NM gnv64
Contents Introduction
5
1
Getting StaTted
7
2
Advanced Rules
16
3
Mating
26
4
Jargon
32
5
Children
43
6
Tournaments and matches
49
7
Chess Clock
60
8
Improvement
64
9
Grading
76
10 Openings
79
11 Computers
98
12 Puzzles
109
13 General I nformation
116
Solutions
125
Introduction J\'1an y
remember
step 3: within weeks or months
IL: " rning chess at a bou t the age of 10 �llItt spending hours moving pieces
the penny usually drops and the games speed up as the player is
�Iround
years
the
ago,
board
I
without really
kl1 owing what I was doing.
more able to spot che ckmates and see captures in a shorter space of
Now I am teaching all levels from
time. The quality of games will still
IH;ginners up to secondary school
be low at this stage as much is
pupils and it is relatively easy to
overlooked.
spot what each person needs to do 10
improve their game. Once
a player
step 4: games lengthen as the best moves are searched for and some
has
learnt
the
l110ves the key to improvement is
strategy and openings come into play. Finally a player is ready for
quick, friendly games, while trying
serious chess...
10
imptement basic principles. One
Ilceds
gradually
from step
1, right through as a
rccogn ition of the possibilities on
beginner
to
thl: board.
tournament level.
to
obtain
This book is designed t o help you
Practice and repetition, like most Ihings,
being
pattern
of
fundamental,
progress
is
beyond
I�minor"
I have also pu t together man y of
the
the questions I have been asked over
normally
the years to guide player or parent
something like this:
alike through the different aspects
step 1: learning the rules. step 2� long un certain games while carefully checking what each
the
perhaps whet the appetite of many
piece can do.
chess poten tial.
of chess. I hope it will help to make chess
scene
enjoyable
and
to start on the road to realising their
1
Getting Started
Is it difficult to learn how to
be
captured
While
play chess?
all
and
other
cannot pieces
escape. can
be
captured, it is tradition for the kings Chess is recognised as one of the
to remain on the board.
lIIost complex, yet popular games i:Vl!r in vented. I will not pretend that
How are the pieces set up?
you can master the game in a few hours, but certainly it should be possible
to
begin
challenging
relatives and friends after a few
8 7
days of going over this open ing
6
chapter.
5
Why play chess? Good question. I think that only a certain amount of people will be drawn even to learn the rules, but (here can be all sOrts of social occasions when it is useful to be irble to play. For example, visiting in hospital, playing in a chess team at work or school and teaching your children if they ask!
4 3 2
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
On many sets, you will find that the files and ranks are lettered "a to " h and numbered "1 to 8" respectively on the edge of the board. It is a good idea to get into the
What is the object o f the game of chess?
habit of setting up the white rooks on a I and hi and the black pieces On the eighth rank as this will be
Everybody will have seen people
important for recording games later.
playing a game of chess even if it was just on an advert Or film. It is for two people, one has the white side and the other black. Both sides begin with 16 men and they are set up on a board opposite each other. The players take it in turns to
I have seen many chess sets in the shops-can I learn on any? Yes, but practically it is wise to stick with one set that is used in
move and the game is decisive when
99% of tournaments which is the " standard plastic "Staunton set that
one of the players' kings is going to
any chess supplier would sell.
2
Advanced Rules
What are the special rules of castling?
the black king and rook would end
You can castle ei ther side of the board using one rook and your king.
beginners is to move the king three
up On c8 and d8 respectively. A
You must clear a path between the two and must not have moved either bef ore. You may not castle out of check and you must n ot castle
COmmOn
mistake
made
by
squares (instead of 2) when castling queenside. Assuming White's king and rooks have not moved bef ore, is it
through a square that is attacked, or
possible for him to castle in the following two positions? (Q6 and
in other words "through check". The
Q7) Answers on p.124.
king
always
towards
the
moves rook
two
and
squares
the
rook
COmes over the top of the king and to the side. For example:
In this case White is able to castle kingside and Black may castle q ueenside if nei ther the rook Or king has
moved
before.
I doubt
this
position has ever come close to happening in a real game but serves to illustrate the method of castling as the white king would finish up on gl and the white rook on f1 while
3
Mating
Which minimum amount of pieces is it possible to checkmate with?
The technique is relat ively simple but should be mastered bef ore moving on as it a common failing for beginners to allow stalemate
The basic answer is two, but it is
with queen and king v king. Take the following position with White to move.
worth discussing which pieces and which combination of pieces are able to do the business. Novices often enquire wheth«r it is possible to checkmate with two knight s and king versus king, or two bishops or a bishop and knight duo. It is cer tainly worth knowing these off by heart as it can influence your decision of which pieces to exchange as you ente r the final stages 0 f the game. Queen and king against king, and rook and king against trivial in comparison.
king
are
How do [ checkmate with king and queen against a lone king? First let us look at one of the fmal checkmate positions we must aim for.
The first job is f or the queen to trap the black king and f orm a "cage" from which he cannot escape. This is done by 1 'i'c4.
Now the king IS In a rest ricted area forming 15 squares since it
4
Jargon
Can I ask about all the jargon
late
as around move
30
in well
known lines.
because it can be orr putting?
However, As with most fields, there are a lot
the move itself
can
have been played by a club player
mean
for years. This club player can be
nothing to the general public, but
upset that he gets no credit for the
are often spouted in chess circles. I
idea, but that's life!
of
chess
terms
that
will
remember being confused by the
I accidentally hit on
a novelty
word "birdie" in golf and thinking it
many years ago just before a famous
meant that a ball hit a poor low
grandmaster
flying bird, so it is important not to
tournament.
assume that everyone knows exactly
rightly went un noticed as the follow
what you are talking about.
up was totally unconvincing and it
I guess we will never achieve total
used
it
However,
in
a
my
top game
took place against a weak opponent.
I
The relevance of a TN is that it is
know at least two pupils who have
likely to change the course of an
their own little jargon which they
opening in favour of one side.
uniformity
however,
because
cannot be shaken from and for all I
The world's top players have to
know their whole school talks in the
keep up with all the latest TN's in
same way. For example, one young
their
boy always says "castle-up" for the
caught out.
openings
so
they
are
not
act of castling and another will not budge from referring to "taking" or "capturing" as "cutting" the piece.
What is a "plus" or "minus" score? I didn't come across this phrase
What is a TN?
until I embarked on international This
stands
for
"Theoretical
Novelty". More recently, a single
tournaments, but you may well read it in a chess article or magazine. If a player has 50%, their score is
"N" is more commonly used. been
"evens" while anything above or
published before can be claimed to
below will be a plus or minus score
be a "TN". The more successful and
respectively.
A
move
tha t has
never
notable it is, the more important the novelty. A novelty can come as early as move 3 in obscure openings or as
That is straightforward enough, but it is not so obvious to work out what is "plus one", "plus two" or "minus three" for example.
5
Children
Should I want my child to learn rhess? Evidence suggest s that heneficial for every child IlilIght
the
rules
l:ncourages
of
it IS to be
ches s
concentration
as
it
and
tl iscipline skills. For example, it is important for a child to learn how t o III ke it in turns to move and how to cope with adversities such as being checkmated or losing their queen tluring a game. I actually teach all the year t wos (aged 6-7) in a school ,lIld it is interesting to watch their
I have found nearly every child to of entering a chess tournament and, while I would not dream of forcing someone to play against their will, I would never deprive the children of a �hance to excel at something they enJoy. \Ve m ust not forget that every child is different and a taste of chess might be just the right medicine for endless hours of constr uctive fun.
relish the prospect
What age should my child start playing chess?
t I i fferent approach es. Even at that early age, some children are more than happy to n�sign their game in favour of a peaceful, contented and unambitious life while others fight on to the
This
is
a difficult question t o
answer because i t is different for every child. For example, you will hear s t ories abou t Fischer (eccentric former World Champion) and
death or even try a spot of cheating
Kasparov (the current \Vorld no. 1)
secure the point. It is clear that
IIbout one third will never want to
picking up the moves and playing from the early age of 4, but I know
play a game of chess again but more
at least one grand master who learnt
Ihan half pick it
the rules at the ripe old age of 15 �
10
up quickly and
L:nj oy the endless complexities. Another school in the area does not believe in competition for the children
and,
although
chess
is
laught, matches are not played and a
Of course the sooner the better is a logical rule to apply, but not all children will take t o it until their powers
of
concent ration
develop
and premat ure press ure could have
school champion is not sought. Ad
an adverse effect. I was intrigued to
mittedly I have not heard the rel
hear from the renowned ju nior coach Richard James that starting at
evant arguments for the other side but I cannot understand the concept
of protecting children in this way as we live in such a competitive world.
11 can bear equal fruit s to someone who learns m uch earlier. He explained that it is easier for most
6
Tournaments and matches
What is the shortest game of chess? Two moves is the quickest way to give checkmate, although one's opponent must be pretty o bliging. It has been named "Fool's Mate" and it comes about when White plays a couple of crazy moves on the kingside and allows
Black to
deliver mate on his second move. At
1 g4 e5 2 f3 'i'h4 mate
this
point
someone
might
touch their king by mistake (if it is intentional, the situation is extreme ly sad!) and be obliged to move it. There is only one square: 2".�e7 and there follows 3 'i'xe5 mate
Which
quick
methods
of
checkmate do I need to be aware of? The above is most unlikely to happen but there is an unusual mate in three that occasionally happens in school chess.
1 e4 e5 2 'i'h5
Far more common is the "Four Move Checkmate" or "Scholar's Mate".
While
supervising
junior
school matches, I have often wit nessed one or two games invariably
7
Chess Clock
\Vhat is a chess clock?
In case you have not come across one, chess clocks are designed to make sure the game is over in an allotted time. This may be a 1 hour game in which the players have Ih-hour each On the dock Or up to B in an international hours competition. The longer games will normally be divided up into separate tlme limits such as 40 moves in the first 2 hours (each), then 20 moves for the next hour and then perhaps V�-hour to complete the remaining mOves. However, the vast majority of matches are finished by 60 moves. If any of the time controls are not reached the player will lose On time, although there are special cases in the final time control where a win cannot be awarded to the defender who has nO mating material left. The clocks consist of two faces and a button that you must press after each move in order to stop your OWn clock and start your opponent's. Naturally enough, digital clocks are replacing the traditional ones, which has the bonus of eliminating the possibility of faulty flags falling early and any disputes of which flag fell first. Remember that the clocks are not particularly robust and need careful
handling. I remember visiting a school club and was impressed to notice that they possessed four chess clocks. However, they were totally lifeless as they had been stored at the bottom of a large box that housed all the chess sets. So be es pecially alert when you are playing blitz (a rather wild time limit of be� tween 1 and 5 minutes each on the clock) and avoid both buttons being pressed simultaneously by force. Also, get used to making your move and pressing the clock button with the same hand as it is illegal to do otherwise. How can I make best use of the clock?
It is important to use your allotted time effectively. At first the clock will be a major worry and beginners tend to play too fast to avoid any danger of losing On time. It is also common for beginners to forget to press the clock at all as they become wrapped up in the game, so if your opponent is spending an excessive amount of time thinking, check that you pressed your clock and he is not just watching your time ticking away! Remembering to press the clock will g radually become second nature. You will be less aware of the
8
Improvement Karpov prefers technical positions
What is the best way to improve early on?
with few tactics, although that is not
You must play and play and play.
to say that he cannot calculate accu
the
piano
or
rately. He has a fantastic feel for
is
nigh
to
where the pieces belong and is quite
impossible as you must concentrate
happy to grind down a position in
on every little aspect, but gradually
the endgame where he is able to
It
is
like
,driving.
learning
At
first
it
it becomes easier and easier until it
convert the smallest of advantages.
becomes natural (perhaps aHer one
A weak pawn of his opponent's or a
year) and then the time is ripe to
superior placed king is all that Kar
learn
more
advanced
tunes,
manoeuvres and ideas.
pov needs to smell victory. Let me
give you an example.
Bill Hartston used to relate that the Polgar sisters had learnt chess as their "mother tongue" and it was
Anatoly Karpov White R, Debarnot Black
second nature to them. That really is
French Defence
the key at the beginning because until someone can spot the squares that the pieces are attacking with a degree
of
speed
and
confidence,
there is certainly no point trying to understand deeper concepts.
makes
What player?
a
1 e4 e6 2 d4 dS 3 ttJd2
Karpov, who was World Cham pion at the time of this encounter in 1977 chooses the most solid option against the French Defence. Note that 3 Qjc3 is not at all the same as it
successful
allows
3 ...i.b4
and
the
exciting
Winawer variation.
3 ...cS Of all the criteria, I think the
Now we have entered the Tar
far
rasch variation as Black is happy to
ahead, is the most important. If you
be saddled with an isolated d-pawn
ability
to
analyse,
or to
see
cannot calculate what will happen in
in return for some activity. How
a complex variation, you will not be
ever, this is playing into Karpov's
able to assess whether it is correct to
hands as h e will already be planning
enter the complications.
for his opponent's pawn weaknesses
There are of course different types of
players
and
Karpov
(the
ex-World Champion) and Kasparov (the
present
World
Champion)
illustrate the point perfectly.
to prove fatal in the ending.
4 exdS exdS 5 IiJgl3 IiJc6 6 i.bS i.d6 7 dxcS i.xcs 8 0-0 (De7 9 Iilb3 i.d6 10 J:[el 0-0 II i.gS i.g4 12 i.e2 'll'e7 13 h3 i.d7 141ilfd4
9
Grading
What is a British grading?
following the Elo style, in order to
It is a figure that illustrates your
cater for the masses of lower rated players that do not have an
chess strength and the higher the
international rating.
number, the better you are. Typically E nglish, unlike the rest of
Elo
the world, we have adopted a three
"international
figure rather than grading system.
"FIDE rating list" as these are all
a four figure The general
standards are as follows:
It can be very confusing that the list
also
IS
rating
called list"
the
or
the
one and the same. Don't be fooled by the fact that we call our list the BCF (British
beginner: 40-80 low club player: 80-120
Chess Federation) ratings because
average club player: 120-150 strong club player: 150-190
use the Elo system to calculate their own ratings. They are not part of the
1st team county player: 170+
British Chess Federation and their
International player 220+
list
Top 100 in the world: 250+
international list.
What is an Elo rating?
(United
the Scots, Welsh and Irish in fact
is
It is
independent noticeable
of
the
on the USCF
States Chess Federation)
rating list that most players There is an International body of
are
(Federation
about 100 points higher than their FIDE rating but this does not matter
International des E checs) that takes
as you can only compare ratings in
chess care
called of
the
FIDE Elo
(named
after
Professor Arpad Elo who invented the system) rating list that covers the whole world. This however only begins at elo 2000
which is the
equivalent of 175 in E nglish terms
the
same
list.
Again,
it
is
an
interesting statistic that there are about 80,000 USCF players on their internal Elo-based rating list with only about 1% of these also on the Elo or in ternational list.
or first team county player level. To put it in perspective, there are about 30,000 players on the British
How
do
I
obtain
a
BeF
grading?
grading list with less than 2% of these having achieved an Elo rating.
You must play 12 games against
Therefore count ries all adopt their own internal list too, almost always
other officially graded players dur ing the period of one year in order
10
Openings
What openings should [ start with? This is not so easy to answer since there are a few ·totally different schools of thought. The famous Richmond junior chess club which
stage because he felt bored by the stagnant positions that can arise after the standard 1 e4 e5 opening:
1 e4 e5 2 lZll3 tDc6 3 i.c4 i.c5 4 lZlc3 �f6 5 Q-Q Q-Q 6 d3 d6 etc.
is well-known for its ability to chum out masses of strong juniors is strict about the children sticking to the classical opening I e4 e5 until they have mastered certain aspects of the
game. At this stage other openings are not allowed to be practiced in coaching sessions. On reaching a specific standard (BeF 501Eio 1000) they are then invited up to the next group which is enlightened with practically every opening that exists. Individually, they are then able to decide which opening they feel at home with and make a choice when they come to play their own tournament games.
The alternative approaches are to experiment at an early stage with unusual openings or to learn just one opening and stick to it for many years. The dangers here are being put off openings that are just too
subtle for a beginner to understand in the first case or to li mit your repertoire and never find the pe�fect opening that suits you in the latter.
I read an article where Steve Davis was complaining that he was put off chess at a relatively early
I know how he felt, but in fact a more advanced player could find plenty of ways to liven up the posi tion with, for example 4 c3. I think
it is a sensible idea for any player to experiment with new openings (especially the mainst ream ones) but
I can't deny that the Richmond policy works well for them.
Do [ need repertoire?
an
opening
You won't get far without one. There is not much point fishing in the da rk in every game when it is so easy to look up the fi rst few moves to set you on your way.
Computers
11
shortest time poss ib Ie and who are
Dol need a computer?
fortuna te in having the time to both Quite frankly t no. Howevert in this age of computers it is easy to
study and play chess on a daily basist a ches s playing program will
believe
be a tireless opponent being more than willing to play you for as long
that
you
can �t
keep
up
without one. answer that you
as you desire� whether it is for a half
don't need a cup to enj oy a d rink of watert but that extra expense for a
I
would
also
hou r game or f or eight hours a day! Although it is a frequently made
mug or glass does make li fe easier.
comment that there is no su bstitute
I remember being asked to try out a computer in their early days of manufacture. It was an electronic one where you had to push the square you were moving from and
f or playing human opponentst there are a number of advantages in pIa ying computers: I. Humans of greater strength rna y be reluctant to play you on a
the
regular basis as although it may be a
piece landed. The l ights and beeping
grea t chaHenge and very instructive
noises were an added irritation and I
for you to play themt they are unlikely to feel the same way.
then push the
square
where
remember that few games were finished as I al wa ys managed to spoil the game by leaning on an
2. One useful purpose that the computer can serve is to acquaint
irrelevant square and lighting up the whole board or purposely
nowada ys their repertoire is extens
you with many different openings as
I
ive and varied". For examplet you
The main factor in playing against
can get machines and programmes where you can select their style of
computers is that the better ones
pIa y and each will react difTerently
destroying blundered.
the
game
when
don't make tactical oversights and therefore you have to use a slightly d ifTerent approach than if you are playing a h uman.
to your opening moves. This is a far cry from when I was young and there was a tendency for them to follow exactly the same game. 3. I t is possi ble to set up positions
How can a ch ess computer help you?
from bookst newspapers or your own games and either play the position out yourself
For those players who wish to reach
the
highest
levels
in
the
or get the
computer to analyse the position for you.
12
Puzzles
I like unusual puzzles to solve what differe nt types are there?
unnatural board.
looking
The
best
move
on
defenc�
the must
always be assumed in these type of There is in fact a whole area devoted to chess problem solving and indeed composing.
mates. The well known composer and solver,
Brian
Stephenson,
once
As we are supposed to be in a
explained to me that the real beauty
book devoted to chess playing, I
of these puzzles is that no piece is
will
immediately
an accessory, but each one is there for a special reason and contributes
"altetnative
to the beauty of the solution. It is
some
only
graze this subject,
people
are
but
fascinated
by
this
medicine".
Let
us
examine
the
time
types
of
puzzles.
For
following appeared in OM Jonathan
moves
first
different
convenience,
White
unless stated other.vise.
for
Levitt's
an most
example
and
entertaining
i) Checkmate in a certain number
All the answers to the following puzzles can be found on pages 124-5.
It will be written as "White mates in two" (or three etc.) The positions are totally unique and by tradition unlike ones that appear during a normal game. Let us take a mate in 2: the object of the exercise is to take a move, and whatever B lack replies he will be mated on the following move (no. 2). For a mate in three, he will be mated on the third move etc. It
may
and
challenging book Genius in Chess.
of moves.
composer
the
sound makes
easy sure
but
the
there
are
many red herrings and only
one
solution, which is always the most
Q26) White mates in
two
13
General Information
How is chess as a professio n?
eastern European "gangs" who used to work in "company" and arrange of
games during a tournament in order
professionals there are, it is possible
to maximise the amount of prize
Judging
by
the
amount
to assume that there is a lot of
money
money to go round, but the truth is
them. This was their "business" but
act ually far different.
one had to pity their efforts as they
About 20 years ago it was enough to be
an international
make a decent living
master to
would
win
might resort to sleeping in cars or
chess
while
waiting
for
hotel
to
provided
tournaments
orgamsers
",'inning
prizes.
However, as sponsorship dried up and
more
arrived
international
on
the
scene,
between
sharing 5 to a room to sa ve money
playing. One could receive fees in and
from
they
be
the
during
customary by
the
the next
tournament.
masters orgamzers
in
With the amount of books and the use of computers, surely all
Soon afterwards the fall of the
the games of chess have been worked out?
became
only
interested
grandmasters. Iron Curtain saw a mass exodus of grandmasters from eastern Europe
This
is
a
total
misconception
who were willing to play for smaller
which is better fired at noughts and
fees.
crosses or draughts!
Nowadays
only
GMs
consistently above 2600 can expect
As Graham Burgess states in his
to make a decent I iving at solely
Mammoth Book of Chess, "There
chess playing.
are far
However, on the plus side there are
many
average
opportuni ties
titled
player.
f or One
the can
juggle teaching both in schools and privately
with
articles.
However,
writing books and
of
known universe, and the number of possible far
chess positions,
fewer,
is
still
although
astronomica!".
Since one of his friends, Dr. Nunn is one of the greatest mathematicians
consolation to the players drawn to
and chess players of all time, I feel
the
extremely
of
is
games
little
life
this
more possible
chess than there are particles in the
tournaments
and
When I international
safe
passing
on
this
quote.
travelling. first
appeared
tournament
on
the
scene,
I
was quite shocked by the amount of
I may have an immense library that would no doubt aid in beating
99%
of
the
chess
playing
14
Answers
Q1) No, the p awn cannot move as the bishop would be putting the king into check Q2) Yes, with ... 'i'xf6.·
Q14) No, 1 nxf7+ �e6 wins a piece.) 1 nb5 attacks two .bishops simultaneously. Q16) l...�b7+ picks up the rook onD.
Q3)
1 i.n.
Q4 ) L...�xtK Q5 ) checkmate. Q6) No, White cannot castle kingside due to the bishop covering the fI-sq uare (it is not possible to castle through check) and cannot castle queenside due to the rook on dS. Q7) Yes, White can castle either
Q17) I ... 'i'al+ 2 �b3 'i'bl+ wins the queen. Q18) 1 nb5+. Q19)
1 i.d4.
Q20) No, l...'i'xe4 is too greedy On account of 2 nel. Q21)
1 e5.
Q22) 1 h 4!
side. QS) 1 tiJ f7 + wins the queen.
Q9)
1 'i'xcS 'i'xcS 2 tiJe7+ nets a
Q23) 1 'i'dS+!! �xdS 2 i.g5+ 'ittf8 3 ndS mate. Q24)
1 tiJc6++ (double check)
Q25)
1 i.xf7+ �e7 2 tiJd5 mate.
Q 26)
1 'i'd5+!! and now:
rook.
Q 10) I i.d4+ Ql l) 1 i.c4. Don't forget that the black rook On d5 cannot mOve. Q 12) 1, 'i'b3+ picks up the loose rook on c2. Q 13)
1 d5 attacks two pieces.
i) l...i.xd5 2 tiJxd3 mate ii) l...lhd5 2 tiJe4 mate iii) l...�xd5 2 nb5 mate.
Q2 7) 1 nbS+! (the red herring 1 nhl allows Black to escape with 1...0-0-0) l...nxbS (the alternative
126 Your Chess Questions Answered
1 ....i. xb8 2 lIxa8 �f8 3 lIxb8 is mate) 2lIh 1 .i.d4 3 lIh8 mate.
Q28) I ...� b2 2 f4 �c3 3 f5 �d4
4 f6 �eS S f7 �f6 6 �e8 �g7 7 tbgS � h8 8 f8= lIf. A total of 7 moves each have taken p lace.
Q29) 1....i.f2 2 .i.eS �e3 .i.c3 mate or 1 ....i.b4 2lieS� c3 3 lIe2mate. Q30) 1 as 2 a4 3 a3 4 a2 Sa] B
(promote to a b ish op) 6 .i.d4 7 .i.b6 8 �b7 9 �a8 1 0 .i.a7 .i.G mate.
Q3 1) 1 1Itb7and now: i) 1. ..lIcxb72lie 1 mate ii) l . .lIbxb7 2 lIh6mate iii) 1...llJxd3 2lIfxG mate iv) 1...lIxc4 2lIfh7rnate
Q37) 1 irxg6 mate. Q38) 1 lIh1 + �g8 2 lIh8 mate. Q39) 1 irxc6+! bxc62 .i.a6 mate. Q40) 1 lIfxh7+! �xh7 2 lIh3
mate.
Q41) 1 irg8+! lIxg8 2llJt7 mate. Q42) 1 lIh6+! �xh6 2lIh 8 mate. Q43) 1 ..irxg3+! 2 hxg3 .i.xg3 .
mate.
Q44) 1 lIfxh7+! lbxh7 2 lIxh7+ �f8 3 tbg6 mate.
.
v) 1 ... lIb22 lIh6 mate
vi) 1...lIxg6 2� 1 mate. Q32) 1 W'f7 mate. Q33) 1 lIh8 mate. Q34) 1 tbg6 mate. Q35) 1 lIh7mate. Q36) 1 lIfh8 mate.
Q45) tbxh8 3.
1 lIfa8+ �h7 2 iVh8+!
Q46) l. ..lbfl + 2 � hl irh2+! 3 lbxh2tbg3 mate. Q47) 1. .. lbd3 +! 2 exd3 lIfxg3+ 3 �e2 lbd4 mate . Q48) 1 lIxh6+! 'iWxh6 2 'iWxh6+ .i.xh6 3 lIh7mate. Q49) 1 lbe7+ �h8 2 'ifxh7+! �xh73 lIh3 mate.
