FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING Ricardo G. Sigua
The University of the Philippines Press Diliman, Quezon City
FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING Ricardo G. Sigua
The University of the Philippines Press Diliman, Quezon City
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES PRESS E. de los Santos St.. UP Campus. Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Tel. No.: 9253243.9264642 /Telefax No.: 9282558 e-mail:
[email protected]
(c) 2008 by Ricardo G. Sigua All rights reserved. No copies can be made in pan or in whole without prior written permission from the author and the publisher.
The National Library of the Philippines CIP Data
Recommended entry:
Sigua. Ricardo C. Fundamentals of traffic engineering/ Ricardo — Quezon G. Sigua. — Quezon City: The University of the
Philippines Press e2008. 346 p.: 23 cm.
1. Traffic engineering — Philippines. Philippines. 2. Traffic safety — Philippines. Philippines. 3. Traffic regulations — Philippines. Philippines. 1 Title.
HE365.5P5 388.312'09599 2008 P074000094 ISBN 978-971-542-552-0
Book Design by Zenaida N. F.halan
Printed in the Philippines
CONTENTS PREFACE 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.1.1 Road Transport Network 1.1.2 Public Transportation 1.1.3 Traffic Management 1.1.4 Pedestrian Facilities 1.1.5 Vehicle Registration 1.1.6 Insurance 1.1.7 Driving License 1.1.8 Driver Apprehensions 1.1.9 Driving Schools 1.1.10 Traffic Enforcement 1.1.11 Legislative Framework 1.1
Transportation and Traffic Engineering Practice 1.2.1 Definitions 1.2.2 Traffic Engineering in the Philippines References 2
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT 2.1 Introduction 2.2
Traffic Regulations 2.2.1 Effective Traffic Regulation 2.2.2 Three Elements of the Road System
2.3
Traffic Control Devices 2.3.1 Four Elementary Requirements of Every Traffic Control Device
2.4
Traffic Signs and Markings 2.4.1 Elements of Design
2.5
International Standard Traffic Signs 2.5.1 Warning Signs 2.5.2 Priority Signs
2.5.3 2.5.4 2.5.5 2.5.6 2.5.7 2.5.8 2.6
Prohibition Signs Obligatory Signs Other Prescription Signs Information Signs Direction Signs Additional Information
Pavement Markings 2.6.1 Functions and Limitations of Pavement Markings 2.6.2 Legal Authority 2.6.3 Standardization 2.6.4 Types of Markings 2.6.5 Materials 2.6.6 Color 2.6.7 Types of Lines 2.6.8 Width of Lines 2.6.9 Messages 2.6.10 Symbols
2.7
Object Markings and Markers 2.7.1 Object Markings 2.7.2 Raised Pavement Markers Problems References 3
TRAFFIC FLOW FUNDAMENTALS 3.1 Introduction 3.2
Types of Flow 3.2.1 Major Traffic Variables 3.2.2 Other Traffic Variables
3.3
Relationship of Flow, Speed, and Density 3.3.1 Observed Relations 3.3.2 Empirical Relations
3.4
Capacity and Level of Service
3.5
hydrodynamic and Kinematic Models of Traffic
3.6
4
Queuing Theory 3.6.1 D/D/1 Queuing 3.6.2 M/D/1 Queuing 3.6.3 M/M/1 Queuing 3.6.4 M/M/N Queuing
3.7 Shock Wave Problems References TRAFFIC STUDIES 4.1 Introduction 4.2
Volume Studies 4.2.1 Types of Volume 4.2.2 Types of Data Collected 4.2.3 Time of Study 4.2.4 Methods 4.2.5 Presentation of Traffic Volumes 4.2.6 AADT and ADT
4.3
Spot Speed Studies 4.3.1 Time of Study 4.3.2 Size of Samples 4.3.3 Methods 4.3.4 Analysis and Presentation of Spot Speeds
4.4
Travel Time and Delay Studies 4.4.1 Methods
Problems References 5
TRAFFIC STUDIES 5.1 Introduction 5.2
Basic Intersection Design Principles
5.3
Intersection Design Elements
5.4
Methods of Control of Intersections
5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.3 5.4.4 5.4.5
Unsignalized Intersection Roundabout or Rotary U-Turn Slots Signalized Intersection Grade Separation
5.5
Analysis of Unsignalized Intersections 5.5.1 Structure of Major Road Traffic 5.5.2 Critical Gap 5.5.3 Capacity 5.5.4 Passenger Car Equivalents 5.5.5 Reserve Capacity
5.6
Analysis and Design of Roundabouts or Rotondas
5.7
Traffic Signal Control 5.7.1 Types of Signals 5.7.2 Data Requirements for Traffic Signal Setting 5.7.3 Phase 5.7.4 Lost Times 5.7.5 Cycle 5.7.6 Allocation of Green Times 5.7.7 Capacity of Movement or Approach 5.7.8 Estimation of Delay 5.7.9 Timing Diagram 5.7.10 Intersection Degree of Congestion 5.7.11 Critical Movement Analysis 5.7.12 Treatment of Left Turn Traffic 5.7.13 Left Turn Lane Length 5.7.14 Effects of Left Turn Vehicles on Saturation Flow Rate 5.7.15 Coordination of Traffic Signals 5.7.16 Graphical Method of Coordinating Signalized Intersection 5.7.17 Offset
Problems References 6
GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAYS 6.1 Introduction
6.2
Design Requirements of Highways 6.2.1 Design Speed 6.2.2 Slight Distances 6.2.3 Minimum Radius of Curvature 6.2.4 Superelevation 6.2.5 Design Volume 6.2.6 Number of Lanes
6.3
Horizontal Alignment 6.3.1 Circular Curve 6.3.2 Compound Curve 6.3.3 Reverse Curve 6.3.4 Broken Back Curve 6.3.5 Easement Curve or Clothoid
6.4
Vertical Alignment 6.4.1 Properties of Parabolic Vertical Curves 6.4.2 Types of Vertical Curves 6.4.3 General Equation of Vertical Curve 6.4.4 Sight Distances at Vertical Curves 6.4.5 Sight Distances at Crest Vertical Curves 6.4.6 Sight Distances at Sag Vertical Curves
Problems References 7
ROAD SAFETY AND TRAFFIC ACCIDENT ANALYSIS 7.1 Introduction 7.2
Assessment of Road Safety 7.2.1 Accident per Population 7.2.2 Accident per Registered Vehicles 7.2.3 Accident Definition 7.2.4 Road Accident Reporting 7.2.5 Present Situation 7.2.6 Key Socioeconomic Indicators 7.2.7 Accidents at Intersections 7.2.8 Accident Rates for Intersections 7.2.9 Accident Rates for Road Sections
7.2.10 Accidents by Time of Day 7.3
Identifying Hazardous Locations or Blackspots 7.3.1 Classic Statistical Method 7.3.2 Rate Quality Control Method 7.3.3 Setting Benchmark Method
7.4
Responses to Safety 7.4.1 The Inter-agency Road Safety Committee and the National Road Safety Committee 7.4.2 Agencies and Institutions Involved in Road Safety
7.5
Initiatives on Road Safety 7.5.1 Imposing Motor Vehicle User’s Fee 7.5.2 Motor Vehicle Inspection System 7.5.3 Seat Belt Law 7.5.4 Banning Use of Cellular Phones and Handset Radios 7.5.5 Other Initiatives
7.6
Road Safety Issues 7.6.1 Legislative 7.6.2 Institutional 7.6.3 Technical 7.6.4 Education and Campaigns 7.6.5 Sociocultural
7.7
Cost of Traffic Accidents 7.7.1 Uses of Accident Cost Estimates 7.7.2 Approaches to Estimating Cost of Accidents 7.7.3 Determination of Cost Components 7.7.4 Estimation of Cost Components
7.8
Estimation of Average Cost of Accidents 7.8.1 Estimation of Cost of a Single Fatal Accident 7.8.2 Estimation of Cost of a Single Serious Injury Accident 7.8.3 Estimation of Cost of a Singe Minor Injury Accident 7.8.4 Estimation of Cost of a Single Property-
7.8.5
7.9
Damage-Only Accident Summary of Average Cost of Each Type of Accident
Estimation of National Cost 7.9.1 Data Availability and Quality 7.9.2 Calculation of National Costs
Problems References 8
INTRODUCTION TO TRAVEL DEMAND FORECASTING 8.1 Introduction 8.2
The Four-Step Forecasting Model
8.3
The Origin-Destination Table (OD Matrix)
8.4
Methods for Estimating Trip Generation and Attraction 8.4.1 Growth Rate Method 8.4.2 Category Analysis 8.4.3 Regression Analysis
8.5
Trip Distribution 8.5.1 Present Pattern Method 8.5.2 Model Method
8.6
Modal Split 8.6.1 The Generalized Cost 8.6.2 Disaggregate Choice Model
8.7
Route Assignment 8.7.1 The Shortest Path 8.7.2 Network Assignment
Problems References 9
INTRODUCTION TO INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 9.1 Background
9.2
Current Deployment of ITS in the Philippines 9.2.1 Traffic-Responsive Signal System 9.2.2 The Metro Manila ETC Systems
9.3
Road Pricing 9.3.1 Time-Based Fees 9.3.2 Phasing in Peak-Hour Road Pricing 9.3.3 Other Effects of Pear-Hour Road Pricing 9.3.4 MMUTIS Studies on Road Pricing
9.4
Some Issues Related to Sustainable Deployment of ITS In Developing Countries
9.5
Conditions for Acceptable Deployment/Implementation Of ITS in Metro Manila
9.6
Conclusion
References GLOSSARY OF TERMS THE AUTHOR
This work is dedicated to …
My Lord God Almighty – the Way (John 10:35), the light unto my Path (Psalms 119:105)
My wife, Helen – my faithful journey companion (Proverbs 31: 25-28)
Our children, Karen, Paul, and Luke – my arrows in my warrior hand (Psalms 127:3-5)
― And
I will make all My mountains a road, and My highways will be raised up. Behold, these
shall came forth from afar; and o, these will come from the north and from the west…‖ (Isaiah 49:11-12)
