STACK PROJECT REPORT ON SMOKE DETECTOR & ALARM CIRCUIT A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO The National Institute of Engineering, Mysuru (Autonomous Institution)
Under the guidance of Under the guidance of
Mr.N Jayaprakash Dept. of ECE NIE,Mysuru
Submitted By: Santhosh kumar H O Shoukath ali Mayank Pratap Singh Gaur Ramachandra Hegde
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering The National Institute of Engineering (Autonomous Institution) Mysuru-570008
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to take this opportunity to express out profound gratitude to all those people who were directly or indirectly involved in the completion of project we encouraged each and every one who encouraged us in every possible way We would like to thank our principal Dr. G. L. Shekar for letting me to be the part of this institution and letting me to explore the abilities to the fullest. We would also like to extend my sincere gratitude to our HOD Dr. Rohini Nagapadma for being a source of inspiration and Instilling an enthusiastic spirit in us through out the process of project making We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude towards our stack project guide Mr. N Jayaprakash for his constant guidance, valuable knowledge and experience with regards, Santosh kumar H O Shoukath Ali Mayank Pratap singh Ramachandra Hegde
LITERATURE SURVEY
Contents 1. Introduction 2. Theory behind the project 2.1 smoke sensor module 2.2 Arduino UNO R3 2.3 LCD display 2.4 Buzzer 2.5 Resistors and Connecting wires 3. Circuit diagram and explanation 3.1 schematic circuit diagram 3.2 Implemented circuit 3.3 Implementation 3.4 Interfacing MQ2 with Arduino UNO R3
3.5 Interfacing LCD with Arduino UNO R3 3.6 Programming code 4. Conclusion 5. Applications 6. Future scope
1. INTRODUCTION Technology is a very important part of our life. We can use this technology in a very sophisticated area like safety and security purpose. Using the smoke detector and alarm circuit be conducive to save our life as well as households from fire accidents which have shown in this project. We design and develop an Arduino circuit with a smoke detector, LCD Display and alarm. When the smoke detector detects smoke (the detect measurement of smoke can be configured regarding the size and surroundings of the room), there is a LCD Display which shows "Fire in room!" and the alarm rings immediately. So someone can be aware about the fire accidents even if he/she is in home at the moment.
2.THEORY BEHIND THE PROJECT Smoke detection circuit used here involves the following components which plays vital importance in building the circuit and the components are : 1. Smoke sensor module (MQ 2) 2. Arduino UNO R3 module 3. LCD Display 4. Buzzer 5. Resistors 6. Bread board
7. Patch chords
2.1 Smoke sensor module A smoke sensor is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial and residential security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control panel as part of a fire alarm system, while household detectors, known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or visual alarm from the detector itself. The Analog Smoke/LPG/CO Gas Sensor (MQ2) module utilizes an MQ-2 as the sensitive component and has a protection resistor and an adjustable resistor on board. The MQ-2 gas sensor is sensitive to LPG, i-butane, propane, methane, alcohol, Hydrogen and smoke. It could be used in gas leakage detecting equipments in family and industry. The resistance of the sensitive component changes as the concentration of the target gas changes.
Typical images of the MQ2 smoke sensor in side view , top view and bottom view as shown below :
Specifications: 1. Dimension: 32mm x 22mm x 30mm Specification: 2. Operating voltage: 5v 3. Detection Zone: 300 - 10000ppmm 4. Characteristic Gas: 1000ppmm 5. Sensitivity: R in air/ R in typical gas > 5 6. Response Time: <10s 7. Recovery time: <30s 8. Heating Resistance: 31ohm 9. Heating Current: <181mA 10. Heating Power: <900mW 11. Measuring Voltage: <24 12. Ambient Temperature: -20C - 55C 13. Humidity: <95% 14. Oxygen Content: 21%
Pin configuration
The MQ2 smoke sensor which we are using in the project have the following pins : 1. VCC 2. D0 pin 3. A0 pin 4. GND The four pins are used to fetch the signals which can be analog or digital in nature. We connect Vcc to 5V DC and GND to ground . Using high quality dual – panel design, with a power indicator and TTL signal output instruction ; with the D0 switch signal (TTL) output , and A0 analog signal output ; TTL output valid signal is low level.
TTL output signal can be connected directly to a Arduino UNO R3 I/O port , and also potentiometers can be used to control the output level transition threshold. But This MQ2 sensor has built in potentiometer that allows you to adjust the sensor sensitivity according to how accurate you want to detect gas. The voltage that the sensor outputs changes according to the density of the smoke level that exist in the atmosphere but in this we are creating the smoke externally by burning the matchstick or in any other ways. The sensor outputs a voltage that is proportional to the concentration of the smoke.
Schematic Diagram :
Working : The sensitive material of MQ2 smoke sensor is SnO2 which with lower conductivity in clean air. When the target combustible gas exists, the sensor’s conductivity is more higher along with the gas concentration rising. The above is basic test circuit of the sensor. The sensor need to be put 2 voltage, heater voltage(VH) and test voltage (VC). VH used to supply certified working temperature to the sensor, while VC used to detect voltage (VRL) on load resistance (RL) whom is in series with
sensor. The sensor has light polarity, Vc need DC power. VC and VH could use same power circuit with precondition to assure performance of sensor. In order to make the sensor with better performance, suitable RL value is needed: Power of Sensitivity body(Ps): Ps=Vc2 ×Rs/(Rs+RL)2 Smoke sensor composed by micro AL2O3 ceramic tube, Tin Dioxide (SnO2) sensitive layer, measuring electrode and heater are fixed into a crust made by plastic and stainless steel net. The heater provides necessary work conditions for work of sensitive components. The enveloped MQ-2 have 6 pin, 4 of them are used to fetch signals, and other 2 are used for providing heating current.
2.2 Arduino-UNO R3 Arduino Uno is one of the microcontroller boards manufactured by the Arduino and based on the Atmel’s ATmega328 microcontroller, “Uno” means one in Italian and the uno board is the latest in a series of USB (Universal Serial Bus). Meanwhile, Arduino board is a reference model for the Arduino platform. The Arduino Uno board has a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, v a reset button, 6 analog inputs and also 14 digital input/output pins. It uses the Atmega16U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. The board has 32 KB flash memory of which 0.5 KB is used by boot-loader, 2 KB of SRAM, 1 KB of EEPROM and 16 MHz clock speed [32].
Architecture of Arduino-UNO R3 : There are many varieties of Arduino boards that can be used for different purposes. The Arduino UNO components are:
v
Power -USB / Barrel Jack Our Arduino board needs a way to be connected to a power source. The Arduino UNO can be powered from a USB cable coming from your computer or a wall power supply that is terminated in a barrel jack. In the picture above the USB connection is labeled and the barrel jack is labeled .The USB connection is also how you will load code onto your Arduino board.
Pins (5V, 3.3V, GND, Analog, Digital, PWM, AREF) The pins of Arduino are the places where connect wires to construct a circuit. The Arduino has several different kinds of pins, each of which is labeled on the board and used for different functions. 1. 5V: The 5V pin supplies 5 volts of power. Most of the simple components used 2.Arduino run happily offv of 5 or 3.3 volts. 3.GND: Full name is Ground. There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be used to ground circuit. 4. Analog: The area of pins under the ‘Analog In’ label (A0 through A5 on the UNO) is Analog In pins. These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor and convert it into a digital value that we can read.
5. Digital: Across from the analog pins are the digital pins (0 through 13 on the UNO). These pins can be used for both digital input and digital output (like powering an LED). 6. PWM: The digital pins (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11) on theTheUNO are the PWM(~) pins. These Analog: area of pins under the ‘Analog In’ label (A0 pins through A5 on act the UNO) is Analogdigital In pins. These read the be signal from an as normal pins,pins butcan can also used analog sensor and convert it into a digital value that we can read. for something called Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM). Digital: Across from the analog pins are the digital pins (0 through 13 on the UNO). These pins can be used for both digital input and digital output (like powering an LED).
7. AREF: Stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes to5,set PWM: The digitalused pins (3, 6, 9,an 10,external and 11) on reference the UNO are the PWM(~) pins.(between These pins act normal digital as pins, butupper can also be voltage 0 as and 5 Volts) the used for something called Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM). limit for the analog input pins. AREF: Stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes used to set an Getting started Arduino Software external reference voltage with (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.
First download and install the Arduino for Mac, Linux or Windows from arduino.cc. Windows users also need to install a driver. Connect your board via USB, launch the Arduino application and select Arduino-Uno from the tools to board menu. Open the sketch File.
The Integrated Development Environment (IDE) Every microcontroller needs software to be programmed. The Arduino board is not a case apart. It has its own integrated development environment (IDE).It is free and everyone can download it from its official website using either the Windows, Mac OS X or Linux platform. That allows Arduino Board to gain more users and it also helps it to grow.
IDE Parts 1. Compile: Before program “code” can be sent to the board, it needs to be converted into instructions that the board understands. This process is called Compiling. 2.Stop: This stops the compilation process. 3.Create new Sketch: This opens a new window to create news ketch. 4.Open Existing Sketch: This loads a sketch from a file on our computer. 5.Save Sketch: This saves the changes to the sketch.
6.Upload to Board: This compiles and then transmits over the USB cable to our board. 7.Serial Monitor: Until this point when our programs (sketches) didn’t work, we just pulled out our hair and tried harder 8.Tab Button: This lets you create multiple files in your sketch. This is for more advanced programming than we will do in this class. 9.Sketch Editor: ThistoisBoard: where Upload Thiswrite or edit sketches compiles and then transmits over the USB cable to our board. 10.Text Console: This shows you what the IDE is Serial Monitor: Until this point currently doing is also (sketches) where error when and our programs didn’t work, we justapulled out our messages display if make mistake in typing hair and tried harder program. 11.Line Number: This shows what line number your cursor is on.
2.3 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on. A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD
Circuit Design
We use 16 x 2 LCD for making expert for this project. When we developed this we learn the basic properties of Arduino board. Here we learned that A Read/ Write (R/W) pin that selects reading mode or writing mode. The Enable pin that enables writing to the registers .The 8 data pins (D0 -D7). The states of these pins (high or low) are the bits that we writing to a register. There's also a display contrast pin (Vo), power supply pins (+5V and Ground)and LED Backlight (Bklt+ and BKlt-) pins that web use to power the LCD, control the display contrast, and turn on and off the LED backlight, respectively.
2.4 Buzzer Here buzzer is used for alarming purpose whenever the smoke detecting circuit detects the smoke then the buzzer will start buzzing here the buzzer used is piezoelectric buzzer. A piezoelectric element may be driven by oscillating electronic circuit or other audio signal source, driven with a piezoelectric audio amplifier. Sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a click, a ring or a beep.
2.5 Resistors & connecting wires Here the resistors are used for blocking the high current. In this project we have four resistors connected in parallel. Three 220 ohm and one 470 ohm resistors have been used in this project. Connecting wires are also used to build the whole circuit.
3. Circuit diagram & explanation The whole system design is divided into two parts to design a smart home appliance control system. One is the design the smart system in the breadboard and controls the designed system. Another part is the display part design to send sms . Finally, the smoke detector system is formed a complete integrated system. In this project Arduino is more efficient .
3.1 Schematic Circuit diagram
3.2 Implemented circuit :
3.3 Implementation : initial steps in implementing the smoke detector starts with interfacing all the external components with the microcontroller Arduino UNO R3 and the components involved in interfacing are 1. Smoke sensor
2. Liquid crystal display (LCD)
3.4 Interfacing of MQ2 with Arduino: This has only 4 pins to interface with the Arduino i:e VCC ,GND, A0 and D0 1. VCC pin of MQ2 sensor is connected to 5V pin of arduino board. 2. GND pin of MQ2 sensor is connected to ground pin of arduino board. 3. A0 is the analog output of MQ2 is connected to any analog pins (A0-A7) of arduino. 4. D0 is the digital output is kept open since we are not using digital output for the implementation of this project
3.5 Interfacing the LCD display with the Arduino UNO R3 : We connect the LCD pins with Arduino in following steps: 1. Pin 1 is connected to Arduino GND 2. Pin 2 is connected to Arduino 5V 3. Pin 3 is connected to wiper (this is the middle pin of the 10k potentiometer ) 4. Pin 4 is connected to Arduino pin 12 5. Pin 5 is connected to Arduino GND 6. Pin 6 is connected to Arduino pin 11 7. Pin 11 is connected to Arduino pin 8. Pin 12 is connected to Arduino pin 4 9. Pin 13 is connected to Arduino pin 3 Pin 14 is connected to Arduino pin 2 Because we will only be writing, pin 5 will be dropped to ground to show that there will be no reading. For we use the backlight, connect LCD pin 16 to GND and LCD pin 15 to +4.2V.Connect one side of the potentiometer to Arduino GND, the opposite to Arduino 5v and the center to LCD pin 3. The pin 7, 8,9,10 are not used in the Arduino.
After interfacing all the components externally to the arduino ,then connect the smoke sensor to the breadboard and the resistors are also connected in parallel so that it will block the flow of high current into the externals components. And we also connect 2 LED to breadboard to indicate presence or absence of the smoke/gas. Now when mq2 detects smoke according to the written code The configured LED will start blinking. We also connect a buzzer as a alarm circuit to breadboard so that it will start buzzing when mq2 detects smoke. After implementing the circuit as steps mentioned above then we will connect arduino to the computer via power jack then we will check whether arduino is working properly. Now code is written using arduino IDE software and then code is compiled for errors and code is dumped on aurduino.
3.6 Programming code :
#include
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2); int redLed=8,greenLed=7,buzzer=6,sensorValue=0 ,Sensor=A4; void setup() { pinMode(Sensor,INPUT); pinMode(redLed,OUTPUT); pinMode(greenLed,OUTPUT); pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT); Serial.begin(9600); lcd.begin(16,2); } void loop() { sensorValue=analogRead(Sensor); Serial.println(sensorValue); lcd.setCursor(0,0); lcd.print("Fire Scan - ON");
if (sensorValue>=200) { lcd.setCursor(0,1); lcd.print("Fire Alert"); digitalWrite(redLed,HIGH); digitalWrite(greenLed, LOW); tone(buzzer, 1000, 200); delay(500); } else { digitalWrite(redLed, LOW); digitalWrite(greenLed, HIGH); noTone(buzzer); lcd.setCursor(0,1); lcd.print("SAFE NOW!!"); delay(500); } }
According to the code given WE have configured The threshold value For smoke is 200 and here Green LED is configured to detect no smoke and RED LED is configured to detect smoke After dumping the code to the Arduino UNO R3 we have two conditions 1. No smoke detected 2. Smoke detected
No smoke detected condition : In this case there will be no smoke near smoke sensor so analog output value will less than the given threshold value so as configured in code GREEN LED will be glowing and BUZZER will be silent mode and LCD display will be showing the message as below
SAFE NOW!! The following imaged attached will indicate the no smoke detected condition
smoke detected condition : In this case smoke is created by burning some small piece of paper or we can create it by any other method and place it near smoke sensor so there will be smoke near smoke sensor so analog output value will more than the given threshold value so as configured in code RED LED will be glowing and BUZZER will start beeping and LCD display will be showing the message as below
Fire Alert Indicating the smoke detected condition following images attached below will prove the smoke detected condition
4. Conclusion: The Smoke detector alarm system using Arduino UNO R3 has been designed and developed . We use 5V from Arduino board. Finally, we have designed and developed and tested using Smoke detector. We fix all the problems encountered during the design and testing of the system. Finally, we successfully achieved in getting the correct output. So, our Smoke detector alarm system using Arduino UNO R3 is suitable.
5. Application Smoke detectors found the general use as they give the highest level of protection. They must be used in escape routes to provide sufficient early warning to allow the evacuation of occupants. In this project we made use of ionization smoke detecting sensor which finds following applications as given below:
1. High sensitivity to fast burning, flaming fires that produce small smoke particles 2. Widely used for applications such as printing workshop, paper mills and paint stores 3. Good for general purpose
6. Future Work Scope: This project gives us an opportunity to do a big project in future. The applications stated above High sensitivity to fast burning, flaming fires that produce small are some demo applications that are absolutely smoke particles possible Widely use with its future development. Initially for Good general purpose the for limitation of time and required fund we were able to develop just a Smoke detector alarm system. The system will also work using GSM communication. It will more efficient by using 16x2 LCD display. So, we have a big work scope in this sector. We hope that, we will be able to complete all the features needed for its ultimate applications.
