Gadjah Mada University Faculty Fa culty of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Pengembangan Sistem Pemantau dan Peringatan Dini Bencana Sedimen dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dalam Menghadapi Bencana Teuku Faisal Fathani, Ph.D. E-mail:
[email protected]
Kuliah Tamu – Prodi Teknik Geofisika FT Unsyiah: 2 November 2013
Disaster cycle Preparation
Mitigation
Prevention
Emergency response
Rehabilitation
Reconstruction
Strategy and Road Map: Disaster Risk Reduction Improvement of SOCIETY RESILIENCE EDUCATION and TRAINING (Public education, Training, Evacuation drills)
Provision of appropriate COUNTERMESURES COUNTERMESURES and TECHNOLOGY (Prevention works & Early warning)
Provision of appropriate INFORMATION (Investigation, (Inve stigation, Hazard Area & Risk map)
Type of Disaster Volcanic disaster Debris flow (laharic flow) Landslide Flood Earthquake & Tsunami Drought Dam failure, Forrest fire, Abrasion etc.
Landslide Disaster Development of Landslide Monitoring and Early Warning System
Peta Risiko Tanah Longsor Indonesia
500
1,000,000 R A900,000 P A800,000 P R700,000 E T 600,000 A W I 500,000 J H400,000 A L 300,000 M U200,000 J 100,000
450 400
N A I 350 D A300 J E250 K H200 A L150 M U100 J 50 0
H T R T T A H A N I L A A U A T R E R A A N A C A T B G R I M R A A G A T A N B T B U L E G T A A A N A E S E R I A W W R T A E E S W A I J T T E J A S A A W J E M M A W U U L A S S U L S U S
PROVINSI
0
T H R T A N T H A I A A U T R A A A T L A R G M N A T R G R B A N I T A A N A B E T U L B E K A T T A A A E S A I Y R R I W A W G E S E S A W A E J O T T J A E Y A A W J W . A M A M L I . U L U U D S U S S S
PROVINSI
Local mass movement
Rapid local movements with localized impact (less than 10 ha) Debris slide
Palu-Sulawesi,, Feb 2009 Palu-Sulawesi
Debris fall
Creep inducing structural damages Slow local movement but with relatively larger impact area (more than 10 ha)
Long distance mass movement
Debris flow induced by Rainfall after Padang Earthquake of September 30, 2009, in Nagari Tanjung anjungsani, sani, Agam Regency Regency,, West Sumatra
Two villages were buried and more than 100 people died/ missing
Landslide (earth flows) induced by the earthquake of Sept 30, 2009 in Tandikek, Pariaman Regency, West Sumatra
Landslide (long distance rock fall) induced by the Earthquake
The deposited area exceeding the distance up to 1 km from the toe of slope
Site : Cikangkareng, Cianjur Regency, September 2009.
EQ induced landslide at Desa Serempah, Kecamatan Ketol, Kab. Aceh Tengah Tengah : 12 damaged hous and 11 people died July 2013
Landslides in Banjarnegara
Landslide occurred (2006)
Monitoring site (2007)
The symptoms (cracks) at the upper slope (2006)
No monitoring activity
Landslide at Sijeruk Village Banjarnegara (5 January 2006)
1 occu oc curr rred ed at 03 03.0 .00 0 am 2 - 3 occurred at 05.00 am Resulting in 74 people died
Landslide fatalities
Stage of Development of Landslide Monitoring and Early Warning System Survey and field investigation on the geological and geotechnical condition, landslide controlling factors, and social-economic condition Design most adaptive and appropriate EWS Socialization and training for capacity development Install the EWS and provide consultation on the maintenance followed by a test and calibration to ensure the function and sustainability
First version of community-based landslide early warning technology (2007-2008)
First stage (2007)
Second version of landslide monitoring : Raingage
Extensometer and Tiltmeter with data logger
Central server in UGM
Initial setup 2007-2008
Outdoor unit of real-time monitoring equipment
IP Camera
Raingauge
Extensometer Pore pressure sensor
Fieldserver
Outdoor unit of real-time monitoring equipment
IP Camera
Raingauge
Extensometer Pore pressure sensor
Fieldserver
Indoor Unit of real-time monitoring equipment Display Monitor
GPRS modem
Local server LINUX box
UPS with external battery
Digital Photogrammetry Altitude: 150m – 300 m Effective Ground Coverage: 120m – 250m Camera: Nikon 10Mpixel With Lens Calibration Parameter Remote camera
Tools for aerial photogrammetry Quadcopters
Kite
Aerial photo, topography map and real-time monitoring
7 November 2007: 2007: Manual extensometer warned the community 4 hours before the landslide occur
Data on the Website
The results of measurement by extensometers, raingauge and pore water pressure sensor Extensometer P2 –P3 Extensometer P1 –P2
Extensometer P4 –P5
Extensometer P5 –P6 Pore water pressure
Flow of warning information and evacuation command for simple landslide EWS at village level Evacuation
Rain gage Head of Village Task Force Team
Satkorlak Satlak Satgas SAR Red cross Health center Army-Police
Evacuation
y t i n u m m o c l a c o L
Other Monitoring Devices: - Incli Inclino nomet meter er - Tiltme iltmeter ter - Pore Porewa wate terr pres pressur sure e gage gage - Groundw Groundwater ater measurement measurement - GPS Monito Monitorin ring g
EM-1 : Manual Extensometer EM-2 : Automatic Extensometer with paper recording EA-1 : Automatic Extensometer with data logger EA-2 : Automatic underground underground Extensometer EL-1 : Long-span Extensometer with data logger & telemetry
Network diagram of telemetric system for realtime monitoring and early warning of landslide
Newly developed devices for landslide monitoring on a network diagram of telemetric system
Installation of digital extensometer at a mining site
Web performance of Smart Grid showing the geographical position of the reported nodes
(2007-2013)
Myanmar (2012)
South Kalimantan (2009) Palu (2012)
Pariaman (2012)
ICL (2007)
Yogyakarta Yogyakarta (2010)
South Sulawesi (2008)
Cianjur (2009) ICL (2009) Banjarnegara (2007) Karanganyar (2008)
Situbondo (2007)
UGM in cooperation with Ministry for the Development of Disadvantage Regions (KPDT) UGM in cooperation with National Agency for Disaster Management (BNPB) UGM in cooperation with Private Mining Company UGM in cooperation with Pertamina Geothermal Energy (2013)
Hydro-geotechnical Model Two cascading cascadi ng tank model reflecting geological feature and hydrological process in Banjarnegara Landslide
Result of Hidro-geotechnical Modeling
o B
o
Visco-plastic Model
ds dt
1m
ds dt
B
s c o W
α
F v
F
W s i n α
W
l
shear zone
W l h z α P w F v
h
P w α σ
z
: weight : depth of sliding mass : piezometric level : shear zone thickness v = ηv /z Viscous force : surface slope angle and shear zone slope : pore water pressure − [c’ + + (σ − pw ) tan φ’ ] – v = ma : viscous force
l sin cos c' l cos 2 p
t an ' m dv v
Crack-3
Crack-2
Crack-1
P4
11.7o
Wire 4-5
+
P5
-
Wire 5-6
Crack-2
+
-
P6
16.6o
Crack-1
Block-1 Well
Crack-3
Result of Viscoplastic Modelling
Block-2
Block-3
350
0.25 Velocity
0.2 ) h / m0.15 m ( y t i c o 0.1 l e V
300
Simulated Displacement
250 ) m
Actual Actual Displacement Displacement
200 150 100
0.05
50 0
0 1/1/08
4/1/08
7/1/08
10/1/08
1/1/09
m ( t n e m e c a l p s i D
60
Early Warning Criteria
Scenario I
50
Scenario II
) h / m m40 ( y t i s n 30 e t n i l l a 20 f n i a r
Scenario Scenar io III III Scenario IV C1 C2 C3
CL
10
0
Y=-0.62X+31 0
10
20
30
40
SWI (mm)
Class 1 (C1) : <0.1 mm/hour Class 2 (C2) : 0.1 mm/hour < C2 < 0.4 mm/hour Class 3 (C2) : 0.4 mm/hour < C3
50
Numerical Model of Fast Landslide Movement
Simulation for the motion of disrupted-type landslides
Sliding mass is assumed as an incompressible Newton’s viscous fluid
Governing equation of motion : Navier-Stokes equation
Resistance force along the sliding surface by Coulomb’s resistance criteria
The simulation was handled quasi-three-dimensionally for the problem of flow considering the distribution and thickness of sliding mass
It is possible to consider the seismic force input seismic waves (three components of sine wave, horizontal and vertical)
FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS Governing equation of motion of the incompressible viscous fluid by using Navier-Stokes equation :
p 2u F x Dt x
(1)
p v F y Dt y
(2)
p 2 w F z z Dt
(3)
Du
Dv
Dw
2
The equation of continuity of the incompressible fluid :
u v w div ( v ) 0 x y z
(4)
u, v >> w, u and v are uniform in a vertical direction direction and the inertial force of fluid particle is small, compared to t o the acceleration due to gravity.
u u u zx p u g x x z t x y
(5)
zy v v v p 2 2 v g y y z t x y
(6)
2
2
p g z 0 z
• As the resistance rule along the sliding surface: Coulomb’ Coulomb’s s criterion. • c : : cohesion at the sliding surface • : : angle of internal friction of the sliding surface u M (uM ) (v M ) H 2 g z h g x h 2 M g z (hc h t an ) t x y x u 2 v 2 w2
N (uN ) (vN ) H v 2 g z h g y h 2 N g z (hc h t an ) t x y y u 2 v 2 w2 M N h t x y
where
hc
c . g z
Bishamon Landslide
Located in Hiyoshicho, Kagoshima Prefecture
Length : 350 m
Width : 150 m
Area : 6 ha
Volume : 1.0 x 10 5 m3
Resulting in 2 deaths, 3 injuries
Destruction of 2 residential houses, affecting 436 m of roadway and 2.3 ha of cultivated field
Primary cause of the sliding was a heavy rainfall.
