodeB 2 are on floor 4 of area F4, together with the GSM macro BTSs. RRUs and remote devices of repeaters are installed in a same communication equipment room.

Figure 6-5 Part of the design for WCDMA signal sources (1)

Optical fibers

Cover H1 and union body 1, installed in communication equipment room 1 on floor 2 of H1 Cover H2, installed in communication equipment room 3 on floor 3 of H2

NodeB 3

Cover H3, installed in communication equipment room 5 on floor 3 of H3 Cover H4, installed in communication equipment room 7 on floor 3 of H4

Optical fibers

Cover H5, installed in communication equipment room 9 on floor 3 of H5 Cover H6, installed in communication equipment room 11 on floor 3 of H6

NodeB 4

Cover union body 3, installed in communication equipment room 1 on floor 1 of union body 3 Cover area H basement, installed in communication equipment room 5 in the basement of area H

Note: NodeB 3 and NodeB 4 are on floor 4 of area F4, together with the GSM macro BTSs. RRUs and remote devices of repeaters are installed in a same communication equipment room.

Figure 6-6 Part of the design for WCDMA signal sources (2) Table 6-10 List of coverage areas of GSM and WCDMA signals Area No. 1 2014-06-26

Coverage Area F1 and basement of area

Local device (Set) 1


Remote device (Set) 2

RRU (Set) 2 Page 82 of 86


Area No.

Coverage Area


Local device (Set)

Remote device (Set)

RRU (Set)

F 2

F2

1

1

1

3

F3

1

1

1

4

F4 and union body 1

1

2

2

5

G1 and basement of area G

1

2

2

6

G2

1

1

1

7

G3

1

1

1

8

G4

1

1

1

9

H1 and union body 2

1

1

1

10

H2

1

1

1

11

H3

1

1

1

12

H4

1

1

1

13

H5

1

1

1

14

H6, union body 3, and basement of area H

1

3

3

Guide

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For internal use only Union body 1

Area 1

Area 2

Area 3

Area 4

Guide

Area 5

Area 6

Area 7

Area 8

Union body 2

Union body 3

Area Area Area Area Area Area 9 10 11 12 13 14

Figure 6-7 Vertical area coverage method of the small commodity market Both WCDMA and GSM signals use a vertical area division method for coverage. The area division is in the same way. There are 14 areas totally. RRUs and remote devices of repeaters are installed in a same communication equipment room for the signal coverage of a same area. For the reconstruction of backbones, add such components as combiners, filters, couplers, and power splitters as required in the design. This part of reconstruction is implemented in communication equipment rooms. The tributaries basically remain unchanged. 1)

2)

3)

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Uses seven four-carrier macro BTSs as the GSM signal source, placed in the mobile equipment room on floor 4 of area F4. Place remote terminal A of the indoor optical fiber repeater in the same room. Each BTS has two cells, each including four carriers. The coverage uses the vertical area division method. The whole building is divided into 14 signal cells. You can flexibly configure the carriers of each cell for better traffic sharing. In a special case, you can also expand the capacity. Use four NodeBs as the WCDMA signal source, also placed in the mobile equipment room on floor 4 of area F4. According to a site survey, the rest place in the equipment room is enough for four Huawei BTS3812Es. Each of them can be connected with four to six RRUs. Similar to GSM signals, WCDMA signals also use the vertical area division method for coverage. The whole building is divided into 14 signal cells. By using the RF and optical fiber remote radio technology, place a RRU and the remote terminal of a repeater in a same communication equipment room to cover a same floor. Each RRU is configured with a carrier. GSM macro BTSs are all placed in the mobile equipment room on floor 4 of area F4, using optical fiber repeaters to cover the whole Futian Market. The local devices of repeaters are installed in 19-inch racks, also placed in the mobile All rights reserved.

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4)

Guide

5)

6)

7)

8)


equipment room. Local devices extract some signals from macro BTSs and transmit the signals through optical fibers to remote devices. After being amplified, the signals cover all the floors of the market. WCDMA macro BTSs are also placed in the equipment room on floor 4 of area F4. Outputted from the optical interface board of a macro BTS, signals are transmitted through optical fibers to an RRU. Going through the RF subsystem in the RRU, the signals go from the RRU BTS output port into the main feeder and cover the floors. The original GSM system in Futian Market uses ceiling mount omni-directional antennas:  143 in area F  160 in area G  260 in area H  17 in union body 1  6 in union body 2  14 in union body 3 All the antennas installed is applicable to signals at WCDMA and GSM bands. The WCDMA system can share most of the antennas with the GSM system. The original GSM system uses directional antennas for elevator coverage, each elevator shaft installed with one antenna:  Area F: three  Area G: three  Area H: five All the directional antennas used support signal transmitting at WCDMA and GSM bands. The WCDMA system can shard the antennas with the GSM system. Use an indoor GSM and WCDMA shared distributed system for the GSM and WCDMA signal coverage to satisfy the GSM and WCDMA service requirements in the market. Based on the detailed calculation, reconstruct the backbones and components like couplers, power splitters, and combiners. Reuse the tributaries and antennas of the original network. In this way, the actual transmit power of the WCDMA signals reaching antenna ports meets the design requirement. For the convenience of future maintenance, install all combiners, power splitters, and couplers in communication equipment rooms, except those in elevator shafts.

6.7.3 Detailed Network Topological Diagram of an Indoor Distributed System We can see from the output power of pilot signals of antenna ports at different floors, the output power of WCDMA pilot signals of all antenna ports is larger than -5.4 dBm, ensuring the design requirement of WCDMA signal coverage of the indoor distributed system in the small commodity market. ‎Figure 6-8 shows a detailed network topological diagram of an indoor distributed system.

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15m/1.6dB

1#

10m/1.1dB 5m/0.5dB

PS02-1#03F

10m/1.1dB

10dB (T01-1#/05F) 15m/1.6dB 10dB (T01-1#/04F)

Guide


+3dBm ANT01-1#/05F 10m/1.1dB

60m/6.4dB

10m/1.1dB

5dB (T02-1#/05F)

+3.4dBm ANT01-1#/04F 10m/1.1dB

+0.9dBm ANT02-1#/05F

60m/6.4dB

30m/3.2dB

10m/1.1dB

65m/7dB

5dB (T03-1#/05F)

+0.3dBm ANT02-1#/04F

5dB (T02-1#/04F)

+0.8dBm ANT03-1#/05F

30m/3.2dB

+1.2dBm ANT03-1#/04F 65m/7dB

5dB (T03-1#/04F)

+0.2dBm ANT041#/05F

+0.8dBm ANT041#/04F

5m/0.5dB 15m/1.6dB

5dB (T01-1#/03F)

10m/1.1dB 10dB (T02-1#/03F)

+4.2dBm ANT01-1#/03F 10m/1.1dB

60m/6.4dB

+1.1dBm ANT02-1#/03F

5dB (T03-1#/03F)

10m/1.1dB

30m/3.2dB

+2dBm ANT03-1#/03F 65m/7dB

5dB (T04-1#/03F)

+1.6dBm ANT041#/03F

5m/0.5dB 15m/1.6dB

20m/2.1dB

10dB (T01-1#/02F)

5dB (T02-1#/02F)

+4.9dBm ANT01-1#/02F 15m/1.6dB

35m/3.7dB 5dB (T03-1#/02F)

-0.1dBm ANT02-1#/02F 65m/7dB

-1.3dBm ANT031#/02F

5m/0.5dB 15dB (T01-1#/01F)

20m/2.1dB

20m/2.1dB

5dB (T02-1#/01F)

+32.6dBm

RRU

+33dBm

+0.9dBm ANT01-1#/01F 50m/5.4dB

+0.6dBm ANT021#/01F

Remote device 06

Combiner

0.4dB Legends: Communication equipment room 1 on floor 1 of 1#

Micro-strip coupler

5 dB (T00-00F)

Micro-strip power splitter

Ceiling mount omnidirectional antenna

7/8" feeder

Yagi directional antenna

1/2" feeder

PS00-00F

Figure 6-8 Detailed network topological diagram of an indoor distributed system

7 Summary 7.1 Improvement Based on V2.01 Compared with V2.01, the following contents are added:   

Indoor coverage solutions for HSDPA Analysis of influences on the coverage and capacity of the existing R99 network Methods of indoor HSDPA coverage

List of references:  

   

2014-06-26

Agilent, Indoor Getting Started Guide, Agilent Technologies, 2000/09/26 S. Y. Seidel and T. S. Rappaport, 914 MHz Path Loss Prediction Models for Indoor Wireless Communications in Multifloored Buildings, IEEE Trans. on Ant. & Prp., Vol. 40 No.2, 1992 Miao Jiashu, Guide to Wireless Network Estimate of WCDMA RNP, departmental document, 2002/10/29 Wang Mingmin, Detailed Design Specifications for Link Budge Tool, Monographic Technical Studies of WCDMA RNP, departmental document, 2002/08/17 Wei Jian, Report on the Planning for Jinmao Intranet of WCDMA RNP, departmental document, 2002/12/04 Charles and Wan Lilong, Report on Indoor and Outdoor Co-coverage, departmental document, 2006/02/15


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W-Indoor Coverage Design Guide-short

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