`≥Å∞QÆ∞ =~°=‚ ∂Å Telugu Alphabet
Telugu Learning Kit Module 1
C P Brown Academy The Alpha Foundation Hyderabad www.mohanpublications.com
Foreword -
The Module-1, “Telugu Varnamala”, is intended to help the Telugu . speakers, who cannot read/write Telugu, to pick up a reasonable level of linguistic competence, through Roman script. The symbols used in this book are intended to facilitate the transliteration template of the vowels, consonants, gunintamulu and the vowel-consonant clusters, i.e., vottulu. . The relationship of the Roman character with the Telugu letter and its pronunciation have been clearly explained with examples to aid phonetics. For instance, the symbol ‘a’ stands for the Telugu letter ‘J’ that sounds like ‘o’ as in the word ‘come’. Let us take another example. The symbol ‘c’ stands for the Telugu letter ‘K«’ that sounds like ‘ch’ as in the word ‘church’. The Module-1 is thus quite self-explanatory and is certain to help those who desire to learn Telugu through the medium of English. The workbook provided along with it is scientifically designed for practice to help the learners pickup reading and writing of Telugu, satisfactorily. We know that some of the alphabet and their sounds are difficult to pronounce and quite a few are not in popular use. They do not even matter in the acquisition of linguistic skills. However, we have included all the Telugu letters irrespective of their usage in order to introduce them all to the learners. Enjoy! SS Prabhakar Rao
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`≥Å∞QÆ∞ =~°‚=∂Å TELUGU ALPHABET Vowels (JK«∞Å Û ∞: Acculu) *
a–
a
far
u–
wood
.lu
i
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B come
u
–
i
.lu–
look
bit
– ru .
ru .
cool
.rusi.
root
e
e–
ai
get
loop
o–
o
feel
rotate
stake
au
oat
am .
mite
out
ah.
JO Jó some
half
* ‘a’ stands for ‘J’ and sounds like ‘o’ as in ‘come’. The same pattern applies to all other vowels.
4
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Consonants (ǨÏÅ∞¡Å∞
:
Hallulu)
36 Characters *
k
g
kh
gh
Hõ Y QÆ Ñ¶¨∞ Î Î K« K« Kè« [ ~°≠ & @ ~î° _» _è» `« ^äŒ ^Œ ^èŒ khaki
silk
.c
c
.capa
church
.j
jhansi
th .
take .
t
tabala
nilakantha .
dh .
n.
dh
though
dhoti
} #
prana .
- asadha . .
bird
d
thumb
jug
~ sanjna
d.
th
j
~ n
jh
t.
prajna
.jabili
witch
V [
.
ghost
go
ch
. n
n
nature
* ‘k’ stands for ‘Hõ’ and sounds like ‘k’ as in ‘silk’. The same pattern applies to all other consonants.
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5
p
ph
b
bh
m
Ѩ Ѷ¨ | Éèí =∞ Ü«∞ ~° Å à◊ = â◊ +¨ ã¨ Ç¨Ï Hõ∆ é cup
phone
y
bat
r
young
v
bharat
l
l.
rust
s
s.
´sastry
levy
home
sun
ship
r.
ksh
h
-- kalimata .
lump
s´
month
error
raksha
Semi-Vowels or Semi-Consonants
( LÉèÜ í ∂« Hõ~∆ åÅ∞::
–
–
Ubhayaksharalu)
(ã¨∞#fl = O – Sunna) (J~°ã∞¨ #fl = ñ – Arasunna) (qã¨~æ° = ó - Visarga) Note: Five Telugu characters are not in general use.
Í Í They are 6
.lu .lu-
K« [ |∞∂ .c
.j
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ru .
JK«∞ÛÅ∞ U q^èOŒ QÍ „"åÜ«∂e? How to write Vowels? –
a
a
come
far –
i
i
bit
feel –
u
u
wood
cool
ru .
.rusi .
– ru .
root www.mohanpublications.com
7
e
e
get
stake
ai
o
mite
rotate
o
au
oat
out am .
some ah.
half 8
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ǨÏÅ∞¡Å∞ U q^èOŒ QÍ „"åÜ«∂e? How to write Consonants? k
kh
silk
– khaki
g
gh
go
ghost . n
. prajna c
ch
church
witch
j
jh
jug
– jhansi ~ n
~ sanjna
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9
t.
th .
take
nilakantha .
d.
dh .
bird
– – asadha . .
–
n.
– prana .
th
t
tabala
thumb
d
dh
though
– dhoti
n
nature 10
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p
ph
cup
phone
b
bh
bat bharat m
month y
r
young
rust
l
l.
lump
– – kalimata .
v
s´
levy
´ sastry
–
–
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11
s.
ship s
sun h
home ksh
raksha
.r
error 12
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Symbols of Gunintamulu . Telugu Letter
Roman Character
J
a
P
– a
W
i
D
Symbol
How to write
– i
L
u
T
u–
|∞∞
ru .
|∞∂
ru
Z
e
U
e–
S
ai
X
o
F
– o
B
au
JO
am .
Jó
ah
–
.
.
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.
13
QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞ 'Hõ—
14
(Gunintamulu) .
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) 'Y— QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (kha-Gunintamu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (ka-Gunintamu) . .
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
H± Hõ Hõ Hõ Hõ Hõ Hõ Hõ Hõ Hõ Hõ Hõ Hõ Hõ Hõ Hõ
Mò Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
Hõ HÍ H˜ H© ‰õΩ ‰õÄ Hõ$ Hõ$Ï ÔH ˆH ÔH· H˘ HÀ H“ HõO Hõó
–
ka
–
– ka
–
ki
–
– ki
–
ku
–
– ku
–
kru .
–
– kru .
–
ke
–
– ke
–
kai
–
ko
–
– ko
–
kau
–
kam .
–
kah.
{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó
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´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
Y MÏ d v Y∞ Y∂
–
kha
–
– kha
–
khi
–
– khi
–
khu
–
– khu
Y$ –
khru .
Y$Ï Mˇ MË Mˇ· MÁ M’ M∫ YO Yó
–
– khru .
–
khe
–
– khe
–
khai
–
kho
–
– kho
–
khau
–
kham .
–
khah.
QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞
'QÆ—
(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (ga-Gunintamu) 'Ѷ∞¨ — QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (gha-Gunintamu) . .
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
Q∑ QÆ QÆ QÆ QÆ QÆ QÆ QÆ QÆ QÆ QÆ QÆ QÆ QÆ QÆ QÆ
Ѷπ∞ Ѷ∞¨ Ѷ∞¨ Ѷ∞¨ Ѷ∞¨ Ѷ∞¨ Ѷ∞¨ Ѷ∞¨ Ѷ∞¨ Ѷ∞¨ Ѷ∞¨ Ѷ∞¨ Ѷ∞¨ Ѷ∞¨ Ѷ∞¨ Ѷ∞¨
{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
QÆ QÍ y w QÆ∞ QÆ∂ QÆ$ QÆ$Ï ÔQ ˆQ ÔQ· Q˘ QÀ Q“ QÆO QÆó
–
ga
–
– ga
–
gi
–
– gi
–
gu
–
– gu
– –
gru . – gru .
–
ge
–
– ge
–
gai
–
go
–
– go
–
gau
–
gam .
–
gah.
{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó
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´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
Ѷ¨∞ – Ѷ∂¨ – Ѷ∞≤ – Ѷ∞‘ – Ñ¶Ú ¨ – Ѷ¸ ¨ – Ѷ∞¨ $ – Ѷ∞¨ $Ï – ÃѶ∞ – ¿Ñ¶∞ – ÃѶ∞ÿ – Ѷ∞¨ Á – Ѷ∞¨ ’ – Ѷ∞¨ ø – Ѷ∞¨ O – Ѷ∞¨ ó –
gha – gha ghi – ghi ghu – ghu ghru . – ghru . ghe – ghe ghai gho – gho ghau gham . ghah. 15
QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞ 'K«—
16
(Gunintamulu) .
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (ca-Gunintamu) 'Kè—« QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (cha-Gunintamu) . .
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
Kü K« K« K« K« K« K« K« K« K« K« K« K« K« K« K«
Kèü Kè« Kè« Kè« Kè« Kè« Kè« Kè« Kè« Kè« Kè« Kè« Kè« Kè« Kè« Kè«
{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
K« Kå z p K«∞ K«∂ K«$ K«$Ï K≥ KÕ K≥· K˘ KÀ KÒ K«O K«ó
–
ca
–
– ca
–
ci
–
– ci
–
cu
–
– cu
–
cru .
–
– cru .
–
ce
–
– ce
–
cai
–
co
–
– co
–
cau
–
cam .
–
cah.
{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó
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´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
Kè« Kèå zè pè Kè∞« Kè«∂ Kè$« Kè$« Ï Kè≥ KèÕ Kè·≥ Kè˘ KèÀ KèÒ KèO« Kè«ó
–
cha
–
– cha
–
chi
–
– chi
–
chu
–
– chu
–
chru .
–
– chru .
–
che
–
– che
–
chai
–
cho
–
– cho
–
chau
–
cham .
–
chah.
QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞
(Gunintamulu) .
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu)
'[— QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (ja Gunintamu) .
'~°≠— QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (jha Gunintamu) .
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
*ò [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [
{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
[ *Ï l r A E [$ [$Ï *ˇ *Ë *ˇ· *Á *’ *∫ [O [ó
– –
jru .
–
je
–
– je
–
jai
–
jo
–
– jo
–
jau
–
jam .
~ü≠ { ~°≠ { ~°≠ { ~°≠ { ~°≠ { ~°≠ { ~°≠ { ~°≠ { ~°≠ { ~°≠ { ~°≠ { ~°≠ { ~°≠ { ~°≠ { ~°≠ {
–
jah.
~°≠ { Jó ´ ~°≠ó –
–
ja
–
– ja
–
ji
–
ji
–
ju
–
– ju
–
– jru .
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J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
~°≠ – ~°≠Ï – i≠ – s≠ – ~°≠∞ – ~°≠∂– ~°≠$ – ~°≠$Ï– Ô~≠ – ˆ~≠ – ~Ô ≠ÿ – ~Ô ≠∞ – ~Ô ≠Ï – ~°≠ø – ~°≠O–
jha – jha jhi – jhi jhu – jhu jhru . – jhru . jhe – jhe jhai jho – jho jhau jham . jhah. 17
QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞
'@—
18
(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (ta-Gunintamu) '~î°— QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (tha-Gunintamu) . . . .
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
\ò @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
~îü ~î° ~î° ~î° ~î° ~î° ~î° ~î° ~î° ~î° ~î° ~î° ~î° ~î° ~î° ~î°
{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
@ \Ï \˜ \© @∞ @∂ @$ @$Ï >ˇ >Ë >ˇÿ \Á \’ \∫ @O @ó
– – –
ta . – ta .
–
ti. – ti.
–
.tu
–
– .tu
– –
. .tru – . .tru
–
te .
–
– te .
–
tai .
– –
to . – to .
–
tau .
–
tam . .
–
tah . .
{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó
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´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
~î° ~îå iî sî ~î∞° ~î∂° ~î$° ~î$° Ï ~Ô î ~ˆ î ~Ô ·î ~î˘ ~îÀ ~î“ ~îO° ~î°ó
–
tha .
–
– tha .
– – –
thi . – thi .
–
thu . – thu .
–
thru . .
–
– thru . .
–
the .
–
– the .
–
thai .
–
tho .
–
– tho .
–
thau .
–
tham . .
–
thah . .
QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞
'_»—
(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (da-Gunintamu) '_è»— QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (dha-Gunintamu) . . .
.
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
_£ _» _» _» _» _» _» _» _» _» _» _» _» _» _» _»
_è£ _è» _è» _è» _è» _è» _è» _è» _è» _è» _è» _è» _è» _è» _è» _è»
{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
_» _® _ç _ô _»∞ _»∂ _»$ _»$Ï _≥ˇ _Õ _≥ÿ _˘ _À _Ò _»O _»ó
– – –
da . – da .
–
di . – di .
–
du .
–
– du .
–
dru ..
–
– dru ..
–
de .
–
– de .
–
dai .
–
do .
–
– do .
–
dau .
–
dam . .
–
dah . .
{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó
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´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
_è» _è® _èç _èô _è∞» _è∂» _è$» _è$» Ï _è≥ _èÕ _è·≥ _è˘ _èÀ _èÒ _èO» _è»ó
– – – – –
dha . – dha . dhi . – dhi .
–
dhu . – dhu .
–
dhru . .
–
– dhru . .
–
dhe .
–
– dhe .
–
dhai .
–
dho .
–
– dho .
–
dhau .
–
dham . .
–
dhah . . 19
QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞
'}—
(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (na-Gunintamu) '`«— QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (ta-Gunintamu) . . .
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
}ü } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } 20
{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
} – }Ï – }˜ – }© – }∞ – }∂ – }$ – }$Ï – }ˇ – }Ë – }ˇÿ – }˘ – }À – }∫ – }O – }ó –
na . – na . ni . – ni . nu . – nu . nru .. – nru .. ne . – ne . nai . no . – no . nau . nam . . nah . .
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
`ü `« `« `« `« `« `« `« `« `« `« `« `« `« `« `«
{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {
J ´ P ´ W ´ D ´ L ´ T ´ |∞∞ ´ |∞∂ ´ Z ´ U ´ S ´ X ´ F ´ B ´ JO ´ Jó ´
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`« `å u f `«∞ `«∂ `«$ `«$Ï `≥ `Õ `≥· `˘ `À `Ò `«O `«ó
–
ta
–
– ta
–
ti
–
– ti
–
tu
–
– tu
–
tru .
–
– tru .
–
te
–
– te
–
tai
–
to
–
– to
–
tau
–
tam .
–
tah.
QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞ '^䌗
(Gunintamulu) .
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (tha-Gunintamu) '^Œ— QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (da-Gunintamu) . .
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
^ä£ ^äŒ ^äŒ ^äŒ ^äŒ ^äŒ ^äŒ ^äŒ ^äŒ ^äŒ ^äŒ ^äŒ ^äŒ ^äŒ ^äŒ ^äŒ
^£ ^Œ ^Œ ^Œ ^Œ ^Œ ^Œ ^Œ ^Œ ^Œ ^Œ ^Œ ^Œ ^Œ ^Œ ^Œ
{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
^äŒ ^ä• kä nä ^ä∞Œ ^ä∂Œ ^ä$Œ ^ä$Œ Ï ^ä≥ ^äËÕ ^ä·≥ ^ä˘ ^äÀ ^äÒ ^äOŒ ^äŒó
–
tha
–
– tha
–
thi
–
– thi
–
thu
–
– thu
– –
thru .
–
the
–
– the
–
thai
–
tho
–
– tho
–
thau
–
tham .
–
thah.
– thru .
{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { {
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
^Œ ^• k n ^Œ∞ ^Œ∂ ^Œ$ ^Œ$Ï ^≥ ^Õ ^≥· ^˘ ^À ^Ò ^ŒO
–
da
–
– da
–
di
–
– di
–
du
–
– du
–
dru .
–
– dru .
–
de
–
– de
–
dai
–
do
–
– do
–
dau
–
dam .
{ Jó ´ ^Œó –
dah.
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21
QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞ '^茗
22
(Gunintamulu) .
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (dha-Gunintamu) '#— QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (na-Gunintamu) . .
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
^è£ ^èŒ ^èŒ ^èŒ ^èŒ ^èŒ ^èŒ ^èŒ ^èŒ ^èŒ ^èŒ ^èŒ ^èŒ ^èŒ ^èŒ ^èŒ
<£ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
^èŒ ^è• kè nè ^è∞Œ ^è∂Œ ^è$Œ ^è$Œ Ï ^è≥ ^èÕ ^è·≥ ^è˘ ^èÀ ^èÒ ^èOŒ ^èŒó
–
dha
–
– dha
–
dhi
–
– dhi
–
dhu
–
– dhu
– –
dhru .
–
dhe
–
– dhe
–
dhai
–
dho
–
– dho
–
dhau
–
dham .
–
dhah.
– dhru .
{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { {
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
# <å x h #∞ #∂ #$ #$Ï <≥ <ÕÕ <≥· <˘ <À <Ò #O
–
na
–
– na
–
ni
–
– ni
–
nu
–
– nu
–
nru .
–
– nru .
–
ne
–
– ne
–
nai
–
no
–
– no
–
nau
–
nam .
{ Jó ´ #ó –
nah.
www.mohanpublications.com
QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞ 'Ѩ—
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (pa-Gunintamu) 'Ѷ—¨ QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (pha-Gunintamu) . .
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
Ñπ Ѩ Ѩ Ѩ Ѩ Ѩ Ѩ
Ѩ Ѩ Ѩ Ѩ Ѩ Ѩ Ѩ
Ѩ Ѩ
(Gunintamulu) .
{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
Ѩ áê Ñ≤ Ñ‘ Ñ¨Ù Ñ¨Ó Ñ¨$ Ѩ$Ï ÃÑ ¿Ñ ÃÑ· á⁄ áÈ áœ Ñ¨O Ѩó
–
pa
–
– pa
–
pi
–
– pi
–
pu
–
– pu
– –
pru . – pru .
–
pe
–
– pe
–
pai
–
po
–
– po
–
pau
–
pam .
–
pah.
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
Ѷπ Ѷ¨ Ѷ¨ Ѷ¨ Ѷ¨ Ѷ¨ Ѷ¨ Ѷ¨ Ѷ¨ Ѷ¨ Ѷ¨ Ѷ¨ Ѷ¨ Ѷ¨ Ѷ¨ Ѷ¨
{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { {
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
Ѷ¨ á¶ê Ѷ≤ Ѷ‘ Ѷ٨ ѶӨ Ѷ$¨ Ѷ$¨ Ï ÃѶ ¿Ñ¶ ÃѶ· á¶⁄ á¶È ᶜ ѶO¨
–
pha
–
– pha
–
phi
–
– phi
–
phu
–
– phu
– –
phru . – phru .
–
phe
–
– phe
–
phai
–
pho
–
– pho
–
phau
–
pham .
{ Jó ´ Ñ¶ó¨ –
phah.
www.mohanpublications.com
23
QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞ '|—
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (ba-Gunintamu) 'Éè—í QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (bha-Gunintamu) . .
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
Éò | | | | |
Éèò Éèí Éèí Éèí Éèí Éèí Éèí Éèí Éèí Éèí Éèí Éèí Éèí Éèí Éèí Éèí
|
| | | | | | |
| | 24
(Gunintamulu) .
{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
| ÉÏ a c |∞ |∂ |$ |$Ï Éˇ ÉË Éˇ· ÉÁ É’ É∫ |O |ó
–
ba
–
– ba
–
bi
–
– bi
–
bu
–
– bu
– –
bru .
–
be
–
– be
–
bai
–
bo
–
– bo
–
bau
–
bam .
–
bah.
– bru .
{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { {
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
Éèí ÉèÏ aè cè Éè∞í Éè∂í Éè$í Éè$í Ï Éèˇ ÉèË Éè·ˇ ÉèÁ Éè’ Éè∫ ÉèOí
–
bha
–
– bha
–
bhi
–
– bhi
–
bhu
–
– bhu
–
bhru .
–
– bhru .
–
bhe
–
– bhe
–
bhai
–
bho
–
– bho
–
bhau
–
bham .
{ Jó ´ Éèóí –
bhah.
www.mohanpublications.com
QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞ '=∞—
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (ma-Gunintamu) 'Ü«∞— QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (ya-Gunintamu) . .
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
"£∞ =∞ =∞ =∞ =∞ =∞ =∞
=∞ =∞ =∞ =∞ =∞ =∞ =∞
=∞ =∞
{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {
(Gunintamulu) .
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
=∞ – =∂ – q∞ – g∞ – =Ú – =¸ – =∞$ – =∞$Ï – "≥∞ – "Õ∞ – "≥∞ÿ – "≥Ú – "≥∂ – =∞ø – =∞O – =∞ó –
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
mam .
Üü∞ { Ü«∞ { Ü«∞ { Ü«∞ { Ü«∞ { Ü«∞ { Ü«∞ { Ü«∞ { Ü«∞ { Ü«∞ { Ü«∞ { Ü«∞ { Ü«∞ { Ü«∞ { Ü«∞ {
mah.
Ü«∞ { Jó ´ Ü«∞ó –
ma – ma mi – mi mu – mu mru . – mru . me – me mai mo – mo mau
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO
www.mohanpublications.com
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
Ü«∞ – Ü«∂ – ~Ú – ~¸ – Ü«Ú – Ü«¸– Ü«∞$ – Ü«∞$Ï– Ü≥∞ – ÜÕ∞ – Ü≥∞ÿ – Ü≥Ú – Ü≥∂ – Ü«∞ø – Ü«∞O–
ya – ya yi – yi yu – yu yru . – yru . ye – ye yai yo – yo yau yam . yah. 25
QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞ '~°—
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (ra-Gunintamu) 'Å— QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (la-Gunintamu) . .
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
~ü ~° ~° ~° ~° ~° ~°
~° ~° ~° ~° ~° ~° ~°
~° ~° 26
{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {
(Gunintamulu) .
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
~° ~å i s ~°∞ ~°∂ ~°$ ~°$Ï ~Ô ~ˆ ~Ô · ~˘ ~À ~“ ~°O ~°ó
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
–
ra
–
– ra
–
ri
–
ri
–
ru
–
– ru
– –
rru . – rru .
Å
–
re
Å
–
– re
–
rai
Å
–
ro
Å
–
– ro
–
rau
Å
–
ram .
–
rah.
Å Å
–
Öò Å Å Å Å Å Å Å
Å
{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó
www.mohanpublications.com
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
Å ÖÏ e b Å∞ Å∂ Å$ Å$Ï Öˇ ÖË Öˇ· ÖÁ Ö’ Ö∫ ÅO Åó
–
la
–
– la
–
li
–
– li
–
lu
–
– lu
– –
lru .
–
le
–
– le
–
lai
–
lo
–
– lo
–
lau
–
lam .
–
lah .
– lru .
QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞ 'à◊—
(Gunintamulu) .
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (la-Gunintamu) '=— QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (va-Gunintamu) . . .
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
–
.li – .li
–
.lu
–
– .lu
–
. .lru
–
– .lru .
–
.le
–
– .le
–
.lai
–
.lo
–
– .lo
–
.lau
–
. .lam
"£ { J ´ = { P ´ = { W ´ = { D ´ = { L ´ = { T ´ = { |∞∞ ´ = { |∞∂ ´ = { Z ´ = { U ´ = { S ´ = { X ´ = { F ´ = { B ´ = { JO ´
à◊ { Jó ´ à◊ó –
.lah.
àò { J à◊ { P à◊ { W à◊ { D à◊ { L à◊ { T à◊ { |∞∞ à◊ { |∞∂ à◊ { Z à◊ { U à◊ { S à◊ { X à◊ { F à◊ { B à◊ { JO
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
à◊ àÏ o m à◊√ à◊¥ à◊$ à◊$Ï à‹ àı à‹· àÁ à’ à∫ à◊O
–
.la
–
– .la
–
= "å q g =Ù =Ó =$ =$Ï "≥ "Õ "≥·‹ "˘ "À "Ò =O
–
va
–
– va
–
vi
–
vi
–
vu
–
– vu
–
–
–
vru . – vru .
–
ve
–
– ve
–
vai
–
vo
–
– vo
–
vau
–
vam .
= { Jó ´ =ó –
vah.
www.mohanpublications.com
27
QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞ 'â◊—
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) ´ QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (sa-Gunintamu) '+¨— QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (sa-Gunintamu) . . .
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
âò â◊ â◊ â◊ â◊ â◊ â◊
â◊ â◊ â◊ â◊ â◊ â◊ â◊
â◊ â◊ 28
(Gunintamulu) .
{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
â◊ âß t j â◊√ â◊¥ â◊$ â◊$Ï â‹ âı â‹· âÁ â’ â∫ â◊O â◊ó
– –
´ sru .
–
´ se
–
´– se
–
´ sai
–
´ so
–
´– so
–
´ sau
–
´ sam .
+π { J +¨ { P +¨ { W +¨ { D +¨ { L +¨ { T +¨ { |∞∞ +¨ { |∞∂ +¨ { Z +¨ { U +¨ { S +¨ { X +¨ { F +¨ { B +¨ { JO
–
sam . .
–
´ sah .
+¨ { Jó ´ +¨ó –
sah . .
–
´ sa
–
´– sa
–
si´
–
– si´
–
´ su
–
´– su
´– sru .
www.mohanpublications.com
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
+¨ ëê +≤ +‘ +¨µ +¨Ø +¨$ +¨$Ï Ã+ ¿+ Ã+·· ë⁄ ëÈ ëœ +¨O
– – –
sa . – sa .
–
si . – si .
–
su .
–
– su .
–
sru ..
–
– sru ..
–
se .
–
– se .
–
sai .
–
so .
–
– so .
–
sau .
QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞ '㨗
(Gunintamulu) .
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (sa-Gunintamu) 'Ǩϗ QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (ha-Gunintamu) . .
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
ãπ 㨠㨠㨠㨨 㨨
–sam.
ÇπÏ { J Ç¨Ï { P Ç¨Ï { W Ç¨Ï { D Ç¨Ï { L Ç¨Ï { T Ç¨Ï { |∞∞ Ç¨Ï { |∞∂ Ç¨Ï { Z Ç¨Ï { U Ç¨Ï { S Ç¨Ï { X Ç¨Ï { F Ç¨Ï { B Ç¨Ï { JO
– sah.
Ç¨Ï { Jó ´ Ç¨Ïó –
㨨
㨠㨠㨠㨠㨠㨠㨠㨠ã¨
{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
㨠™ê ã≤ ã‘ ã¨∞ ã¨∂ ã¨$ ã¨$Ï Ãã ¿ã Ãã· ™⁄ ™È ™œ ã¨O ã¨ó
– sa – sa– –
si
–
– si
– su – su–
– sru . – – sru . – se – se– – sai – so – so– – sau
www.mohanpublications.com
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
Ç¨Ï – Ǩ – Ç≤Ï – Ç‘Ï – Ç¨ï – Ǩ˙ – ǨÏ$ – ǨÏ$Ï – ÃÇÏ – ¿ÇÏ – ÃÇ·Ï – ǨÏ∏ – Ǩϟ – ǨÏ∫ – ǨÏO –
ha – ha hi – hi hu – hu hru . – hru . he – he hai ho – ho hau ham . hah. 29
QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞ 'Hõ∆—
Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (ksha-Gunintamu) 'é— QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (ra-Gunintamu) . . .
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter
H∆± Hõ∆ Hõ∆ Hõ∆ Hõ∆ Hõ∆ Hõ∆
Hõ∆ Hõ∆ Hõ∆ Hõ∆ Hõ∆ Hõ∆ Hõ∆ Hõ∆ Hõ∆ 30
(Gunintamulu) .
{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {
J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
Hõ∆ H∆Í H˜∆ H©∆ ‰õΩ∆ ‰õ∆Ä Hõ$∆ Hõ$∆ Ï ÔH∆ ˆH∆ ÔH∆ H∆˘ H∆À H∆“ Hõ∆O Hõ∆ó
–
ksha
–
– ksha
–
kshi
–
– kshi
–
kshu
–
– kshu
– –
kshru . – kshru .
–
kshe
–
– kshe
–
kshai
–
ksho
–
– ksho
–
kshau
–
ksham .
éü { J é { P é { W é { D é { L é { T é { |∞∞ é { |∞∂ é { Z é { U é { S é { X é { F é { B é { JO
–
kshah.
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
é éÏ é˜ é© é∞ é∂ é$ é$Ï éˇ éË éˇÿ é˘ é’ é∫ éO
–
.ra
–
– .ra
– –
.ri – .ri
–
ru .
–
– .ru
–
.rru .
–
– .rru .
–
.re
–
– .re
–
.rai
–
.ro
–
– .ro
–
.rau
–
ram . .
é { Jó ´ éó –
.rah.
www.mohanpublications.com
Symbols of Vottulu k
kh
g
gh
Hõ ¯
Y ö
QÆ æ
Ѷ¨∞ …
c
ch
j
V
K« Û
Kè« Ûù
[ ˚
jh
~ n
t.
th .
~°≠
&
~î°
~°≠
&
@ ì
ª
d.
dh .
n.
t
_è»
`«
_è
} ‚
th
d
dh
n
^äŒ
^Œ
^èŒ
#
÷
Ì
ú
fl
. n
V
_» ¤
Î
p
ph
b
bh
Ѩ
Ѷ¨
|
Éèí
Ê
Êù
ƒ
ƒù
m
y
r
l
=∞
Ü«∞
~°
Å
‡
º
„
¡
.l
v
s´
s.
à◊
=
â◊
+¨
§
fi
≈
¬
s
h
ksha
ra .
ã¨
ǨÏ
Hõ∆
é
û
›
∆
]
www.mohanpublications.com
31
32
VOTTULU for “ka” consonant
VOTTULU for “kha” consonant
'Hõ— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞
'Y— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰Ωõ "˘`«∞ÅÎ ∞
Hõ¯
–
kka
Hõú
–
kdha
Y¯
–
khka
Yú
–
khdha
Hõö
–
kkha
Hõfl
–
kna
Yö
–
khkha
Yfl
–
khna
Hõæ
–
kga
HõÊ
–
kpa
Yæ
–
khga
YÊ
–
khpa
Hõ…
–
kgha
HõÊù
–
kpha
Y…
–
khgha
YÊù
–
khpha
HõÛ
–
kca
Hõƒ
–
kba
YÛ
–
khca
Yƒ
–
khba
HõÛù
–
kcha
Hõƒù
–
kbha
YÛù
–
khcha
Yƒù –
khbha
Hõ˚
–
kja
Hõ‡
–
kma
Y˚
–
khja
Y‡
–
khma
Hõ
–
kjha
Hõº
–
kya
Y~°≠
–
khjha
Yº
–
khya
~°≠
Hõì
– kta .
„Hõ
–
kra
Yì
–
khta .
„Y
–
khra
Hõª
– ktha .
Hõ¡
–
kla
Yª
–
khtha .
Y¡
–
khla
Hõ¤ Hõ Hõ‚
–
kda .
Hõ§
– kla .
Y¤
–
khda .
Y§
–
khla .
–
kdha .
Hõfi
–
kva
Y
–
khdha .
Yfi
–
khva
–
kna .
Hõ≈
–
´ ksa
Y‚
–
khna .
Y≈
–
´ khsa
HõÎ
–
kta
Hõ¬
–
ksa .
YÎ
–
khta
Y¬
–
khsa .
Hõ÷
–
ktha
Hõû
–
ksa
Y÷
–
khtha
Yû
–
khsa
HõÌ
–
kda
Hõ›
–
kha
YÌ
–
khda
Y›
–
khha
www.mohanpublications.com
VOTTULU for “ga” consonant
VOTTULU for “gha” consonant
'QÆõ— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞
'Ѷ¨∞— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞
QƯ
–
gka
QÆú
–
gdha
Ѷ¨∞¯ –
ghka
Ѷ¨∞ú
–
ghdha
QÆö
–
gkha
QÆfl
–
gna
Ѷ¨∞ö
–
ghkha
Ѷ¨∞fl
–
ghna
QÆæ
–
gga
QÆÊ
–
gpa
Ѷ¨∞æ
–
ghga
Ѷ¨∞Ê
–
ghpa
QÆ…
–
ggha
QÆÊù
–
gpha
Ѷ¨∞…
–
ghgha
Ѷ¨∞Êù
–
ghpha
QÆÛ
–
gca
Qƃ
–
gba
Ѷ¨∞Û
–
ghca
Ѷ¨∞ƒ
–
ghba
QÆÛù
–
gcha
Qƃù
–
gbha
Ѷ¨∞Ûù
–
ghcha
Ѷ¨∞ƒù
–
ghbha
QÆ˚
–
gja
QƇ
–
gma
Ѷ¨∞˚
–
ghja
Ѷ¨∞‡
–
ghma
QÆ
–
gjha
Qƺ
–
gya
Ѷ~°≠¨∞
–
ghjha
~°≠
Ѷ¨∞º –
ghya
QÆì
–
gta .
„QÆ
–
gra
Ѷ¨∞ì
–
ghta .
„Ѷ¨∞
–
ghra
Qƪ
–
gtha .
QÆ¡
–
gla
Ѷ¨∞ª
–
ghtha .
Ѷ¨∞¡
–
ghla
QƤ
–
gda .
QƧ
– gla .
Ѷ¨∞¤
–
ghda .
Ѷ¨∞§
–
ghla .
QÆ
–
gdha .
QÆfi
–
gva
Ѷ¨∞
–
ghdha .
Ѷ¨∞fi
–
ghva
QÆ‚
–
gna .
QÆ≈
–
´ gsa
Ѷ¨∞‚
–
ghna .
Ѷ¨∞≈
–
´ ghsa
QÆÎ
–
gta
QƬ
–
gsa .
Ѷ¨∞Î
–
ghta
Ѷ¨∞¬
–
ghsa .
QÆ÷
–
gtha
QÆû
–
gsa
Ѷ¨∞÷
–
ghtha
Ѷ¨∞û
–
ghsa
QÆÌ
–
gda
QÆ›
–
gha
Ѷ¨∞Ì
–
ghda
Ѷ¨∞›
–
ghha
www.mohanpublications.com
33
34
VOTTULU for “ca” consonant
VOTTULU for “cha” consonant
'K«— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞
'Kè«— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞
K«¯
–
cka
K«ú
–
cdha
K諯
–
chka
Kè«ú
–
chdha
K«ö
–
ckha
K«fl
–
cna
Kè«ö
–
chkha
Kè«fl
–
chna
K«æ
–
cga
K«Ê
–
cpa
Kè«æ
–
chga
Kè«Ê
–
chpa
K«…
–
cgha
K«Êù
–
cpha
Kè«…
–
chgha
Kè«Êù
–
chpha
K«Û
–
cca
K«ƒ
–
cba
Kè«Û
–
chca
K諃
–
chba
K«Ûù
–
ccha
K«ƒù
–
cbha
Kè«Ûù
–
chcha
K諃ù
–
chbha
K«˚
–
cja
K«‡
–
cma
Kè«˚
–
chja
K談
–
chma
K«~°≠
–
chjha
KǼ
–
cya
Kè~°≠ «
–
chjha
K諺
–
chya
K«ì
–
cta .
„K«
–
cra
Kè«ì
–
chta .
„Kè«
–
chra
Kǻ
–
ctha .
K«¡
–
cla
K諪
–
chtha .
Kè«¡
–
chla
K«¤
–
cda .
KǤ
–
cla .
K諤
–
chda .
K諧
–
chla .
K«
–
cdha .
K«fi
–
cva
Kè«
–
chdha .
Kè«fi
–
chva
K«‚
–
chna .
K«≈
–
´ csa
Kè«‚
–
chna .
Kè«≈
–
´ chsa
K«Î
–
cta
K«¬
–
csa .
Kè«Î
–
chta
K諬
–
chsa .
K«÷
–
ctha
K«û
–
csa
Kè«÷
–
chtha
Kè«û
–
chsa
K«Ì
–
cda
K«›
–
cha
Kè«Ì
–
chda
Kè«›
–
chha
www.mohanpublications.com
VOTTULU for “ja” consonant
VOTTULU for “jha” consonant
'[— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰Ωõ "˘`«∞ÅÎ ∞
'~°≠— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰Ωõ "˘`«∞ÅÎ ∞
[¯
–
jka
[ú
–
jdha
~°≠¯ –
jhka
~°≠ú
[ö
–
jkha
[fl
–
jna
~°≠ö
–
jhkha
~°≠fl –
jhna
[æ
–
jga
[Ê
–
jpa
~°≠æ
–
jhga
~°≠Ê –
jhpa
[…
–
jgha
[Êù
–
jpha
~°≠… –
jhgha
~°≠Êù –
jhpha
[Û
–
jca
[ƒ
–
jba
~°≠Û –
jhca
~°≠ƒ –
jhba
[Ûùù
–
jcha
[ƒù
–
jbha
~°≠Ûù –
jhcha
~°≠ƒù –
jhbha
[˚
–
jja
[‡
–
jma
~°≠˚
–
jhja
~°≠‡ –
jhma
[~°≠
–
jjha
[º
–
jya
~°~°≠≠
–
jhjha
~°≠º –
jhya
[ì
–
jta .
„[
–
jra
~°≠ì
–
jhta .
„~°≠ –
jhra
[ª
–
jtha .
[¡
–
jla
~°≠ª
–
jhtha .
~°≠¡
–
jhla
[¤
–
jda .
[§
–
jla .
~°≠¤
–
jhda .
~°≠§ –
jhla .
[
–
jdha .
[fi
–
jva
~°≠
–
jhdha .
~°≠fi –
jhva
[‚
–
jna .
[≈
–
´ jsa
~°≠‚
–
jhna .
~°≠≈ –
´ jhsa
[Î
–
jta
[¬
–
jsa .
~°≠Î
–
jhta
~°≠¬
–
jhsa .
[÷
–
jtha
[û
–
jsa
~°≠÷
–
jhtha
~°≠û –
jhsa
[Ì
–
jda
[›
–
jha
~°≠Ì
–
jhda
~°≠› –
jhha
www.mohanpublications.com
–
jhdha
35
36
VOTTULU for “ta” . consonant
VOTTULU for “tha” consonant .
'@— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰Ωõ "˘`«∞ÅÎ ∞
'~î°— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞
@¯
– tka .
@ú
– tdha .
~î°¯
– .thka
~î°ú
– thdha .
@ö
– .tkha
@fl
– .tna
~î°ö
– .thkha
~î°fl
– thna .
@æ
– tga .
@Ê
– .tpa
~î°æ
– .thga
~î°Ê
– thpa .
@…
– .tgha
@Êù
– .tpha
~î°…
– .thgha
~î°Êù
– thpha .
@Û
– tca .
@ƒ
– .tba
~î°Û
– thca .
~î°ƒ
– thba .
@Ûù
– tcha .
@ƒù
– tbha .
~î°Ûù
– thcha .
~î°ƒù
– thbha .
@˚
– .tja
@‡
– tma .
~î°˚
– .thja
~î°‡
– thma .
@ ~°≠
– .tjha
@º
– .tya
~°≠
~î°
– thjha .
~î°º
– thya .
@ì
– .tta .
„@
– tra .
~î°ì
– thta . .
„~î°
– thra .
@ª
– ttha ..
@¡
– .tla
~î°ª
– .ththa .
~î°¡
– thla .
@¤
– tda ..
@§
– .tla .
~î°¤
– .thda .
~
– thla ..
@
– tdha ..
@fi
– .tva
~î°
– thdha . .
~î°fi
– thva .
@‚
– tna ..
@≈
´ – tsa .
~î°‚
– thna . .
~î°≈
– thsa . ´
@Î
– tta .
@¬
– tsa ..
~î°Î
– thta .
~î°¬
– thsa . .
@÷
– ttha .
@û
– tsa .
~î°÷
– ththa .
~î°û
– thsa .
@Ì
– tda .
@›
– tha .
~î°Ì
– thda .
~î°›
– thha .
www.mohanpublications.com
VOTTULU for “da” consonant .
VOTTULU for “dha” consonant .
'_»— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞
'_è»— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞
_»¯
– dka .
_»ú
– ddha .
_軯
– dhka .
_è»ú
– dhdha .
_»ö
– dkha .
_»fl
– dna .
_è»ö
– dhkha .
_è»fl
– dhna .
_Ⱦ
– dga .
_»Ê
– dpa .
_è»æ
– dhga .
_è»Ê
– dhpa .
_»…
– dgha .
_»Êù
– dpha .
_è»…
– dhgha .
_è»Êù
– dhpha .
_»Û
– dca .
_»ƒ
– dba .
_è»Û
– dhca .
_軃
– dhba .
_»Ûù
– dcha .
_»ƒù
– dbha .
_è»Ûù
– dhcha .
_軃ù
– dhbha .
_»˚
– dja .
_»‡
– dma .
_è»˚
– dhja .
_軇
– dhma .
_»~°≠
– djha .
_ȼ
– dya .
_è~°≠ »
– dhjha .
_軺
– dhya .
_ȓ
– dta ..
„_»
– dra .
_è»ì
– dhta . .
„_è»
– dhra .
_Ȼ
– dtha ..
_»¡
– dla .
_軪
– dhtha . .
_軡
– dhla .
_»¤
– dda ..
_Ȥ
– dla ..
_軤
– dhda . .
_軧
– dhla . .
_»
– ddha ..
_»fi
– dva .
_è»è
– dhdha . .
_è»fi
– dhva .
_»‚
– dna ..
_»≈
´ – dsa .
_軂
– dhna . .
_è»≈
´ – dhsa .
_»Î
– dta .
_»¬
– dsa ..
_è»Î
– dhta .
_軬
– dhsa . .
_»÷
– dtha .
_»û
– dsa .
_è»÷
– dhtha .
_è»û
– dhsa .
_»Ì
– dda .
_»›
– dha .
_è»Ì
– dhda .
_è»›
– dhha .
www.mohanpublications.com
37
38
VOTTULU for “ta” consonant
VOTTULU for “tha” consonant
'`«»— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞
'^äŒè»— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞
`«¯
–
tka
`«ú
–
tdha
^䌯
–
thka
^䌫ú
–
thdha
`«ö
–
tkha
`«fl
–
tna
^äŒö
–
thkha
^䌫fl
–
thna
`«æ
–
tga
`«Ê
–
tpa
^äŒæ
–
thga
^äŒÊ
–
thpa
`«…
–
tgha
`«Êù
–
tpha
^䌅
–
thgha
^䌫Êù
–
thpha
`«Û
–
tca
`«ƒ
–
tba
^äŒÛ
–
thca
^䌃
–
thba
`«Ûù
–
tcha
`«ƒù
–
tbha
^äŒÛù
–
thcha
^䌃ù
–
thbha
`«˚
–
tja
`«‡
–
tma
^äŒ˚
–
thja
^䌇
–
thma
`« ~°≠
–
tjha
`Ǽ
–
tya
^ä~°≠ Œ
–
thjha
^䌺
–
thya
`«ì
– tta .
„`«
–
tra
^äŒì
–
thta .
„^äŒ
–
thra
`ǻ
– ttha .
`«¡
–
tla
^䌪
–
ththa .
^䌡
–
thla
`«¤
– tda .
`««§
– tla .
^䌤
–
thda .
^䌧
–
thla .
`«
– tdha .
`«fi
–
tva
^äŒ
–
thdha .
^äŒfi
–
thva
`«‚
– tna .
`«≈
–
´ tsa
^䌂
–
thna .
^äŒ≈
–
´ thsa
`«Î
–
tta
`«¬
– tsa .
^äŒÎ
–
thta
^䌬
–
thsa .
`«÷
–
ttha
`«û
–
tsa
^䌫÷
–
ththa
^äŒû
–
thsa
`«Ì
–
tda
`«›
–
tha
^䌫Ì
–
thda
^䌛
–
thha
www.mohanpublications.com
VOTTULU for “da” consonant
VOTTULU for “dha” consonant
'^Œ«»— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞
'^èŒè»— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞
^Œ¯
–
dka
^Μ
–
ddha
^茯
–
dhka
^Μ
–
dhdha
^Κ
–
dkha
^Œfl
–
dna
^èŒö
–
dhkha
^èŒfl
–
dhna
^ξ
–
dga
^ŒÊ
–
dpa
^èŒæ
–
dhga
^èŒÊ
–
dhpa
^Œ…
–
dgha
^ŒÊù
–
dpha
^茅
–
dhgha
^èŒÊù
–
dhpha
^ŒÛ
–
dca
^Œƒ
–
dba
^èŒÛ
–
dhca
^范
–
dhba
^ŒÛù
–
dcha
^Œƒù
–
dbha
^èŒÛù
–
dhcha
^范ù
–
dhbha
^Œ˚
–
dja
^Œ‡
–
dma
^èŒ˚
–
dhja
^茇
–
dhma
^Œ~°≠
–
djha
^μ
–
dya
^è~°≠ Œ
–
dhjha
^茺
–
dhya
^Γ
–
dta .
„^Œ
–
dra
^èŒì
–
dhta .
„^èŒ
–
dhra
^λ
–
dtha .
^Œ¡
–
dla
^茪
–
dhtha
.
^茡
–
dhla
^Œ¤
–
dda .
^Œ«§
–
dla .
^茤
–
dhda
.
^茧
–
dhla .
^Œ
–
ddha .
^Œfi
–
dva
^èŒ
–
dhdha
.
^èŒfi
–
dhva
^Œ‚
–
dna .
^Œ≈
–
´ dsa
^茂
–
dhna
^èŒ≈
–
´ dhsa
^ŒÎ
–
dta
^Œ¬
–
dsa .
^èŒÎ
–
dhta
^茬
–
dhsa
^Œ÷
–
dtha
^Ξ
–
dsa
^èŒ÷
–
dhtha
^èŒû
–
dhsa
^ŒÌ
–
dda
^Œ›
–
dha
^èŒÌ
–
dhda
^茛
–
dhha
.
www.mohanpublications.com
.
39
40
VOTTULU for “na” consonant
VOTTULU for “pa” consonant
'#— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰Ωõ "˘`«∞ÅÎ ∞
'Ѩ— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞
#¯
–
nka
#ö
–
nkha
#æ
–
nga
#…
–
ngha
#Û
–
nca
#Ûù
–
ncha
#˚
–
nja
#~°≠
–
njha
#ì
–
nta .
#ª
–
ntha .
#¤
–
nda .
#
–
ndha .
#‚
–
nna .
#Î
–
nta
#÷
–
ntha
#Ì
–
nda
#ú #fl #Ê #Êù #ƒ #ƒù #‡ #º „# #¡ #§ #fi #≈ #¬ #û #›
–
ndha
Ѩ¯
–
pka
Ѩú
–
pdha
–
nna
Ѩö
–
pkha
Ѩfl
–
pna
–
npa
Ѩæ
–
pga
ѨÊ
–
ppa
–
npha
Ѩ…
–
pgha
ѨÊù
–
ppha
–
nba
ѨÛ
–
pca
Ѩƒ
–
pba
–
nbha
ѨÛù
–
pcha
Ѩƒù
–
pbha
–
nma
Ѩ˚
–
pja
Ѩ‡
–
pma
–
nya
Ѩ
–
pjha
Ѩº
–
pya
–
nra
Ѩì
–
pta .
ㄬ
–
pra
–
nla
Ѩª –
ptha .
Ѩ¡
–
pla
–
nla .
Ѩ¤
–
pda .
Ѩ§
– pla .
–
nva
Ѩ
–
pdha .
Ѩfi
–
pva
–
´ nsa
Ѩ‚
–
pna .
Ѩ≈
–
´ psa
–
nsa .
ѨÎ
–
pta
Ѩ¬
–
psa .
–
nsa
Ѩ÷
–
ptha
Ѩû
–
psa
–
nha
ѨÌ
–
pda
Ѩ›
–
pha
~°≠
www.mohanpublications.com
VOTTULU for “pha” consonant
VOTTULU for “ba” consonant
'Ѷ¨— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞
'|— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰Ωõ "˘`«∞ÅÎ ∞
phka
Ѷ¨ú
–
phdha
|¯
–
bka
|ú
–
bdha
Ѷ¨ö –
phkha
Ѷ¨fl
–
phna
|ö
–
bkha
|fl
–
bna
Ѷ¨æ
–
phga
Ѷ¨Ê
–
phpa
|æ
–
bga
|Ê
–
bpa
Ѷ¨…
–
phgha
Ѷ¨Êù
–
phpha
|…
–
bgha
|Êù
–
bpha
Ѷ¨Û
–
phca
Ѷ¨ƒ
–
phba
|Û
–
bca
|ƒ
–
bba
Ѷ¨Ûù
–
phcha
Ѷ¨ƒù
–
phbha
|Ûù
–
bcha
|ƒù
–
bbha
Ѷ¨˚
–
phja
Ѷ¨‡
–
phma
|˚
–
bja
|‡
–
bma
Ѷ¨
–
phjha
Ѷ¨º
–
phya
|~°≠
–
bjha
|º
–
bya
Ѷ¨ì
–
phta .
„Ѷ¨
–
phra
|ì
– bta .
„|
–
bra
Ѷ¨ª
–
phtha .
Ѷ¨¡
–
phla
|ª
–
btha .
|¡
–
bla
Ѷ¨¤
–
phda .
Ѷ¨§
–
phla .
|¤
–
bda .
|§
– bla .
Ѷ¨
–
phdha .
Ѷ¨fi
–
phva
|
–
bdha .
|fi
–
bva
Ѷ¨‚
–
phna .
Ѷ¨≈
–
´ phsa
|‚
– bna .
|≈
–
´ bsa
Ѷ¨Î
–
phta
Ѷ¨¬
–
phsa .
|Î
–
bta
|¬
–
bsa .
Ѷ¨÷
–
phtha
Ѷ¨û
–
phsa
|÷
–
btha
|û
–
bsa
Ѷ¨Ì
–
phda
Ѷ¨›
–
phha
|Ì
–
bda
|›
–
bha
Ѷ¨¯
~°≠
–
www.mohanpublications.com
41
42
VOTTULU for “bha” consonant
VOTTULU for “ma” consonant
'Éèí— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞
'=∞— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞
Éèí¯
–
bhka
Éèíú
–
bhdha
=∞¯ –
mka
=∞ú
–
mdha
Éèíö
–
bhkha
Éèífl
–
bhna
=∞ö
–
mkha
=∞fl
–
mna
Éèíæ
–
bhga
ÉèíÊ
–
bhpa
=∞æ
–
mga
=∞Ê
–
mpa
Éèí…
–
bhgha
ÉèíÊù
–
bhpha
=∞…
–
mgha
=∞Êù
–
mpha
ÉèíÛ
–
bhca
Éèíƒ
–
bhba
=∞Û
–
mca
=∞ƒ
–
mba
ÉèíÛù
–
bhcha
Éèíƒù
–
bhbha
=∞Ûù
–
mcha
=쟗
–
mbha
Éèí˚
–
bhja
Éèí‡
–
bhma
=∞˚
–
mja
=∞‡
–
mma
Éè~°≠ í
–
bhjha
Éèíº
–
bhya
=∞
–
mjha
=∞º –
mya
Éèíì
–
bhta .
„Éèí
–
bhra
=∞ì
–
mta .
„=∞
–
mra
Éèíª
–
bhtha .
Éèí¡
–
bhla
=∞ª
–
mtha .
=∞¡
–
mla
Éèí¤
–
bhda .
Éèí§
–
bhla .
=∞¤
–
mda .
=∞§
–
mla .
Éèí
–
bhdha .
Éèífi
–
bhva
=∞
–
mdha .
=∞fi
–
mva
Éèí‚
–
bhna .
Éèí≈
–
´ bhsa
=∞‚
–
mna .
=∞≈
–
´ msa
ÉèíÎ
–
bhta
Éèí¬
–
bhsa .
=∞Î
–
mta
=∞¬
–
msa .
Éèí÷
–
bhtha
Éèíû
–
bhsa
=∞÷
–
mtha
=∞û
–
msa
ÉèíÌ
–
bhda
Éèí›
–
bhha
=∞Ì
–
mda
=∞›
–
mha
~°≠
www.mohanpublications.com
VOTTULU for “ya” consonant
VOTTULU for “ra” consonant
'Ü«∞— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞
'~°— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞
Ü«∞¯ –
yka
Ü«∞ú
Ü«∞ö
–
ykha
Ü«∞æ
–
ydha
~°¯
–
rka
~°ú
–
rdha
Ü«∞fl –
yna
~°ö
–
rkha
~°fl
–
rna
yga
Ü«∞Ê –
ypa
~°æ
–
rga
~°Ê
–
rpa
Ü«∞… –
ygha
Ü«∞Êù –
ypha
~°…
–
rgha
~°Êù –
rpha
Ü«∞Û –
yca
Ü«∞ƒ –
ypba
~°Û
–
rca
~°ƒ
–
rba
Ü«∞Ûù –
ycha
Ü«∞ƒù –
ybha
~°Ûù
–
rcha
~°ƒù
–
rbha
Ü«∞˚
–
yja
Ü«∞‡ –
yma
~°˚
–
rja
~°‡
–
rma
Ü«~°≠ ∞
–
yjha
Ü«∞º –
yya
~°~°≠
–
rjha
~°º
–
rya
Ü«∞ì
– yta .
„Ü«∞ –
yra
~°ì
– rta .
„~°
–
rra
Ü«∞ª
–
ytha .
Ü«∞¡
–
yla
~°ª
– rtha .
~°¡
–
rla
Ü«∞¤
–
yda .
Ü«∞§ –
yla .
~°¤
– rda .
~°§
– rla .
Ü«∞
–
ydha .
Ü«∞fi –
yva
~°
– rdha .
~°fi
–
rva
Ü«∞‚
–
yna .
Ü«∞≈ –
´ ysa
~°‚
– rna .
~°≈
–
´ rsa
Ü«∞Î
–
yta
Ü«∞¬
–
ysa .
~°Î
–
rta
~°¬
– rsa .
Ü«∞÷
–
ytha
Ü«∞û –
ysa
~°÷
–
rtha
~°û
–
rsa
Ü«∞Ì
–
yda
Ü«∞› –
yha
~°Ì
–
rda
~°›
–
rha
–
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VOTTULU for “la” consonant
VOTTULU for “la” . consonant
'Å— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰Ωõ "˘`«∞ÅÎ ∞
'à◊— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞
ů
–
lka
Åú
–
ldha
à◊¯
– .lka
à◊ú
– .ldha
Åö
–
lkha
Åfl
–
lna
à◊ö
– .lkha
à◊fl
– .lna
Åæ
–
lga
ÅÊ
–
lpa
à◊æ
– .lga
à◊Ê
– .lpa
Å…
–
lgha
ÅÊù –
lpha
à◊…
– .lgha
à◊Êù –
ÅÛ
–
lca
Ń
–
lba
à◊Û
– .lca
à◊ƒ
– .lba
ÅÛù
–
lcha
Ńù
–
lbha
à◊Ûù
– .lcha
à◊ƒù
– .lbha
Å˚
–
lja
Ň
–
lma
à◊˚
– .lja
à◊‡
– .lma
Å ~°≠
–
ljha
ź
–
lya
~°≠
à◊
– .ljha
à◊º
– .lya
Åì
– lta .
„Å
–
lra
à◊ì
– .lta .
„à◊
– .lra
Ū
– ltha .
Å¡
–
lla
à◊ª
– .ltha .
à◊¡
– .lla
Ť
– lda .
ŧ
– lla .
à◊¤
– .lda .
à◊§
– .lla .
Å
– ldha .
Åfi
–
lva
à◊
– .ldha .
à◊fi
– .lva
Å‚
– lna .
Å≈
–
´ lsa
à◊‚
– .lna .
à◊≈
´ – .lsa
ÅÎ
–
lta
Ŭ
– lsa .
à◊Î
– .lta
à◊¬
– .lsa .
Å÷
–
ltha
Åû
–
lsa
à◊÷
– .ltha
à◊û
– .lsa
ÅÌ
–
lda
Å›
–
lha
à◊Ì
– .lda
à◊›
– .lha
44
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.lpha
VOTTULU for “va” consonant
´ VOTTULU for “sa” consonant
'=— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰Ωõ "˘`«∞ÅÎ ∞
'â◊— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞
=¯
–
vka
=ú
–
vdha
â◊¯
–
´ ska
â◊ú
–
´ sdha
=ö
–
vkha
=fl
–
vna
â◊ö
–
´ skha
â◊fl
–
´ sna
=æ
–
vga
=Ê
–
vpa
â◊æ
–
´ sga
â◊Ê
–
´ spa
=…
–
vgha
=Êù
–
vpha
â◊…
–
´ sgha
â◊Êù
–
´ spha
=Û
–
vca
=ƒ
–
vba
â◊Û
–
´ sca
â◊ƒ
–
´ sba
=Ûù
–
vcha
=ƒù
–
vbha
â◊Ûù
–
´ scha
â◊ƒù
–
´ sbha
=˚
–
vja
=‡
–
vma
â◊˚
–
´ sja
â◊‡
–
´ sma
=~°≠
–
vjha
=º
–
vya
~°≠
â◊
–
´ sjha
â◊º
–
´ sya
=ì
– vta .
„=
–
vra
â◊ì
´ – sta .
„â◊
–
´ sra
=ª
–
vtha .
=¡
–
vla
â◊ª
´ – stha .
â◊¡
–
´ sla
=¤
–
vda .
=§
– vla .
â◊¤
–
´ sda .
â◊§
´ – sla .
=
–
vdha .
=fi
–
vva
â◊
–
´ sdha .
â◊fi
–
´ sva
=‚
–
vna .
=≈
–
´ vsa
â◊‚
–
´ sna .
â◊≈
–
´´ ssa
=Î
–
vta
=¬
–
vsa .
â◊Î
–
´ sta
â◊¬
–
´ ssa .
=÷
–
vtha
=û
–
vsa
â◊÷
–
´ stha
â◊û –
´ ssa
=Ì
–
vda
=›
–
vha
â◊Ì
–
´ sda
â◊›
´ sha
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45
VOTTULU for “sa” consonant
'+¨— ǨÏÅ∞¡‰Ωõ "˘`«∞ÅÎ ∞
'㨗 ǨÏÅ∞¡‰Ωõ "˘`«∞ÅÎ ∞
+¨¯
– ska .
+¨ú
– sdha .
㨯
–
ska
ã¨ú
–
sdha
+¨ö
– skha .
+¨fl
– sna .
ã¨ö
–
skha
ã¨fl
–
sna
+¨æ
– sga .
+¨Ê
– spa .
ã¨æ
–
sga
ã¨Ê
–
spa
+¨…
– sgha .
+¨Êù
– spha .
㨅
–
sgha
ã¨Êù
–
spha
+¨Û
– sca .
+¨ƒ
– sba .
ã¨Û
–
sca
㨃
–
sba
+¨Ûù
– scha .
+¨ƒù
– sbha .
ã¨Ûù
–
scha
㨃ù
–
sbha
+¨˚
– sja .
+¨‡
– sma .
ã¨˚
–
sja
㨇
–
sma
+¨
– sjha .
+¨º
– sya .
ã¨~°≠
–
sjha
㨺
–
sya
+¨ì
– .sta .
„+¨
– sra .
ã¨ì
–
sta .
㋬
–
sra
+¨ª
– stha ..
+¨¡
– sla .
㨪
– stha .
㨡
–
sla
+¨¤
– sda ..
+¨§
– sla ..
㨤
–
sda .
㨧
– sla .
+¨
– sdha ..
+¨fi
– sva .
ã¨
–
sdha .
ã¨fi
–
sva
+¨‚
– sna ..
+¨≈
– ssa .´
㨂
–
sna .
ã¨≈
–
´ ssa
+¨Î
– sta .
+¨¬
– ssa ..
ã¨Î
–
sta
㨬
–
ssa .
+¨÷
– stha .
+¨û –
ssa .
ã¨÷
–
stha
ã¨û
–
ssa
+¨Ì
– sda .
+¨›
– sha .
ã¨Ì
–
sda
㨛
–
sha
~°≠
46
VOTTULU for “sa” consonant .
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VOTTULU for “ha” consonant
'Ǩϗ ǨÏÅ∞¡‰Ωõ "˘`«∞ÅÎ ∞
Ǩϯ –
hka
ǨÏì
–
hta .
ǨÏú
–
hdha
„ǨÏ
–
hra
ǨÏö
–
hkha
ǨϪ
–
htha .
ǨÏfl
–
hna
Ǩϡ
–
hla
ǨÏæ
–
hga
ǨϤ
–
hda .
ǨÏÊ
–
hpa
Ǩϧ
–
hla .
Ǩυ
–
hgha
ǨÏ
–
hdha .
ǨÏÊù
–
hpha
ǨÏfi
–
hva
ǨÏÛ
–
hca
Ǩς
–
hna .
Ǩσ
–
hba
ǨÏ≈
–
´ hsa
ǨÏÛù
–
hcha
ǨÏÎ
–
hta
Ǩσù
–
hbha
ǨϬ
–
hsa .
ǨÏ˚
–
hja
ǨÏ÷
–
htha
Ǩχ
–
hma
ǨÏû
–
hsa
Ǩ~°≠Ï
–
hjha
ǨÏÌ
–
hda
ǨϺ –
hya
Ǩϛ
–
hha
QÆ=∞xHõ V,&,}, Hõ,∆ é – D JHõ~∆ åÅ "˘`«∞Å Î ∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ "å_»∞HõÖ’ ÖË=Ù HÍ|\˜ì g\˜H˜ ã¨O|OkèOz# kfi`åfiHõ~∆ åÅ#∞ W=fiÖË^∞Œ . NOTE The vowel- consonant clusters for the Telugu letters viz., . ~ n, n, n, . ksha, r. are not given since they are not in much usage.
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Just try for yourself!
Write all the Vowels in Series
J – JO
Write all the Consonants in Series
Hõ – é
Write Gunintamulu for ha .
Write Vottulu for bh
48
(ǨÏ)
(Éè)í
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`≥Å∞QÆ∞ â◊|=Ì ∂Å
4
Telugu Vocabulary
Telugu Learning Kit Module 2
The Alpha Foundation Hyderabad, India
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4
4
C P Brown Academy
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Preface
Language, in a sense, is “man’s culminating cultural instrument.” It is a social institution. It is an expression of human spirit. Every language has its own set of vocabulary. And every word has its own sound. Indeed, words are more than sounds– - in the listener. For poets, words are vennelalo- -adukone- andamaina they emote bhava adapillalu – “beauteous belles playing about under the moonlight.”
.
.
Words are the accepted vehicles of new things, new ideas, new attitudes, or new points of view. Every practitioner of a language must acquire a fair understanding of words. No matter even if it is one’s mother-tongue, one can enjoy it more, only if he or she could see it from the inside – looking at the words with a feeling for them. This becomes feasible only when one knows what the symbol, the sound, the word stands for. And that is what this module aims at. It enables you to master the Telugu words through Roman script – all by yourself. This module launches you on the path of reading and writing Telugu words. It starts with two-lettered words graduating into multi-lettered words. This module is aimed at helping you learn to read Telugu words with an artist’s eye. It is hoped that by going through the module you would cultivate a better appreciation for your language. This shall make words look more than mere sounds. Once you cultivate this art of looking at words from inside, they no longer remain as mere denotations of emotions. They will rather ‘voice’ emotions. It is only then that the language becomes yours. It then simply becomes innate. Talking in Telugu then becomes a jingling of the “beauteous belles.” Once the taste is cultivated for your language – the sound and the feelings that the words emote – you are sure to be swayed by a newfound urge to learn more complex words and start conversation in Telugu – all with ease. If this happens, we shall feel that this initiative of C P Brown Academy has achieved its objective. Nonetheless, a book, just as a good teacher, can at best, direct, aid and encourage a learner but it is his or her effort that alone can make learning happen. We solicit feedback from the readers for making the module more learner-friendly.
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GRK Murty
4 3
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Transliteration Scheme of Telugu Alphabet
4
Vowels (JK«∞ÛÅ∞: Acculu)
J
P
W
D
L
T
a
–
i
i
u
u
|∞∞
*
Z
U
.lu
–
.lu
e
e–
X
F
B
JO
*
o
–
au
am.
ah.
.ru
–
ru .
S ai
*
*
|∞∂
o
Consonants (ǨÏÅ∞¡Å∞
4
–
:
Jó
Hallulu)
V V.
Hõ
Y
QÆ
Ѷ¨∞
k
kh
g
gh
K«
Kè«
[
~°≠
c
ch
j
jh
& ~
@
~î°
_»
_è»
}
t.
t.h
d.
dh .
n.
`«
^äŒ
^Œ
^èŒ
#
t
th
d
dh
n
Ѩ
Ѷ¨
|
Éèí
=∞
p
ph
b
bh
m
Ü«∞
~°
Å
à◊
=
y
r
l
l.
v
n n
â◊
+¨
ã¨
ǨÏ
Hõ∆
s´
s.
s
h
ksh
* Not in common use.
4
é r.
4
a
–
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Sachitra Aksharamala
4
ã¨z`„ « JHõ~∆ = ° ∂Å Alphabet with Illustrations a
J
amma
J=∞‡ mother a
P
avu
P=Ù
cow
W
4
illu
WÅ∞¡
4
i
house 5
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4D i
4
-iga
DQÆ
fly u
.
L
uduta
.
L_»∞`«
squirrel u
T
-uyala
TÜ«∞Å cradle
ru
|∞∞ 4
rusi . .
|∞∞+≤
4
.
sage 6
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4Z e
4
eluka
ZÅ∞Hõ rat
e
U
enugu
U#∞QÆ∞
elephant ai
S
aidu
S^ΰ five
X 4
onte .
XO>ˇ
4
o
camel 7
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4F o
4
oda .
F_» ship
au
B
ausadhamu .
B+¨^èŒ=Ú medicine
am
.
JO
ambaramu
JO|~°=Ú sky
.
Jó 4
duhkhamu .
^Œ∞óY=Ú grief
8
4
ah
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4Hõ ka
4
kanki
HõOH˜ spike
kha
Y
khadgamu .
Y_»æ=Ú sword
ga
QÆ
gampa
QÆOѨ basket
Ѷ¨∞ 4
ghatamu .
Ѷ¨∞@=Ú vessel
9
4
gha
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4.V n
4
vanmayamu .
"åV‡Ü«∞=Ú literature
ca
K«
cali
K«e chill
cha
Kè«
chatramu
Kè«„`«=Ú umbrella ja
jada .
[_»
4
[ 4
plait
10
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4~°≠ jha
4
jhasamu .
~°≠+¨=Ú fish
~
n
&
~
yajnamu
Ü«∞[˝=Ú ritual ta
.
@
tapa .
@áê post tha
~î° 4
kanthamu .
HõO~î°=Ú throat 11
4
.
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4._» da
4
dabba .
_»Éσ box
dha
.
_è»
dhanka .
_è»OHÍ
drum n
.
}
vina .
g}
musical instrument
`« 4
tala
`«Å
4
ta
head
12
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4^äŒ tha
4
rathamu
~°^äŒ=Ú chariot
da
^Œ
danda .
^ŒO_» garland
dha
^èŒ
dhanussu
^èŒ#∞ã¨∞û bow na
natta
#`«Î 4
# 4
snail 13
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4Ѩ pa
4
palaka
ѨÅHõ slate
pha
Ѷ¨
phalamu
Ѷ¨Å=Ú fruit ba
|
bandi .
|O_ç cart
Éèí 4
bhatudu . .
Éèí@∞_»∞ 4
bha
soldier 14
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4=∞ ma
4
manta .
=∞O@ flame
ya
Ü«∞
yantramu
Ü«∞O„`«=Ú machine ra
~°
ratnamu
~°`«fl=Ú
gem
Å 4
lata
Å`«
4
la
creeper
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4. à◊ la
4
talamu .
`åà◊=Ú lock
va
=
vala
=Å net
´ sa
â◊°
´ sankhamu
â◊OY=Ú conch
.
+¨ 4
mesamu .
"Õ∞+¨=Ú goat
16
4
sa
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4㨠sa
4
sanci
ã¨Oz bag
ha
ǨÏ
hamsa
ǨÏO㨠swan ksh
Hõ∆
vrukshamu .
=$Hõ∆=Ú tree
.
é 4
rampamu .
éOѨ=Ú saw 17
4
ra
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Ѩ^=Œ ÚŠѨiK«Ü∞« =Ú
- Introduction to Words
ala
ara
wave
shelf
adavi .
anasa
J_»q
J<åã¨
forest
pine apple
arati.
alasata .
anumati
plantain
tiresome
permission
JÅ
J~°
JÅã¨@ J#∞=∞u
J~°\˜
akulu
a t.a
aru
P@
P~°∞
P‰õΩÅ∞
game
six
leaves
akali
a s´ a
hunger
desire
- -´ akasamu
alayamu
PHõe
Pâ◊
PÅÜ« ∞ =Ú PHÍâ◊ = Ú 4 sky
4
temple
18
4
4
Padamula Paricayamu -
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4 ila
inti
earth
lady
isuka
inumu
Wã¨∞Hõ
W#∞=Ú
sand
iron
ituka .
itivala .
ivatala
brick
recently
this side
WOu
WÅ
W\©=Å W=`«Å
W@∞Hõ
ita
ikalu
D`«
DHõÅ∞
swim
feathers
- i n a d. u
-´ i s u d. u
today
God ´Siva
itacettu ..
- ilapata .
ite .
D>ˇ spear
D<å_»∞ Dâ◊√_»∞ D`«K≥@∞ì DÅáê@ toddy tree
whistling
4
4
19
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4
4 ukku
uli
Le
L‰õΩ¯
chistle
steel
urumu
ulavalu
L~°∞=Ú
LÅ=Å∞
thunder
horsegram
utuku
L`ǰ䛽
udayamu
L^ŒÜ«∞=Ú
wash
morning
u- r u
T~°∞
u d. a l u
u t.a
T_»Å∞
T@
village
spring
upiri
uha
TÑ≤i
TǨÏ
breath
guess
uragaya
u r a d. i m p u
ariel roots
T~°QÍÜ«∞ T~°_çOѨ٠pickle
consolation
4
4
20
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4 .rusi.
rukku .
sage
mantra
.rujuvu
.rutuvu
proof
season
|∞∞+≤
|∞∞‰õΩ¯
|∞∞A=Ù |∞∞`«∞=Ù
.rusabhamu .
.runamu .
bull
debt
|∞∞}=Ú
|∞∞+¨Éèí=Ú
emuka
era
eguru
Z~°
ZQÆ∞~°∞
Z=ÚHõ
bait
fly
bone
edari .
erupu
Z_®i
Z~°∞ѨÙ
desert
red
egumati
ekaramu
ZQÆ∞=∞u ZHõ~°=Ú export
acre of land
21
4
4
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eru
enugu
U~°∞
U#∞QÆ∞
river
elephant
elika
eruta .
UeHõ
U~°∞@
ruler
picking up
4
elakulu
edu .
etavalu .
U_»∞
U@"åÅ∞ UʼnõΩÅ∞
seven
slant
aite
- aidu rupayalu
aikyata
S`Õ
SHõº`«
but
unity
cardamom
S^Œ∞ ~°∂áêÜ«∞Å∞ five rupees
a i s´ w a r y a m u
Sâ◊fi~°º=Ú
wealth aihikamu
airavatamu
SÇ≤ÏHõ=Ú S~å=`«=Ú worldliness
white elephant
4
4
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4
4 onte .
odi .
camel
lap
odugu
okadu .
XO>ˇ
X_ç
XHõ_»∞
X^Œ∞QÆ∞
one man
adjust ontarivadu . .
oripidi .
XHõ\˜
XO@i"å_»∞ XiÑ≤_ç
one
lonely person
friction
okati.
F@q∞
FѨÙ
defeat
bear
opika
o s. a d h i
FÑ≤Hõ
o- t.u
opu
F@∞
vote
F+¨kè
patience
medicine
o d. a r e v u
onamalu
harbour
alphabet
4F_»ˆ~=Ù F#=∂Å∞ 23
4
o t.a m i
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4
aunu
aura
B#∞
B~å
yes
is it
4
aucityamu
Bz`«º=Ú aptness audaryamu
autu .
B^•~°º=Ú
B@∞
magnanimity
bomb anta
ancu
andamu
JO`å
JO^Œ=Ú
whole
beauty
antamu
ankitamu
JOK«∞ border
JO`«=Ú JOH˜`«=Ú end
dedication ambujamu lotus
4
4
JO|∞[=Ú 24
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4
antahsatruvu .´
4
JO`«óâ◊„`«∞=Ù internal enemy
antahkaranamu . .
JO`«óHõ~°}=Ú inner activity
antahkonamu . .
antahpuramu .
JO`«óHÀ}=Ú
JO`«óѨÙ~°=Ú
inner angle
inner chamber
kanda
kalamu
HõO^Œ
HõÅ=Ú
yam
pen
kadali .
k a d. u p u
sea
stomach
kanakamu
kavalalu
Hõ # Hõ = Ú 4 gold
Hõ_»=
pot
Hõ_»∞Ѩ٠Hõ=ÅÅ∞
twins
4
Hõ_»e
k a d. a v a
25
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4
kharidu
kharamu
Y~°=Ú
Ys^ΰ
ass
price
khagamu
kharjuramu
YQÆ=Ú
Y~°∂˚~°=Ú
bird
date
khani
khanijamu
Yx
Yx[=Ú
mine
gadi
mineral
gada
g a d. a p a
QÆ_»Ñ¨
QÆ^Œ
room
threshold
club
garika
gajamu
QÆiHõ
QÆ[=Ú
grass
elephant
g a r a.l a m u
gaganamu
QÆk
QÆ~°à◊=Ú
QÆQÆ#=Ú
poison
sky
4
4
4
26
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4
4
ghatana .
ghanamu
Ѷ¨∞@#
Ѷ¨∞#=Ú
incident
solid ghallumanu
Ѷ¨∞Å∞¡=∞#∞ ringing
- -
gharsanamu . .
ghantaravam .
ghatikudu . .
sound of the bell
capable person friction
Ѷ¨∞O\Ï~å=O Ѷ¨∞\˜‰õΩ_»∞ Ѷ¨∞~°¬}=Ú . v a- n m a y i
"åV‡~Ú
. v a- n m a y a m u
Goddess
"åV‡Ü«∞=Ú
Saraswati
literature -. v a n m a y a k a r u d. u
"åV‡Ü«∞HÍ~°∞_»∞
4
4
litterateur
27
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4
4 cali
caku
K«e
Kå‰õΩ
chill
pen knife
candanamu
caduvu
K«O^Œ#=Ú K«^Œ∞=Ù sandalwood
read
cakramu
campakamu
cakoramu
K«„Hõ=Ú
K«OѨHõ=Ú K«HÀ~°=Ú
wheel
flower
chandassu
chaya
chatrapati
Kè«O^Œã¨∞û Kè«„`«Ñ¨u prosody
square
KèåÜ«∞
´ sivaji
shadow
chalokti
Kè«Ö’H˜Î repartee chatrakamu mushroom
4
4
Kè«„`åHõ=Ú 28
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4
4
jama
jalamu
*Ï=∞
[Å=Ú
guava
water jayamu
[Ü«∞=Ú triumph jata
[`«
jagadamu .
jananamu
quarrel
birth
[QÆ_»=Ú [##=Ú
pair
jhankaramu jhamu
~°≠OHÍ~°=Ú
jhasamu .
~°≠Ï=Ú
~°≠+¨=Ú
time
fish
jharamu
jhanjha
humming
~°≠~°=Ú ~°≠O~°≠ mountain stream
storm
4
4 29
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4
~
sanjna
4
ã¨O[˝ symbol ~jnanam
*Ï˝#=Ú knowledge - ~ ajna
~vijnapana
P[˝
q*Ï˝Ñ¨#
command
request
tapa .
- tapakayalu .
takku .
@áê
@‰õΩ¯
post
@áêHÍÜ«∞Å∞
trick
crackers
takkari .
@Hõ¯i cunning fellow ´tankasala .
mint
4
4
@OHõâßÅ 30
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4
thivi .
- thana . .
4
~îå}Ï
sîq
police station
style
mithayi .
pathasala . ´
q∞~îå~Ú áê~î°âßÅ sweet pathamu .
school kanthamu .
áê~î°=Ú
HõO~î°=Ú
lesson
throat
dabbu .
dalu .
damarukamu .
_®Å∞
_»=∞~°∞Hõ=Ú
cash
shield
small drum
_»|∞ƒ
dambamu .
_»O|=Ú boasting dazanu .
12 pieces
4
4
_»[#∞ 31
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4
4
dhi .
_èô clash dhanka .
_è»OHÍ big drum
-
dhalamu .
dhammanu .
shield
blast
_è®=∞‡#∞
_è®Å=Ú
dharani .
^èŒ~°}˜ earth
venuvu .
karuna .
Hõ~°∞}
"Õ}∞=Ù
compassion
flute
kalyanamu .
HõàϺ}=Ú marriage abharanamu . ornament
4
4
PÉèí~°}=Ú 32
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4
4
tadu .
tata
`å_»∞
`å`«
rope
grand father
taruvu
tanaya
`«~°∞=Ù
`«#Ü«∞
tree
daughter
talupu
taragati
tarangamu
`«Å∞ѨÙ
`«~°QÆu `«~°OQÆ=Ú
door
class
wave
atithi
pathamu
katha
Jukä
Ѩ^äŒ=Ú
Hõ^äŒ
guest
way
story
rathamu
´ sapathamu
~°^äŒ=Ú
â◊Ѩ^äŒ=Ú
charriot
vow mathanamu churning
4
4
=∞^äŒ#=Ú 33
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4
dari
^Œ_ç
^•i
fence
way
danda .
danamu
^ŒO_»
^•#=Ú
garland
donation
dandanamu .
dantamu
^ŒO`«=Ú
^ŒO_»#=Ú
tooth
punishment
dhanuvu
dhara
^èŒ#∞=Ù
^è•~°
price
bow
stream
dhamani
dhanamu
^èŒ=∞x
^èŒ#=Ú
vein
money
dhavalamu .
dhagadhaga
dhara
^èŒ~°
4
dadi .
^èŒ=à◊=Ú ^èŒQÆ^èŒQÆ white
glittering
4
4
34
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4
4
nati.
nagalu
#\˜
#QÆÅ∞
actress
jewelry
nadaka .
naduma .
#_»Hõ
#_»∞=∞
walk
middle
nadavadi . .
nadireyi .
<åi
#_»=_ç
#_çˆ~~Ú
woman
conduct
midnight
nari
pani
padava .
padaka .
Ѩ_»Hõ
Ѩ_»=
work
bed
boat
palaka
pagalu
ѨÅHõ
ѨQÆÅ∞
slate
day
Ѩx
pagadamu . coral
4
4
ѨQÆ_»=Ú 35
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4
4
phalitamu .
phalakamu .
result
plate
phalgunudu . . .
-sitaphalamu .
arjuna
custard apple
Ѷe¨ `«=Ú Ñ¶¨ÅHõ=Ú Ñ¶Å¨ ∞æ}∞_»∞ ã‘`åѶŨ =Ú
phani . .
phalaharamu .
Ѷ¨}˜
Ѷ¨ÅǨ~°=Ú
snake
tiffin
badi .
basa
banti
|_ç
|ã¨
|Ou
school
accomodation
ball
balamu
bakamu
|Å=Ú
|Hõ=Ú
strength
crane
bandi .
balapamu
|O_ç
|ÅѨ=Ú
cart
slate pencil
4
4
36
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4
4
-
bhakti
bhala .
ÉèíàÏ
ÉèíH˜Î devotion
well done bhayamu
ÉèíÜ«∞=Ú fear
-
bhavanamu
bharincu
Éèí=#=Ú
ÉèíiOK«∞ ÉèíOQÆáê@∞
building
bear
bhangapatu . insult
mara
mandu
mancamu
=∞~°
=∞O^Œ∞
=∞OK«=Ú
screw
medicine
cot
manisi .
manavi
=∞x+≤
=∞#q
man
appeal
makutamu .
mayuramu
=∞‰õΩ@=Ú =∞Ü«¸~°=Ú peacock
4
4
crown
37
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4 yati
yamini
Ü«∞u
Ü«∂q∞x
sage
night
yamuna
4
yatnamu
Ü«∞=Ú# Ü«∞`«fl=Ú river Yamuna
effort yajamani
yagamu
yantramu
Ü«∂QÆ=Ú
Ü«∞O„`«=Ú Ü«∞[=∂x
ritual
machine
master raju
~°q
rani .
~å}˜
~åA
sun
queen
king
ranamu .
rasamu
battle
juice
ravi
~°}=Ú ~°ã¨=Ú rahadari high way
4
4
~°Ç¨Ï^•i 38
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4
lavangamu
Å=OQÆ=Ú clove
ÅHõ¯
ÖÏ=Ù
lac
fatty
lalana
lancamu
ÅÅ#
ÅOK«=Ú
woman
bribe
lavanamu .
langaru
salt
anchor
Å=}=Ú ÅOQÆ~°∞
galamu .
"Õà◊
QÆà◊=Ú
Ñ¨à‹§=ÚÅ∞
time
throat
plates
kalalu .
nalamu .
fine arts
tube
talapucevi .
saralamu .
key
simple
pallemulu ..
<åà◊=Ú
`åà◊ѨÙK≥q ã¨~°à◊=Ú
4
4
lavu
vela .
Hõà◊Å∞
4
lakka
39
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4
4
vana
vanamu
"å#
=#=Ú
rain
forest
vajramu
vankaya
=„[=Ú
=OHÍÜ«∞
diamond
brinjal
vari
vasantamu
=i
vantakamu .
=ã¨O`«=Ú =O@Hõ=Ú
paddy
spring
-
dish
´ sani
´ saramu
´ ´ sasi
â◊x
â◊~°=Ú
â◊t
saturn
arrow
moon
´ sakamu
´ sariramu
â◊Hõ=Ú
â◊s~°=Ú
era
body
-
´ satakamu
hundred verses
4
4
â◊`«Hõ=Ú 40
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4
4 sasti . ..
satkamu . .
sixty
six folded
+¨@¯=Ú
+¨+≤ì
sanmukhudu . . .
+¨}∞‡Y∞_»∞ six faced lord satpadamu . .
+¨_»∞ƒù[=Ú
saddakudu . . ..
+¨_»¤‰õΩ_»∞ +¨¨@Ê^Œ=Ú
hexagon
co-brother
insect
sadbhujamu . .
sabha
sari
sagamu
ã¨Éèí
ã¨i
ã¨QÆ=Ú
court
equal
half
santa
samaramu
ã¨O`«
ã¨=∞~°=Ú
market
war
sahajamu
samajamu
ã¨Ç¨Ï[=Ú ã¨=∂[=Ú
natural
society
4
4
41
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-
hani
hamsa
Ǩx
ǨÏOã¨
harm
swan
harini .
hasyamu
ǨÏi}˜
Ǩ㨺=Ú
deer
humour
halamu
haritamu
ǨÏÅ=Ú
ǨÏi`«=Ú
plough
green
kshama
Hõ∆=∞
4
kshanamu .
Hõ∆}=Ú
patience
moment
kshayamu
Hõ∆Ü«∞=Ú decrease
-
bhikshagadu .
4
Hõ∆`«=Ú
aèHõ∆QÍ_»∞
wound
beggar
42
4
kshatamu
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4
eruka .
ceraku .
Zé∞Hõ
K≥é‰õΩ
knowledge
sugarcane
4
ceruvu .
K≥é∞=Ù pond errarayi ..
marricettu .. ..
=∞é˜]K≥@∞ì
Zé]~å~Ú
banyan tree
red stone
gorrepalu ..
Q˘éˇ]áêÅ∞ ewe milk
gurramu ..
éOѨѨÙHÀ`«
QÆ∞é]=Ú
torture
horse
4
4
rampapukota .
43
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4
Kathina Padamulu .
Hõi#î Ѩ^=Œ ÚÅ∞ - Difficult Words
indradhanussu
WO„^Œ^èŒ#∞ã¨∞û
4
adhyayanamu
adhyakshudu .
J^茺ܫ∞#=Ú
J^茺‰õ∆Ω_»∞
study
president
agraganyudu . .
anvesana . .
J„QÆQÆ}∞º_»∞
J<Õfi+¨}
topper
search
rainbow
-
arohanamu .
Pk`«∞º_»∞
P~ÀǨÏ}=Ú
sun
ascent
- ´- asirvadamu
adhyatmikamu
Pj~åfi^Œ=Ú
P^蕺u‡Hõ=Ú
blessing
spirituality
ilavelupu
istaistamulu .. ..
WÅ"ÕÅ∞ѨÙ
Wëêì~Ú+¨ì=ÚÅ∞
family god
likes and dislikes
indradhanussu
ihalokamu
WO„^Œ^èŒ#∞ã¨∞û
WǨÏÖ’Hõ=Ú
rainbow
material world
-
44
4
4
- -
adityudu .
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4
4
-irsya
.
D~°¬º jealousy
-isanyamu ´-
Dâß#º=Ú northeast
Iswarudu ´
Dâ◊fi~°∞._»∞ ´ Lord Siva
-itakolanu
Dâ◊fi~°∞_»∞
D`« H˘Å#∞
´ Lord Siva
swimming pool
utkantha .
utpatti
L`«¯O~î°
L`«ÊuÎ
suspense
production
udyanavanamu
udbhavincu
L^•º#=#=Ú
L^ŒƒùqOK«∞
park
araise
udarangu
-
urdhvalokamu
T^•~°OQÆ∞
T~°÷°úfiÖ’Hõ=Ú
violet colour
upper world
.
4
45
4
-Iswarudu ´
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4
4 -
.runagrastudu . .
.rusyasramamu . ´
|∞∞}„QÆã¨∞Î_»∞
|∞∞ë꺄â◊=∞=Ú
debtor
hermitage
.rusabhadhvajudu . .
|∞∞+¨Éèí^èŒfiA_»∞ ´ Lord Siva
endrakaya .
ZO„_»HÍÜ«∞ crab
-. egatali
ZxflHõÅ∞
ZQÆ`åo
elections
ridicule
edurkonu
endrakaya .
Z^Œ∞~˘¯#∞
ZO„_»HÍÜ«∞
face
crab
-elika
- ekantamu
UeHõ
UHÍO`«=Ú
ruler
solitary
- ekagrata
ekibhavincu
UHÍ„QÆ`«
UH©ÉèíqOK«∞
concentration
agree
--
46
4
4
ennikalu
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4
4
aikyamu
aikamatyamu
SHõº=Ú
SHõ=∞`«º=Ú
union
unity ´ aiswaryamu
Sâ◊fi~°º=Ú oddanamu .. .
wealth
X_®¤}=Ú
waist ornament
ottu ..
oppandamu
X@∞ì
XѨÊO^Œ=Ú
vow
agreement
oppukolu
-
oddanamu .. .
XѨCHÀÅ∞
X_®¤}=Ú
willingness
waist ornament
orpu
-
-ojassu
F~°∞Ê
F[ã¨∞û
patience
splendour
- -
ondrapettu . ..
FÅÖÏ_»∞
FO„_»ÃÑ@∞ì
sport in water
bray
47
4
4
-
olaladu .
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4
4 aucityamu
Bz`«º=Ú suitability
outsukamu
B`«∞ûHõ=Ú angulikamu .
anxiety
JOQÆ∞mHõ=Ú ring
angusthamu ..
angarakshakudu .
JOQÆ∞+¨ª=Ú
JOQÆ~°Hõ∆‰õΩ_»∞
thumb
bodyguard
-
andhakaramu
JOQÆ∞mHõ=Ú
JO^èŒHÍ~°=Ú
ring
darkness
antahprakruti . .
manahpurvakamu .
JO`«ó„ѨHõ$u
=∞#óѨÓ~°fiHõ=Ú
inner nature
whole-heartedness
usahkalamu . .
L+¨óHÍÅ=Ú dawn
48
4
4
angulikamu .
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4
kayyamu
´ karkasamu
HõÜ«∞º=Ú
Hõ~°¯â◊=Ú
quarrel
cruelity
kanuguddu ..
kathinamu .
Hõ#∞QÆ∞_»∞¤
Hõiî#=Ú
eye ball
hard
Ganeswarudu . . ´
QÆ}Ëâ◊fi~°∞_»∞
Lord Ganapati .
khayamu
YÅ∞_»∞
MÏÜ«∞=Ú
bad man
certain
khinnamu
mukhadvaramu
d#fl=Ú
=ÚY^•fi~°=Ú
grief
portal
garvamu
gardabhamu
QÆ~°fi=Ú
QÍ~°ÌÉèí=Ú
pride
ass
guptanidhi
Ganeswarudu . . ´
QÆ∞ѨÎxkè
QÆ}Ëâ◊fi~°∞_»∞
hidden treasure
Lord Ganapati .
49
4
4
-
khaludu .
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4
-
Caturmukhudu .
-
4
ghranamu .
ghoramu
„Ѷ¨∂}=Ú
Ѷ¨∞’~°=Ú
smell
awful
ghrutamu .
ghinkarincu
Ѷ¨∞$`«=Ú
Ѷ‘∞OHõiOK«∞
ghee
trumpet
-
K«`«∞~°∞‡Y∞_»∞
Lord Brahma
.
vanmayakarudu .
"åV‡Ü«∞HÍ~°∞_»∞ litterateur
-
Caturmukhudu .
carmakarudu .
K«`«∞~°∞‡Y∞_»∞
K«~°‡HÍ~°∞_»∞
Lord Brahma
cobler
curnamu .
camatkaramu
K«∂~°‚=Ú
K«=∞`å¯~°=Ú
powder
repartee
-
4
-
chinnabhinnamu
KèÕ^Œ=Ú
zè<åflaè#fl=Ú
cutting
helter-skelter
50
4
-
chedamu
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4
4
-
-
jirnamu .
janmabhumi
r~°‚=Ú
[#‡Éèí∂q∞
digestion
native place
- jivanopadhi
-
- ´jivasastramu
r=<Àáêkè
r=âßG=Ú
livelihood
biology
- - ~ maharajni
=∞Ǩ~ål˝ queen
-
jhasaketanudu . .
jhanjhamarutamu
~°≠+¨ˆH`«#∞_»∞
~°≠O~°≠Ï=∂~°∞`«=Ú
cupid
stormy wind
pratijna
prajnudu .
„Ѩu[˝
„áêA˝_»∞
vow
learned man
~
~
-maharajni
manojnamu
=∞Ǩ~ål˝
=∞<À[˝=Ú
queen
delight
~
4
4
~
51
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-
.tenkaya
takkari .
>ˇOHÍÜ«∞
@Hõ¯i
coconut
cunning
-
damarukamu .
.tippusultan
.tippani.
\˜Ñ¨Cã¨∞ÖÏÎ<£
\˜Ñ¨Ê}˜
tippusultan
commentary
4
_»=∞~°∞Hõ=Ú drum
kathinamu .
Ѩ~î°#=Ú
Hõiî#=Ú
read
hard
pratistha ..
- kagitamu thavu .
„Ѩu+¨ª
~îå=Ù HÍy`«=Ú
reputation
sheet of paper
dokku .
dolla .
_˘‰õΩ¯
_˘Å¡
useless
hallow
damarukamu .
-dolayamanamu .
_»=∞~°∞Hõ=Ú
_ÀÖÏÜ«∞=∂#=Ú
drum
wavering
-
52
4
4
pathanamu .
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4
4
-
- -
gadhanidra .
asadhamu .
QÍ_è»x„^Œ
Pëê_è»=Ú
sound sleep
name of a month
nigudhamu .
drudhatvamu .
xQÆ∂_è»=Ú
^Œ$_è»`«fi=Ú
hidden
sturdiness
gadhanidra .
QÍ_è»x„^Œ
sound sleep
rakshana .
grahanamu .
~°Hõ∆}
„QÆǨÏ}=Ú
defence
eclipse
4
kshanamu .
"å}˜[º=Ú
Hõ∆}=Ú
commerce
moment
tiraskaramu
tirthayatra
u~°™ê¯~°=Ú
f~°÷Ü«∂„`«
rejection
pilgrimage
tappidamu
tatvamu
`«Ñ≤Ê^Œ=Ú
`«`«Îfi=Ú
mistake
philosophy
-
53
-
4
-
vanijyamu .
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Tathagatudu .
4
´ sithilamaina
Tathagatudu .
tkäÅ"≥∞ÿ#
`«^ä•QÆ`«∞_»∞
dilapidated
Lord Buddha
-tarapathamu -
yathatathamu
`å~åѨ^äŒ=Ú
Ü«∞^ä•`«^äŒ=Ú
zodiac
as it is
-
`«^ä•QÆ`«∞_»∞
Lord Buddha
digbandhamu
^•`«$`«fi=Ú
kQƃO^èŒ=Ú
generosity
beleaguering
-
-
dirghayuvu
duradrustamu . ..
n~å…Ü«Ú=Ù
^Œ∞~°^Œ$+¨ì=Ú
long life
misfortune
dhanyamu
dharmasatramu
^è•#º=Ú
^èŒ~°‡ã¨„`«=Ú
grain
choultry
-
4
dhyanamu
dhvanyanukaranamu .
^蕺#=Ú
^èŒfi#º#∞Hõ~°}=Ú
meditation
mimicry
54
4
datrutvamu .
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4
4 -
nirodhincu
natyamu .
x~ÀkèOK«∞
<å@º=Ú
obstruct
dance
namaskaramu
nirnayamu .
#=∞™ê¯~°=Ú
x~°‚Ü«∞=Ú
salutation
decision
natyamu .
<å@º=Ú dance
pariskaramu .
Ѩ~°=∂`«‡
Ѩiëê¯~°=Ú
Supreme Spirit
settlement
parthasarathi
´ - pascattapamu
áê~°÷™ê~°kè
ѨâßÛ`åÎѨ=Ú
Lord Krishna
repentance
phanisayi . ´
- phalanetramu
Ѷ¨}˜âß~Ú
á¶êÅ<Õ„`«=Ú
Lord Visnu .
the eye on forehead
praphullamu
phalitamu
„ѨѶ¨ÙÅ¡=Ú
Ѷ¨e`«=Ú
blossom
result
55
4
4
paramatma
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4
4
buddhimantudu .
bauddhamatamu
|∞kú=∞O`«∞_»∞ É∫^Œú=∞`«=Ú wise person
buddhism
-
-
brahmanandamu
bahiskaramu .
„|Ǩ‡#O^Œ=Ú |Ç≤Ïëê¯~°=Ú ecstasy
matsyamu
expulsion
=∞`«û º=Ú fish
-
bhallukamu
bhaskarudu .
ÉèíÅ∂¡Hõ=Ú
ÉèÏ㨯~°∞_»∞
bear
Sun
- - -
bhagyavantudu .
ÉèÏO_®QÍ~°=Ú
ÉèÏQƺ=O`«∞_»∞
treasury
rich man
matsyamu
mastiskamu .
=∞`«ûº=Ú
=∞ã≤Î+¨¯=Ú
fish
brain
mahendrudu .
madhyahnamu
=∞¿ÇÏO„^Œ∞_»∞
=∞^蕺ǨÏfl=Ú
Lord Indra
midday
-
56
4
4
-
bhandagaramu .
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4
4
yauvanamu
yogyata
Ü«∞ø=#=Ú
Ü≥∂Qƺ`«
youth
eligibility
yathakramamu
yajurvedamu
Ü«∞^ä•„Hõ=∞=Ú
Ü«∞Aˆ~fi^Œ-=-Ú
-
rajagruhamu . one of the vedas ~å[QÆ $ǨÏ=Ú
as usual
palace
-
radduceyu
~°∞QƇ`«
~°^Œ∞ÌKÕÜ«Ú
illness
cancel
radheyudu .
- -
rajagruhamu .
~å^èÕÜ«Ú_»∞
~å[QÆ$ǨÏ=Ú
Karna .
palace
- lokokti
lakshyapettu ..
Ö’HÀH˜Î
ÅHõ∆ºÃÑ@∞ì
proverb
care
-
4
lakshmipati
vilakshanamu .
ÅH©;Ѩu
qÅHõ∆}=Ú
Lord Visnu ..
elegant feature
57
4
rugmata
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4
´ sirassu
gollemu ..
kallemu ..
Q˘à‹§=Ú
Hõà‹§=Ú
bolt
rein
parimalamu .
- kalaratri .
Ѩi=∞à◊=Ú
HÍà◊~å„u
fragrance
nightmare
4
t~°ã¨∞û head
-
vastavamu
vijrumbhincu .
"åã¨Î==Ú
q[$OaèOK«∞
truth
enrage
-
4
vajrayudhamu
"å~°úHõº=Ú
=„*ÏÜ«Ú^èŒ=Ú
old age
indra’s weapon
´ satruvu
´ sirassu
â◊„`«∞=Ù
t~°ã¨∞û
enemy
head
´ suddhamu
´ saradrutuvu .
â◊√^Œú=Ú
â◊~°^Œ$`«∞=Ù
purity
autumn
58
4
-
vardhakyamu
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4.
4
puspamu
Visnuvu ..
ѨÙ+¨Ê=Ú
q+¨µ‚=Ù
flower
Lord Visnu ..
puskalamu .
puskarini . .
ѨÙ+¨¯Å=Ú
ѨÙ+¨¯i}˜
plenty
pond
puspamu .
ѨÙ+¨Ê=Ú flower
sangramamu
ã¨OѶ¨∞=Ú
ã¨O„QÍ=∞=Ú
society
war
satkarincu
sankalpamu
ã¨`«¯iOK«∞
ã¨OHõÅÊ=Ú
honour
determination
harsamu .
hrdayamu .
ǨÏ~°¬=Ú
ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∞=Ú
joy
heart
´ himasailamu
hiranyamu .
Ç≤Ï=∞â‹·Å=Ú
Ç≤Ï~°}º=Ú
Himalayan mountain
gold
59
4
4
sanghamu
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4
-
-
kshetramu
kshiramu
ˆH∆„`«=Ú
H©∆~°=Ú
field
milk
4
-
kshemamu
ˆH∆=∞=Ú safe
marricettu .. ..
=∞é˜]K≥@∞ì
banyan tree
4
verrivadu .. .
|∞é]g∞™êÅ∞
"≥é˜]"å_»∞
broad moustaches
mad man
tiyyani ceruku .
karrasamu ..
uÜ«∞ºx K≥é∞‰õΩ
Hõé]™ê=Ú
sweet sugarcane
martial art with stick
erra .. samudram
marricettu .. ..
Zé] ã¨=Ú„^ŒO
=∞é˜]K≥@∞ì
red sea
banyan tree
-.. jerri kalla ..
jadala . barre ..
HÍà◊§ *ˇé˜]
[_»Å |éˇ]
centeped
yak
60
4
--
burramisalu ..
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HÍÅ=∂#=Ú -Time Scale
udayamu
L^ŒÜ«∞=Ú :
k s h a n. a k a- l a m u Hõ∆}HÍÅ=Ú : second
morning
ardharatri
J~°÷~å„u :
n i m u s. a m u
pagalu
x=Ú+¨=Ú : minute g a n t.a QÆO@ : hour
dinamu
ѨQÆÅ∞ : k#=Ú :
day time day
"å~°=Ú :
early morning morning
m a d h y a- h n a m u =∞^蕺ǨÏfl=Ú : midday
<≥Å :
s a- y a m k a- l a m u
ayanamu
™êÜ«∞OHÍÅ=Ú :
nela
4
month
JÜ«∞#=Ú :
evening
ratri
~å„u :
week
pakshamu ѨHõ∆=Ú : fortnight
udayamu
L^ŒÜ«∞=Ú :
midnight
v -a r a m u
v e- k u v a j h -a m u
"Õ‰õΩ=*Ï=Ú :
4
six month-period
samvatsaramu ã¨O=`«û~°=Ú : year
night
p u s. k a r a m u
ѨÙ+¨¯~°=Ú : 61
12 year-period
4
4
-
Kalamanamu -
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4
Yugamulu (4) - Ü«ÚQÆ=ÚÅ∞ (4)
- Eras (4)
4
- Hõ$`«ÜÚ« QÆ=Ú : 17 ÅHõÅ∆ 28 "ÕÅ∞
krtayugamu .
17 lakhs 28 thousand year - period of time
--
- „`Õ`åÜ«ÚQÆ=Ú : 12 ÅHõÅ∆ 96 "ÕÅ∞
tretayugamu
12 lakhs 96 thousand year - period of time
dwaparayugamu
- ^•fiѨ~°Ü«ÚQÆ=Ú : 8 ÅHõ∆Å 64 "ÕÅ∞
8 lakhs 64 thousand year - period of time kaliyugamu
- HõeÜ«ÚQÆ=Ú : 4 ÅHõÅ∆ 32 "ÕÅ∞
4 lakhs 32 thousand year - period of time
Rutuvulu .
|∞∞`«∞=ÙÅ∞ (6) : Seasons (6)
varsarutuvu .
=~°¬ |∞∞`«∞=Ù : rainy season ´ saradrutuvu .
vasantarutuvu .
: spring
â◊~°^Œ$`«∞=Ù
-
4=~°¬ .|∞∞`«. ∞=Ù
of winter
hemantarutuvu .
grismarutuvu . .
„w+¨‡ |∞∞`«∞=Ù
: begining
: summer
¿ÇÏ=∞O`« |∞∞`«∞=Ù : winter ´ ´ . sisirarutuvu
varsarutuvu
: rainy
season
tt~° |∞∞`«∞=Ù 62
: autumn
4
=ã¨O`« |∞∞`«∞=Ù
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Names of the Telugu Years
„ѨÉèí= : p r a b h a v a qÉèí= : v i b h a v a â◊√Hõ¡ : s´u k l a „Ѩ"≥∂^Œ∂`« : p r a m o- d u- t a „Ѩ*’`«ÊuÎ : prajotpatti - POw~°ã¨ : angirasa N=ÚY : s r-i m u k h a ÉèÏ= : b h a- v a Ü«Ú= : y u v a ^è•`«∞ : d h a- t u Dâ◊fi~° : -i s´w a r a |Ǩï^è•#º : bahudhanya „Ѩ=∂k : p r a m a- d i q„Hõ=∞ : v i k r a m a =$+¨ : v .r s. a z„`«ÉèÏ#∞ : citrabhanu ã¨fiÉèÏ#∞ : s w a b h a- n u `å~°} : t a- r a n. a áêi÷= : parthiva =ºÜ«∞ : v y a y a ã¨~°fil`«∞Î : sarvajittu
4
ã¨~°fi^è•i : sarvadhari q~Àkè : virodhi qHõ$u : vikrti . Y~° : khara #O^Œ# : n a n d a n a q[Ü«∞ : vijaya [Ü«∞ : jaya =∞#‡^äŒ : manmatha ^Œ∞~°∞‡d : d u r m u k h i ¿ÇÏ=à◊Oa : hevalambi . qà◊Oa : vilambi . qHÍi : vikari ´âß~°fii : sarvari Ѩ¡= : plava ´ â◊√ÉèíHõ$`«∞ : subhakrtu . ´ â’ÉèíHõ$`«∞ : sobhakrtu . „HÀkè : krodhi ´ qâßfi=ã¨∞ : viswavasu 63
4
`≥Å∞QÆ∞ ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ ¿Ñ~°∞¡
Ѩ~åÉèí= : parabhava Ѩ¡=OQÆ : p l a v a n g a H©ÅHõ : kilaka ™œ=∞º : s a u m y a ™ê^è•~°} : s a- d h a- r a n. a q~À^èŒHõ$`«∞ : virodhakrtu . - Ѩs^è•q : paridhavi „Ѩ=∂nK« : p r a m a- d-i c a P#O^Œ : a- n a n d a ~åHõ∆㨠: r a- k s h a s a #Å : nala Ñ≤OQÆà◊ : pingala . HÍà◊Ü«ÚH˜Î : kalayukti . ã≤^•úi÷ : siddharthi ~“„k : raudri ^Œ∞~°‡u : durmati ^Œ∞O^Œ∞aè : d u n d u b h i - ~°∞kè~À^•æi : rudhirodgari ~°HÍÎH˜∆ : raktakshi „HÀ^èŒ# : k r o- d h a n a JHõ∆Ü«∞ : a k s h a y a
4
4
Telugu samvastaramula perlu -
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Pakshamulu: 2 -
ѨHõ∆=ÚÅ∞ : 2 - Fortnights: 2
´ Suklapakshamu: â◊√Hõ¡ ѨHõ∆=Ú: (from 1st day to fullmoon day) ´ Suklapaksha Tithulu: 15 - â◊√Hõ¡Ñ¨Hõ∆ u^äŒ∞Å∞: 15
´ suddha padyami .
â◊√^Œú áê_»ºq∞
´ suddha astami ..
: 1st
â◊√^Œú J+¨ìq∞
day after full moonday
â◊√^Œú #=q∞ : 2nd
â◊√^Œú ^Œâq◊ ∞ : 3rd
´ suddha
day
´ suddha caviti
â◊√^Œú K«qu
´ suddha
day
´ suddha pancami
â◊√^Œú ѨOK«q∞ : 5th ´ suddha .sasthi .. â◊√^Œú +¨+≤ª : 6th : 7th
day
´ suddha
day
: 10th
day
: 11th
day
: 12th
day
: 13th
day
- ´ dwadasi
â◊√^Œú ^•fi^Œt
- ´ trayodasi
â◊√^Œú „`«Ü∂≥ ^Œt day
´ suddha caturdasi´
day
â◊√^Œú K«`«∞~°Ìt p a u r n. a m i áœ~°‚q∞
´ suddha saptami
4â◊√^Œú ã¨ÑΨq∞
-ekadasi - ´
â◊√^Œú UHÍ^Œt : 4th
: 9th
´ ´ suddha dasami
day
´ suddha tadiya
â◊√^Œú `«kÜ«∞
day
´ suddha navami
´ suddha vidiya
â◊√^Œú qkÜ«∞
: 8th
4
: 14th
: fullmoon day
64
day
4
4
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Hõ$+¨‚ѨHõ∆=Ú: (from 1st day to newmoon Krishnapaksha Tithulu: 15 - Hõ$+¨‚ѨHõ∆ u^äŒ∞Å∞ : 15 .. .
Krishnapakshamu
bahula . padyami .
day)
4
bahula . astami ..
|Ǩïà◊ J+¨ìq∞ : 8th day bahula . navami |Ǩïà◊ #=q∞ : 9th day ´ bahula . dasami |Ǩïà◊ ^Œâq◊ ∞ : 10th day - ´ bahula . -ekadasi |Ǩïà◊ UHÍ^Œt : 11th day bahula . dwadasi´ |Ǩïà◊ ^•fi^Œt : 12th day - ´ bahula . trayodasi |Ǩïà◊ „`«Ü∂≥ ^Œt : 13th day bahula . caturdasi´ |Ǩïà◊ K«`∞« ~°tÌ : 14th day
|Ǩïà◊ áê_»ºq∞ : 1st
day after newmoon day
bahula . vidiya
|Ǩïà◊ qkÜ«∞ : 2nd day bahula . tadiya |Ǩïà◊ `«kÜ«∞ : 3rd day bahula . caviti |Ǩïà◊ K«qu : 4th day bahula . pancami |Ǩïà◊ ѨOK«q∞ : 5th day bahula . .sasthi .. |Ǩïà◊ +¨+ª≤ : 6th day bahula . saptami |Ǩïà◊ ã¨ÑΨ q∞ : 7th day
4
a m a- v a- s y a
J=∂"å㨺
: newmoon day
65
4
4 .. .
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4
Telugu Nelalu
English Nelalu
`≥Å∞QÆ∞ <≥ÅÅ∞
WOw¡+µ¨ <≥ÅÅ∞ English Months
Telugu Months
K≥·„`«=Ú
:
janavari
caitramu
[#=i :
´vaisakhamu
*˺+¨ì=Ú
:
jyestamu
=∂iÛ
Pëê_è»=Ú
: - asadhamu . . : ´sravanamu .
U„Ñ≤Öò
„âß=}=Ú ÉèÏ„^ŒÑ¨^Œ=Ú
:
"≥·âßY=Ú
4
: january
phibravari
Ѷ≤„|=i
: february
m a- r c i
..
: march
epril
: april
may
"Õ∞
bhadrapadamu
: may
-
june
Jâ◊fiÜ«Ú[=Ú : a- s´w a y u j a m u
E<£
: june
-
july
- : kartikamu
=∂~°æt~°=Ú
- ´ : margasiramu
ѨÙ+¨º=Ú
:
=∂Ѷ¨∞=Ú
: maghamu
á¶êÅ∞æ}=Ú
:
4
EÖˇ· a g a s..t u PQÆ+¨µì s e p t.e m b a r u ÃãÃÑìO|~°∞ octobaru . JHÀì|~°∞
pusyamu .
: july : august : september : october
navambaru
phalgunamu .
#=O|~°∞
: november
disembaru
_çÃãO|~°∞ 66
: december
4
HÍsÎHõ=Ú
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-´ Rasulu Signs of Zodiac
-
4 "å~°=ÚÅ∞ -
~åâ◊√Å∞ -
Varamulu Week Days
12 11
2
10
3
9
4 5
8
1 . m e- s. a m u 2.
-
a d i v a- r a m u
:
4.
:
monday
:
gemini cancer leo
:
virgo
:
libra
:
scorpio
:
sagittarius
:
capricorn
‰õΩ-OÉèí=Ú
:
aquarius
g∞#=Ú
:
pisces
7 . tula
:
wednesday 8.
:
`«∞Å vrscikamu .´ =$tÛHõ=Ú
9 . dhanussu
thursday
^èŒ#∞ã¨∞û 10. makaramu
:
=∞Hõ~°=Ú
friday
11. kumbhamu
s´a n i v -a r a m u
4â◊x"å~°=Ú
taurus
:
Hõ#º
s´u k r a v a r a m u
â◊√„Hõ"å~°=Ú
aries
6. kanya
tuesday
g u r u v a- r a m u
QÆ∞~°∞"å~°=Ú
q∞^äŒ∞#=Ú : k a r k a.t a k a m u Hõ~å¯@Hõ=Ú : ã≤OǨÏ=Ú
b u d h a v -a r a m u
|∞^èŒ"å~°=Ú
"Õ∞+¨=Ú : v.. rsabhamu =$+¨Éèí=Ú :
5. simhamu
m a n g a l a v a- r a m u
. =∞OQÆà◊"å~°=Ú
6
3 . mithunamu
sunday
s o m a v a- r a m u
™È=∞"å~°=Ú
7
:
12. minamu
saturday
67
4
Pk"å~°=Ú
4
1
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4
- Dikkulu
4
8 k‰õΩ¯Å∞ - 8 Directions `«∂~°∞Ê
PˆQflÜ«∞=Ú
Dâß#º=Ú
L`«Î~°
^ŒH˜∆}=Ú "åÜ«∞=º=Ú
<≥·~°∞u Ѩ_»=∞~°
-
-
`«∂~°∞Ê p a d. a m a r a Ѩ_»=∞~°
:
PˆQflÜ«∞=Ú
east
:
southeast
:
southwest
:
northwest
:
northeast
nairuti
:
west
<≥·~°∞u v a- y a v y a m u
uttaramu
north
"åÜ«∞=º=Ú - ´isanyamu
south
Dâß#º=Ú
Rangulu nalupu
#Å∞ѨÙ
~°OQÆ∞Å∞ - Colours -
cilakakupacca
: black
zÅH͉õΩѨK«Û b u- d. i d a |∂_ç^Œ
telupu
`≥Å∞ѨÙ
: white
gulabi
erupu
Z~°∞ѨÙ
: red : yellow
QÆ∞ÖÏa k a- s. a y a m HÍëêÜ«∞O
: blue
T^•
: green
<åiO[
pasupu
Ѩã¨∞Ѩ٠-
u- d -a
nilamu
hÅ=Ú akupacca
P‰õΩѨK«Û
narinja
68
: parrot
green
: ash : pink : saffron : violet
4
L`«Î~°=Ú : d a k s h i n. a m u ^ŒH˜∆}=Ú :
4
-
agneyamu
turpu
: orange
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4
Nakshatramulu 27-
#Hõ∆„`«=ÚÅ∞ 27
- Lunar Stars 27
-
a s´w a n i
-
Jâ◊fix
makha
-
=∞Y
mula
b h a .r a n i
-
Éèí~°}˜
pubba
-
ѨÙ|ƒ
p u r v a .s a d. h a -
krittika .
-
Hõ$uÎHõ
uttara
-
L`«Î~°
rohini .
-
~ÀÇ≤Ï}˜
hasta
-
mrgasira . ´
-
=∞$QÆt~°
citta
-
-
P~°∞„^Œ
swati
punarvasu -
ѨÙ#~°fiã¨∞
v i s´a k h a
p u s. y a m i
-
ѨÙ+¨ºq∞
-
Pâı¡+¨
arudra
4
a- s´l -e .s a
=¸Å
- - -
ѨÓ~åfiëê_è»
uttarasadha .
- -
L`«Î~åëê_è»
ǨÏã¨Î
s´r a v a n a m
-
„â◊=}O
-
z`«Î
dhanistha ..
-
^èŒx+¨ª
-
-
™êfiu
s´a t a b h i.s a m u -
â◊`«aè+¨=Ú
-
-
qâßY
p u- r v -a b h -a d r a -
ѨÓ~åfiÉèÏ„^Œ
anuradha -
J#∂~å^èŒ
uttarabhadra -
L`«Î~åÉèÏ„^Œ
jyestha ..
*˺+¨ª
revati
ˆ~=u
--
-
-
-
4
-
-
4
69
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Hõâ◊ºÑ¨Ù_»∞ : J„u : Éèí~°^•fiA_»∞ :
k a s´y a p u d. u
qâßfiq∞„`«∞_»∞ : atri Q“`«=Ú_»∞ : b h a r a d w a- j u d. u [=∞^Œyfl : ´ . . =ã≤+¨µª_»∞ : vasisthudu
Navagrahamulu -
S u- r y u d. u C a n d r u d. u
A n g a- r a k u d. u B u d h u d. u Brhaspati . ´ Sukrudu
4
ã¨Ñ| Ψ ∞∞+¨µÅ∞ - The seven .rusis .
.
S´a n a i s´c a r u d. u R a- h u v u K e- t u v u
4
´ viswamitrudu .
g a u t a m u d. u j a m a d. a g n i
#=„QÇÆ Ï¨ =ÚÅ∞: Names of 9 planets
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ã¨∂~°∞º_»∞ K«O„^Œ∞_»∞ JOQÍ~°‰õΩ_»∞ |∞^èŒ∞_»∞ |$ǨÏã¨Êu â◊√„‰õΩ_»∞ â◊<≥·â◊Û~°∞_»∞ ~åǨï=Ù ˆH`«∞=Ù 70
-
Sun Moon Mars Mercury Jupiter Venus Saturn Dragon’s head Dragon’s tail
4
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Saptarusulu . . -
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Navaratnamulu
- #=~°`«fl=ÚÅ∞ - The nine gems
vajramu
-
v a i d. -u r y a m u
-
g o- m e- d h i k a m u
-
p u s. y a r -a g a m u
-
marakatamu
-
m a-n. i k y a m u
-
nilamu
-
p a g a d. a m u
-
mutyamu
-
-
Navadhanyamulu
=„[=Ú "≥·_∂» ~°º=Ú QÀ"Õ∞kèHõ=Ú Ñ¨Ù+¨º~åQÆ=Ú =∞~°Hõ`«=Ú =∂}˜Hõº=Ú hÅ=Ú Ñ¨QÆ_»=Ú =Ú`«º=Ú
-
diamond
-
cat’s eye
4
zirconium topaz emerald ruby sapphire coral pearl
- #=^è•#º=ÚÅ∞ - The nine varieties of grains
godhumalu - QÀ^è Œ ∞ =∞Å∞ - wheat =_» ∞ ¡ - paddy anumulu - J#∞=ÚÅ∞ - rajmagram ulavalu - LÅ=Å∞ - horsegram kandulu - Hõ O ^Œ ∞ Å∞ - redgram pesalu - ÃÑ㨠Š∞ - greengram ´ - â◊ # QÆ Å ∞ - bengalgram minumulu - q∞#∞=ÚÅ∞ - blackgram sanagalu nuvvulu - #∞=ÙfiÅ∞ - gingili
vadlu . -
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- Manobhavamulu -
=∞<ÀÉèÏ==ÚÅ∞ - Faculties of the mind
a- n a n d a m u
P#O^Œ=Ú d u h. k h a m u ^Œ∞óY=Ú a s -u y a
Jã¨∂Ü«∞ d v e s. a m u ^Õfi+¨=Ú a n u m -a n a m u
J#∞=∂#=Ú k o- p a m u
HÀѨ=Ú a- s´a
Pâ◊
4
4
maunamu
: pleasure
=∞ø#=Ú e- v a g i m p u
: sorrow
U=yOѨÙ
: silence : vexation
asahyamu
: jealousy
Jã¨Ç¨Ïº=Ú ahamkaramu
: hatred
JǨÏOHÍ~°=Ú polika
: suspicion
áÈeHõ sphurti
: anger
ã¨∂ÊùiÎ u t s -a h a m u
: ambition
L`åûǨÏ=Ú
daya
^Άǰ
: kindness 72
: unbearable : ego : comparison : inspiration : spirit
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â◊s~å=Ü«∞==ÚÅ∞ - Parts of the body
´ sariramu
â◊s~°=Ú
n a d. u m u
:
body
:
head
:
face
#_»∞=Ú b o d. d. u ÉÁ_»∞¤ g u n .d e QÆ∞O_≥
tala
`«Å mukhamu
=ÚY=Ú
:
eye
:
nose
:
mouth
n o- r u
<À~°∞ m e d. a
"≥∞_»
4<åÅ∞Hõ
heart
:
hand
:
stomach
-
:
thigh
gѨÙ
:
back
:
leg
:
foot
:
finger
:
nail
ear
k a- l u
:
neck
Hꁰ
:
throat
v e- l u
:
chest
"ÕÅ∞ g o- r u
:
tongue
QÀ~°∞
p a- d a m u
áê^Œ=Ú
rommu
~˘=Ú‡
:
:
gontu
Q˘O`«∞
navel point
vipu
cevi
K≥q
:
K≥~Úº k a d. u p u Hõ_»∞Ѩ٠t o d. a `˘_»
mukku
=Ú‰õΩ¯
waist
ceyyi
kannu
Hõ#∞fl
:
n a- l u k a
73
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´ Sariravayavamulu -
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|O^è∞Œ `«fi=ÚÅ∞ - Relationships
amma
vadina
J=∞‡ -
: mother
<å#fl
: father
=k# - todikodalu . . `À_çHÀ_»Å∞ k o d. u k u H˘-_»∞‰õΩ k o d. a l u HÀ_»Å∞
nanna ammamma
J=∞‡=∞‡ -
: grand
mother
`å`«-
: grand
father
"Õ∞-#=∂=∞
: meternal
"Õ∞-#`«- Î
: aunt
ÉÏÉÏ~Ú
: uncle
tata
m e n a m a- m a
=∞ik
=∞#∞=∞_»∞ manumaralu =∞#∞=∞~åÅ∞ m e- n a k o- d.a l u "Õ∞#HÀ_»Å∞ .s a d. d. a k u d. u +¨_»¤‰õΩ_»∞ m e- n a l l u d. u "Õ∞#Å∞¡_»∞ -
: aunt
(mother’s younger sister)
: uncle
(father’s elder brother)
peddamma
ÃÑ^ŒÌ=∞‡
: aunt
(mother’s elder sister)
qÜ«∞ºÑ¨Ù~åÅ∞
JHõ- ¯
: elder
ÉÏ=
: brother-in-law
sister
bava
viyyankudu .
qÜ«∞ºO‰õΩ_»∞
anna
J#fl
: son : daughter-in-law : brother-in-law : sister-in-law : grandson : grand
daughter
: niece : co-brother : nephew
viyyapuralu
akka
4
=∞~°^ŒÅ∞ m a n u m a d. u
pinni
ÃÑ^ŒÌ<å#fl
: co-sister
maradalu (father’s sister)
babayi
p e d d a n -a n n a
: sister-in-law
maridi uncle
menatta
Ñ≤xfl
4
: brother 74
: son’s
or daughter’s mother-in-law
: son’s
or daughter’s father-in-law
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Bandhutvamulu -
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Vruttulu .
b o- y a
raitu
Ô~·`«∞
: farmer
kummari
‰õΩ=∞‡i
: potter
Hõ=∞‡i
: black
- kulivadu
. ‰õÄe"å_»∞ gollavadu . Q˘Å¡"å_»∞ - s a l e v a d. u ™êÖˇ"å_»∞
: hired
É’Ü«∞ vadrangi . =„_»Oy
: carpenter
smith
HõO™êe
: goldsmith
v a i d y u d. u
worker
: milkman
"≥·^Œ∞º_»∞ -pujari
: doctor
ѨÓ*Ïi
: priest
naukaru
ganugavadu
: weaver
<ÒHõ~°∞
QÍ#∞QÆ"å_»∞
: oilpresser
HÍi‡‰õΩ_»∞
: barber
KåHõe
.
k a- r m i k u d u
cakali
mangali
.
: servant : labourer
: washerman rangulu . ~°OQÆ∞Å∞ "Õ¿ã"å_»∞ : painter
: accountant
- - vesevadu
4
4
: hunter
k a m s a- l i
kammari
=∞OQÆe k a r a .n a m u Hõ~°}=Ú
4
=$`«∞Å Î ∞ - Professions
75
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-
b e n d. a k -a y a
aratikaya .
J~°\˜HÍÜ«∞ : plantain b a n g a.l a d u m p a |OQÍà◊^Œ∞OѨ : potato
ɡO_»HÍÜ«∞ d o n d. a k -a y a ^˘O_»HÍÜ«∞
P‰õΩ ‰õÄ~°Å∞ ulligadda .. Le¡QÆ_»¤
=OHÍÜ«∞ -.t o m a .t o \Á=∂\’
aku kuralu
kakarakaya
HÍHõ~°HÍÜ«∞ g u m m a d. i k a y a QÆ∞=∞‡_çHÍÜ«∞ potlakaya . á⁄@¡HÍÜ«∞ gorucikkudu . QÀ~°∞z‰õΩ¯_»∞ cikkudukaya . z‰õΩ¯_»∞HÍÜ«∞
4^Àã¨HÍÜ«∞
d o- s a k -a y a
4
‰õÄ~°QÍÜ«∞Å∞ - Vegetables
v a n k -a y a
: greens : onion
: lady’s
finger
: gherkins : brinjal
c a- m a g a d d a
: tomato
..
: bitter
Kå=∞QÆ_»¤
gourd
m u n a g a k -a y a
: pumpkin
=Ú#QÆHÍÜ«∞
: colocacia : drumstrick
mullangi
: snake : local
gourd
=ÚÅ¡Oy
: radish
k a n d a g a d. d. a beans
HõO^ŒQÆ_»¤
- birakaya
: elephant foot (yam)
: beans
c~°HÍÜ«∞
: ridge
gourd
: cucumber
P#ѨHÍÜ«∞
: bottle
gourd
a- n a p a k a- y a
76
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Kuragayalu -
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d a- n i m m a
arati.
J~°\˜ d r a- k s h a
„^•Hõ∆ m a- m i d. i
=∂q∞_ç j -a m a
*Ï=∞
-neredu
. <Õˆ~_»∞ s a p o- t.aã¨áÈ\Ï
: banana
^•x=∞‡
: grapes
"≥ÅQÆ
: mango
Y~°∂˚~°=Ú
kharjuramu
ÉÁáêÊ~Ú p u c c a k -a y a
4ѨÙK«ÛHÍÜ«∞
: wood
apple
: date
panasa
: guava
Ѩ#ã¨
: cherry
ˆ~yѨO_»∞
: sapota
J<åã¨
-sitaphalamu
: pineapple
: orange
ã‘`åѶ¨Å=Ú
: custard
: papaya
PÑ≤Öò
r e- g i p a n d u
: water
: jackfruit
.
a n a- s a
apil
melon
: pear
apple
: apple
4
b o p p a- y i
: pomegranate
velaga
kamala
Hõ=∞Å
4
Pandlu . - ѨO_»∞¡ - Fruits
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- - ѨÓÅ∞ - Flowers Pulu
Vrukshamulu - =$Hõ= ∆ ÚÅ∞ - Trees .
-
m a l l e p-u v u
~åqK≥@∞ì
- badamcettu
ÉÏ^•OK≥@∞ì kanugacettu
..
HÍ#∞QÆK≥@∞ì marricettu .. .. =∞é˜]K≥@∞ì vepacettu .. "ÕѨK≥@∞ì cintacettu .. zO`«K≥@∞ì t u m m a c e .. ttu `«∞=∞‡K≥@∞ì araticettu . .. J~°\˜K≥@∞ì jamacettu .. *Ï=∞K≥@∞ì mamidicettu . .. =∂q∞_çK≥@∞ì ´- - .. asokacettu Jâ’HÍK≥@∞ì
: fig
tree
=∞Öˇ¡Ñ¨Ó=Ù t -a m a r a p-u v u
: almond : Indian
tree
`å=∞~°Ñ¨Ó=Ù k a l u v a p -u v u
bunch tree
: banyan
HõÅ∞=ѨÓ=Ù c a- m a n t i
tree
Kå=∞Ou : neem
gulabi
tree
QÆ∞ÖÏa : tamarind
bantipulu
tree
|OuѨÓÅ∞ : babool
m o g a l i p -u v u
tree
"≥ÚQÆeѨÓ=Ù : banana : guava
tree
: jasmine : lotus : water
lily
: chrysanthemum : rose : marigold : pandarus
davanam
^ŒŒ=#O
tree
: motherwort
maruvam
: mango : asoka
=∞~°∞=O
tree
: cowhage
4
ravicettu ..
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Pakshulu -
4
Ѩ‰Ω∆õ Å∞ - Birds
Jantuvulu - [O`«∞=ÙÅ∞ - Animals
kukka
‰õΩHõ¯ nakka
-
pavuramu
#Hõ¯ : pigeon
pilli
k a- k i
HÍH˜ koyila
HÀ~ÚÅ
: owl
: crow bird
: sparrow
gradda
„QÆ^ŒÌ
: eagle
b a- t u
4ǨÏO㨠ÉÏ`«∞
ˆQ^≥
: buffalo
"Õ∞Hõ g o .. rre Q˘éˇ] g a- d. i d a QÍ_ç^Œ
: goat
U#∞QÆ∞
: elephant
: sheep : donkey
puli
: bat
ѨÙe
nemali
<≥=∞e
: cow
e- n u g u
gabbilamu
QÆaƒÅ=Ú
P=Ù
m e- k a
piccuka
Ñ≤K«∞ÛHõ
: cat
g e- d e
: crane
: cuckoo
Ñ≤e¡
a- v u
konga
H˘OQÆ
: fox
: tiger
simhamu
: peacock
ã≤OǨÏ=Ú
: lion
HÀu
: monkey
koti
: duck
hamsa
jinka
: swan
lOHõ 79
: deer
4
áê=Ù~°=Ú g u d. l a g -u b a QÆ∞_»¡QÆ∂|
: dog
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=O@ WO\˜ ™ê=∂#∞¡ – Household Material4
cemca--
K≥ O Kå - spoon pogagottamu .. - á⁄QÆ Q ˘@ì = Ú- chimney cipuru - pѨ Ù ~° ∞ - broom pallemu .. - Ñ¨à‹§=Ú - plate kulayi . - ‰õΩàÏ~Ú - tap - - ~ÀHõ e - pounder rokali - - ‰õÄ*Ï - flagon kuja- - karra - ѨÓsÅ Hõé] - rolling pin purila .. kavvamu - Hõ = fi=Ú - churner balla - |Å¡ - table cettabutta .. - K≥`«Î|∞@ì - dustbin
á⁄~Úº - hearth garita. - QÆ i @ - ladle jalleda. - [Öˇ¡_» - sieve - - Ѩ @ HÍ~° ∞ - tongs patakaru . turumu - `«∞~°∞=Ú - grate mukudu . - =¸‰õΩ_»∞ - bowl - - áê„`« - vessel patra aggipette .. - Jyæ à Ñ>ˇ ì - match box - - ~ÀÅ∞ - mortar rolu -- =Úà◊§ K≥OKå - fork mullacemca .. - - *Ï_ç - jar jadi . poyyi -
-
Lohamulu -
b a n g a r a m u |OQÍ~°=Ú v e n d. i
4
ittadi . r a- g i
"≥O_ç W`«Î_ç ~åy
: : : :
֒ǨÏ=ÚÅ∞ - Metals
gold
ukku
silver
inumu
brass
tagaramu
copper
sisamu
-
80
L‰õΩ¯ W#∞=Ú `«QÆ~°=Ú ã‘ã¨=Ú
: : : :
steel iron tin
4
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- Vanta . Inti. samanulu -
lead
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H˜~å}Ï ™ê=∂#∞Å∞ - Provisions
miriyalu
pasupu
Ѩã¨∞ѨÙ
: turmeric
q∞~°Ñ¨HÍÜ«∞
: chilli
m i r a p a k -a y a
-
q∞iÜ«∂Å∞ cintapandu . zO`«Ñ¨O_»∞
: coriander
LѨC HÍ~°=Ú
-jlakarra
: mustard
rÅHõ„~°
: cummin
a- v a- l u
P"åÅ∞
g a s a g a s a- l u
QÆã¨QÆ™êÅ∞
k a- r a m u
: poppy
ÉˇÅ¡O
seeds
p a n c a d a- r a
ѨOK«^•~°
plant seeds
lavangalu
4
Å=OQÍÅ∞ elakulu
UʼnõΩÅ∞
: salt : mirchi
powder
: jaggery : sugar
kandipappu
HõOkѨѨC
: assafoetida
: redgram
minapapappu
mentulu
"≥∞O`«∞Å∞
: tamarind
bellam
inguva
WOQÆ∞=
: pepper
uppu
dhaniyalu
^èŒxÜ«∂Å∞
4
q∞#ѨѨC
: fenugreek
: blackgram
s´a n a g a p a p p u
â◊#QÆѨѨC
: cloves
pesarapappu
ÃÑã¨~°Ñ¨Ñ¨C
: cardomum 81
: bengalgram
4
4
- - -Samanulu Kirana .
: greengram
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PÉèí~°}=ÚÅ∞ – Ornaments
talabilla ..
ungaramu
LOQÆ~°=Ú : k a n k a n. a m u HõOHõ}=Ú :
`«Åaà◊§
:
headlocket
:
medal
:
earstuds
brooch
K≥q^Œ∞^Œ∞ÌÅ∞ kiritamu . H˜s@=Ú
:
crown
nose-ring
=OH©
:
armlet
:
necklace
:
anklets
ring
patakamu
Ѩ`«Hõ=Ú
bracelet
ceviduddu
golusu
Q˘Å∞ã¨∞ : pamita. pinnu Ѩq∞@ Ñ≤#∞fl :
chain
vanki
mukkera
=ÚÔH¯~°
:
h a- r a m u
cevikammalu
K≥qHõ=∞‡Å∞
:
tops
:
hair clip
Ǩ~°=Ú pattilu .. Ѩ\©ìÅ∞
pinnu
Ñ≤#∞fl pakkapinnu
ѨH¯õ Ñ≤#∞fl
m u k k u p u d. a k a
:
gajulu
QÍAÅ∞
4#QÆÅ∞
4
side pin
:
bangle
:
jewelry
=Ú‰õΩ¯Ñ¨Ù_»Hõ : -lolakulu
Ö’ÖωõΩÅ∞ : o d. d. a n. a m u X_®¤}=Ú :
nagalu
82
nosestud hangings
4
4
-
Abharanamulu .
waist ornament
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4 H˘Å`«Å∞ -
Kolatalu Measures
WO\˜ ÉèÏQÍÅ∞ Parts of the House
talupulu
v e d. a l p u
: width
`«Å∞ѨÙÅ∞
: length
„Ѩ"âÕ ◊ ^•fi~°=Ú kitikilu . H˜\˜H©Å∞
-´ pravesa
ettu
Z`«∞Î potti .. á⁄\˜ì
: height
QÆk
varanda
: short
=~°O_® : big
JÖχ~å g a d. a p a QÆ_»Ñ¨
: small
baruvu
|~°∞=Ù g u n d. r a m u QÆ∞O„_»=Ú
.
- almara
cinna
z#fl
: entrance : windows
gadi
pedda
ÃÑ^ŒÌ
: doors
dvaramu
: room : verandah : almirah : threshold
paikappu
: heavy
ÃÑ·HõѨC g a v -a k s h a m u
QÆ"åHõ∆=Ú mettlu .. "≥∞@∞¡
: round
4 83
: roof : ventilator : steps
4
"≥_»Å∞Ê p o d. a v u á⁄_»=Ù
4
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telugu talli
-
-
“ma telugu talliki malle pudanda . ma kanna talliki mangalaratulu” . 84
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4
Transliteration Scheme of Telugu Alphabet Vowels (: Acculu)
* –
–
a
a
.ru
*
.lu
–
.lu
*
i
ru .
ai
–
i
*
–
–
u e
o o au am . Consonants (: Hallulu)
u –
e
ah.
k
kh
.
c
ch
jh
~
d.
dh .
d
dh
g
gh
j
t.
th .
t
th
p
ph
b
bh
y
s´
r
s.
l
s
n
n
n.
n
m
l.
h
* Not in common use.
v
ksh
* r.
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-. munduga- oka mata
A word in advance
- - ' - - - mudava 'srenilo i ‘vakyanirmanam’ ma- balasikshasamagri pustakam. . . .
Vakyanirmanam (sentence and its structure or sentence-building in Telugu) is the . third book in the Telugu Learning Kit series being brought out by C. P. Brown Academy. - - dwara - - telugu aksharamala - paricayamaindi. dinito modati. pustakam ‘varnamala’ unna . abhyasa pustakam valana aksharalu nercukovadam, pratilekhanam anaga translitaresan . . . - - palike- vidhananni - dwara telusukovadam jarigindi. .
- You Telugu alphabet was introduced to the learners through the first book varnamala. . have learnt how to write the Telugu characters and to pronounce them by means of transliteration. - - rakarakala - padalu - telikainavi, ' rendava pustakam ‘sabdamala’lo kastamainavi akshara .. . kramamlo ivvadam . jarigindi.
- presented different easy and hard words in an alphaThe second module,'sabdamala, betical order. - - ipudu vakyam rayatam gurinci teliyacestundi. . mi cetilo unna ‘vakyanirmanam’ . .
Now the book in your hands, vakyanirmanam, helps you understand how to form . a sentence. www.mohanpublications.com 5 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/
- kalipite- padalu - ituvanti padala - avutayi. - kalayikatomanam nercukunna aksharalu . . vakyam rupondincavaccu.
If the letters (characters) of the alphabet you have learnt are arranged in an order forming a unit of grammar, they are called words. A group of words arranged in a particular order which makes sense and gives a clear meaning is called a sentence. - vakyalu - - amarikato- cinnavi, padala peddavi, sulabhamainavi, kastamainavi–rakarakala .. - ivi miru - baga - - nercukovadaniki, - - istunnam. telugu padalu cakkaga- matladadaniki . . . . upayogapadavaccu. .
– These sentences may be short or long, easy and difficult. Such sentences are used to express a statement, a question, a command or some sudden feeling. They help you to speak Telugu fluently and to write it well.
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- . 1 Lesson 1 patham - ippudu - kada! - telusukunnam intaku mundu manam telugu aksharalu, padalu . vakyam gurinci telusukundam.
- (alphabet) and words (sabdamala). ' We have already learnt about Telugu aksharamala Let us now learn about Telugu vakyanirmanam (sentence formation). . - arthanni - purti icce- pada samudayanni vakyam (sentence) antaru. . sentence) A group of words which makes complete sense and gives a clear meaning is called a sentence. atadu . ramudu. .
idi caduvu.
He is Ramudu. .
Read this.
-' - bhojanam cesava?
- - idi nijama? emiti! .
Did (you) have your meal?
What! Is it true?
- - nalugu manam cadivina nalugu vakyalu rakalu.
Those are four different kinds of sentences.
- - gurinci ippudu telusukundama? a- nalugu rakala .
Let us now study those four kinds of sentences. ramudu . . vaccadu
sita navvindi
Ramudu . came.
Sita smiled.
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- edcindi. papa .
lalita pilicindi.
Baby cried.
Lalita called.
- - manaku kaccitamga- telusu. anduke- avi niscayarthaka ' paina ceppina visayalu vakyalu . antaru. .
We know for certain what is said in the foregoing sentences. That is why we call them - - (declarative or assertive sentences.) ' niscayardhaka vakyalu - - ivi rendu . padalu matrame upayogincina cinna vakyalau. inkoncem pedda vakyalu - raddam.
These are short sentences comprising two words. Let us now expand these sentences a little. ramudu . badiki . vaccadu. .
sita andamga- navvindi.
- biggaraga- edcindi. papa .
lalita pelliki . . pilicindi.
Ramudu . came to school.
The baby cried loudly.
Sita smiled pleasantly.
Lalita invited us to the wedding.
- teliyani vatini - gurinci ila- kaccitamga- cebutam. telisina visayala . adigi . . . telusukuntam.
When we are sure of something, we are assertive.When we want to know something, we ask others. adigi telusukundam. .
Let us ask to know -' - homework cesava?
lata vaccinda?
Have you finished your home-work?
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- - pusinda? gulabi
pani purtainda?
Has the rose blossomed?
Is the work over?
- - antaru. - kada! - teliyalante ' vitini prasnarthaka vakyalu edaina . . . itarulanu adagali . ' prasnincatam . ante . adagadam. . .
- - (interrogative sentences). We need to ask others ' They are called prasnarthaka vakyalu about what we do not know. To question is to ask. - - - ive- vakyalanu koncem peddavi cesi cuddama?
Let us expand these sentences a little: - - pusinda? erra gulabi
- nundi vaccinda? lata skul .
Has the red rose blossomed?
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-' - ninnati . homework cesava?
- ceppina pani purtainda? nenu
Have you done your yesterday’s homework?
(Have you) finished the work I gave you?
- - ' - prasnalaku - vidhanam telusukovalsina visayanni batti untundi. samanyamga .. adige . . . - evaru, ekkada, enduku, eppudu, emiti, - padalu upayogince . . enta, enni (hu, ver, vai, . - hau, haumeny). vitini - ven, vat, . ela upayogincalo telusukundam.
The mode of asking depends upon the nature of matter we like to know. Words such as who, whose, whom, where, why, when, and how are interrogative pronouns. Let us know how to use them. atanu evaru?
nannu enduku pilicavu?
-' i bomma ela- vesavu?
- -sita eluru eppudu . veltundi? .
Who is he?
How did you draw this picture? a- pustakam vela enta?
What is the price of that book?
ippudu . taimenta? .
Why did you call me?
-When will Sita go to Eluru? mamayya vijayavada . nunci eppudu . vastadu? .
When will maternal uncle come from Vijayawada? . meri ekkada . undi?
What is the time now? stesanku enni gantalaku vellali? .. . . .
Where is Mary? - niku enni mamidipandlu . . kavali?
At what time should we go to the station?
How many mangoes do you want?
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-- -
-
-
- -
' oka visayam adesapurvakamga ceppalante. ila..... .
When we command others …….
idi caduvu.
- ti. tisukura.
Read this.
akkadiki .. . vellu.
Bring tea. ramuki ivvu
Go there.
Give this to Ramu.
- - ~- - pai vakyalanu ajnapurvaka vakyalu antamu. .
- ~- - - (Imperative sentences). The above sentences are called ajnapurvaka vakyalu - - vitini koncem pedda vakyalu ceddam. .
Let us expand these sentences a little: idi sayantram caduvu!
- ti . ippude . tisukura!
- akkadiki vellu! repu .. .
i pustakam ramuki ivvu
Read this in the evening.
Go there tomorrow.
Bring tea immediately.
Give this book to Ramu.
- -
' a ! ascaryam!
Oh! marvelous
a! idi nijama?
- padipoyada! - - ayyo! . .
Is it true?
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- - tajmahal aha! enta bagundi!
- bomma bagundi! 'sabhas! .
- Mahal is! Ah! How beautiful the Taj The picture is nice, well done! - -' - - antamu. pai vakyalanu ascaryarthaka vakyalu .
- - (Exclamatory sentences). ' The above sentences are called -ascaryarthaka vakyalu - ascaryam - miku -' - tivramaina - eppudaina antuleni kaligite- ila- antaru. andolana kaligina. . . inte!
To express some strong emotions such as fear, surprise, agony or distress, we say like this: - - - -i gudi enta prasantamga - undi! 'aha! a! miru ceppindi nijama! .
Ah! How serene is the ambience of this temple! -' - -i bomma baga - - vesavu! - - - 'sabhas! - raju - metla mida ayyo! nunci padipoyada! . . . . O! Is what you said true?
- fallen from the stairs? What a Has Raju pity!
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- - rayavaccu. - - kuda inka- pedda vakyalu .
We can write still longer sentences. - - - - unte- miku - matladutu ala rayadam telustundi. . . . .
You will know how to write them as you talk. -ala- teliyalante . emito . mundu vakyam ante . teliyali.
For you to be able to write, you need to know what a sentence is. adi ippudu . manam telusukundam.
Let us know it now.
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- . 2 Lesson 2 patham - amsalu - - untam. - avi karta, karma, kriya ' - manam custu - mudu sahajamga- vakyamlo . .
Three components are required to write a sentence in Telugu. They are: subject, object and verb in that order. manam oka vakyam rasinappudu . oka vyakti gurinco, vastuvu gurinco cebutam. - - ante . vakyaniki kendram a vyakti leka vastuvu avutundi. ade karta.
When we speak a sentence, we say something about a person or thing. So, the person or thing mentioned is called the subject. It means the subject is the central point of the sentence, and the meaning revolves round the subject. - karma. karta nirvahince- karyam ‘kriya’ avutundi. ‘kriya’ yokka phalitam anubhavincedi
Job done by ‘karta’ (subject) is kriya (verb). Result of ‘kriya’ is received by ‘karma’ (object). udaharanalu : examples: . - ramudu i vakyamlo- ‘ramudu’ . kukkanu kottenu. .. . karta.
Ramudu . beat the dog. In this sentence, Ramudu . is ‘karta’. -' ramudu . . . anaga ‘kottuta’ . . . kriya. . emi cesadu? . kottadu.
What Ramudu . did? He beat. That is ‘beat’ is kriya. denini kottadu? . . . kukkanu. kriyaphalitam anubhavincindi kukka kanuka, ‘kukka’ karma.
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- antaru. nauns miku telusu. naunsnu telugulo- namavacakalu .
You know the nouns. In Telugu nouns are called ‘Namavacakalu.’ - ~ - namavacakamulu - namavacakamulu avi sanjna (proper nouns), jati (common nouns), samuha namavacakamulu (collective nouns), guna . namavacakamulu (abstract nouns) antaru. .
~- namavacakamulu Those nouns in the Telugu language are called sanjna (Proper nouns), jati namavacakamulu (common nouns), samuha namavacakamulu (collective nouns) and guna . namavacakamulu (abstract nouns). raju caduvutunnadu. .
lalita padutunnadi .
- is reading. Raju
Lalita is singing.
dhilli mana rajadhani. .
-' bharatadesam mana matrubhumi.
- (India) is our motherland. Bharat - - - raju, -' - lalita vyaktula perlu. - bharatadesam pai vakyalalo dhilli oka pattanam peru. . .. . -' - perlanu - - padalanu ~ - namavacakalu - antaru. oka desam peru. teliyacese samjna . Delhi is our capital.
- and Lalita in the above sentences are the names of persons. Delhi Words like Raju - is the name of a country. All such names are called is the name of a city, and Bharat - (proper nouns) ~ - namavacakalu sanjna amma uyala uputunnadi.
Mother is rocking the cradle. - 'vidyarthi pathasalaku veltunnadu. . . .
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- - andamaina totalu a- urilo . unnavi.
There are beautiful gardens in that village. - namavacakalu - (Common nouns). amma, vidyarthi, - ' - uru, ivi jati pathasala, tota, . . - oka jatiki i padalanni okko rakamaina jatini sucistunnayi. sambandhincinavi kanuka - namavacakalu. ivi jati
The words mother, student, school, village, garden, in the above sentences are common to every person or thing of the same class or kind. So, they are called Common nouns. ramudu . . gorrela mandanu tolukuveltunnadu. .
Ramudu . is tending his flock. pakshula gumpu sayantraniki gutiki . cerutundi.
Swarms of birds return to their nests by evening. - ceruvu gattuna valindi. kongala baru ..
A row of cranes alighted on the shores of the lake. - - vinapadadu. - emi i jana samuhamlo .
Nothing is audible in this milling crowd. - - - manda, gumpu, baru, - namavacakalu. - janasamuham - samuha pai vakyalaloni anevi - - - pakshula samuhanni - gorrela samuhanni manda antaru. alage gumpu antaru. . . - ani, manusulanu janasamuhamani kongalni baru antaru. . .
Words like ‘flock’, ‘swarms’, ‘row’ (group), in the above sentences are called Collective nouns. So a Collective noun denotes a number of similar things taken together and regarded as one whole: A flock of sheep; a swarm or group of birds; a row of cranes and groups of people, etc.
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manisiki . santosam . mukhyam.
- - untundi. - vediga - gali vesavilo . .
Happiness is essential for man.
The air in summer is hot.
- mana 'satruvu. mana kopame
- nadi tiramlo callaga- untundi. .
Our anger is our enemy.
It is cool near rivers.
- - - santosam, - ane- padalu, pai vakyalalo kopam, vedi gunanni, bhavananu . . . - sucince - bhavanaku teliyacestunnavi. i padalu rupam ledu. ituvanti vatini telipe- perlu . . . guna . . namavacakalu antaru.
In the above sentences, the words ‘happiness,’ ‘anger’ ‘hot,’ do not have a definite shape. Such nouns denote some quality, state, or action. They are called guna . namavacakalu or bhava namavacakalu (Abstract nouns).
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- . 3 Lesson 3 patham - - vaccindi. rani - snehituralu. - maku - raniki rani . ti. iccanu. . .
- came. Rani - is our friend. I gave tea to Rani. Rani . . .
- - caduvutadu. - baga raju . rajuku eppudu . manci markulu vastayi.
- studies well. Raju - always gets good marks. Raju
- kada! - anadam bavundaledu - perlu - rendumudusarlu ila- rani....raju . . . . .
- does not look nice. - and Raju So, the repetition of the words Rani . - ala- namavacakanni tirigi tirigi anakunda . . namavacakaniki baduluga . undalante - - - - sarvanamanni - sarvanamanni vadali. inglisulo pronaun antam. . . .
To avoid repetition of nouns we use pronouns. A pronoun (meaning for a noun) is a word used instead of a noun. The pronoun is called ‘sarvanamam’ in the Telugu language. udaharanalu : examples: . - - - atadu, . itadu, . ame. ime, adi, idi, sarvanamalu. indakati . vakyalu ippudu . cudandi. . .
The words “I, we, you, he, she, it, they, this, that,” are pronouns. - - vaccindi, ame - ma- akkaku snehituralu. rani ameku ti. iccanu. .
- came. She is the friend of my elder sister. I gave her tea. Rani . - - caduvutadu. - baga - vadiki raju . eppudu . . manci markulu vastayi.
- studies well. He always scores good marks. Raju
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- - - i kinda iccina vakyalalo sarvanamalu gurthincandi. .
Point out the pronouns in the following sentences: - - bommalu vestundi. rama baga ameku bahumati vaccindi.
Rama draws pictures nicely. She got a prize. - nadavalekapotunnanu. na- kaliki debba tagilindi, nenu .
My leg is hurt. I am unable to walk. - tagindi. pilli palu amma danini kottindi. ..
The cat drank the milk. Mummy hit it. - - - ninnu andaru- istapadataru. nuvvu cakkaga- matladatavu, .. . . .
You speak agreeably. Everybody likes you. javabulu Answers -ame nenu danini
ninnu
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- . 4 Lesson 4 patham - - untam. - - vidhaluga - - vadutu - gamanince- untaru sarvanamalanu mudu . pathamlo . . . idi miru kindati . .
You must have observed that in the previous lesson we made use of pronouns in three ways. - vivaranga- cuddam! - marala- okasari
Let us look at them in detail. mana gurinci manam ceppinappudu . . nenu, memu, nayokka, naku antamu.
The words used about oneself: I, we, me, my, mine. - - gurinchi ceppinappudu nuvvu, miru, edutivari miyokka, miku upayogistamu. . .
The words used to address those who are in front of us or spoken to: thou, you, thee, thy, thine, your, yours. ekkado . ame, adi, atanini, ameku, daniki, . unnavari gurinci ceppinappudu . atadu, - - upayogistamu. amenu, varini,variyokka ane- padalu
The words used about the person or thing spoken of: he, his, himself, she, herself, it, itself, they, them, theirs.
- - madirigane - - telugulo- kuda - - vitini inglishu . . . bhasalo . ila vargikarincaru :
As in the English language, in Telugu also they are classified in the following ways: tanagurinci uttama purusa . – ‘nenu’, ‘naku’, ‘nayokka’ anu matalu. .
Uttama Purusa . (First Person). It denotes the person speaking : I, we, myself. - gurinci madhyama purusa – ‘nivu’, edutivari ‘niku’, ‘niyokka’ anu matalu. . . .
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ekkado ‘atanu’, ‘ame’, ‘ataniki’, . . unnavari gurinci prathama purusa– ‘ataniyokka’ anu matalu. .
Prathama Purusa . (Third Person). It denotes the person or thing spoken of: he, she, it, they, himself, herself, itself, themselves. - - marikonni vakyalu cuddam.
Let us see some more sentences: uttama purusa .
(First Person)
- cesukuntanu. na- pani nenu .
naku ayana gurinci telusu.
- -' a- samavesaniki nannu pilicaru.
a- pustakam nadi.
I do my own work.
They called me to that conference.
madhyama purusa .
I know about him.
That book is mine.
(Second Person)
nuvvu manci vadivi. .
niku a- bahumati vastundi.
You are a good man.
You will get that award.
ninnu cudakunda .. . . vellanu.
i pani nide- anuko.
I will not go without seeing you.
Treat this work as yours.
prathama purusa . (Third Person) vallaku manam vaccinatlu .. . teliyadu.
- vastaru. - repu vallu ..
They do not know that we have come.
They will come tomorrow.
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idigo- niku kavalasina pustakam. dinini radha iccindi.
Here is the book you needed. Radha gave it. vallanu akkadiki .. . rammani ceppanu.
I told them to come over there. - badhyata - e- nirnayam tisukunna vallu vallade. . .. ..
Whatever decision they take, it will be their responsibility. - - - - gurtinci e- purusalo - - i kindi vakyalalo sarvanamalu . unnayo rayandi. .
Pick out every pronoun that you can find in the following sentences and name its person. - - iccadu. - atanu tana saikil gopalki ramu manci abbayi. .
- Ramu is a good boy. He gave his bicycle to Gopal.
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- - tanu caduvukontundi kuda. - sita tana talliki panullo- sayam cestundi. tana pathalu . . .
Sita helps her mother in her daily chores. She also studies her lessons. -' - - ni- kosam nuvvu ninna raledu. andaru- edurucusaru.
You did not come yesterday. Everybody waited for you. - - -i roju nenu akkadiki . ralenu. naku jvaram vaccindi.
Today I cannot come there. I have fever.
- - evaru- ceppaledu. - - velle- vadine. a- sangati naku cebite- nenu . ...
Nobody told me about it. Had I been told, I too would have gone there. - - - - enduku? niku naku madhya vallu ..
Where is the need for them between you and me? -
javabulu Answers atanu (prathama purusa) .
- (uttama purusa) nenu, naku .
he (Third person)
I, to me (First person)
tana, tana, tanu (prathama purusa) .
- - (uttama purusa) naku, nenu .
her, her, she (Third person)
nuvvu, ni (madhyama purusa) .
you, your (Second person)
to me, I (First person)
- niku- madhyama purusa . naku uttama - prathama purusa purusa, . . vallu ..
to you (Second person); to me (First person); them/they (Third person).
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patham 5 Lesson 5 . - - manamu linga bhedamunu i pathamlo gurinci telusukundam. .
In this lesson we learn about variations of gender. - rakalu. - avi 1) pumlingam; 2) strilingam; lingamulu mudu 3) napumsakalingam. . ;; Genders are of three kinds. They are: 1. masculine gender; 2. feminine gender and 3) neuter gender. - e- lingamo- telusukundam. i kinda iccina'sabdalu
The following table shows examples of the three kinds of genders: pumlingam strilingam napumsakalingam
masculine gender raju
feminine gender rani .
neuter gender kurci
King devudu .
Queen devata
chair
God
Goddess
temple
racayita
racayitri
racana
author atadu .
he nayakudu . hero
authoress ame she nayika heroine
gudi .
script adi it natana . acting
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- -' - ' i mudu . konni ubhayalinga sabdalu vunnayi. a sabdamulu . rakamule kakunda - pumlingamulaku- vartistayi. srilingamulaku,
The names which can be applied either to a male or a female are of the Common Gender (Ubhayalingamulu). - naukaru, vyakti modalainavi. - kodi, ' ' udaharana . : sisuvu, anatha, vidyarthi, ledi, . .
Examples: child, orphan, student, deer, fowl, servant, person.
ramudu . vaccadu. .
sita vellindi. ..
Ramudu . came.
Sita went.
pustakam sancilo- undi.
The book is in the bag. sita vellindi antunnam. ramudu sita strilingam-ramudu .. . vaccadu . . . . antunnam. - kriyapadalu. - sita vellindi ani, ramudu - anevi pumlingam.ikkada vellindi, vaccadu .. . .. . . - ani- annamu. - dini vaccadu napumsakalingamaina pustakaniki ‘undi’ annam. valana . - karta yokka linganni batti . . kriya marutundi. ide vidhamga namavacakalaku baduluga - - kuda - - - sarvanamalu - - lingabhedaniki - maratayi. - vade anugunamga . . .
In Telugu sentences we say: Sita went.—— feminine gender Ramudu . came. —— masculine gender. The book is in the bag. —— neuter gender. Similarly, pronouns will change as per the gender:
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- - 'i sutranni teliyacese- marikonni udaharanalu . parisiliddam.
Let us see some examples in support of this rule: - atadu bajaru - velladu. ramudu .. . . . ledu, .
Ramudu . is not here. He has gone to the market. - ani rasamu. -' -' ramudu . . pumlingam anduvalana kriyasabdam velladu
Ramudu is pumlingam (masculine gender). So, the verb ending in Telugu is du . -. (velladu). .. . - - ledu, sita kuda ame nillu .. . .. tevadaniki vellindi.
Sita also is not here. She has gone to fetch water. - - ceppamu. sita strilingam. anduvalana sita ledu, vellindi, ani kriyapadam marci ..
Sita is feminine gender. That is why the verb endings in Telugu are changed to ‘ledu’, ‘vellindi’. .. pustakam sancilo- undi; danini cadavali.
The book is in the bag. I have to read it.
- - inkoka visayam telusukundam. i pathamlo . .
Let us learn another point in this lesson.
- avi : ekavacanam, - - padalu - vacanalu. - vacanalu - rendu vidhalu. sankyanu teliyacese . bahuvacanam.
Words indicating numbers are known as singular number, plural number.
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- vyaktinigani, - pradesanni -' - sucincinapudu namavacakam oka vastuvunigani, gani . adi -ekavacanam. okatikanna- ekkuva sankhyanu sucincinapudu . . adi bahuvacanam.
If a noun indicates one place, person, or thing, it is said to be in Singular Number. When a noun indicates more than one, it is in the Plural Number. - gamanincandi. munduga- i kindi padalu .
Before we move on, read the following words. ekavacanam
bahuvacanam
Singular Number avu.
Plural Number -avulu.
cow. mamidikaya. . mango. tota. .
garden.
cows. mamidikayalu. . mangoes. totalu. . gardens.
- - avu - ante- oka pai padallo ekavacanam, avulu bahuvacanam. mamidikaya . . - bahuvacana'sabdam ceratam - teliyacestundi. mamidikayane mamidikaya‘lu’ ane . . . valla okatikanna ekkuva ani teliyacestundi. ade vidhamga tota, . . totalu . kuda. .
In the above words, the word ‘cow’ is in singular number; ‘cows’ is in plural number. Mango indicates one mango fruit. By making that word plural ‘‘mangoes’’ it indicates more than one fruit. So also the words ‘garden’ and ‘gardens’. www.mohanpublications.com 27 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/
- - - - - nambarnu batti kuda linga bhedanni batti .. . . kriyapadalu, sarvanamalu marinattugane .. . - - - marpunu - - -i kindi vakyalalo maratayi. gamanincandi. .
Depending on the changes in the gender, there will be corresponding changes in the verb and pronoun pattern in the Telugu language. Similarly, there will be changes in verbs and pronouns depending on the changes in the number. Notice such changes in the following sentences: - pakkane- oka kalava ma- uri undi.
- cuttu- mudu - kalavalu ma- uri unnavi. .. .
- - oka devalayam - ma- urilo undi.
- - nalugu - - - unnavi. ma- urilo devalayalu
There is a canal by the side of our village.
There is a temple in our village. - - oka jama ma- totalo cettu . .. undi.
There is a guava tree in our garden.
There are three canals around our village.
There are four temples in our village. - - padi jama ma- totalo cetlu . . unnavi.
There are ten guava trees in our garden. www.mohanpublications.com
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- na- snehitudu repu . vastadu. .
- ma- snehitulu repu vastaru
My friend will come tomorrow.
Our friends will come tomorrow.
- ' unnadi, unnadu, . . . kasindi, pusindi vanti. sabdalu ekavacananni . vaccindi, velladu, - unnaru, - - ru, lu, vu, yi 'sabdalu - bahuvacananni - - vaccaru, teliyacestayi. teliyacestayi.
- (he is), vacchindi (she / it In the Telugu language, words like ‘unnadi’ (it is), unnadu . came), velladu .. . (he went), kasindi (bore fruit), pusindi (bloomed), denote singular number. Words which end in ‘ru’, ‘lu,’ ‘vu,’ ‘yi,’ denote plural number. For example: - (they are). - (they came), unnaru vaccaru i vindhamga- -ekavacanam, bahuvacanam vadatam . . jarugutundi.
Thus we use both singular and plural numbers.
ayite- konni padalaku matram ekavacana, bahuvacanalunnappatiki ekkuvaga. bahuvacaname- vadutuntamu. . .
Though some words have both singular and plural forms, in most cases only plural form is used. uda- : pesalu, godhumalu, kandulu, vadlu, .
Example: Pesalu (green gram); godhumalu (wheat); kandulu (red gram), vadlu . (paddy). - vadali. - - vatini - undadu. bahuvacanam matrame konni padalaku ekavacaname . . nitya . - uda- : palu, - nillu. - antam. bahuvacanalu . ..
Some words do not have the singular form at all. We have to use them as plurals. They are called nitya bahuvacanamulu (forever plural forms). Examples: palu (milk), nillu . . (water).
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patham 6 Lesson6 . - kosindi. sita pulu
- kosindi. sita errati. pulu
- navvindi. papa
- gaunu vesukunna pula papa navvindi.
Sita plucked the flowers.
The baby smiled.
Sita plucked the red flowers.
The baby in the embroidered gown laughed. - kosindi - ipudu ‘errani’ pulu intaku mundu manam sita pulu kosindi annam. annamu. .
Earlier we said, “Sita plucked the flowers.” Now we have said, “Sita plucked the red flowers.” - - erraga- unnayani, - gaunu vesukundani - pula - - pulu i matala dwara papa vivarana . . ' istunnam. ave visesanalu. . .
Thus we are explaining that the flowers are ‘red’ and the gown is embroidered. These words are adjectives. - - - ' i kindi vakyalalo visesanalu gurtincandi. . . .
Point out the adjectives in the following sentences: a- pedda ceruvulo- erra tamaralu unnayi.
There are red lilies in that big tank. - - mi inti . pakka intilo . ma mamayya unnadu. .
Your next-door neighbour is my maternal uncle. - - cinnavadu. ramu na- kanna- cala .
Ramu is much younger than me. www.mohanpublications.com 30 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/
- - muggu vestundi. amma gummam mundu pratiroju
Mother daily decorates the doorway with patterns made with lines of flour. - unnade- raju - illu. a nallagetu .
Raju’s house is the one with the black gate. atadu . dhairyavantudu. .
He is a brave man.
ati telivi anarthadayakam.
- tiyani niku repu mamidipallu . .. istanu.
I will give you sweet mangoes tomorrow. - pedda nagaram. bengaluru .
- is a big city. Bengaluru adi lotaina ceruvu.
Over-smartness is harmful.
That is a deep tank indeed.
turpu vaipuna unna bhavanam granthalayam.
pustakam pedda ballamida undi.
The east-side building is a library.
The book is on the big table. www.mohanpublications.com
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javabulu Answers pedda, erra
-cala
intipakka .
red pratiroju daily ati
over pedda big
next-door nalla black turpu vaipuna east-side lotaina deep
much dhairyavantudu . brave tiyani
sweet pedda big
' - - antam. ila- namavacakam yokka gunanni vivaranga- ceppe- padalanu visesanalu . . . . - spastamga- ceppadaniki - - -i padala 'namavacakam gurinci vivaramga, visesanam kavali. .. . . . - - manam namavacakam ' - dwara gurinci ekkuva vivarana . . . ivvagalugutamu. visesanalanu - inglisulo antaru. . . . edjektives .
The adjective goes with a noun or pronoun adding to its meaning. Adjectives qualify the nouns that follow them adding value to the sentence.
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patham 7 Lesson 7 . - kada! - - panulanni- kriyalu ani ceppukunnam manam cese
We have already explained that our actions are known as verbs. ramudu . vaccadu. .
Ramudu . came. - sita padindi. .
- paddadu. raju .. .
- fell. Raju
- navvindi. papa
Sita sang.
The baby smiled.
-' - kriyasabdalu. paina rasina ‘vaccadu’, ‘paddadu’, ‘padindi’, ‘navvindi’ anevi . . . . . - -' kriyasabdalanu inglisulo verbs antaru. . .
The underlined words in the above sentences are verbs indicating the action of the subject. - venakki paddadu. sita madhuramga- padindi. raju .. . .
amma aratipallu . .. premato iccindi.
- kilakila navvindi. papa
- fell on his back. Raju
Sita sang sweetly.
Mother gave bananas with love. The baby smiled charmingly. - - kriyavisesanalu. - padalu. - kriyalu ' kinda gita gisina padalu avi kriyala gurinci teliyaceyu . . - - entavaraku jarugutayo teliyaceyu eppudu ela- jarigayo, . jarugutayo, ekkada .- jarugutayo, - - ' - - vitini inglisulo - - kriyavisesanalu. padale edverbs antaru. . . . . .
The underlined words in the above sentences are adverbs. An adverb is a word which modifies or qualifies and expands the sense of a verb. So, an adverb goes with a verb adding to its meaning — when and where a certain action has taken place, and how long it has taken, etc. www.mohanpublications.com 33 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/
- - cuddam. - - ' - - - kurcina ' - - mariyu kriyavisesanalato ippudu marikonni vakyalu . . . visesanalu, . .
' - Let us study some more sentences containing adjectives (visesanalu) and adverbs . . ' (kriyavisesanalu). . .
nalla kukkapilla parugetti adutondi. .
The black puppy is running playfully. - - - adataru. a- pillalu prati adivaram banti ata . .
Those children play ball games every Sunday. - pusindi. malle mokka ninduga .
The jasmine plant is in full bloom. - rangu pensil mukkaluga- viricindi. rani .
- broke the colour pencil into pieces. Rani . www.mohanpublications.com 34 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/
- - telivaina abbayi. gopal
amma pullati konnadi. . mamidikayalu .
Mummy bought sour mangoes.
- - is an intelligent boy. Gopal - nalugava radha phlat antasthulo- undi. .
- phutbal - - -- raju . baga adatadu . .
- plays football well. Radha’s flat is on the fourth floor. Raju - kattindi. - a- pedda cettu mida kaki cakkaga- gudu .. . ..
The crow built its nest neatly on that big tree. - - munduku padindi. - gadapa dataleka pillikuna . . .
Unable to cross the threshold, the feeble kitten fell headlong. - oka tellatipitta nillalo .. munigindi. . .. budungumani .
A white bird suddenly dived into the water. - gadiyaram pedda goda thangumani ganta . . .. . kottindi. .
The big clock on the wall struck with a bang. - callaga- vistundi. sayantram gali
The evening breeze blows pleasantly.
- visesanalu - - rendusarlu - ' - - ane- visayam cakkaga- kriyavisesanalu - cadivite- evi ' - - evi pai vakyalu . . . . . . - - telusikondi. - avuno- kado - - kindi pattika cusi mike telustundi. sariaina javabu .. . . ilanti - - rayandi. - - konni miru kuda vakyalu . .
If you read the above sentences carefully, you will understand which words are adjectives and which ones are adverbs. Now write some similar sentences yourself. Verify your answers from the following list :
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javabulu Answers - '- kriyavisesanalu . .
'- visesanalu . .
nalla
Adjectives prati
every
black
rangu
colour
pullati .
telivaina
sour
intelligent nalugava
fourth
pedda
big
pedda
tellati .
big
white
sayantram
evening
Adverbs
banti ata .
parugetti
playfully
football
mukkaluga-
ninduga .
into pieces
full
- baga
well
cakkaga-
munduku
neatly
headlong
budungumani .
suddenly
thangumani .
with a bang
callaga-
pleasantly
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patham 8 Lesson8 . - - manam ippudu siddamga- unnam. . cinna cinna vakyalu rayadaniki .
Now we are ready to write small sentences. - edaina - ninna jarigina visayama, - visayam ceppinappudu manam ceppedi - -i roju kani . . . - spastamga - repu - - visayama- anedi - jaragaboye - undali. jarigina visayama, . .. . .
Whatever we say, it should be very specific whether we are indicating the present action, or a past action or a future action. - -- ala- undalante . . e kalam gurinci cebutunnamo teliyali.
For this, we should know the tense of the verb we are writing about. - ninna uttaram rasanu. -' nenu
I wrote a letter yesterday. - - i vakyam jarigipoina visayam gurinci teliyacestundi. dinini bhutakalam antamu. . .
This sentence describes a past action. - bhutakalam anaga- jarigipoyindi.
- Time that is past is called bhutakalam (Past Tense). - uttaram rastunnanu nenu
I am writing a letter.
- - kalam i vakyam ippudu gurinci teliyacestundi. dinini vartamana . jarugutunna visayam . antamu. .
This sentence mentions a present act. This is known as simple present tense. www.mohanpublications.com 37 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/
vartamana kalam anaga- jarugutunnadi.
Time now is called the vartamanakalam (Present Tense). - - repu - uttaram rastanu. nenu
I will write a letter tomorrow. - - - danini i vakyam jaragaboye gurinci teliyacestundi. dinini bhavisyat kalam antam. .
This sentence talks of a future act. ‘Time to come’ is future tense. - vastayi. - linga - - - telugulo- kriyalu vakyaniki samanyamga civaraga intavaraku, - - - - vacana bhedalalonu - - - - kriya- 'sabdalu - maradam bhedalalonu, . gurinci telusukunnam. - - kriyasabdam -' - - parisiliddam. 'kalam marinappudu marutundi. i kindi vakyalu . . kuda
In Telugu sentences, verbs usually come towards the end of the sentence. We have so far learnt that verbs change depending on the changes in gender and number. When there is a change of tense, the verb also changes. Let us study some sentences: sita ninna vaccindi.
ramudu . ninna vaccadu. .
sita ippudu . vastundi.
ramudu . ippudu . vastunnadu. .
- came yesterday. Sita
Sita comes now.
- sita repu vastundi.
- will come tomorrow. Sita
Ramudu . came yesterday.
Ramudu . comes now.
ramudu . . repu vastadu.
Ramudu . will come tomorrow. www.mohanpublications.com
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- - --' ramudu . anaga bhutakalanni sucince ‘ninna’ annappudu . kriyasabdam . ninna vaccadu. -- ‘repu’ - bhavisyat kalanni vaccadu sucince annappudu . . annamu. repu vastadu . . ' kriyasabdam vastadu . ani marindi. sita strilingam kanuka vaccindi, vastundi annamu. - annamu. ramudu . pumlingam kanuka vaccadu, . . vastadu
- Ramudu ninna (yesterday) indicates bhutakalam . came yesterday. Here, the word (past tense). Hence the verb vaccadu . (came). When we use the word ‘repu’ (tomorrow), it indicates bhavisyatkalam (future tense). Hence the verb vastadu . . (will come). ‘Sita’ being feminine gender, the verb in the past tense is vacindi; and in the future tense the verb will be vastundi. So also, Ramudu . being-masculine gender, and in the future tense vastadu. the verb in the past tense is vaccadu, . . - -- - - lekapote - - - mi- matalaku mukyamaina i mudu artham undadu. . . . . . kalalu telusukuni matladali.
When we talk we must be mindful of these three tenses. Otherwise, what we talk will not make sense. - - - i mudu . . kalalu kaka jarugutu vunna kalam marokati . undi. danini inglisulo kantinyuvas tens antaru. mudu . kalallonu aya samayalalo jarugutunna panini gurinci . . adi teliyacestundi.
In addition to these three tenses, there is another one called Continuous Tense. The vartamanakalam (Present Continuous Tense) describes an action taking place. And so the action is incomplete. So is the case with Past Continuous Tense and Future Continuous Tense. jarugutu- unna kalam.
Continuous tense:
- pustakam caduvutu- untundi. radha repu . radha ninna pustakam caduvutu- undindi. .
Radha was reading the book yesterday.
Radha will be reading the book tomorrow. www.mohanpublications.com
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radha pustakam caduvutu- undi.
Radha is reading the book.
- testu- undindi. testu- undindi ane- kriya bhutakalamlo - - jaruguturadha ninna pulu . . unnadanni teliyacestundi.
Radha was bringing flowers yesterday. (The verb — was bringing — is in the Past - Continuous tense — a continuing work in bhutakalam). - - - unnadu. - bommalu vestu - - unnadu. - anaga- prastutam bommalu vestu - kabatti raju . .. i vakyam . - kalamlo - pani jarugutunnatluga- teliyacestundi. vartamana .
- is drawing pictures. (The verb is in the Present Continuous Tense — a continuing Raju work in vartamanakalam – the ‘Present tense’.) - - untadu. - bommalu vestu - repu raju . kriya bhavisyat . . kalamlo jarugutu unde . visayam . . ikkada teliyacestundi.
- will be drawing pictures tomorrow. (The verb, here, is in the Future Continuous Raju Tense) — a continuous tense in the bhavisyatkalam. . - unnadu. ramu ninna banti adutu . .
Ramu was playing with a ball yesterday. - (The verb is in the Past Continuous tense — a continuing work in bhutakalam.) ramani . pulu testu undi.
Ramani . is bringing flowers. - pulu - testu- untadu. - repu raju . .
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- - unnadi. sita pata . padutu .
-
Sita is singing a song. (The verb is in the Present Continuous tense — a continuing work in vartamanakalam.) - laibrariki - undindi. - ninna uyala a- samayaniki raju veltu papa ugutu . unnadu. . .
ramani . . pulu testu untundi.
- uyala - unnadi. papa ugutu
- was going to the library at that time. Raju The baby was swinging yesterday.
Ramani . will be bringing flowers.
The baby is swinging.
- teccindi. radha ninna pulu
- uyala - - untundi. - repu papa ugutu .
Radha brought flowers yesterday. - - ramani . roju pulu testundi.
Ramani . brings flowers daily.
The baby will be swinging tomorrow. - repu - pulu - testadu. raju .
- will bring flowers tomorrow. Raju www.mohanpublications.com
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- koyadaniki radha pulu veltu . . untundi. .
- - - sayantram repu sita eluru veltu . . untundi.
- Sita will be going to Eluru tomorrow evening.
Radha will be going to pluck flowers.
-- - telugulo- mukhyamga- bhutakalam, vartamanakalam, bhavisyatkalalanu anusarinci . ' kriyasabdam marutundi.
When the tenses are changed, the verb also changes. - - ippudu . alanti. marpunu i kindi vakyala dwara gamaniddam.
Shall we look at some more sentences to know such changes? - bhutakalam
vartamanakalam
Ranganna goes to the market. - - badiki veltunnadi. meri . .
Ranganna will go to the market tomorrow. - - ellundi badiki veltundi. meri . . .
rahim pandlu . teccadu. .
Mary will go to school the day after tomorrow. - rahim pandlu . testadu. . . rahim sayantram pandlu . testunnadu.
Past tense - velladu ranganna bajaru .. . Ranganna went to the market. - - badiki vellindi. meri . ..
Mary went to school.
Rahim brought fruits.
bhavisyatkalam .
Present tense Future tense ranganna bajaru veltunnadu . . . . ranganna repu bajaru veltadu.
Mary goes to school.
Rahim brings fruits.
Rahim will bring fruits in the evening. www.mohanpublications.com
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- padindi. karuna . . pata .
karuna . . padutunnadi.
- padutundi. karuna . . . repu pata
Karuna . sang a song.
Karuna . sings a song.
amala ninna vaccindi.
amala vastunnadi.
Karuna . will sing a song tomorrow. - vastundi. amala repu
Amala came yesterday. Amala comes. Amala will come tomorrow. - avi nirantara kriyalu. vatini konni kalamto- nimittam lekunda . eppudu . . jarigevi untayi. . - - - antaru. inglisulo yunivarsal truts . .
There are some universal truths, true at any time and for all times: vantena kinda nunci nadi pravahistundi. suryudu . turpuna udayincunu.
The river flows under the bridge. - - mallelu pustayi. vesavilo
The sun rises in the east. vennela callaga- undunu. .
Jasmines bloom in summer.
The moonlight is cool. www.mohanpublications.com
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- - - e- kalaniki kinda iccina vakyalu sambandincinavo- gurtincandi. .
Name the tenses of the following sentences: sita a- pustakam cadivindi.
Sita read that book. radha padutunnadi. .
- sings. Radha
- - badiki veltu- undindi. meri . . .
Mary was going to school. - pustaka pradarsanaku - repu ' memu veltamu. .
We will go to the book exhibition tomorrow. - -i samayaniki - repu nenu ma- uriki veltu . . untanu.
By this time tomorrow, I will be going to our village. ame, monna ma- intiki . vaccindi.
She came to our house the day before yesterday. - caduvukuntu- untini. - vaccesariki ame nenu . .
By the time she came, I was reading. - suryudu bhumi . cuttu .. tirugutundi.
The earth goes round the sun.
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- poyina -' - uttaram rasadu. abraham samvatsaram naku .
Abraham wrote me a letter last year. - - - rendu samvatsarala - kritam kaleji - cesindi. - - caduvu purti ayesa . .
- -Ayesa . completed her collegiate studies two years back. inko- samvatsaraniki hari injaniring purtavutundi.
Hari’s engineering will be completed in a year’s time.
javabulu Answers
- unnadi jarugutu- unna vartamanakalam padutu .
is singing — present continuous tense. - cadivindi bhutakalam.
read — past tense. padutunnadi vartamanakalam. .
sings –simple present tense. - veltu jarugutu- unna bhutakalam . undindi .
was going — past continuous tense. veltamu bhavisyatkalam . .
will go — future tense. veltu jarugutu- unde . untanu. . . bhavisyatkalam .
will be going — future continuous tense.
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- vaccindi. bhutakalam
came — simple past tense. - chaduvukuntu jarugutu unna bhutakalam . untini. .
was reading — past continuous tense. tirugutundi. nirantaram jarigedi
goes round — ever happening action. (This simple present tense is also used to express some general fact or eternal truth.) -' - rasadu. . bhutakalam
wrote – past tense. - purticesindi. bhutakalam
completed – past tense. purtavutundi. bhavisyatkalam .
will be completed — future tense.
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patham 9 Lesson9 . -i pathamlo - ane- padala - gurinci telusukundam. - madya - manam avyayalu - rendu padala . . - - linga, vacana, kala - bhedalanu - - teliyacestayi. nunna sambandanni i avyayalu batti - . .avyayalu maravu. vitini i padalanu inglisulo . . . vibhaktyarthaka padalani kuda antaru. pripojisans antaru. . .
- which means indeclinable words — words In this lesson let us learn about ‘avyayalu’ not liable to change. They are immutable, eternal. In English they are called prepositions. They are used to show the relationship of a word to other words in a sentence. They are also called ‘vibhaktyardhaka padamulu’ in Telugu. udaharanalu :examples: . a- cettukomma mida cilaka unnadi. balla kinda pensilu padindi. .. .
There is a parrot on a branch of the tree. The pencil has fallen under the table. ‘‘balla’’, ‘‘pensilu’’ rendu ani ceppadam . padalu. pensilu ballakinda padindi . valana adi . oka ardhavantamaina vakyam ayindi. ‘‘’’ ‘‘’’
“Table” and “pencil” are two words. When we say, ‘The pencil has fallen under the table,’ it is a complete and meaningful sentence. - unnadu. - - madhya'syam ramuki, rajuki .
' Shyam is in between Ramu and Raju. - - radhanu tiki . pilicanu,ayina raledu.
I invited Radha for tea; but she did not turn up. - - - -krusna . . kosame custunna, kani raledu.
Krisna . . has not come yet; I am waiting for him. www.mohanpublications.com 47 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/
samuccayalu
Conjunctions - rendu padalanu - rendu vakyalanu - kaluputayi. - - samuccayalu - telugu bhasalo gani, gani . . . - - kanjenkshans antaru. - samana - dharmam kala vakyalane - - - ivi samuccayalanu inglisulo . . kaluputayi.
- (Conjunctions) in the Telugu language connect words with words as Samuccayalu well as sentences with sentences. (However, the words connected must be of the same grammatical part of speech and of the same grammatical construction.)
- - - kamala mariyu sita akka cellellu .. ane vakyamlo sitaku, kamalaku unna sambandham ‘mariyu’ ane- samuccayam teliyacestundi.
Kamala and Sita are sisters. Here the conjunction ‘and’ connects two nouns showing their relationship. - cadavagaladu, mariyu rayagaladu ramu . .
Ramu can read, and write as well.
- kalamu, pensil rendu - oka kalam ayina- pensil ayina- ivvandi. ane- vakyamlo naku . . - - okati kavali - - ani ardham, ayina- ane- padam valla vaccindi. vastuvulalo- edo .
Give me either a pen or a pencil. In this sentence, a choice is expressed. “Either or” is an alternative conjunction denoting either a pen or a pencil. - - anavaccu. ikkada . . kalamu leka pensil ani kuda
In this sentence we can use only ‘or’ to convey the meaning. ‘Give me a pen or a pencil.’ www.mohanpublications.com 48 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/
- ikkada . ‘‘ayina’’, ‘‘leka’’ ane padalu emi teliyacestunnavi? naku pennu kani pensilu kani - - kavalani. i vidhamga- rendu . padalanu gani, vakyalanu gani kalipe padalu samuccayalu. ‘‘’’‘‘’ ’
In these sentences, what do the words “either or” and ‘or’ indicate? ‘I want a pen or a pencil.’ Conjunctions therefore connect words with words as well as sentences with sentences. - anduvalana, vale, varaku, ayinappatiki- vanti padalu - samuccayalu. mariyu, kani, . .
Some other conjunctions are: and, but, therefore, like, too, till, however, as well as, further, neither-nor, either or, moreover. - - - samuccayalanu i kindi vakyalalo gurtincandi. .
Point out the conjunctions (samuccayalu) in the following: - mancivadu - mariyu telivainavadu. gopi . .
- is a good boy and intelligent as well. Gopi - - caduvutadu - kani - baga - allari cestadu. - raju . .
- reads well, but plays mischief. Raju
- ayevaraku - undu, lekapote - - vellu. na- pani purti .. .
Wait till I complete my work, or else you can go. - ayina- nijayiti - - parudu. atadu . . . pedavadu
Though poor, he is honest.
-- vaccindi andukani ma- akka raledu. ninna sayantram vana
It rained last evening; so my sister did not come.
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javabulu Answers mariyu
kani
- lekapote
and ayina-
though
but andukani
or else
so (reason for an action)
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patham 10 .
Lesson10
- - - manam -i pathamlo - - telugulo- vibhaktulu vunnayi. - vatini inglisulo keslu unnatlugane . . . . gurinci telusukundam.
Just as there are cases in the English language, there are vibhaktulu in the Telugu language. Let us learn about these vibhaktulu (cases) in this lesson. - - vibhaktulu. - madhya gala sambandhanni - padala vakyamlo teliyacesevi
Vibhakti indicates relationship between the words in a sentence. - karta edi? ramudu ane- vakyamlo karta ramudu. .. . kukkanu kottenu . ramudu . emi -' cesadu? kriya. evarini? kukkanu. kukka karma. .. . .. . anaga kottadam . kottadu.
“Ramudu . is the subject. . beat the dog.” What is the subject in this sentence? Ramudu What did Ramudu . do? He beat. (Beating is an action. So it is the verb.) Whom did he beat? He beat the dog. So, dog is the object. - - - ramudu, .. . anedi kriya. . namavacakale. kottuta . kukka ivi rendu
“Ramudu” . and “dog” are nouns.“Beat” is the verb.
kukka 'sabdaniki ‘nu’ ane- vibhakti ceradam valana adi ramudu . kukkanu kottenu. .. . ane ardhavantamaina vakyamga marindi. anaga karta cese panini teliyacestunnadi.
Adding ‘nu’ to the word dog made it a meaningful sentence. In other words, that case-ending ‘nu’ makes the work of the subject very clear. www.mohanpublications.com 51 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/
- inko- udaharana . cuddam.
Let us see another example: idi sita kalamu.
This is Sita’s pen. ante . adi sita yokka kalamu. ikkada . sitaku kalaniki unna sambandhamemiti? . ‘yokka’ ane padam sita hakkunu teliyacestunnadi.
It means, this pen belongs to Sita. Here, what is the relation between Sita and pen? It is Sita’s pen. Sita possesses it. She has a right over the pen. maroka vakyam
Let us consider another sentence: - sita radha koraku pandlu . teccindi.
Sita brought fruits for Radha. sita pandlu . teccindi. evari koraku? radha koraku. sita cesina kriya, pandlu evarikoraku radha koraku. . tevadam. . ikkada . koraku anedi vibhakti.
Sita brought fruits. For whom? For Radha. What did Sita do? She ‘brought’ fruits. That was her action — kriya (verb). For whom? For Radha. The fourth case-ending ‘for’ (koraku) is used to indicate syntactic relation between Sita, Radha and fruits. www.mohanpublications.com 52 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/
- - karta, karma, kriyalaku gala sambandhanni - oka vakyamlo i vidhamga, avi cese - panulanu, cesina vidhananni vivaranga- ceppadaniki vibhaktulu upayogapadatayi. . . telugulo- edu upayogincedi . . mukhyamaina vibhaktulu. okarini pilavadaniki - cerikato - padala - vibhakti. ivanni- okati rendu aksharala, - vakyaniki - sambodhana . . - - arthalanu - -i kindi vibhaktulu cudandi. ververu istayi. . .
Vibhaktulu (cases) are therefore used to show the syntactic relation between the subject, object and verb, and to explain clearly the work they do and how they do it. In the Telugu language, vibhaktulu are of seven kinds. Various case-forms are expressed with the aid of various prepositions or case-endings. Examine the following vibhaktulu (cases): There is another case form to address others. It is known as vocative case or Nominative case of address.
prathama- vibhakti
nominative case
du, mu, vu, lu .
du, . mu, vu, lu.
' 'du' . pumlinga sabdalaku vastundi. uda- : ramudu, .. . . krusnudu,
The first case-ending du . is applicable to masculine nouns. Eg: Ramudu, Krisnudu. . .. . 'mu' napumsakalingalaku vastundi. uda : daivamu, vanamu, vrukshamu
mu is applicable to nouns of neuter gender. Eg: deity, forest, a tree. www.mohanpublications.com 53 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/
- - 'sabdalaku, - 'sabdaniki 'vu' ukaranta ‘‘go’’ vastundi. uda :jantuvu, taruvu, madhuvu, govu
‘Vu’ is applicable to words ending with ‘U’ sound and to the word ‘go’ (cow). Eg: animal, tree, honey, cow. 'lu' bahuvacanamlo vastundi. - govulu uda- : strilu,
lu is aplicable to plural forms. Eg: ‘strilu’ (women), ‘govulu’ (cows). atadu . . ramudu
He is Ramudu. . -avu sadhu jantuvu.
Cow is a domestic animal.
- vikasincayi. ' pulu
The flowers have bloomed. a vanamu andamuga- unnadi.
That garden is beautiful. - - vadina paina cadivina ‘ramudu’, ‘vanamu’, ‘jantuvu’ ane- padalalo du, . mu, vu, lu . . prathama- vibhakti.
In the above sentences, Ramudu, . ‘vanamu’, jantuvu — .du, mu, vu, are the first case (prathama vibhakti or Nominative Case) endings. dwitiya- vibhakti
ni, nu, la, gurci, gurinci
accusative case ni, nu, la, gurchi, gurinchi. karmaku sambandhinci dwitiya- vibhakti vastundi. kriya yokka phalanni evaru anubhavistaro, varu karma
The case that relates to the object in a sentence is called Accusative or Objective Case - - vibhakti or second case in the order). A noun or noun equivalent is in the (dwitiya Accusative or Objective Case when it is used as the direct object of a transitive verb.
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sitanu pilicanu.
I called Sita. ikkada pilavadam kriya. evarini pilicanu? sitanu. sita karma. 'nu' ane- dwitiya- vibhakti . . sitanu cerindi.
Here, ‘called’ is the verb. Whom did I call? Sita. (Sitanu) So, Sita is the object. In Telugu, it is ‘Sitanu”. In the second case, the case-ending nu is added to the object ‘Sita.’ tallini mincina daivamu ledu. rajuni rammanu.
- naku - teliyadu. atani gurci
- telusu. ni gurinci naku
- to come. Ask Raju
No deity is greater than mother.
I do not know anything about him.
I know about you.
trutiya- vibhakti
cetan, ce(n), todan, to(n) .
instrumental case chetan, che, todan, to. .
- - - varu - karta. trutiya -' - - paniki evaru asrayam kriya cese avutaro vibhakti kartaku cerutundi.
A noun or its equivalent about which something is said (predicated) in a sentence is called the subject. The third case (trutiya- vibhakti) relates to the subject. - ceta - pustakam cadivincu. papa
Get the book read by the girl. - papaceta. - cadivincadam kriya-evari ceta? .
To make the baby read (chadivincu) is the verb. By whom (evariceta)? - By the girl (papaceta). Other sentences can be similarly formed. www.mohanpublications.com 55 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/
- - vastanu. nito- nenu
- saukyamu untundi. 'santam toda . .
I will also come with you.
Happiness exists along with peace.
- - ramani kuda - - vaccindi. rajuto . .
Ramani . also came along with Raju.
-
caturthi vibhakti
dative case
koraku, kai
koraku, kai.
evari nimittam kriya jarugutundo- variki caturthi vibhakti vastundi.
The case of nouns or pronouns and words in grammatical agreement with them, indicating an indirect object or recipient, is known as Dative Case (caturthi vibhakti — for, to). atadu . ramuni koraku vaccadu. . ramuni koraku.
He came for Rama. atadu . . vaccadu.
He came. enduku?
For Ramu.
- radhakai - teccanu. nenu pulu
I have brought flowers for Radha.
Why?
- paramatmudu anekasarlu avatarincadu. . . . dharma rakshnakai
God manifested Himself time and again on the earth to protect righteousness (Dharma).
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-
pancami vibhakti
ablative case
valana, kante, .. . patti
valana, kante, .. . patti.
apayamu, bhayamu, parajayam, pramadam, alasyam modalainavi jariginappudu, . avi enduku jarigayo a karanam ceppadaniki pancami vibhakti vastundi. . .
The case of nouns or pronouns and words in grammatical agreement with them indicating an agent, instrument or location is Ablative Case (pancami- vibhakti — valana, kante, .. — by, than, on account of). It indicates the cause of certain effect . patti or result. coruni valana bhayamu kaligindi.
Fear was caused by the thief.
i pani ni valana alasyam ayindi.
This work has been delayed on account of you. - telisindi. hanumantuni valana sitamma jada .
The whereabouts of Sitamma were made known by Hanuman. - - vaccadu. rajuni batti . . ranga kuda . .
Ranga also came on account of Raju. - kante ramana balavantudu. vasu . . .
Ramana . is stronger than Vasu.
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- sasti . . . vibhakti ki, ku, yokka, lo, lopala
- lopala. genitive case ki, ku, yokka, lo, - sambandhanni teliyacesetappudu . . . vibhakti vastundi. . . sasti
The Genitive Case primarily expresses possession, and from that it has been extended to many kindred relations. This is the ‘sasti vibhakti’ with sixth case-ending of ‘ki, ku, . . yokka, lo, lopala’ — to. of, in, and ’s. -i visayam teliyadu. rajuki idi ramani(yokka) pennu. . .
This is Ramani’s . pen.
- does not know about this matter. Raju
- telusu; niku a- visayam naku telusu. .
atani(yokka) gunam . andariki telusu.
You and I know about it.
Everybody knows about his character.
lata illu ikkadaku daggare. .
-ni- mansu lopala alocana nike- telusu.
Lata’s house is not far from here.
Only you know what is in your mind.
- illu uripakka - - unnadi. vasu totalo .
Vasu’s house is in the garden on the outskirts of the village. - lopala - vallu gadilo- matladukuntunnaru. . . . ..
They are talking in the room.
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-
saptami vibhakti
locative case
andu, na.
andu, na.
- - adharanni teliyacesetappudu . . saptami vibhakti vastundi.
The Locative Case (saptami- vibhakti — ‘andu’ , ‘na’) relates to nouns, pronouns, and adjectives, expressing location (a particular place or position in which a person or thing is.) bhagavantudu . . endu cusina andu kaladu.
Wherever you look, there is God. (Or) God is everywhere. amma yandu orpu ekkuva.
a- darina dongala bhayam ekkuva.
Mother has a lot of patience.
There is a threat of robbers on that road.
- cettuna cala - - kayalu jama unnavi. ..
- -' - lekkalenanni akasana cukkalu unnavi.
- untaru. punyatmulu svargana . .
- i cikatina padi . . . ela veltavu?
There are plenty of fruits on the guava tree. There are countless stars in the sky. (The guava tree has plenty of fruits.)
The virtuous men stay in the heaven.
How can you go in this darkness?
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- - sambodhana- prathama- vibhakti o, oyi
- prathama- vibhakti): Vocative case or nominative case of address (sambodhana O, you, hi, hello, hey. - sambodhincadaniki, - i vibhakti-evarinaina- pilavadaniki, anaga upayogistamu. . .
Nominative Case of Address or Vocative Case is used to address a person (sambodhana vibhakti )— o, oyi — hey, you, hi, hello. - - ani, strilanu - ani- sambodhistaru. purusuni ‘‘oyi’’ ‘‘o’’ .
Oyi refers to man. O is used to address a woman. It may imply closeness or contempt. - o- sita! itu . ra!
Hey Sita! Come here. - - atu vellaku! oyi! .. .
Hey, don’t go that side! -o krusna! . . nannu rakshincu!
O Krisna! . . Come to my rescue.
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patham 11 Lesson11 . - - ardhanni - purti icce- pada samudayanni vakyam antamu. dinini inglisulo sentence . . . antaru. .
A sentence is a group of words making complete sense. - vidhaluga - - mudu - - vibhajimpabaddayi vakyalu .. . - 1. samanya vakyam 2. samyukta vakyam ' 3. samslista . . vakyam
Sentences are classified as follows: 1. Simple Sentence 2. Compound Sentence 3. Complex Sentence - samanya vakyam
simple sentence. - - karta, karma, kriya anevi - pradhanamaina - - samanya vakyamlo vakyangalu.
A simple sentence contains subject, object and verb (karta, karma and kriya) in that order. udaharanalu :examples: . kamala andanga- untundi. vimala telivainadi. .
- - caduvutadu. - baga raju .
ramani .. . vellindi. . badiki
- studies well. Raju
Ramani . went to school.
Kamala is beautiful.
Vimala is intelligent.
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samyukta vakyam
Compound sentence - - - - - rendu . leka mudu . samanya vakyalu kalasi oke vakyamga marite adi samyukta - ‘kani’ vakyamavutundi. ala- kalapadaniki ‘mariyu’ leka vanti . . samuccayalu sahayapadatayi. .
A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences joined together by coordinating conjunctions ‘but’, ‘and’, etc. sita akka, kamala cellelu.
Sita is the elder sister, and Kamala is the younger sister. sita (mariyu) kamala akkacellellu. ..
- Sita and Kamala are sisters.
- - caduvutadu. - ranga baga - - caduvutadu. ramu baga . .
Ramu reads well. Ranga reads well.
- - caduvutaru. ramu (mariyu) ranga baga
Ramu and Ranga read well.
- maracipotadu. - baga - - caduvutadu. - vasu - vasu . .
- reads well. Vasu - forgets. Vasu
- maracipotadu. - - baga - - caduvutadu - kani vasu . .
- reads well but forgets soon. Vasu
- atanu rajuki atanu rajuki annayya? tammuda? .
- Is he the younger brother of Raju? Is he the elder brother of Raju? www.mohanpublications.com 62 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/
- tammuda? - leka atanu rajuki annayya? .
Is he the elder or younger brother of Raju? 'sailaja patalu ' . padutundi. . rastundi. sailaja patalu .
'Sailaja writes poems. 'Sailaja sings songs.
'sailaja patalu . rastundi, padutundi. .
'Sailaja writes poems and sings, too.
' samslista . . vakyam
Complex sentence - vakyamto - okatigani - antakante- ekkuva apradhana - vakyalu - - kalisi vakyam oka pradhana . . -erpadite- danini ' .. vakyam antaru. purti arthanni icce vakyanni pradhana samslista . . - - arthanni - vakyam vakyam ani, purti ivvani vakyanni apradhana ani antaru. kriya . samaptam kakapote vakyam purti ardhanni ivvadu.
A sentence may also be made up of two or more clauses, one of which is dependent on, or subordinate to, another. Such a sentence is called a Complex Sentence. - vakyam. ramudu idi pradhana anaga- arthavantamaina vakyam. .. . velladu.
Ramudu . went. This is the main sentence which gives a clear meaning. - ramudu ramudu .. . vaccadu. . . velladu.
Ramudu . went. Ramudu . came. - ane- vatini .. vaccadu’, . kalipi ‘ramudu . velli . ani rastamu.
We can club these two sentences thus: “Ramudu . velli .. vaccadu.” . after going . (Ramudu, out, returned.) www.mohanpublications.com 63 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/
- anedi - purti - arthanni ramudu istundi. . velladu ..
The sentence, “ramudu .. . (Ramudu . velladu” . went.) makes complete sense. - - ‘ramudu . velli’ .. anedi apradhana vakyam. kriya padam purti kakunda . vakyaniki artham ledu.
The expression, “ramudu .. (Ramudu . velli” . having gone) does not give complete meaning. The verb is incomplete. - - avi - navvi - ila - cusi, - - a- ‘kriya’ madhyalo- -agipote, - vallu - cestunnaro - edaite velli-cesi, .. .. - - vakyalu. - - ala- agipoyina apradhana ‘kriya’lu asamapaka kriyalu.
Having gone (velli), .. having done (chesi), having seen (cusi), sporting a smile (navvi), they are, he became, do not mean anything. They need some complements of the verbs, as they help to complete the meaning of the sentences. These are some types of incomplete verbs. - pustakam cadivindi. rani - nidrapoyindi. rani . .
- read the book. Rani - slept off. Rani . .
- pustakam cadivi nidrapoyindi. rani .
- slept off. Having read the book, Rani .
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patham 12 Lesson12 . anukarana . vidhamulu : . vakyamulu rendu
There are two forms of speech pratyakshanukaranam .
Direct Speech
parokshanukaranam .
Indirect Speech
pratyakshanukaranam : .
Direct Speech
- ceppindi ceppinatluga- anukarincatam. a- matalu - edutivaru pratyakshanukaranamlo . . . . . - uncali. kotesanlo . .
In pratyakshanukaranam (Direct Speech) we give the words of the speaker in . quotation marks without changing the words. konni udaharanalu : Some examples: . - cestanu’, - ‘a- pani naku - telusu, nenu - vasu annadu. .
“I know that work. I will do it”, said Vasu.
- andi. amma nannu, ‘sayantram twaraga- ra’,
“Come early in the evening,” said my mummy to me. ticar ‘miranta- mokkalu natandi’, . . . annaru.
“All of you plant saplings,” said the teacher. www.mohanpublications.com 65 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/
- gopito - - ‘sraddaga - caduvu’, annadu. ' raju .
- to Gopi. “Pay more attention to studies,” said Raju - - kotta battalu’, ani ammanu adigindi. sunita ‘nakevi . ..
“What about new clothes for me?” Sunitha asked her mother. - ‘katha ceppu, katha ceppu’, ani godava cestundi. papa .
The baby pesters me, “Tell me a story, tell me a story.”
parokshanukaranam : .
Indirect Speech: - okaru ceppina vakyanni - - ceppali. - kotesans parokshanukaranamlo mana matalato . . . . - sarvanamalu - - upayogincali. undavu. avasaramaina cota . .
In the parokshanukaranam (Indirect Speech), the words uttered by the speaker are . not given, and no quotation marks are used. In other words, the speaker is not quoted verbatim. - annadu. - a- pani tanaku telusani, - vasu tane- cestanani .
- said that he knew that work, and so he would do it. Vasu - nenu - - ceppamannadu. - ekkadiki veltunnano raju . . .
- asked me to tell where I was going. Raju amma nannu sayantram twaraga- rammandi.
Mummy asked me to come back early in the evening. www.mohanpublications.com 66 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/
ticar ma- andarini mokkalu natamannaru. . .
The teacher asked us to plant saplings. - gopini 'sraddaga- cadavamannadu. raju .
- advised Gopi - to pay more attention to his studies. Raju sunita tanaku kotta battalu . . evi ani ammanu adigindi. .
Sunitha asked her mother about new clothes for her. - - katha ceppamani godava cestondi. papa .
The baby pesters me to tell her a story. - - ela- ceppina- intaku mundu telusukunna visayalu - - gurtuncukovali. miru emi ceppina, . - - ekavacanam, - - bhuta, - bhavisyat, vartamana - kalalu, linga bhedalu, bahuvacanam vitini . . - - vacce- marpulu - - vitini anusarinci kriya- padalalo gurtuncukovali. batti vakyam . .. arthavantamga- tayaravutundi.
Remember all the points we have dealt with so far to gain fluency in Telugu. Also remember the inevitable changes in the verb patterns depending upon the gender differences, tenses, and number.
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patham 13 Lesson13 . ikkada . koncem agandi .
Wait a bit here.
- concem agi - - - matladutuntamu. manam matladutunnappudu, . . . . avasaramainacota . . .
When we speak, we give some pauses to make our speech clear and meaningful to the listener. - - untundi. alage - arthanni - - swaramlo- marpu vakyamloni batti a- vyavadhi marutu valana .. . kuda artham avutundi. . visayam .
The duration of the pause depends upon the meaning and context. Sometimes we make our point clear by means of intonation. - - mukyamaina rasetappudu valla telustundi. vatilo . . . matram konni gurtulu pettadam .. . nalugu gurtulu ippudu telusukundam. .
In writing we use punctuation marks to make the sentence clear and meaningful. Let us now discuss four punctuation marks:
- - -- - - cadivetappudu, . . . rasetappudu . padala madhya ekkada . agalo, ela artham . apalo, ekkada - - - telipevi - viramamu -- cihnalu. - virama cesukovalo ante cihnam ante . apadam, . . gurtu.
All written work is divided by points or stops which help the reader to follow the sense of what he is reading. Those signs are called punctuation marks. They regulate reading by indicating where the reader may pause and take breath, and how long he may pause.
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- cihnalu - -i kindi vidhamga- unnayi. virama
The following are the punctuation marks: binduvu
full stop
(.)
comma
(,)
- binduvu nyuna
ardha binduvu
- - ' binduvu vakyamsa
semi-colon
(; )
anukarana . cihnalu
quotation marks —
colon
(:)
' prasnarthakam
( “ ’’)
question mark
(?)
-' ascharyardhakam
exclamatory mark
(!)
sita tana pedda cellelu cinna tammudu pelliki .. . pillalu annayya koduku . .. vellaru
Sita her younger sister next to her younger brother children went to wedding of older brother’s son - - cihnalu - - okkasari - levu. - cadivi cudandi. i vakyamlo- virama . . ekkada . apali? ela cadavali? teliyadam . ledu kadu!
There are no punctuation marks in this sentence. We do not know where to stop and how to read it. It is a bundle of confusion, isn’t it?
sita, tana pedda cellelu, cinna cellelu, cinna tammudu, pelliki vellaru. .. . annayya koduku . .. - - vivaramga- telustundi. ila- raste
Sita, her elder sister, younger sister and younger brother went to the wedding of her elder brother’s son. www.mohanpublications.com 69 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/
- evarevaru veltunnaro - - antaru. - - ceppadaniki sita taruvata, upayogincina gurtuni ‘kama’ . . . - - oke- visayaniki - mataku - madhya viramam mataku undadaniki sucana i kama. . . . . . - ekkuvaga- unnappudu civari visayaniki sambandhincina vivaralu tappa migilina . . annintiki . kamalu undali. .
After the word ‘Sita’, the punctuation mark, ‘comma’(’)’ is used to inform as to who are all going. Comma is used to denote the gap between the words. When there are too many details to be given, comma is used after every name or matter excepting the last name or matter. konni udaharanalu : Some examples: . - - rastundi. - - patalu ame kathalu, navalalu, natakalu, . .
She writes stories, novels, plays and songs.
- - - ma- intlo . erranivi, tellanivi, pasupuvi, udarangu gulabilu pustayi.
Red, white, yellow and purple roses bloom in our courtyard. The Full Stop (the Period) - cukka pettali, - a cukka binduvu. oka vakyam ekkuva viramam kavalsina cota . .. purtainappudu . . binduvu undali.
The full stop ( . ) marks the end of a complete and independent sentence. - ninna vaccanu. uda- : nenu
Ex : I came yesterday. - -eluru - velladu. raju .. .
- - has gone to Eluru. Raju www.mohanpublications.com 70 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/
- binduvu undali. - rasina samkshiptarupamlo prati aksharam taruvata .
Abbreviations are indicated by periods:
-' am.pra. = andhra prades.
-' A.P. (Andhra Prades). - - - cintapalli ramamurti. ci.ra.murti
Chi. Ra. Murthy (Chintapalli Rama Murthy); - = tirumala tirupati devastanam. ti.ti.de.
U.N.O. (United Nations Organization); TTD (Tirumala-Tirupati Devasthanam), etc. - - - rasina - - civara cukka undali. cirunama . . madhya varasalaku kama undali.
Even in one’s postal address, there should be a period at the end. For the middle lines, there should be commas at the end: - ravu vi.es.ar. - - - - vijayawada - - 520 002. inti . . nem. 123/4, suryaraopeta, .
Mr. V.S.R. Rao - - - - Vijayawada-520 H. No. 123/4, Suryaraopeta, 002. . . amma gudiki lalita ninna vaccinda? .. . vellinda?
Has mummy gone to the temple? - - civara iccindi prasnarthakam. - prasnincina - -i ‘‘?’’ gurtu prasnanu ' ' ' pai vakyala evarini emi sucistundi. Did Lalita come yesterday?
The above sentences carry interrogative marks at the end. Interrogative mark is used at the end of every direct question.
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- - adi enta bagundi! oho!
- padipoyada! - - - raju a! . .
Oh, how nice it is!
- has fallen! Alas, Raju
-' - - nokki ceppadanni, ascaryanni, udrekanni, e- visayamaina vyangyanni. . -' - prakatincetappudu . . . . i ‘‘!’’ ascaryarthakanni vadali.
Exclamatory mark is used to express emotion or some sudden feeling such as wonder, surprise, horror, indignation, joy, or some satirical remark. - ni- sangati telusu, nivu a! bhimudavu! .
O! I know about you. You are Bhima! aunu! atanu munde- vaccadu! .
Yes, he came early!
- - - - bhasa - vastundi. cinna cinna vakyalu - - - cakkagatelugulo- matladandi. . . . matladitene . . . - - kotta kotta - - - cadavandi. cadivitene rayandi. telugu pustakalu . . rastene gurtuntundi. . - - telustayi. - kotta kotta prayogalu padalu,
Now try to speak in Telugu. Unless you speak in Telugu you cannot master the language. Learn to write short and sweet sentences. Unless you write, you cannot remember usages. Read Telugu books. If you read you learn more and more new words and new expressions.
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=∂=^ŒÌ ÅaèOK«∞ „QÆO^äŒ=ÚÅ∞ 1. „=`«Hõ^äŒÅ∞ – ѨÓ[Å∞ 1. N q<åÜ«∞Hõ „=`«O "≥Å ~°∂.10-00 2. N q¿Ñ¶∞flâ◊fi~°Ñ¨Ó*ϖѨÙ}ϺǨÏ"åK«#O 25–00 3. N q¿Ñ¶∞flâ◊fi~°Ñ¨Ó[ (HÍ}˜áêHõˆH∆„`«=∂Ǩ`«‡ºO`À) 10–00 4. ã¨OHõ+¨ìǨÏ~°K«`«∞i÷ N=∞ǨQÆ}Ѩu „=`«O 30–00 5. =~°ÅH©; „=`«O 7–50 6. ˆH^•ˆ~â◊fi~° „=`«O 7–50 7. „u<å^èŒ „=`«O(HõÅ~ü) 7–50 8. „u<å^茄=`«O(™ê^•) 5-00 9. H©∆~åaú „=`«O 10–00 10.=∞OQÆà◊ Q“s„=`«O 10-00 11."≥·Éèí=ÅH©; „=`«O á¶È\’ Ü«∞O„`«O`À 20-00 12.NÅH©; ‰õΩÉË~° „=`«O (á¶È\’ Ü«∞O„`«O`À) 20-00 13.Hõ#Hõ=∞ǨÅH©; „=`«O (HÍ"Õ∞â◊fisáê@`À) 20-00 14.ã¨O`À+‘=∂`å „=`«O 20-00 15.U_»∞ â◊x"å~åÅ „=`«O 20-00 16.ã¨`«º<å~åÜ«∞}„=`«O 20-00 17.N ã¨∞=~°ÛÖÏǨÏ#∞=∞nÌHõ∆ 20-00 18.t=nHõ∆ 10-00 19.HÍ`åºÜ«∞h „=`«O 20–00 -1-
20.™œÉèÏQƺ Q“s„=`«O 21.u~°∞áêÊ"≥· (^èŒ#∞~å‡ã¨„=`«O) 22.„ã‘ÎÅ „=`«Hõ^äŒÅ∞ 23.„ã‘ÎÅ„=`«Hõ^äŒÅ∞ã¨∂÷ÖÏHõ∆i(<Õ^Œ∞#∂iQÆOQÍ^èŒ~°~å=ÙQÍi) 24.„ã‘ÎÅáê@Å∞ (HÍ"Õ∞â◊fisáê@`À) 25.ã¨~°fi^Õ=`å ѨÓ*Ïq^è•#O 26.P~°∞„=`åÅ∞ 27.^èŒ#fiO`«s „=`«HõÅÊO 28.~åǨïHÍÅOÖ’^Œ∞~åæ^ÕgѨÓ*Ï 29.`«∞Åã≤ x`«ºÑ¨Ó[, `«∞Åã‘LѨÜ≥∂QÍÅ∞ 30.N K«„HõѨÓ[ 31.N K«„Hõ ~°Ç¨Ï㨺 q*Ï˝#"£∞ 32.NK«„Hõ ѨÓ*Ïq^è•#O(ÃÑ^ŒÌk) 33.ÅH©; – Q“s x`«ºÑ¨Ó[ 34.NÅe`åx`«ºÑ¨Ó[(Åe`åã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞™È΄`«O`À) 35.N QÍÜ«∞„f x`«ºÑ¨Ó[ 36.J#flѨÓ~°‚ x`«ºÑ¨Ó[ 37.N ã¨~°ã¨fif x`«ºÑ¨Ó[ 38.=∞Ç≤Ïëêã¨∞~° =∞~°÷hѨÓ[ 39.~å[~å*Ëâ◊fis x`«ºÑ¨Ó[ 40.N ^Œ∞~åæx`«ºÑ¨Ó[ 41.HÍÅÉèˇ·~°= x`«ºÑ¨Ó[ -2-
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2. ™È΄`åÅ∞–ã¨∞„ѨÉèÏ`«=ÚÅ∞ ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 1. N Åe`å q+¨µ‚ ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞™È΄`åÅ∞ 40–00 2. N Åe`å q+¨µ‚ ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞™È΄`åÅ∞ (ˆHãπɡ·O_£) 63–00 3. ã¨∂÷ÖÏHõ∆iÅe`åq+¨µ‚ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞™È΄`«=ÚÅ∞ (Ѩ„uHõÃã·*ò ˆHãπ ɡ·O_£) 108–00 ѨÙ~å}ѨO_» ~å^è•Hõ$+¨‚=¸iÎQÍi ã¨OHõÅ#O 4. Åe`åq+¨µ‚ ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞™È΄`«=ÚÅ∞ (Ç≤ÏOn) ,,40–00 5. Åe`åq+¨µ‚ ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞™È΄`«=ÚÅ∞ (WOw¡+¨µ) ,,40–00 -4-
6. ã¨~°fi^Õ=`å ™È΄`«=∞O[i 120–00 7. ã¨HõÅ^Õ=`å JëÈì`«Î~°â◊`«<å=∂=oó (63) 20–00 8. Åe`å ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞ ™È΄`«"£∞(„H“<£) 36–00 9. Åe`å ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 20–00 10.ÅH©; ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 20–00 11.^Œ∞~åæ ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 20–00 12.PO[<ÕÜ«∞ ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 20–00 13.t= ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 20–00 14.q+¨µ‚ ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 20–00 15.QÆ}Ѩu ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 20–00 16.ã¨∞„|Ǩχ}º ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 20–00 18.Åe`åq+¨µ‚ ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞™È΄`åÅ∞ 20–00 19.N~å=∂ ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 20–00 20.ÅH©;#$ã≤OǨÏã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 20–00 21.ã¨∂~°ºã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ Pk`«ºÇ¨Ï$^ŒÜ«∞O 20–00 22.N"ÕOHõ>Ëâ◊fi~°ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 20–00 23.=∞}˜nfiѨ=~°‚# (ÃÑ^ŒÌk) 20–00 24.ã¨O^•º=O^Œ#O 20–00 25.=∞O„`«Ñ¨Ù+¨Ê"£∞ 20–00 26.„uÉèÏëê ǨÏ#∞=∂<£Kåb™ê 10–00 27.ǨÏ#∞=∂<£ Kåb™ê 9–00 28.=∞}˜nfiѨ=~°‚# (áêÔH\ò) 10–00 -5-
29.P~°∞ Kåb™êÅ∞ 30.t"å~å^èŒ# (t=™È΄`åÅ∞) 31."ÕOHõ>Ëâ◊fi~° ã¨∞„ѨÉèÏ`«O (áêÔH\ò) 32.P~°∞^ŒO_»HÍÅ∞ 33."ÕOHõ>Ëâ◊fi~° QÀqO^Œ<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 34.J+¨ìÅH©; ™È΄`«"£∞ Hõ#Hõ^è•~å™È΄`«"£∞ 35.^ÕgY_»æ=∂ÖÏ™È΄`«"£∞ (=∞Ç≤Ïëêã¨∞~°=∞~°Ìh™È΄`«O`À) 36.ÉÏÖÏ„uѨÙ~° ã¨∞O^Œs x`«ºÑ¨Ó[ 37.ã¨∞O^Œ~°HÍO_» (áêÔH\ò) 38.ÉèíQÆ=næ`« =¸ÅO 39.~å=∞~°H∆Í™È΄`«"£∞ 40.™È΄`« ~°`åfl=o 41.ѨÙ~å}ѨO_»Åe`å– q+¨µ‚ ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞™È΄`«"£∞(q∞h) 42.ѨÙ~å}ѨO_» Åe`åã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞™È΄`«"£∞(q∞h) 43.ѨÙ~å}ѨO_» q+¨µ‚ ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞™È΄`«"£∞ 44.ѨÙ~å}ѨO_» Pk`«º ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∞O 45.=∞O„`«Ñ¨Ù+¨ÊO (q∞h) 46.t"å#O^ŒÅǨÏi–™œO^Œ~°ºÅǨÏi 47.‰õΩ[^À+¨O 48.HÍÅã¨~°Ê ^À+¨O -6-
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49.g∞ JѨCÅ∞ f~åÖÏ? 50.^Œ$+≤ì^ÀëêÅ∞ x"å~°} 51.ã¨~°fi^Õ=`å ^蕺#â’¡Hõ=ÚÅ∞ 52.ѨOK«ã¨∂HõÎ=ÚÅ∞ 53.ã¨O^蕺=O^Œ#O 54.~°∞„^Œ#=∞Hõ"£∞–K«=∞Hõ"£∞ 55.QÍÜ«∞„f=∞O„`åÅ∞ 56.[Ѩ=∞O„`åÅ∞ 57.ǨÏÜ«∞„w= ™È΄`«=∂Å 58.^ŒH˜∆}Ï=¸iÎ ™È΄`«=∂Å 59.^•fi^Œâ◊ *’ºui¡OQÍÅ∞–ѨOKå~å=∂Å`À 60.Nã¨∂HõÎO ѨÙ~°∞+¨ ã¨∂HõÎO 61.#=^Œ∞~°æÅ∞ 62.#=„QÆǨϙÈ΄`«=∂Å 63.=∞Ǩ<åºã¨"£∞ 64.ã¨∞O^Œ~°HÍO_» QÍ<å=∞$`«O 65.ã¨O^蕺 =O^Œ#O (ÃÑ^ŒÌk) 66.QÀ=∂`«Ñ¨Ó*Ïq^è•#=Ú 67.P#O^Œã≤kú – 1 N^Õg ™È΄`«=∂Å 68.P#O^Œã≤kú – 2 U ã¨=∞㨺‰õΩ –U ™È΄`«"£∞ áê~åÜ«∞}KÕÜ«∂e 69. x`«º^Õ=`å~°Û# -7-
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70. NÅe`å ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞–qѨÙÅq=~°}ã¨Ç≤Ï`«O 71. N ^Œ∞~åæã¨Ñ¨Îâ◊u–(K«O_ô) Ǩϟ=∞q^è•#=Ú 72. ã¨~°fi^Õ=`å ™È΄`«xkè 73. =∞}˜nfiѨ=Ú (qѨÙÅ =K«# "åºMϺ#=Ú) 74. HÍÅÉèˇ·~°= ~°H∆ÍHõ=K«=Ú
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3. N ™ê~Ú ^Œ`«Î „QÆO^äŒ=ÚÅ∞ 1. N ™ê~ÚÉÏÉÏ ã¨K«Ûùi„`« 2. ã¨OѨÓ~°‚ N QÆ∞~°∞ K«i„`« 3. N ™ê~ÚP~å^èŒ#–+≤i¤"≥·Éèí=O 4. N ™ê~ÚÉÏÉÏ rq`« K«i„`« („H“<£) 5. N QÆ∞~°∞K«i„`« („H“<£) 6. ^•ã¨QÆ}Hõ$`« N™ê~Ú K«i„`« 7. #=<å^èŒ K«i„`« 8. N™ê~ÚK«i„`«(ɡ·O_»∞) „Ѩܫ∂}ѨÙáê~åÜ«∞}„QÆO^äŒO 9. NQÆ∞~°∞K«i„`« (ɡ·O_»∞) „Ѩܫ∂}ѨÙáê~åÜ«∞}„QÆO^äŒO 10.ã¨`«º^Œ`«Î„=`«O ^Œ`å΄`ÕÜ«∞ѨÓ*ÏHõÅÊO,ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨O`À 11.J#Ѷ¨∂^Õg „=`«O 12.Éèí‰õΩÎÅ „Ѩâ◊flʼnõΩ ÉÏÉÏ ["å|∞Å∞ 13.=∞#ã¨∞Ö’x„Ѩâ◊fl‰õΩN™ê~ÚÉÏÉÏ["å|∞Å∞ 14.JHõ∆~°„Hõ=∞=ÚÖ’ N™ê~Úã¨∂‰õΩÎÅ∞ -8-
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15.N ™ê~ÚѨÓ*ÏHõÅÊO (ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨O`À) 16.N ™ê~ÚÉèí[#=∂Å 17.N ™ê~Ú Éèí[<£û 18.N ™ê~ÚÉèíH˜Î w`åÅ∞ 19.ti_çǨ~°`«∞Å∞ (ÉèÏ=O`À) 20.''N™ê~Ú——HÀ\˜ 21.''N™ê~Ú~å"£∞——HÀ\˜ 22.N ™ê~Ú<å^äŒ ™È΄`«=∞O[i 23.N ™ê~Ú"Õ~Ú<å=∂Å∞ 24.N ™ê~Ú ã¨Ç¨Ï„㨠<å=∂=o 25.N ™ê~Ú Kåb™ê–ã¨∞„ѨÉèÏ`«O 26.N ™ê~Ú<å^èŒ Kåb™ê 27.N ™ê~Ú Ç¨~°`«∞Å∞ (áêÔH\ò) 28.N ™ê~Ú x`«ºÑ¨Ó[ (áêÔH\ò) 29.N ™ê~Ú ã¨∂‰õΩÎÅ∞ 30.N ™ê~Ú ã¨Î=#=∞O[i–^Œ`«ÎKåb™ê 31.N™ê~Ú #Hõ∆„`«=∂eHõ 32.Ç≤ÏOn N ™ê~Ú Ç¨~°`«∞Å∞ 33.â◊x ã≤OQÆ}ÏѨÓ~ü ˆH∆„`«=∂Ǩ`«‡ºO 34.WOw¡+¨µ N ™ê~ÚǨ~°`«∞Å∞ 35.+≤i_ç ^Œ~°≈#O–N™ê~Ú "≥·Éèí=O 36.™ê~Úã¨`«º„=`«O -9-
20–00 20–00 20–00 20–00 20–00 25–00 20–00 10–00 3-50 10–00 10–00 10–00 10–00 10–00 10–00 10–00 10–00 12–00 45–00 12–00 99–00 20–00
37.™ê~Ú J#∞„QÆǨÏ"£∞ 38.#=QÆ∞~°∞"å~åÅ „=`«HõÅÊ=Ú 39.N^Œ`«ÎbÖÏ=∞$`«=Ú 40.ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∞OÖ’ ™ê~Ú 41.N+≤i_ô™ê~Ú bÖÏ=∞$`«O(Nã¨K«Ûùi„`«) 42.QÆ*Ï##=∞ǨÏ~å*ò K«i„`«
108–00 15–00 99–00 12–00 99–00 99–00
4. *’ºuëêÅ∞ 1. 'HÍÅK«„HõO— QÆO@ÅѨOKåOQÆO (Q͈~æÜ«∞) 60–00 2. „QÆǨÏÉèí∂q∞ ѨOKåOQÆ=Ú (Q͈~æÜ«∞) 116–00 3. NK«„Hõ ѨOKåOQÆO (`˘e =∞Ç≤ÏàÏѨOKåOQÆO) 45–00 4. P#O^Œã≤kú ѨOKåOQÆO ("≥·.q.âß„ã≤Î) 60–00 5. =ÚÅ∞QÆ∞"åi~åtѶ¨e`åÅ∞(12~åâ◊√Å∞"åiH˜) 40–00 6. =ÚÅ∞QÆ∞"åi~åtѶ¨e`åÅ∞ q_çq_çQÍXH˘¯Hõ¯\˜ 10–00 7. HÍÅK«„HõO*’ºu+¨HͺÅO_»~(ü Nx"åã¨Q͈~æÜ«∞–„Ѩ}u\˜q) 25–00 8. â◊√Éèí=∞ã¨∞Î (Ñ≤_»Ñ¨iÎ) HͺÅO_»~ü 25–00 9. ™ê^• HͺÅO_»~ü 5–00 10. áêÔH\ò HͺÅO_»~ü 15–00 11. `å[Hõ hÅHõOsîÜ«∞"£∞ 100–00 12. ˆH~°à◊ *’ºu+¨ ~°Ç¨Ï™êºÅ∞ 150–00 13. *’ºu+¨ „|Ǩχ ~°Ç¨Ï™êºÅ∞ 150–00 14. =∂#¨™êQÆi *Ï`«HõѨ^Œ÷u 150–00 15. =~åǨÏq∞Ç≤Ï~° *Ï`«HõѨ^Œ÷u 150–00 - 10 -
16. =^èŒ∂=~° q"åǨÏ"≥∞ÿ„u^•fi^Œâ◊‰õÄ@=ÚÅ∞ 17. ã≤OѨÙÖò Ô~q∞_ôãπ 18. â◊OÉèí∞ Ǩϟ~°„ѨHÍtHõ 19. ѨÓ~°fi Ѩ~åâ◊i 20. Ѩ~åâ◊~° *’ºu+¨q*Ï˝# ã¨~°fiã¨fiO 21. „Ѩâ◊fl ã≤O^èŒ∞ 22. #Hõ∆„`« qâı+¨ Ѷ¨e`åÅ∞ 23. ã¨~åfi~°÷ Ѷ¨ÅK«O„kHõ 24. ã¨∂~°ºã≤^•úO`«Ñ¨OKåOQÆQÆ}˜`«OKÕÜ«∞_»OZÖÏ? 25. ^Œ$H˜û^•úO`«Ñ¨OKåOQÆQÆ}˜`«O KÕÜ«∞_»OZÖÏ? 26. PÜ«Ú~åÌÜ«∞ x~°‚Ü«∞O 27. *Ï`«Hõ QÆ}˜`« „Ѩ"ÕtHõ 28. *’ºu+¨=∞~°‡É’kèx 29. *’ºu+¨ „Ѩâ’fl`«Î~°=∂Å 30.=ÚǨ˙~°ÎO x~°‚~ÚOK«_»OZÖÏ? 31.*Ï`«Hõ =∞Hõ~°O^ŒO 32.*’ºu+¨ ã¨~°ã¨fiu 33.g∞[##HÍÅ qâıëêÅ∞ 34.=ÚǨ˙~°Î q*Ï˝# ÉèÏ㨯~°O 35.*’ºu+¨ ã¨fiÜ«∞OÉ’kèx 36.â◊√Éèí=ÚǨ˙~°Î t~À=∞}˜ 37.#Hõ∆„`« Ѷ¨Å=∞O[i - 11 -
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38.ѨOKåOQÆO K«∂¿ã q^è•#O 39.ã¨~åfi~°÷ *’ºu+¨O 40.„áê^äŒq∞Hõ *’ºu+¨O 41.#=~°`«fl=ÚÅ∞ â◊√ÉèíÜ≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞ 42.â◊√Éèíâ◊‰õΩ<åÅ∞ 43.ǨÏã¨Îˆ~MÏѶ¨e`åÅ∞ 44.ã¨OYºÖ’¡ Éèíq+¨º`ü 45.=ÚǨ˙~°Î nÑ≤Hõ 46.ѨÙ@∞ì=∞K«ÛÅ∞ Ѷ¨e`åÅ∞ 47. HõÅÅ∞ Ѷ¨e`åÅ∞ 48. *Ï`«Hõ K«„HõO "ÕÜ«∞_»O ZÖÏ? 49. =∂#™êQÆi („áêp#*’ºu+¨„QÆO^äŒO) –ѨÙKåÛNx"åã¨~å=Ù 50. *’ºu+¨âßG z\ϯÅ∞ 51. QÆ∞áêÎ â◊`åaú ѨOKåOQÆO(1940–2050) 52. „Ѩâ◊flK«O_Õâ◊fi~°"£∞ 53. ^•fi^Œâ◊ÉèÏ= Ѷ¨ÅK«O„kHõ 54. *Ï`«HõK«„HõO g∞ˆ~ "Õã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û 55. *’ºu+¨ â◊`«Ü≥∂QÆ~°`åfl=o (#∂~°∞Ü≥∂QÍÅѶ¨e`åÅ∞) 56. JOQÆ™ê=Ú„kHõO 57. ǨÏã¨Î ™ê=Ú„kHõO - 12 -
36–00 36–00 36–00 36–00 25–00 36–00 36–00 99–00 25–00 25–00 36–00 250–00 108–00 999–00 50–00 250–00 36–00 108–00 36–00 40–00
58. ÖÏÖò H˜`åÉò 59. â◊‰õΩ#âßGO 60. P^èŒ∞xHõ„Ѩâ◊flâßGO 61. Ѩ~åâ◊~°*’ºu+¨ „Ѩâ◊fl*’ºu+¨O 62. J+¨ìHõ=~°∞æ 63. |$ǨÏ`ü*Ï`«HõO („áêp#„ѨuH˜Ñ¨Ù#~°∞‡„^Œ}) 64. ÅQÆfl~°`åflHõ~°O 65. +¨@ÊOKåtHõ 66. 40 ~ÀAÖ’¡ *’ºu+¨O<Õ~°∞ÛH˘#O_ç 67. 40 ~ÀAÖ’¡ ™ê=Ú„kHõO<Õ~°∞ÛH˘#O_ç 68. 40 ~ÀAÖ’¡ ã¨OMϺâßGO 69. 40 ~ÀAÖ’¡ #Hõ∆„`« (<å_ô) Ѷ¨e`«=ÚÅ∞ 70. 40 ~ÀAÖ’¡ "≥·^Œº*’ºu+¨O <Õ~°∞ÛHÀO_ç 71.g∞ ѨÙ\˜ì#`Õn J^Œ∞ƒù`«~°Ç¨Ï™êºÅ∞ #∂º=∞~åÖÏr ã¨∂Ѩ~ü ÔQ·_£ 72. ÔH.Ñ≤.*’ºu+¨O (ѨiK«Ü«∞O) 73. =ÚǨ˙~°ÎzO`å=∞}˜ 74. ã¨∂~°ºK«O„^Œ „QÆǨÏ}=ÚÅ∞ 75.„Ѩã≤^Œú=º‰õΩÎÅ *Ï`«HÍÅ∞ ("Õˆ~H˘O_»Ñ¨Ê) 76.J^Œ$+¨ìÔ~"≥∞_ôãπ 77.„QÆǨÏã¨OKå~° Ѷ¨Åx~°‚Ü«∞nÑ≤Hõ 78.*’ºu+¨ Ô~q∞_ôãπ - 13 -
99–00 80–00 120–00 150–00 50–00 200–00 45–00 120–00 270–00 150–00 150–00 270–00 250–00 270–00 200–00 50–00 99–00 50–00 150–00 120–00 50–00 300–00
79.*Ï`«Hõ=∂~åÎO_»O áê`«„ѨuH˜ Ü«∞^ä•`«^äŒO(H˘O_»Ñ¨e¡) 250–00 80.*’ºu+¨q^•º„ѨHÍtHõ áê`«„ѨuH˜ Ü«∞^ä•`«^äŒO(H˘O_»Ñ¨e¡) 250–00 81.<å_ô*’ºu+¨O 50–00 82.Q͈~æÜ«∞O g∞ „QÆǨÏ|ÅO Ô~q∞_ôãπ 250–00 83.#Hõ∆„`«áêi*Ï`«O (QÀ~°ã¨g~°Éèí„^•Kå~°º) 50–00 84.ÅQÆfláêi*Ï`«O (QÀ~°ã¨g~°Éèí„^•Kå~°º) 50–00 85.Q“`«=∞ã¨OÇ≤Ï`« 50–00 86.Ǩϟ~°~°`«fl=∂Å 50–00 87.*Ï`«HõѶ¨Å =∞}˜=∞O[i 200–00 88.ѨÙ+¨¯~° ѨOKåOQÆO 540–00 89.^ŒâßÉèí∞H˜ÎѶ¨Å x~°‚Ü«∞O 250–00 90.qO`« *’+¨º=ÚÅ∞ 50–00 91.ëÈ_»â◊=~°∞æÅ∞ 200–00 92–105.~°q/K«O„^Œ/‰õΩ[/|∞^èŒ/QÆ∞~°∞/â◊√„Hõ/â◊x/~åǨïˆH`«∞ –#=„QÆǨÏ=ÚʼnõΩ XH˘¯Hõ¯ ѨÙã¨ÎHõO 99–00 93. =ÚǨ˙~°Î=∂~åÎO_»O 50–00 94. ÅѶ¨Ú*Ï`«HõO 50–00 95. *Ï`«HÍÅOHÍ~°=Ú 50–00 99–107. "Õ∞ëêk g∞#O–12 ÅQÍflÅ∞ XH˘¯Hõ¯ ÅQÆflO „QÆO^èŒO 99–00 - 14 -
108. <å~°^Œ ã¨OÇ≤Ï`« 109. ѨOKåOQÆÑ‘iîHõÖËdHÍQÆ}˜`«O 110. `å~å|ÅO – K«O„^Œ|ÅO ("Õˆ~ H˘O_»Ñ¨Ê) 111. ã¨∞ÅÉèíÅQÆfl ™ê^èŒ# (z„`åÅQÆ∞~°∞=¸iÎQÆ∞áêÎ) 112. ~°=∞ÅâßGO 113. =ÚǨ˙~°Î ~°`åfl=o a.q.~å=∞<£ QÍi „QÆO^äŒ=ÚÅ∞ 114. *’ºu+¨ q^•º~°OÉèíO 115. „QÆǨÏÉèÏ= |Å=ÚÅ∞ 116. HÍÅK«„Hõ^Œâ◊ 117. J#∞Éèí= „Ѩâßfl*’ºu+¨O 118. *’ºu+¨âßGOÖ’ "å`å=~°} Éèí∂HõOáêÅ∞ 119. ѨÙ~ÀQÍq∞ *Ï`«HõO 120. ÉèÏ"å~°ú~°`åflHõ~°O 121. ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞*’ºu+¨ ã¨~°fiã¨fiO 122. J+¨ìHõ=~°æ Ѩ^Œúuó 123. *’ºu+¨âßGOÖ’ ã¨O^ÕǨÅ∞,ã¨=∂^è•<åÅ∞ 124. „Ѩâ◊fl`«O„`« 125. =ÚǨ˙~°ÎO 126. qt+¨ì *Ï`«Hõ=ÚÅ∞ 127. ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞Ѷ¨e`«*’ºu+¨O 128. 300 =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# Ü≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞ - 15 -
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129. *Ï`«HõOѨijeOK«_»OZÖÏ ? 300–00 ~åRѨu J"å~°∞¤„QÆÇ‘Ï`«, =∞Ǩ=∞Ǩϟáê^蕺ܫ∞, "åK«ã¨Êu
N =∞^èŒ∞~°Hõ$+¨‚=¸iÎQÍi „QÆO^äŒ=ÚÅ∞ 130. |$ǨÏ`üѨ~åâ◊~°Ç¨ÏŸ~åâßG=Ú–1 131. |$ǨÏ`üѨ~åâ◊~°Ç¨ÏŸ~åâßG=Ú–2 132. |$ǨÏ`üѨ~åâ◊~°Ç¨ÏŸ~åâßG=Ú–3 133. |$ǨÏ`üѨ~åâ◊~°Ç¨ÏŸ~åâßG=Ú–4 134. ÉèÏ"å~°÷~°`åflHõ~°=Ú 135. =ÚǨ˙~°Î zO`å=∞}˜ 136. =ÚǨï~°Î zO`å=∞}˜–áê~°∞ì2 137. ã¨fiѨfl âßG=Ú 138. â◊`«Ü≥∂QÆ=∞O[i 139. „=`«x~°‚Ü«∞HõÅÊ=e¡ 140. ^≥·=[˝=Å¡ÉèíO 141. =ã¨O`«~å[â◊‰õΩ#"£∞ (ZO.P~ü.q.â◊~°‡) 142. Láêã¨<å q^è•#=Ú (ZO.P~ü.q.â◊~°‡) 143. "åã¨∞ÎâßGq"ÕHõ=Ú–1 144. "åã¨∞ÎâßGq"ÕHõ=Ú–2 145. "åã¨∞ÎâßGq"ÕHõ=Ú–3 146. "åã¨∞ÎâßGq"ÕHõ=Ú–4 147. J#∞Éèí=ã¨∞ÅÉèí"åã¨∞Î – 1 148. J#∞Éèí=ã¨∞ÅÉèí"åã¨∞Î – 2 - 16 -
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5. "åã¨∞ÎÅ∞ 1. 40 ~ÀAÖ’¡ ''"åã¨∞Îq^Œº—— <Õ~°∞ÛH˘#O_ç 2. "åã¨∞ÎâßG ~°Ç¨Ï㨺=ÚÅ∞ (ɡ·O_»∞) 3. "åã¨∞Î#∞|\˜ì g∞ WÅ∞¡ 4. g∞~°∂ g∞ "åã¨∞Î 5. QÆ$ǨÏ"åã¨∞Î z\ϯÅ∞ 6. "åã¨∞ΠѨÓ[ 7. "åã¨∞Î ã¨∂„`«=ÚÅ∞ 8. "åã¨∞ÎâßG ~°Ç¨Ï™êºÅ∞ 9. QÆ$ǨÏ"åã¨∞Î =~°∞æÅ∞ 10.qâ◊fiHõ~°‡"åã¨∞Î âßGs`åº g∞ WO\˜ áê¡#∞Å∞ 11.qâ◊fiHõ~°‡ "åã¨∞ÎâßGs`åº g∞WO_»¡PÜ«∞=ÚÅ∞ 12.qâ◊fiHõ~°‡ "åã¨∞Î âßGO(z„`åÅQÆ∞~°∞=¸iÎQÆ∞áêÎ) 13.P^èŒ∞xHõ QÆ$ǨÏ"åã¨∞Î 14.â◊√Éèí"åã¨∞Î 15."åã¨∞ÎÜ«∞O„`« ~°`åfl=o 16."åã¨∞ÎâßGO 17.ǨÏ∫ãπ áê¡#∞¡ 18.QÆ$ǨÏ"åã¨∞Ιê~°O 19.QÆ$ǨÏ"åã¨∞Î K«O„kHõ 20.QÆ$ǨÏ"åã¨∞Î ^Œ~°Ê}O 21.*’ºu+¨–QÆ$ǨÏ"åã¨∞ÎK«O„kHõ - 17 -
180–00 108–00 54–00 54–00 54–00 54–00 54–00 54–00 99–00 50–00 99–00 180–00 99–00 270–00 108–00 120–00 50–00 50–00 50–00 50–00 50–00
22."åã¨∞Î~°`åflHõ~°O (H˘O_»Ñ¨e¡) 23."åã¨∞Ît~À=∞}˜ ,, 24.NHõ$+¨‚"åã¨∞Î ,, 25.ѨOK«"åã¨∞Î áêi*Ï`«O ,, 26."åã¨∞Î_çO_ç=∞"£∞ ,, 27."åã¨∞Î^Œ∞Okaè ,, 28.qâ◊fiHõ~°‡"åã¨∞΄ѨHÍtHõ 29.Hõ$+¨‚"åã¨∞ÎâßG=Ú 30.[Å"åã¨∞Î,â◊ź"åã¨∞Î(^ŒO`«∂iѨO_»s<å^ä£) 31.=∞Ü«∞"åã¨∞Î (QÀ~°ã¨g~°Éèí„^•Kå~°º) 32."åã¨∞Î*’ºu 33."åã¨Î= "åã¨∞ÎѨÓ*Ïq^è•#=Ú
50–00 50–00 50–00 108–00 50–00 108–00 99–00 50–00 75–00 120–00 54–00 108–00
6. =∞O„`«âß„™êÎÅ∞ 1. =∞O„`«™ê^èŒ# 2. `«O„`«*ÏÅO 3. =∞O„`«â◊H˜Î 4. ^Œ`å΄`ÕÜ«∞ `«O„`«q^Œº 5. ^Œ`å΄`ÕÜ«∞ =¸eHÍ`«O„`«"£∞ 6. `åO„uHõ ѨOKåOQÆO 7. Ü«∞H˜∆}© `«O„`«O 8. =∞O„`å#∞ëêª# K«O„kHõ 9. ã¨~°fi^Õ=`å =∞O„`«Hõ=K«=ÚÅ∞ - 18 -
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10.=∞O„`åHõ∆~åÅ~°Ç¨Ï㨺O(c*ÏHõ∆~°xѶ¨∞O@∞=Ù) 11.ã¨~°fi^Õ=`å =∞O„`«~°`åfl=o 12.ã¨^•Kå~° nÑ≤Hõ 13.Ü≥∂yh–"å=∞ˆHâ◊fi~°`«O„`«O 14.„ѨѨOK«™ê~°`«O„`«O 15.|^ŒxHõ `«O„`«"£∞ 16.LzÛù+¨ì QÆ}Ѩu `«O„`«"£∞ 17.QÆ∞ѨΠ™ê^èŒ# `«O„`«O 18.QÆO^èŒ~°fi `«O„`«"£∞ 19.™œO^Œ~°ºÅǨÏi (=∞O„`«Ü«∞O„`«~°`åfl=o) 20.Ü«∞O„`« =∞O„`« `«O„`« 21.áêâ◊√Ѩ`« `«O„`«O 22.ѨOK«^Œâ◊ =∞ǨY_»æ `«O„`«O 23.~°∞„^•ëêª^蕺ܫ∞ó 24.=∞O„`«ã≤kú 25.Ѩ~°â◊√~å=∞`«O„`«"£∞ 26.NÅe`åqÖ’=∞ ѨOK«^Œj 27.N QÆ∞~°∞ `«O„`«O 28.QÍÜ«∞„f `«O„`«"£∞ 29.â◊¥eh^Œ∞~åæ`«O„`«O (z#flk) 30.=∞Ǩâ◊H˜Î =∞O„`« `«O„`« ~°Ç¨Ï™êºÅ∞ 31.N ^Œ∞~°æ `«O„`«"£∞ - 19 -
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32.=∞Ǩ=∞$`«∞ºO[Ü«∞J=∞$`«áêâ◊√Ѩ`«"£∞ 33.ã¨~°Ê (<åQÆ)`«O„`«O 34.ǨÏ=# `«O„`«O 35.ëÈ_»â◊x`«º`«O„`«O 36.â߈HÎÜ«∞`«O„`«O 37.~°∞„^ŒÜ«∂=∞à◊`«O„`«O 38.ÅH©;„Ѩ`«ºOy~å `«O„`«"£∞ 39.Ç≤Ï~°}ºâ◊¥eh `«O„`«"£∞ 40.=∂Ü«∂„Ѩ`«ºOy~å `«O„`«"£∞ 41.N qâ◊fi~°∂Ѩ „Ѩ`«ºOy~å `«O„`«"£∞ 42.ã¨fi~å‚Hõ~°¬}Éèˇ·~°=`«O„`«O 43.HÍjqâßÖÏH˜∆ `«O„`«O 44.âßOu`«O„`«"£∞ 45.Ü«∞O„`«ã≤kú 46.N ÅH©; `«O„`«"£∞ 47.=∞O„`«=∞Ǩϟ^Œkè („ã‘Î^Õ=`åóHõÅÊ"£∞) 48.=∞O„`«=∞Ǩϟ^Œkè (ѨÙ~°∞+¨^Õ=`åóHõÅÊ"£∞) 49.=∞O„`«âßGO („QÆO^äŒ=Ú) 50.„Ѩ`«ºOy~åHõ$`åº`«O„`«O 51.HÍ=∞^èÕ#∞=Ù `«O„`«O 52.â◊¥eh^Œ∞~åæ`«O„`«O
7. „QÆO^ä•Å∞ – P~å^èŒ#Å∞ - 20 -
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1. ÉèíQÆ=næ`« â’¡Hõ `å`«Ê~°º ã¨Ç≤Ï`«O 2. QÆ}Ëâ◊ P~å^èŒ# 1 3. QÆ}Ëâ’áêã¨# 2 4. #=„QÆǨÏ"≥·Éèí=O 5. #=„QÆÇ¨Ï Ô~"≥∞_ôãπ 6. #=„QÆÇ¨Ï "Õ^ŒO 7. â◊x„QÆǨ~å^èŒ# 8. Pk`åº~å^èŒ# 9. ã¨∞„|Ǩ‡}Ϻ~å^èŒ# 10.N t= P~å^èŒ# 11.ÅH©; P~å^èŒ# 12.ǨÏ#∞=∞^•~å^èŒ# 13.Åe`å~å^èŒ# 14.N K«„HÍ~å^èŒ# 15.QÍÜ«∞„f P~å^èŒ# 16.g~°Éèí„^•~å^èŒ# 17.‰õΩ[„QÆǨ~å^èŒ# 18.Éèˇ·~°"å~å^èŒ# 19.^≥·"å~å^èŒ# 20.w`å~å^èŒ# 21.N"ÕOHõ>Ëâ◊fi~å^èŒ# 22.ǨÏÜ«∞„w"å~å^èŒ# - 21 -
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23.ÅH©;#~°ã≤OǨ~å^èŒ# 24.N ÉÏÖÏ„uѨÙ~°ã¨∞O^Œs ™È΄`« Hõ^ŒO|O 25.^Õg bÖÏ=∞$`«O 26.ѨÙ~å}ѨO_» ã¨∞O^Œ~°HÍO_» =K«#O 27.ѨÙ~å}ѨO_» ~å=∂Ü«∞}O 28.ѨÙ~å}ѨO_» ÉèÏ~°`«O 29.ѨÙ~å}ѨO_» ÉèÏQÆ=`«O 30.(ã¨∂i) "åb‡H˜ ~å=∂Ü«∞}O 31.HÍÅã¨~°Ê Ü≥∂QÆO 32.x`«º rq`«=ÚÖ’ ~°∞„^•Hõ∆Å∞ 33.x`«º rq`«=ÚÖ’ #=~°`åflÅ∞ 34."Õ^Œã¨∂HõÎ=ÚÅ∞ 35."Õ=∞# Ѩ^Œº™ê~å=∞$`«O 36.ѨO_»QÆÅ∞ Ѩ~°fik<åÅ∞ 37.ã¨∂H˜Î~°`åflÅ∞ 38.N PO[<ÕÜ«∞O (K«i„`«–=∞Ç≤Ï=∞–™È΄`åÅ∞) 39.#=„QÆÇ¨Ï ^Œ~°≈#"£∞ 40.x`«ºrq`«OÖ’ #=„QÆǨÅ∞ 41.™êÅ„QÍ=∞=ÚÅ∞ 42.QÆ∞~°∞â◊√„Hõ „ѨÉèÏ==Ú K«O„^ŒHõàÏ<å_ô 43.â◊x„QÆǨÏÔ~q∞_ôãπ 44.*Ï`«Hõã¨∞^è•™ê~°=Ú–*Ï`«Hõ"≥∂Hõ∆„Ѩ^•~Úx - 22 -
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45.q"åÇ¨Ï *’ºu+¨=∞O[i– =∂ºˆ~*ò=∂ºzOQ∑ÔQ·_£ (™ê~ÚQÆ}ѨuÔ~_ç¤) 46.g∞ѨÙ\˜ì#`Õnx|\˜ì g∞rq`«~°Ç¨Ï™êºÅ∞ (#∂º=∞~åÅr Öˇ·Ñ¶πÔQ·_£) ,, 47.g∞J^Œ$ëêìxH˜ (¿Ñ~°∞) <Õ"£∞Hõ~°Hõ∆<£ 48.=¸HõѨOK«â◊f 49.ѨOK«=∞"Õ^ŒO =∞ǨÉèÏ~°`«O 50.^Õ=Ùà◊√§ _®\ò HÍ"£∞ 51.QÆ}ѨuÉèÏ+¨ºO 52.Ü«∞Aˆ~fi^Œ LѨ#Ü«∞#q"åǨτѨÜ≥∂QÆ=∞O[i 53.#=Ü≥∂QÆ∞Å∞ 54.PO„^茄Ѩ^ÕâòÖ’x^Œi≈OK«=Åã≤# „Ѩ=ÚY^Œ~åæÅ∞ 55.ã¨HõÅ^Õ=`åJëÈì`«Î~åÅ∞(ÃÑ^ŒÌk)– (180JëÈì`«Î~°â◊`«<å=∂=à◊√Å`À) 56.ã¨HõÅ^Õ=`å ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 57.P^蕺u‡Hõ ã¨∂H˜Î xkè 58.„ÉÏǨχ}∞Å∞ QÀ„`åÅ∞,„Ѩ=~°Å∞ 59.ã¨~°fi^Õ=`åã¨fi~°∂ѨÙ_»∞ N "ÕOHõ>Ëâ◊fi~°∞_»∞ 60.N ÅH©;ã¨xflkè 61.NÅH©; QÆ}Ѩu Ǩϟ=∞HõÅÊO 62.=∂~°¬ÖòP~üì û (Hõ~å>Ë,‰õΩOQ∑Ѷ¨Ó<Õ~°∞ÛHÀO_ç) 63.=∂ºlH±ÔQ·_£ - 23 -
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64.K«^Œ~°OQÆO 65.ѨOK«=ÚY ǨÏ#∞=∞`ü "≥·Éèí=O 66.QÆ~°∞_»Ñ¨Ù~å}O 67.=∂Ѷ¨∞ѨÙ~å}O 68.t=ѨÙ~å}O 69."≥·âßYѨÙ~å}O 70.ã¨∂÷ÖÏHõ∆i =∂Ѷ¨∞ѨÙ~å}O 71.ã¨∂÷ÖÏHõ∆i t=ѨÙ~å}O 72.ã¨∂÷ÖÏHõ∆i "≥·âßYѨÙ~å}O 73.HÍsÎHõ ѨÙ~å}O 74.HÍsÎHõ ѨÙ~å}O (z#flk) 75.ã¨~°fiHÍ~°ºã≤kúH˜ ~å=∂Ü«∞}áê~åÜ«∞} 76.ÃÑ^ŒÌÉÏÅtHõ∆ 77.QÍÜ«∞„f =∞Ç≤Ï=∞ 78.=∞`«ûº Ü«∞O„`« =∞Ç≤Ï=∞ 79.=$Hõ∆^Õ=`«Å∞ 80. Ü«∂A+¨ ™ê‡~°Î ã¨O™ê¯~° K«O„kHõ 81.ã¨<å`«#"≥·kHõ „ÉÏǨχ}™ê‡~åÎQÆ=∞HõÅÊ"£∞ 82.K«`«∞ˆ~fi^Œ=ÚÅ∞ 83.#=„QÆǨ~å^èŒ# 84.`åà◊Ѩ„`« ã¨=∂Ǩ~° QÀѨÙ~°O 85.=∞#∞^èŒ~°‡ âßGO (=K«#OÖ’...) - 24 -
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86."Õ^Œ=∞O„`« ã¨OÇ≤Ï`« 87.ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨eOQÍ~°Û# 88.N t=w`« 89.^•fi^Œâ◊LѨx+¨`«∞ÎÅ∞ 90.ѨÙ~å}ѨO_»"åi ™œO^Œ~°ºÅǨÏi (â’¡Hõ`å`«Ê~°ºã¨Ç≤Ï`« qѨÙÅ"åºYº`À) 100. |$ǨÏ`ü t= ™È΄`« ~°`åflHõ~°=Ú 101. |$ǨÏ`ü ^Õg ™È΄`«~°`åflHõ~°=Ú 102. |$ǨÏ`ü q+¨µ‚ ™È΄`«~°`åflHõ~°=Ú 103. ˆH^•~°<å^è£ |^Œs<å^è£ Ü«∂„`åÔQ·_»∞ 104. ^ŒH˜∆}Ï=$`« â◊OY=ÚÅ∞ 105. 108 k=º^ÕâßÅ q+¨µ‚ˆH∆„`«^Œ~°≈x 106. ^èŒ~°‡ã≤O^èŒ∞=Ù 107. ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ â‹·=ˆH∆„`«Ü«∂„`å^Œi≈x 108. zÅ∞‰õÄi ÉÏÖÏrK«i„`« 109. ÉèíQÆ=`üã¨∞Îu 110. ã¨∂~Àºáêã¨# 111. ã¨<å`«# ã¨O„Ѩ^•Ü«∂Å∞–PKå~°=º=Ǩ~åÅ∞ 112. HÍjYO_»O 113. Jâ◊fih^Õ=`«Å∞
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8. "≥·^Œº „QÆO^ä•Å∞ 1. PǨ~°O P~ÀQƺO
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2. =¸eHÍ"≥·^Œº z\ϯÅ∞ 36–00 3. PÜ«Úˆ~fi^Œ "≥·^Œº z\ϯÅ∞ 25–00 4. PÜ«Úˆ~fi^Œ "≥·^ŒºO 36–00 5. QÆ$ǨÏ"≥·^Œº ~°Ç¨Ï™êºÅ∞ 36–00 6. QÆ$ǨÏ"≥·^Œº™ê~°O 36–00 7. Ǩϟq∞Ü≥∂"≥·^ŒºO (^•fi^Œâ◊Å=}zH˜`«û) 54–00 8. „ѨHõ$u"≥·^ŒºO 36–00 9. PǨ~°O–"≥·^ŒºO 99–00 10.ã¨OѨÓ~°‚ PÜ«Úˆ~fi^Œ–z\ϯ "≥·^ŒºO 99–00 11.PÜ«Úˆ~fi^Œ"£∞ 36–00 12.PÜ«Úˆ~fi^Œ =¸eHÍ"≥·^ŒºnÑ≤Hõ 99–00 13.^Œ∞OѨ‰õÄ~°Å∞, P‰õΩ‰õÄ~°Å∞, HÍÜ«∞QÆ∂~°Å∞ "å_»HõO – LѨÜ≥∂QÍÅ∞ 99–00 14.<å@∞"≥·^ŒºO (ˆHãπ ɡ·O_çOQ∑) 360–00 15.UHõ=¸eHÍ"≥·^ŒºO 99–00 16.JëêìOQÆ Ç¨Ï$^ŒÜ«∞O(4ÉèÏQÍÅ∞) 1200–00 17.~°Ç¨Ï㨺ã≤^ŒúÜ≥∂QÆ"≥·^Œº™ê~°"£∞ 99–00 18.„áê^äŒq∞Hõ Ǩϟq∞Ü≥∂"≥·^ŒºO 99–00 19.Xɡã≤\ ˜ 99–00 20.ÃÇÏÖòÎÔQ·_£ 99–00 21.PÜ«Úˆ~fi^ŒO–r=#"Õ^ŒO 99–00 22.Ѷ¨Ù_£^ä≥~°Ñ≤ 99–00 - 26 -
23.<åºK«∞~°Öò^ä≥~°Ñ≤ 24.ã¨OѨÓ~°‚P~ÀQͺxH˜ 20xII 25.H©à◊§<˘Ñ¨CÅ∞ g∞ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÖˇ·`Õ... 26.Ü≥∂QÍ=∞O„`« 27.Ü≥∂QÍ ã¨O_Õ @∞ =∞O_Õ 28.ÃÇÏ~°ƒÖò "≥∞_çã≤<£–ÃÇÏÖòÎ@∞_Õ 29.ÃÇÏÖòÎÃѶ·Öò 30.=ã¨∞ÎQÆ∞}áê~î°O 31.~°™êÜ«∞# "årHõ~°} `«O„`«O 31.ã≤^Œú=¸eHÍ ~°Ç¨Ï㨺O 32. „áê}ÏÜ«∂=∞=Ú – Ü≥∂Q͖Ѩ`«O[eNx"åãπ
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9. JÜ«∞ºÑ¨Ê – Éèí"åh ~°HÍÅ∞ 1. N JÜ«∞ºÑ¨Ê bÖÏ=∞$`«O 2. N JÜ«∞ºÑ¨Ê P~å^èŒ# 3. N JÜ«∞ºÑ¨Ê Éèí[#áê@Å∞ 4. N JÜ«∞ºÑ¨Ê ѨÓ*ÏHõÅÊO 5. N JÜ«∞ºÑ¨Ê ÉèíH˜Î w`åÅ∞ 6. N JÜ«∞ºÑ¨Ê nHõ∆ F 7. N JÜ«∞ºÑ¨Ê Éèí[#=∂Å F 8. N JÜ«∞ºÑ¨Ê x`«ºÑ¨Ó[ P 9. N JÜ«∞ºÑ¨Ê x`«ºxÜ«∞=∂=o P 10.N Éèí"åh bÖÏ=∞$`«O(^Œ∞~åæÉèí"åhnHõ∆) - 27 -
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10. Éèí[#Å∞ – H©~°Î#Å∞ 1. J#fl=∞Ü«∞º H©~°Î#Å∞ 2. N~å=∞^•ã¨∞ H©~°Î#Å∞ 3. ã¨~°fi^Õ=`å =∞OQÆà◊Ǩ~°`«∞Å∞ 4. =ã¨∞O^èŒ~° =∞OQÆà◊ Ǩ~°`«∞Å∞ 5. ™œÉèÏQƺ ^Õ=`å =∞OQÆà◊Ǩ~°`«∞Å∞ 6. ã¨~°fi^Õ=`å Éèí[#Å∞ 7. z\˜ì á⁄\˜ì áê@Å∞ 8. *ÏfÜ«∞ w`åÅ∞ 9. ^Õâ◊ÉèíH˜Î w`åÅ∞ 10.ѨO_»∞QÆÅ∞–ѨÙ}ºˆH∆„`åÅ∞ ÉèíH˜Îw`åÅ∞ 11.Q˘aƒà◊§áê@Å∞,ÖÏeáê@Å∞,HÀÖÏ@áê@Å∞ 12.J#fl=∞Ü«∞º ã¨OH©~°Î#Å∞ 13.ÃÑo§áê@Å∞–„ã‘ÎÅáê@Å∞ - 28 -
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14.ÉèíHÍÎ#O^Œ Éèí[#H©~°Î#Å∞(FÖò¤ã≤hÃãìÂÖò) 15.ã¨~°fi^Õ=`åÉèíH˜Î=∞}˜=∂Å 16.|`«∞Hõ=∞‡ LÜ«∂ºÅ áê@Å∞ 17.J#fl=∞Ü«∞º ã¨OH©~°Î<åxkè(1000H©~°Î#Å∞)
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11. Ç≤Ï\òû ™êOQ∑û 1. Ѷ¨∞O@™êÅ ÉèíH˜Îw`åÅ∞–ÉèíQÆ=næ`« 2. Zãπ.Ñ≤.ÉÏÅ∞ ÉèíH˜Îw`åÅ∞ 3. Ѷ¨∞O@™êÅ ã¨∞=∞^èŒ∞~°w`åÅ∞ 4. Ñ≤. ã¨∞jÅ ã¨∞=∞^èŒ∞~°w`åÅ∞ 5. Zãπ.Ñ≤. ÉÏÅ∞ ã¨∞=∞^èŒ∞~°w`åÅ∞ 6. Zãπ.*Ï#H˜ ã¨∞=∞^èŒ∞~°w`åÅ∞ 7. "Õ@∂i ã¨∞O^Œ~°~å=∞=¸iÎÇ≤Ï\òû 8. ã¨~°fi^Õ=`å ã≤hÉèíH˜Îw`åÅ∞
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12. „ã‘ÎʼnõΩ LѨܫÚHõΠѨÙã¨ÎHõ=ÚÅ∞ 1. NHÍO`å=∞}˜ =O@Å∞ ("≥*ò) 2. NHÍO`å=∞}˜ =O@Å∞ (<å<£"≥*ò) 3. âßHÍǨ~° =O@Å∞ 4. =∂O™êǨ~°=O@Å∞ 5. z\˜ìz\ϯÅ∞ 6. JO^•xH˜ z\ϯÅ∞ 7. Ñ≤Å¡Å ¿Ñ~°∞¡ (ÃÑ^ŒÌk) 8. Ñ≤Å¡Å ¿Ñ~°∞¡ (z#flk) - 29 -
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9. ÖË>ˇãπì ZO„ÉÏ~Ú_»s âßsÉ’~°¤~üû 10.ÖË>ˇãπì ZO„ÉÏ~Ú_»s _ç*ˇ·<£û 11.z<åfl~°∞ʼnõΩ z~°∞uà◊√§ 12.Ѩã¨O^≥·# á¶êãπìѶ¨Ù_£ =O@Å∞ 13.ѨÖÏ"£Å∞, „ÃѶ·_£ Ô~·ãπÅ∞, "≥Ô~·\ ©Ô~·ãπÅ∞ 14."ÕѨÙà◊√§–WQÆ∞~°∞¡ 15.WOw¡+¨µÖ’P_»Ñ≤Å¡Å¿Ñ~°∞¡ 16.WOw¡+¨µÖ’ =∞QÆÑ≤Å¡Å¿Ñ~°∞¡ 17.„ÉËH±á¶êãπì =O@Å∞ 18.ѨO_»∞QÆÅÖ’ KÕã¨∞H˘<Õ Ñ≤O_ç=O@Å∞ 19."≥∞ÿ„HÀ"À"≥<£ =O@Å∞ 20.ã¨~°fi^Õ=`åÉèíH˜Î=∂Å 21.Ñ≤Å¡Å¿Ñ~°∞¡ (ÉÏ|∞) 22.Ñ≤Å¡Å¿Ñ~°∞¡ (áêѨ) 23."≥∂„_»<£ "≥∞ǨÏOk (QÀiO\ωõΩ _ç*ˇ·<£û) 24."≥∂„_»<£ Ñ≤Å¡Å¿Ñ~°∞¡ 25.<À~°∂iOKÕ <å<£"≥*ò=O@Å∞ 26."≥∂„_»<£ >ˇÿÅiOQ∑ (ÖË_ôãπ [O\òû)
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qq^èŒ ~°HÍÅ∞ ~°Ç¨Ï㨺 ‰õΩ‰õΩ¯@ âßGO ‰õΩ‰õΩ¯@ âßGO ZO^Œ~À=∞Ǩ#∞ÉèÏ=ÙÅ∞
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Ü≥∂QÍã¨<åÅ∞ 36–00 „áê}ÏÜ«∂=∞=Ú–Ü≥∂QÍ (Ѩ`«O[eNx"åãπ) 63–00 ã¨∂~°º#=∞™ê¯~°=ÚÅ∞ 36–00 á⁄_»∞Ѩ٠Hõ^äŒÅ∞ (z#flq) 7–50 HÍÅ*Ï˝# `«`åÎ fiÅ∞ 36–00 Ç≤ÏOn–`≥Å∞QÆ∞–ã¨fiÉ’kèx 22–00 WOw¡+¨µ–`≥Å∞QÆ∞–ã¨fiÉ’kèx 20–00 [#~°Öò <åÖˇ_£˚ 20–00 #∂~°∞ ZHͯÅ∞ 10–00 1–100 >Ë|∞Öò |∞H± 10–00 |∞e¡ ÉÏÅtHõ∆ 20–00 1–100 >Ë|∞Öò|∞H± („H“<£Ãã·A) 10–00 N~å=∞HÀ\˜ 25–00 Nt=HÀ\˜ 25–00 "Õ∞lH± 25–00 JOÔHÅ`À QÍ~°_ô 25–00 „¿Ñ=∞Hõ^äŒÅ∞ 25–00 Ü«Ú=`«~°OQÍÅ∞ (Ü«Ú=`«~°OHÀã¨O) 25–00 „¿Ñ=∂ h‰õΩ *’Ǩ~°∞¡ (Å"£_çHõ∆#s) 25–00 ǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∞ã¨ÊO^Œ# (Hõq`«Å∞) 25–00 "å`«ûºÜ«∞# HÍ=∞ã¨∂„`åÅ∞ 36–00 Z.Ñ≤.@∂iãπì ÔQ·_»∞ 36–00 - 31 -
WO„^Œ*ÏÅ ~°Ç¨Ï™êºÅ∞ =∞¿ÇÏO„^Œ*ÏÅ ~°Ç¨Ï™êºÅ∞ â◊s~°ÉèÏ+¨ (ÉÏ_ô ÖÏOˆQfi*ò) „H˜Ü«∂Ü≥∂QÆO P#O^ŒOQÍ rq^•ÌO ǨÏiâ◊ÛO„^Œ <å@HõO "å`åûÜ«∞#HÍ=∞ã¨∂„`åÅ∞ ѨOK«™êÜ«∞HõO ~°u~°Ç¨Ï™êºÅ∞ J#OQÆ~°OQÆO (HõOÉèíOáê\˜ ã¨fiÜ«∞O„ѨHÍ+π) â◊$OQÍ~°ˆHo (HõOÉèíOáê\˜ ã¨fiÜ«∞O„ѨHÍ+π) Jã¨`À=∞Ü«∞ ã¨^Œæ=∞Ü«∞ QÍÜ«∞„fq*Ï˝<£ zO`å=∞}˜ (<å@HõO) ÉÏÅ<åQÆ=∞‡ áêO_»= L^ÀºQÆ=Ú HÍà◊ǨÏã≤Î „ã‘ÎÅ „=`«Hõ^äŒÅ∞ HÍà◊ǨÏã≤Î QÆ$ǨÏ"åã¨∞Î zO`å=∞}˜ HÍà◊ǨÏã≤Î QÆ$ǨÏ"åã¨∞Î =∞~å‡Å∞ (ɡ·O_»∞) ‰õΩÖÏ~°‚= `«O„`«"£∞ PKå~°º ã≤^Œú <åQÍ~°∞˚#`«O„`«O(Xi[#Öò) Ü≥∂QÍã¨<åÅ∞ (VG/TNL) - 32 -
25–00 25–00 99–00 36–00 99–00 50–00 99–00 99–00 99–00 99–00 99–00 45–00 99–00 50–00 50–00 50–00 36–00 99–00 50–00 150–00 300–00 36–00
~å=∞~åÜ«∞"åã¨∞ÎâßGO(=Ú„^ŒQÆ_»~å=∂~å=Ù) 99–00 ZO.Zãπ.P~ü.ǨÏ#∞=∂<£Kåb™ê 10–00 ZO.Zãπ.P~ü.ã¨∞O^Œ~°HÍO_» 70–00 J+¨ì=ÚY QÆO_»ÉèË~°∞O_»`«O„`«O 75–00 „|ǨχOQÍirq`«K«i„`« ([=OQÆ∞Å) 99–00 N Pkâ◊OHõ~åKå~°º k=ºK«i`å=∞$`«O 45–00 w`åO[e (~°gO„^Œ<å^ä£~îåQÆ∂~ü) 50–00 HÍj~å"Õ∞â◊fi~° =∞lb Hõ^äŒÅ∞ 75–00 NÅe`åã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=Ú(ÉèÏ㨯~°ÉèÏ+¨ºO) 600–00 „ѨHõ$uã≤^•úO`«=ÚÅ∞–"Õ^Œq*Ï˝#=Ú– Ѷ¨e`«*Ï`«Hõ ã¨∂„`«=ÚÅ∞ 595–00 q"åǨÏnÑ≤Hõ ("Õ^ÀHõÎ qkèó) 200–00 =Ú^Œ∞O_ç qâ◊fi<å^äŒ~åAQÍi „QÆO^äŒ=ÚÅ∞ qâ◊fiHõ~°‡ „ѨHÍâ◊=Ú 80–00 „áêp#"åã¨∞Îâß„™êÎÅ∞–P^èŒ∞xHõ"åã¨∞ÎѨijÅ# ,,250–00 <å~°^Œ ã¨OÇ≤Ï`« ,,150–00 "åã¨∞Î~å[=Å¡Éèí=Ú–=¸ÖÏ#∞"å^Œ=Ú ,, 60–00 =∞Ü«∞=∞`«=Ú – =K«#=Ú ,, 80–00 |$ǨÏ`«ûOÇ≤Ï`« – =K«#=Ú ,,160–00 QÆ∞ѨÎ"åã¨∞Î "åã¨∞Îq*Ï˝#*’ºu .... - 33 -
~åǨïˆH`«∞=ÙÅ∞ ã¨=∞ã¨Î „ѨÉèÏ==ÚÅ∞ JOQÍ~°‰õΩ_»∞ (‰õΩA_»∞) â◊√„‰õΩ_»∞ ѨÙ~ÀÇ≤Ï`« ^Œ~°≈x (QÀ~°ã¨g~°Éèí„^•Kå~°º) qâ◊fiHõ~°‡"åã¨∞Îq^•º~°Ç¨Ï㨺=ÚÅ∞ ,, "åã¨∞Î q*Ï˝# K«O„kHõ ,, =∞Ǩ^Œâß áêi*Ï`«O ,, *Ï`«Hõ <å~åÜ«∞}©Ü«∞O("å„_Õ=Ù"åiq) "åã¨∞Î <å~åÜ«∞}©Ü«∞O ,, Ü≥∂QÍ=mYO_»O ,, ã¨~åfi~°úK«O„kHõ (4ÉèÏQÍÅ∞) g∞ˆ~ #∂º=∞~åÅlãπì (^•=Ó^£) x~°‚Ü«∞ã≤O^èŒ∞ (2ÉèÏQÍÅ∞) [Ü«∞¿ÇÏ...[Ü«∞¿ÇÏ...(ѨÙ~å}ѨO_»Nx"åãπ) ™ê~Ú... ,, N ^Œ∞~åæ#O^ŒÅǨÏi ,, N=∂eHõ ,, P~°u™ê~ÚÉÏÉÏ ,, „Ѩu+¨ªHõÅÊó(™êy #~°ã≤OǨÏ=¸iÎ) `åAnÌ<£ÉÏÉÏ ã¨K«Ûùi„`« - 34 -
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ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 100 ã¨OII~åÅ∞<å\˜ „áêp# „Ѩ`«∞Å∞ uiy D „H˜Ok „QÆO^äŒ=ÚÅ∞ „ѨK«∞iOK«|_ç#q. „âß^Œú=Ú ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ ÃÑ\Ïìe ? ëÈ_»â◊ ã¨O™ê¯~°=ÚÅ∞ ™ê‡~°Î HÍѨiÌ HÍiHõÅ∞ #ѨÙOã¨Hõ ã¨Or=#=Ú, "≥·^Œº t~À=∞}˜ q+¨"≥·^Œº zO`å=∞}˜ ¿ÇÏ=∂„k ã¨∂i}Ï „áêÜ«∞tÛ`åÎ^蕺ܫ∞ó ã¨~°fi=¸eHÍ QÆ∞}~°`åflHõ~°O ã‘`å~å=∞ Hõ^è• ã¨∞^èŒ JÜ≥∂^茺HÍO_» ã‘`å~å=∞ Hõ^è• ã¨∞^èŒ ÉÏÅHÍO_» N~å=∞#=~å„`À`«û=HõÅÊó PѨã¨÷OcÜ«∞ ^èŒ~°‡ã¨∂„`åÅ∞ JѨ~° „ѨÜ≥∂QÆ ^Œ~°Ê}O ã¨~°fiâßOu ^Œ~°Ê}O QÆ}Hõ~°O[x ã¨O`å# nÑ≤Hõ ukèx~°‚Ü«∞ HÍ}¤ó =ÚǨ˙~°Î ^Œ~°Ê}O *’ºu+¨ âßG ~°`«fl=Ú ÅѶ¨Ú`åK«Hõ=Ú N "≥·Y#㨠ÃÑ·`«$"Õ∞kHõ „ѨÜ≥∂QÆó 㨇 $u ~°`åflHõ~°=Ú (^èŒ~°‡âßGO) *Ï`«HÍ=∞$`«`«™ê~°O *Ï`«Hõ É’kèx - 35 -
ã¨Ow`« q^•º^Œ~°Ê}O ã¨Ow`« ã¨~åfi~°÷™ê~°ã¨O„QÆǨÏO =ÚǨ˙~°Î =∂~åÎO_»O *Ï`«Hõ~°Ç¨Ï㨺O ~å[=∂~åÎO_»O PÜ«Ú~åÌÜ«∞nÑ≤Hõ "≥·^•º=∞$`«O J#∞áê#=∞O[s #=„QÆǨÏâßOu q^è•#O–L^ŒHõâßOu qkèó zH˜`«û~°`«fl=Ú ã¨fi~°zO`å=∞}˜ ^•fi^Œâ◊Ö’Ç¨Ï Éèí㨇q^è•#O ^≥·=[˝Ü«∞*’ qÉèí∂+¨}O J#∞áê# ~°`«flHõ~°=Ú HÍÖÏ=∞$`«=Ú ^≥·=[˝Hõ~å‚=∞$`«=Ú ~°¿ãO„^Œ zO`å=∞}˜ ~°ã¨~°`«fl ã¨=ÚK«ÛÜ«∞O =ã¨∞ÎQÆ∞}~°`åflHõ~°=Ú Ç¨ÏŸ~å#∞^Œ~°Ê}=Ú qâ◊fiHõ~°‡ „ѨHÍtHõ "åã¨∞ÎâßG=Ú „ã‘Î[# HõÅÊ=e¡ ã¨Ow`« ã¨~åfi~°ú ã¨O„QÆǨÏO ã¨Ow`« ã¨∞^è•ã¨O„QÆǨÏ=Ú J~°¯ „ѨHÍâ◊=Ú ã¨Ow`« =∂~åÎO_»=Ú - 36 -
ã¨Ow`« „Ѩ^èŒ=∞É’kèx "≥·^ŒºHõÅÊ`«~°∞=Ù ~°ã¨„ѨnÑ≤Hõ QÆ}HÍ#O^Œ=Ú N Åe`åã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∂=oó–q=~°}Ï`«‡Hõ ÉèÏ=O`À #=K«O_ô "Õ^ÀHõÎ N ^Õg ѨÓ*ÏHõÅÊO N QÍÜ«∞„f J#∞ëêª# `«`«Î fi„ѨHÍtHõ ã¨Ow`«=∂~åÎO_»=Ú ™ê~å=o ÉèË+¨[HõÅÊ=Ú QÆ∞~°∞t+¨º "≥·^ŒºzO`å=∞}˜ *Ï`«Hõ=∞}˜ ã¨~°fiâ◊‰õΩ# „ѨHÍtHõ Ü«∂A+¨ „ѨÜ≥∂QÆ K«O„kHõ tH∆Í=b¡–P#O^Œ=b¡–Éèí$QÆ∞=b¡ =ã¨O`«~å[ â◊‰õΩ#=Ú `˘\˜ì "≥·^ŒºO *’ºu+¨ ã≤^•úO`« ã¨O„QÆǨÏ=Ú (ѨOKåOQÆ QÆ}˜`«O) ã¨Ç¨Ï„㨠Ü≥∂QƄѨHÍtHõ HÍÑ‘Å∞ HÍ=Åã≤#"å~°∞ :
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"≥∂ǨÏ<£ Ѩa¡ˆH+¨<£û, P^蕺u‡Hõ „QÆO^äŒxÅÜ«∞O HÀ@QÆ∞=∞‡O, J[O`å Ǩϟ@Öò Z^Œ∞@, ~å[=∞O„_ç. á¶È<£ : (0883) 246 25 65 Cell : 903 246 25 65
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