In t r od odu u ct ctii on t o WCDMA / UMTS
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In t r od odu u ct ctii on t o WCDMA / UMTS Legal notice Intellectual Property Rights All copyrights and intellectual property rights for Nokia training documentation, product documentation and slide presentation material, all of which are forthwith known as Nokia training material, are the exclusive property of Nokia. Nokia owns the rights to copying, modification, translation, t ranslation, adaptation or derivatives including any improvements or developments. Nokia has the sole right to copy, distribute, amend, modify, develop, license, sublicense, sell, transfer and assign the Nokia training material. Individuals can use the Nokia training material for their own personal selfdevelopment only, those same individuals cannot subsequently pass on that same Intellectual Property to others without the prior written agreement of Nokia. The Nokia training material cannot be used outside of an agreed Nokia training session for development development of groups groups without the the prior written agreement of Nokia.
In t r od odu u ct ctii on t o WCDMA / UMTS After completing this module, the participant will be able to: Theory: • Recall at least three significant events in the evolution of WCDMA networks • Explain how existing GSM networks have evolved to support additional services and new technologies • List at least three key benefits of WCDMA and identify at least three advantages of 3G networks for both the operator and the end user • List and identify the Network Elements in the Radio Access System (RAS), in terms of name and function
Objectives After completing this module, the participant should be able to: •
List at least three significant events in the evolution of CDMA networks
•
List the four main network subsystems of 3G
•
Explain how existing GSM networks support 3G
•
Name the four basic air interface access technologies
•
List at least three key benefits of WCDMA and identify at least three advantages of 3G networks for both the operator and the enduser
Significant events in (W)CDMA evolution
1900
First human voice transmission (Reginald Fessenden)
1906
First radio broadcast (Fessenden)
1948
John Pierce describes CDMA Multiplexing
1949
Claude Shannon & John Pierce describe major CDMA effects
1956
"Antimultipath" RAKE receiver patented
Where was CDMA first used?
Significant events in (W)CDMA evolution
1970s
CDMA used in several military communication and navigation systems Why was CDMA implemented for military use?
1980s
Studies for narrowband CDMA for commercial mobile networks
1990s
Studies for wideband (~5 systems
MHz) CDMA for mobile cellular
Significant events in (W)CDMA evolution 1993
USA used CDMA standardised in 2nd generation
1996
UMTS forum established
1997
ITU requests proposals for candidate radio transmission technologies for IMT-2000 radio interface
1998
ITU receives 10 proposals for terrestrial RTTs and 5 for satellite RTTs including: - CDMA2000 (USA) - ARIB W-CDMA (Japan) - UTRA (Europe)
Significant events in (W)CDMA evolution
1998
3GPP formed to develop of a joint 3G system based on evolved GSM core and UTRA air interface
1999
ETSI starts UMTS project
1999
4 UMTS licenses awarded in Finland (beauty contest, January)
2003
Commercial use of WCDMA network
2005
First commercial launch of HSDPA network
Requirements of 3G systems • • • • • •
• • •
Bit rates up to 2Mbps Variable bit rate to offer bandwidth on demand Multiplexing of different QoS services on a single connection Support range of delay requirements from real-time to best-effort traffics Quality requirements from 10% frame error rate to 10-6 bit error rate Co-existence of 2G and 3G systems and inter-system handovers for coverage enhancements and load balancing Support of asymmetric uplink and downlink traffic High spectrum efficiency Co-existence of FDD and TDD modes
Specification Bodies
OHG
UMTS 3G.IP
UMTS :Universal Mobile Telecommunications System OHG : Operator Harmonisation Group 3GPP : 3G Partnership Project www.3gpp.org
International Mobile Telephone - 2000 e m s t s y S G fo r 3 k r o w e F ra m
IMT-2000 radio interface options
CDMA
TDMA
FDMA
Direct Spread
Multi Carrier
Time Code
Single Carrier
Time Code
(on paired frequency spectrum)
(on paired frequency spectrum)
(on unpaired frequency spectrum)
(on paired frequency spectrum)
(on unpaired frequency spectrum )
3G systems UWC-136 (EDGE)
cdma2000
FDD mode
UMTS
TDD mode
(DECT)
Vision of UMTS Specification •
Worldwide specified
•
Clear added value to GSM and backward compatible with GSM/ISDN
•
Full support for multimedia and advanced services
•
Generic radio access
•
Services must not be limited by the network capability.
UMTS Release 99
new radio interface solution • more efficient • more flexible
WCDMA • FDD-mode • TDD-mode
network evolution • enhanced GSM core network • enhanced service infrastructure
3GPP Specifications • Release 99 • Compatibility with GSM •
→
Inter-operability
•
→
Services
• UTRAN specifications, including WCDMA air interface (Uu) • Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) • CAMEL Phase 3
• Release 4 • mainly specifies All-IP core network • Bearer Independent Core Network: call control and bearer control in separate network elements • UTRA FDD Repeater • PS-Domain Handover for real-time services • Tandem-Free and Transcoder-Free Operations
3GPP Specifications • Release 5 • • • • • • •
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) IP Multimedia CN Subsystem (IMS) Low Chip Rate TDD Wideband Adaptative Multirate Codec GERAN/UTRAN Interface Evolution CAMEL Phase 4 Frequency bands: UMTS1800 and UMTS1900
• Release 6 • • • • • •
Beamforming Enhancements Remote Control of electrical antenna tilting IMS Phase 2 WLAN/UMTS interworking Network Assisted Cell Change from UTRAN to GERAN Frequency bands: UMTS850, UMTS800, UMTS1.7/2.1GHz
3G globally
Europe: GSM,
China: GSM,
EDGE, WCDMA
EDGE, WCDMA Japan: WCDMA
Americas: GSM, EDGE, IS-136, WCDMA
Korea: WCDMA SEAP: GSM, EDGE, WCDMA
The subsystems of UMTS ATM
Service Service Platform Platform
WCDMA
Uu
UE UE
Iu
RAN RAN
CN CN O&M
UE = User Equipment RAN = Radio Acces Network CN = Core Network NMS = Network Management System
NMS NMS
3G network management layers Communication Management (CM)
Higher Higher layer layer functions: functions: • Service-related Service-related • Charging Charging of of aa Bearer Bearer
Session Management (SM) Mobility Management (MM) Radio Resource Management (RRM)
UE
RAN
Control of Radio Resources • Admission Control • Code Allocation • Power Control • Handover Control and Macro Diversity
CN
Managed mainly by CN domains • Location Update • Location Registration • Paging • Security • Positioning • etc.
Circuit/Packet-switched Circuit/Packet-switched session session management: management: •• PDP PDP Context Context Activation Activation •• CS-call CS-call Setup Setup •• Bearer Bearer Need Need •• etc. etc.
3G Access Rate targets 3G Radio Access
Pedestrian & Office (<10 km/h): bit rate <= 2 Mb/s
Outdoor (< 150 km/h): bit rate 384 kb/s, target 512 kb/s
Outdoor (<250 km/h): bit rate 144 kb/s, preferably more
Environment
RT Service Peak Rate (Delay fixed 20 – 300 ms)
NRT Service Peak Rate (Delay varies 20 – 300 ms)
Rural Outdoor (Speed < 250 km/h)
144 – 384 kb/s
144 – 384 kb/s
Urban/Suburban (Speed < 150 km/h)
384 – 512 kb/s
384 – 512 kb/s
Indoor/Low Range Outdoor - 2 Mb/s (Speed < 10 km/h) (Special condit ions)
- 2 Mb/s (Special condit ions)
Network evolution HLR & AC & EIR
HW/SW Changes
IP Networks
BTS
BSC
MSC&VLR
TCSM
PSTN ISDN
BTS
BSC
Value Added Service Platform(s): SMSC, VMS
TCSM
SGSN
IN
TRX Change & Transmission Upgrade
GGSN IP Networks
BTS
RNC
MGW
3G-SGSN
GPRS adds improved data services with a new Packets witched backbone Where GPRS is added to existing towere support Packed Data UMTS Data Even Higher Rel'3; at GSM data the innetwork new start, rates GSM BTS, are VAS isfor Radio obtained increased made (value Network from added by bynetworks 3introducing implementation Sub-Systems services) Controller, EDGE Media (BSS, part ofinFeatures Gateway, the NSS of(e.g. GSM GSM and like networks OSS) network 3G-SGSN HSCSD INARates was introduced new andtwo differentiation Pre-Paid) SGSN andservices GGSN are main elements
FDD and TDD Duplex Transmission
Frequency Division Duplex e m i t
Time Division Duplex e m i t
Uplink Downlink Uplink
k n i l p U
k n i l n w o D
Downlink Uplink Downlink
frequency
frequency
4 Basic Air Interface Access Technology
•FDMA
(Frequency Division Multiple Access)
•SDMA
(Space Division Multiple Access)
•TDMA
(Time Division Multiple Access)
•CDMA
(Code Division Multiple Access)
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
20 to 50 miles
lines to switching center
High power Lower Frequency
With FDMA, the users transmit simultaneously using separate frequencies e m i t
4 1 2 3 e e e e n n n n o o o o h h h h p p p p l e l e l e l e b i i i i b b b o o o o m m m m
frequency
carrier band
Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
Disadvantages with FDMA?
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) divides the frequency into multiple time slices
Mobile Phone 3
e m i t
Mobile Phone 2 Mobile Phone 1 Mobile Phone 4 Mobile Phone 3
Mobile Phone 2
TDMA frame
Mobile Phone 1 Mobile Phone 4 Mobile Phone 3 Mobile Phone 2 Mobile Phone 1 carrier band
TDMA frame frequency
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Sharing the frequency by using Different codes
Power (P)
Time Codes
Frequency
Spreading and sharing the same space P
User A
P P f
f Data after spreading
Data P
P
P
User B
f Transmission over the air
f
f
f Despread User B A signal at the receiver
Managing interference in CDMA
p
interference
p
signal
signal interference f T r an s m i s s i o n o v er th e ai e ai r
f D es p r ead s i g n al at t h e r ec v er r ec ei eiv
WCDMA air interface properties
Originating Bit
Received Bit
WCDMA
Power
Frequency Band
Spreading Factor (SF)
3G Service support various data rate by using different Spreading Factor
Features of WCDMA • Efficient use of spectrum • Limited frequency management • Low mobile station transmit power • Uplink and downlink resource utilisation independent • Wide variety of data rates • Improvement of multi-path resolution RAKE receiver • Statistical multiplexing advantage • Increased standby-time from higher rate control channels.
Key operator benefits
•
•
New service capabilities means new business opportunities for operators, (further differentiation) Revenue opportunity with increased data/voice traffic
•
New frequency spectrum
•
The path towards IP mobility
Key end-user benefits • •
Integrated customised services Simplified service provisioning and service upgrades
• Wireless personal Internet • Multimedia messaging •
Enhanced e-mail
•
Telecommuting
•
Improved quality of service
• Support for video/audio clips
Introduction to UMTS
Review Questions
1. Which of the following definitions for the abbreviation 3GPP is true? A.
It is a specification body organised by the manufactures to promote new technologies.
B.
It is an EU organisation that specifies all the features that a 3G network must support.
C.
It is an organisational body by the operators to promote the harmonisation of different 3G technologies.
D. It is the name of the interface between the RAN and the CN. E.
It is a specification body that takes care of the specification work in co-operation with many institutes.
2. Name the four subsystems in the UMTS network Release 99.
•
RAN (Radio Access Network)
•
CN (Core Network)
•
NMS (Network Management Subsystems) , OSS
•
UE
NetAct
3. Which of the following elements is not part of the core network? A.
HLR
B.
GGSN
C.
RNC
D. EIR
4. Which of the following sentences about EDGE is true?
A.
EDGE is needed to support IN prepaid services.
B.
EDGE is using a more efficient coding and modulation technique than in GSM to increase data throughput.
C.
EDGE and GSM networks are incompatible.
D. EDGE will allow telephone calls to take place faster as people can talk faster than in GSM institutes.
5. The SGSN is not needed to support 3G IP connections.
FALSE 6. List the four basic air interface technologies. •
FDMA
•
SDMA
•
TDMA
•
CDMA
7. Which of the following is true (circle the correct answer)?
A.
1st generation networks are digital and 2nd generation networks are analogue.
B.
WCDMA is a 2nd generation technology.
C.
TDMA and CDMA were introduced in 2nd generation networks.
D. Data, fax, and SMS services will first be introduced with WCDMA.
8. Describe the main difference between analogue and digital.
•
Analogue : The information, I.e. voice , is modulate directly with carrier and transmit over the air. (easy to trap information)
•
Digital : The information, quantised to digital format ( 0 or 1 ) (if it analogue) then modulate and transmit over the air.
9. Which of the following are benefits of WCDMA (circle the correct answer)?
A.
Improvement of Erlang capacity.
B.
No frequency change allows imperceptible soft handovers.
C.
New available frequency spectrum.
D. All of the above.
10. CDMA is an access technology, which was developed for high capacity commercial mobile networks.
FALSE 11. Which of the following are benefits or services for the end user? . a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.
Integrated services that may be customised per subscriber Ability to download and activate new services at will Multimedia messaging Possibility for telecommuting Improved quality of service Videophony Location-based services Support for video/audio clips
