of wastewater wastewater for for Wastewater quality indicators are laboratory tests to assess suitability of disposal or re-use. Tests selected and desired test results vary with the intended use or discharge location. Tests measure physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the wastewater.
Contents
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1 Physical characteristics 1.1 Temperature o 1.2 Solids o 2 Chemical characteristics 2.1 Hydrogen o 2.2 Oxygen o 2.3 Nitrogen o 2.4 Chlorine o 3 Biological characteristics 4 References 5 Further reading 6 See also
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7 External links
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Physical characteristics Temperature Aquatic organisms cannot survive outside of specific temperature ranges. Irrigation runoff and water cooling of power power stations may elevate temperatures above the acceptable range for some species. Temperature may be measured with a calibrated thermometer .[1]
Solids Solid material in wastewater may be dissolved, suspended, or settleable. Total dissolved solids or TDS (sometimes called filtrable residue) is measured as the mass of residue remaining when a measured volume of filtered of filtered water is evaporated evaporated.. The mass of dried solids remaining on the filter is called total suspended solids (TSS) or nonfiltrable residue. Settleable solids are measured as the visible volume accumulated at the bottom of an Imhoff cone after water w ater has settled for one [2] hour. Turbidity is a measure of the light scattering ability of suspended matter in the water.[3] Salinity measures water density water density or conductivity or conductivity changes caused by dissolved materials.[4]
Chemical characteristics Virtually any chemical may be found in water, but routine testing is commonly limited to a few chemical elements of unique significance.
Hydrogen Water ionizes into hydronium (H3O) cations and hydroxyl (OH) anions. The concentration of ionized hydrogen (as protonated water) is expressed as pH.[5]
Oxygen Most aquatic habitats are occupied by fish or other animals requiring certain minimum dissolved oxygen concentrations to survive. Dissolved oxygen concentrations may be measured directly in wastewater, but the amount of oxygen potentially required by other chemicals in the wastewater is termed an oxygen demand. Dissolved or suspended oxidizable organic material in wastewater will be used as a food source. Finely divided material is readily available to microorganisms whose populations will increase to digest the amount of food available. Digestion of this food requires oxygen, so the oxygen content of the water will ultimately be decreased by the amount required to digest the dissolved or suspended food. Oxygen concentrations may fall below the minimum required by aquatic animals if the rate of oxygen utilization exceeds replacement by atmospheric oxygen.[6] The reaction for biochemical oxidation may be written as: Oxidizable material + bacteria + nutrient + O 2 → CO2 + H2O + oxidized inorganics such as NO3 or SO4
Oxygen consumption by reducing chemicals such as sulfides and nitrites is typified as follows: S-- + 2 O2 → SO4-NO2- + ½ O2 → NO3-
Since all natural waterways contain bacteria and nutrient, almost any waste compounds introduced into such waterways will initiate biochemical reactions (such as shown above). Those biochemical reactions create what is measured in the laboratory as the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Oxidizable chemicals (such as reducing chemicals) introduced into a natural water will similarly initiate chemical reactions (such as shown above). Tho se chemical reactions create what is measured in the laboratory as the chemical oxygen demand (COD). Both the BOD and COD tests are a measure of the relative oxygen-depletion effect of a waste contaminant. Both have been widely adopted as a measure of pollution effect. The BOD test measures the oxygen demand of biodegradable pollutants whereas the COD test measures the oxygen demand of biogradable pollutants plus the oxygen demand of non-biodegradable oxidizable pollutants. The so-called 5-day BOD measures the amount of oxygen consumed by biochemical oxidation of waste contaminants in a 5-day period. The total amount of oxygen consumed when the biochemical reaction is allowed to proceed to completion is called the Ultimate BOD. The
Ultimate BOD is too time consuming, so the 5-day BOD has almost universally been adopted as a measure of relative pollution effect. There are also many different COD tests. Perhaps, the most common is the 4-hour COD. There is no generalized correlation between the 5-day BOD and the Ultimate BOD. Likewise, there is no generalized correlation between BOD and COD. It is possible to develop such correlations for a specific waste contaminant in a specific wa stewater stream, but such correlations cannot be generalized for use with any other waste contaminants or wastewater streams. The laboratory test procedures for the determining the above oxygen demands are detailed in the following sections of the "Standard Methods For the Examination Of Water and Wastewater" available at www.standardmethods.org: • •
5-day BOD and Ultimate BOD: Sections 5210B and 5210C COD: Section 5220
Nitrogen Nitrogen is an important nutrient for plant and animal growth. Atmospheric nitrogen is less biologically available than dissolved nitrogen in the form of ammonia and nitrates. Availability of dissolved nitrogen may contribute to algal blooms. Ammonia and organic forms of nitrogen are often measured as Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen , and analysis for inorganic forms of nitrogen may be performed for more accurate estimates of total nitrogen content.[7]
Chlorine Chlorine has been widely used for bleaching, as a disinfectant, and for biofouling prevention in water cooling systems. Remaining concentrations of oxidizing hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions may be measured as chlorine residual to estimate effectiveness of disinfection or to demonstrate safety for discharge to aquatic ecosystems.[8]
Biological characteristics Water may be tested by a bioassay comparing survival of an aquatic test species in the wastewater in comparison to water from some other source.[9] Water may also be evaluated to determine the approximate biological population of the wastewater. Pathogenic micro-organisms using water as a means of moving from one host to another may be present in sewage. Coliform index measures the population of an organism commonly found in the intestines of warm blooded animals as an indicator of the possible presence of other intestinal pathogens.[10]
References ^ Franson, Mary Ann Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 14th edition (1975) APHA, AWWA & WPCF ISBN 0-87553-078-8 pp.125126 ^ Franson, Mary Ann Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and 2. Wastewater 14th edition (1975) APHA, AWWA & WPCF ISBN 0-87553-078-8 pp.8998 3. ^ Franson, Mary Ann Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 14th edition (1975) APHA, AWWA & WPCF ISBN 0-87553-078-8 pp.131137 4. ^ Franson, Mary Ann Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 14th edition (1975) APHA, AWWA & WPCF ISBN 0-87553-078-8 pp.99100 ^ Franson, Mary Ann Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and 5. Wastewater 14th edition (1975) APHA, AWWA & WPCF ISBN 0-87553-078-8 pp.406407 ^ Goldman, Charles R. & Horne, Alexander J. Limnology (1983) McGraw-Hill 6. ISBN 0-07-023651-8 p.111 ^ Franson, Mary Ann Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and 7. Wastewater 14th edition (1975) APHA, AWWA & WPCF ISBN 0-87553-078-8 pp.406407 ^ Franson, Mary Ann Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and 8. Wastewater 14th edition (1975) APHA, AWWA & WPCF ISBN 0-87553-078-8 pp.309315 ^ Franson, Mary Ann Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and 9. Wastewater 14th edition (1975) APHA, AWWA & WPCF ISBN 0-87553-078-8 pp.685689 10. ^ Franson, Mary Ann Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 14th edition (1975) APHA, AWWA & WPCF ISBN 0-87553-078-8 pp.875877 1.
