43482636 Evidence of Accomplice 1

Subject - Law of Evidence

To To p i c - E VIDENCE O F A CCOMPLICE

PROJECT SUBMITTED TO:

Ms. Neetu (Faculty of

L A ! !

P R O J E C T S U B M I T T E D B " :

Atul

P AL OLL NO. R OLL

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E V I D E N C E O F A C C O M P L I C E : L AW O F E V I D E N C E

%II SEMESTER & ') " EAR EAR ON T*E +,T* OF Se-te/e0 +121

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

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EVIDENCE OF ACCOMPLICE : AN INTRODUCTION THE KNOT ACCOMPLICE WHAT IS AN ACCOMPLICE CATEGORIES OF ACCOMPLICE 1. ). ,. . 2. 5.

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Principal Principal !"n !"n#"r #"r $ %r&' %r&' #"(r"" #"(r"" an# &"cn# &"cn# #"(r"" #"(r"" Acc"&& Acc"&&r ri"& i"& *"$ *"$r r" " '+" $ac'& $ac'& Acc"&& Acc"&&r ri"& i"& a-"r a-"r '+" '+" $ac'& $ac'& R"lianc" R"lianc" a' '+" '+" '"&/0 '"&/0n n  $ acc0pli acc0plic" c" Trap an# #"c #"c 3i'n"&& 3i'n"&& an# appr4"r appr4"r L"(i L"(i/0 /0ac ac  $ $ 3i' 3i'n" n"&& &&

EVIDENCE OF AN APPROVER AND THE CONFESSION OF THE CO6 ACCUSED NATURE OF CORRO7ORATION EVIDENCE OF ACCOMPLICE IN CRIME OF RAPE EVIDENCE OF ACCOMPLICE OF CRIME OF MURDER EVIDENCE OF ACCOMPLICE AND CONFESSION OF AN ACCUSED CONFESSIONS OF NALINI8 SENTENCED SENTE NCED TO DEATH DEATH FOR RA9IV RA 9IV GANDHIS ASSASSINATION ASSASSINATION CONCLUSSION 7I7LIOGRAPH;

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R . M . L . N A T I O N A L L A W U N I V E R S I T Y , L U C K N O W


EVIDENCE OF ACCOMPLICE: AN INTRODUCTION

“Accomplices are usually interested and always infamous witness and whose testimony is admitted from necessity, it being always impossible without having recourses to such evidence to bring up the principal offenders to justice” -

Lord Taylor (A Treatise on the law of Evidence!

An accomplc! m!an" a p!#"on $%o %a" &a'!n pa#& n &%! comm""on o( a c#m!. W%!n an o((!nc! " comm&&!) *+ mo#! &%!n mo#! p!#"on n conc!#&, !!#+ on! pa#&cpa&n n &" comm""on " an accomplc!. Con"p#a&o#" la+ &%!# plo& n "!c#!&, n !/!c0&! & #0&%l!""l+ an) )o no& l!a! m0c% !)!nc! *!%n). O(&!n, &%!#!(o#! &%! polc! %a" &o "!l!c& on! o( &%!m (o# &%! p0#po"! o( *!n con!#&!) n&o a $&n!"". 1! " pa#)on!) "0*2!c& &o &%! con)&on &%a& %! $ll ! !)!nc! aan"& %" (o#m!# pa#&n!#" n &%! c#m!. 1! " &%!n 'no$n a" an accomplc!, &0#n!) $&n!"" o# app#o!#. 1! app!a#" a" a $&n!"" (o# &%! p#o"!c0&on aan"& &%! acc0"!) p!#"on $&% $%om %! ac&!) n &%! comm""on o( &%! c#m!. T%! In)an E)!nc! Ac&, &%#o0% "!c&on 344 ca&!o#call+ &%a& an accomplc! " a comp!&!n& $&n!"" an) &%! co0#& can conc& on &%! *a"" o( "0c% !)!nc! an) &%! conc&on $ll no& *! ll!al "mpl+ *!ca0"! & p#oc!!)" 0pon &%! 0nco##o*o#a&!) &!"&mon+ o( an accomplc!. T%! o&%!# )!aln $&% &%! ma&&!# " n &%! ll0"&#a&on 5*6 &o "!c.337 o( &%! a(o#!m!n&on!) Ac&, $%c% "a+" &%a& &%! Co0#& ma+ p#!"0m! &%a& an Accomplc! " 0n$o#&%+ o( c#!)& 0nl!"" co##o*o#a&!) n ma&!#al pa#&c0la#". T%! S0p#!m! Co0#&, )!aln $&% "!c.344 an) "!c.337, ll0"&#a&on5*6 o*"!#!) 8&%!#! " no an&&%!"" *!&$!!n "!c.344 an) ll0"&#a&on 5*6 &o "!c.337 o( &%! E)!nc! Ac&, *!ca0"! &%! "!c&on onl+ "a+" &%a& &%! co0#& 9ma+ p#!"0m! a c!#&an "&a&! o( a((a#". I& )o!" no& "!!' &o #a"! a concl0"! an) ##!(0&a*l! p#!"0mp&on. I& " %a;a#)o0", a" a ma&&!# o( p#0)!nc!, &o p#oc!!) 0pon &%! !)!nc! o( a "!l(-con(!""!), $%o, "o (a# a" n app#o!# " 3

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E V I D E N C E O F A C C O M P L I C E : L AW O F E V I D E N C E conc!#n!), %a" &o &!"&(+ n &%! &!#m" o( pa#)on &!n)!#!) &o %m. T%! #"' nol!) n conc&n &%! acc0"!) on &%! &!"&mon+ o( an accomplc!, 0nl!"" & " co##o*o#a&!) mma&!#al pa#&c0la#", " "o #!al an) pa&!n& &%a& $%a& )0#n &%! !a#l+ )!!lopm!n& o( la$ $a" (!l& &o *! a ma&&!# o( p#0)!nc! %a" *!!n !l!a&!) *+ 20)cal !/p!#!nc! n&o a #!?0#!m!n& o( la$. I& " n!c!""a#+ &o 0n)!#"&an) $%a& $a" %a#)!n!) n&o &%! #0l! o( la$ " no& &%a& &%" conc&on " ll!al, ( & p#oc!!)" 0pon &%! 0nco##o*o#a&!) &!"&mon+ o( an accomplc! *0& &%a& &%! #0l! o( co##o*o#a&on m0"& *! p#!"!n& &o &%! mn) o( &%! 20)! an) &%a& co##o*o#a&on ma+ *! )"p!n"!) $&% onl+ ( p!c0la# c#c0m"&anc!" o( a ca"! ma'! & "a(! &o )"p!n"! $&% &. T%! com*n!) !((!c& o( "!c&on 344 an) 337 ll0"&#a&on 5*6 ma+ *! "&a&!) a" (ollo$": 8acco#)n &o &%! (o#m!# $%c% " #0l! o( la$, an accomplc! " comp!&!n& &o ! !)!nc! an) acco#)n &o &%! la&&!# $%c% " a #0l! o( p#ac&c!, & " almo"& al$a+" 0n"a(! &o conc& 0pon %" &!"&mon+ alon!. T%!#!(o#!, &%o0%, &%! conc&on an acc0"!) on &%! &!"&mon+ o( an accomplc! can& *! "a) &o *! ll!al, &%! co0#&" $ll a" a ma&&!# o( p#ac&c! no& acc!p& &%! !)!nc! o( "0c% a $&n!"" $&%o0& co##o*o#a&on n ma&!#al pa#&c0la#".

T H E K N O T Ill0"&#a&on 5*6 o( "!c&on 337 o( &%! In)an E)!nc! Ac& "a+" &%a&, 8an Accomplc! " 0n$o#&%+ o( c#!)& 0nl!"" %! " co##o*o#a&!) n ma&!#al pa#&c0la#". I& m!an" &%a& an Accomplc! " no& &o *! *!l!!) 0nl!"" %! " co##o*o#a&!) n ma&!#al pa#&c0la#". I& " a #0l! o( p#0)!nc! an) p#ac&c! $%c% p#ac&call+ amo0n&" &o a #0l! o( la$ &%a& &%! !)!nc! o( an Accomplc! n!!) no& *! ac&!) 0pon 0nl!"" & " co##o*o#a&!) a" aan"& &%! pa#&c0la#" 0"!) n ma&!#al #!"p!c&".@ T%! p#ncpal #!a"on (o# %ol)n &%a& an Accomplc! " 0n$o#&%+ o( c#!)& a#! a" (ollo$": 5a6 An Accomplc! " a pa#&cpa&o# n a c#m! an) " con"!?0!n&l+ an mmo#al p!#"on, an) &%!#!(o#! %! " l'!l+ &o )"#!a#) &%! "anc&&+ o( oa&%.

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E V I D E N C E O F A C C O M P L I C E : L AW O F E V I D E N C E 5*6 T%! Accomplc! " l'!l+ &o "&a&! (al"!l+ n o#)!# &o "%(& &%! (a0l& (#om %" "%o0l)!#". 1! !" !)!nc! 0n)!# &%! p#om"! o( pa#)on an) on &%! con)&on &%a& ( %! )"clo"!) all %! 'no$" aan"& &%o"! $&% $%om %! comm&&!) &%! c#m! an) &%" %op! ma+ loa) %m &o (ao# &%! p#o"!c0&on. Al&%o0% a" a ma&&!# o( la$ co##o*o#a&on " no& n!c!""a#+ &o conc& an acc0"!) p!#"on on &%! !)!nc! o( an Accomplc!, an Accomplc! "%o0l), a" a #0l!, *! p#!"0m!) &o *! 0n$o#&%+ o( c#!)&, 0nl!"" %! " co##o*o#a&!).4 T%! con(!""on o( a co-acc0"!) can& *! 0"!) &o co##o*o#a&! &%! !)!nc! o( an Accomplc!.7 T%! co##o*o#a&on n &%! ca"! o( an Accomplc! m0"& pon& &o &%! )!n&(ca&on o( &%! p!#"on c%a#!) $&% &%! pa#&c0la# (ac& $&% $%c% &%! )#!c& !)!nc! conn!c&" %m.B W%!#! &%! !)!nc! o( an Accomplc! " no& &o&all+ 0napp#o!) *+ #!-a""0#n c#c0m"&anc!", &%! acc0"!) co0l) *! conc&!) on &%! *a"" o( "0c% !)!nc!.= W%!#! &%! &!"&mon+ o( &%! app#o!# $a" co##o*o#a&!) n #!"p!c& o( onl+ &%! (#"& acc0"!) an) no& n #!"p!c& o( "o0n) acc0"!), conc&on o( &%! (o#m!# $a" 0p%!l) *0& &%! la&!# $a" !n *!n!(& o( )o0*&.> Al&%o0% ll0"&#a&on 5*6 p#o)!" &%a& &%! co0#& 9ma+ p#!"0m! &%a& &%! !)!nc! o( an Accomplc! " 0n$o#&%+ o( c#!)& 0nl!"" co##o*o#a&!), 9ma+ " 9no& m0"& an) no )!c"on o( &%! co0#& can ma'! & m0"&. T%! co0#& " no& o*l!) &o %ol) &%a& %! " 0n$o#&%+ o( c#!)&. I& 0l&ma&!l+ )!p!n)" 0pon &%! co0#&" !$ a" &o &%! c#!)*l&+ o( !)!nc! #!n)!#!) *+ an Accomplc!. On! Accomplc! canno& co##o*o#a&! ano&%!#. 1o$!!#, ( "!!#al Accomplc!" "m0l&an!o0"l+ an) $&%o0& p#!o0" conc!#& ! a con""&!n& acco0n& o( &%! c#m! mplca&n &%! acc0"!), &%! co0#& ma+ ac& &o &%! "!!#al. S&a&!m!n&" a" co##o*o#a&n !ac% o&%!#, *0& & m0"& *! !"&a*l"%!) &%a& &%! "!!#al "&a&!m!n&" o( &%! Accomplc!" $!#! !n n)!p!n)!n&l+ an) $&%o0& an+ p#!o0" conc!#&.< I& " no$ $!ll "!&&l!) &%a& &%! mnm0m amo0n& o( co##o*o#a&on #!?0#!) &o ma'! & "a(! &o ac& on &%! &!"&mon+ o( an app#o!# " &%a& &%! !)!nc! m0"& *! 4

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E V I D E N C E O F A C C O M P L I C E : L AW O F E V I D E N C E co##o*o#a&!) no& onl+ a" &o &%! 8corpus delicti *0& al"o a" &o &%! )!n&&+ o( &%! acc0"!) p!#"on. Co##o*o#a&on n!!) no& *! )#!c& !)!nc! &%a& &%! acc0"!) comm&&!) &%! c#m!, & " "0((c!n& !!n &%o0% & " m!#! c#c0m"&an&al !)!nc! o( %" conn!c&on $&% &%! c#m!3 W%!#! &%! Accomplc! " no& a c#mnal *0& a "p+ o# n(o#m!# %" !)!nc! )o!"n& #!?0#! an+ co##o*o#a&on.33 In pon& o( la$ an Accomplc! " a comp!&!n& $&n!"" aan"& an acc0"!) p!#"on. 0& #!a& ca0&on n $!%n %" &!"&mon+ " )c&a&!) *+ p#0)!nc! an) #!a"on. Unl!"" &%! ca"! " !#+ !/c!p&onal on!, an !)!nc! o( Accomplc! "%o0l) no& *! #!l!) an) acc!p&!) a" *!n "0((c!n&.3@

ACCOMPLICE

An accomplc! " a p!#"on $%o alon $&% ano&%!# o# o&%!#" %a" &a'!n "om! pa#&-la#! o# "mall-n &%! comm""on o( &%! c#m!. I& " a !n!#al &!#m an) " 0"!) &o )!"na&! &%! p!#"on $%om &%! polc! (o# &%! p#o"!c0&on. I( %! " a p!#"on n)0c!) *+ &%! polc! &o &a'! pa#& n &%! c#m! (o# &%! p0#po"! o( coll!c&n !)!nc! aan"& o&%!#", %! " call!) a &#ap $&n!"". I( %! " a##!"&!) an) &%!#!a(&!# !n a pa#)on, %! " #!(!##!) &o a" an app#o!#. T%a& an accomplc!, 0"n &%! &!#m n &" !n!#al "!n"! &o ncl0)! &#ap$&n!""!" an) app#o!#" " a comp!&!n& $&n!"" " p#o)!) (o# *+ "!c&on 344. I& "a+": “An accomplice shall be a competent witness against an accused person" and a conviction is not illegal merely because it proceeds upon the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice#”

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E V I D E N C E O F A C C O M P L I C E : L AW O F E V I D E N C E &%! c#!)*l&+ o( !)!nc! &!n)!#!) *+ an accomplc! .I( & " (o0n) c#!)*l! an) co!n&, &%! co0#& can #!co#) conc&on on &" *a"" !!n ( 0nco##o*o#a&!) .Co##o*o#a&on n ma&!#al pa#&c0la#" m!an" &%a& &%!#! "%o0l) *! "om! a)) &onal o# n)!p!n)!n& !)!nc! 5a6 R!n)!#n & p#o*a*l! &%a& &%! "&o#+ #!!al!) *+ &%! accomplc! " �! an) & " #!a"ona*l+ "a(! &o ac& 0pon & 5*6 I)!n&(+n &%! acc0"!) a" on! o( &%o"!, o# amon &%o"!, $%o comm&&!) &%! o((!nc! 5c6 S%o$n &%! c#c0m"&an&al !)!nc! o( %" conn!c&on $&% &%! c#m!, &%o0% & ma+ no& *! )#!c& !)!nc! an) 5)6 O#)na#l+ &%! &!"&mon+ o( on! accomplc! "%o0l) no& *! "0((c!n& &o co##o*o#a&! &%a& o( &%! o&%!#.34

WHAT IS AN ACCOMPLICE

T%! $o#) accomplc! %a" no& *!!n )!(n!) *+ &%! ac&. I& " !n!#all+ 0n)!#"&oo) &%a& an accomplc! m!an" a 0l&+ a""oca&!" o# pa#&n!# n c#m! .An accomplc! *+ *!comn an app#o!# *!com!" a p#o"!c0&on $&n!"" .An app#o!#" !)!nc! %a" &o "a&"(+ a )o0*& &!"& : 536 1" !)!nc! m0"& *! #!la*l! an) 5@6 1" !)!nc! "%o0l) *! "0((c!n&l+ co##o*o#a&!).37

An accomplc! canno& co##o*o#a&! %m"!l( &an&!) !)!nc! )o!" no& lo"! &" &an& *+ #!pl!&on.T%! )an!# o( ac&n on %" o$n a)m""on a *a) c%a#ac&!# $%o &oo' pa#& n &%! o((!nc! an) a(&!#$a#)" &o "a! %m"!l( *!&#a+!) %" (o#m!# a""oca&!" an) $%o %a) plac!) %m"!l( n a po"&on n $%c% %! can %a#)l+ (al &o %a! a "&#on *a" n (ao0# o( a p#o"!c0&on &%! #!al )an!# " &%a& %! " &!lln a "&o#+ $%c% n &" !n!#al o0&ln! " �! an) & " !a"+ (o# %m &o $o#' n&o &%! "&o#+ ma&&!# $%c% " 0n�!. 1! ma+ mplca&! &!n p!opl! n an o((!nc! an) &%! "&o#+ ma+ *! �! n all&" )!&al" a" &o !%& o( &%!m, *0& 0n�! a" &o &%! o&%!# &$o, $%o"! nam!" %a! *!!n n&#o)0c!) *!ca0"! &%!+ a#! o( &%! 34 37

K.%a"m . "&a&! o( T.N.,5@B6.@4> 3 SCC 7B S%an'!# .S&a&! o( T.N 3<<7 C#LJ 4>3


4 e g a P

E V I D E N C E O F A C C O M P L I C E : L AW O F E V I D E N C E app#o!#. T%" &!n)!nc+ &o ncl0)! &%! nnoc!n& $&% &%! 0l&+ " p!c0la#l+ p#!al!n& n In)a, an) & " !#+ )((c0l& (o# &%! co0#&" &o 0a#) aan"& 0l&+ "a(!0a#) aan"& &%! #"' o( con)!mnn &%! nnoc!n& $&% &%! 0l&+ l!" n n""&n on n)!p!n)!n& !)!nc! $%c% n "am! m!a"0#! mplca&!" !ac% acc0"!).

An accomplc! " a p!#"on $%o pa#&cpa&!" n &%! comm""on o( &%! ac&0al c#m! c%a#!) aan"& an acc0"!). 1! " &o *! a 8 participes criminis 8. T%!#! a#! &$o ca"!" %o$!!# n $%c% a p!#"on %a" *!!n %!l) &o *! an accomplc! !!n ( %! " no& a participes criminis. R!c!!#" o( "&ol!n p#op!#&+ a#! &a'!n &o *! accomplc!" o( &%! &%!!" (#om $%om &%!+ #!c!!" oo)", on a &#al (o# &%!(&. Accomplc!" n p#!o0" "mla# o((!nc!" comm&&!) *+ &%! acc0"!) on &#al a#! )!!m!) &o *! accomplc!" n &%! o((!nc! (o# $%c% &%! acc0"!) " on &#al $%!n !)!nc! o( &%! acc0"!) %an comm&&!) c#m! )!n&cal &+p! on o&%!# occa"on" *! a)m""*l! &o p#o! &%! "+"&!m an) n&!n& o( &%! acc0"!) n comm&&n &%! o((!nc! c%a#!).3B A $&n!"", $%o " no& a 0l&+ a""oca&!" n c#m! an) $%o )o!" no& "0"&an "0c% a #!la&on &o &%! c#mnal ac& &%a& %! co0l) *! 2on&l+ n)ca&!) "!n& .A $&n!"" $%o onl+ %app!n" &o *! con!#"an& $&% a c#m! o# $%o ma'!" no a&&!mp& &o p#!!n& & o# $%o )o!" no& )"clo"! &, " no& an accomplc! an) &%! #0l! o( p#ac&c! a" &o co##o*o#a&on )o!" no& appl+ &o %" !)!nc!.3= T%!#! " no $a##an& (o# &%! po"&on &%a& ( a man "!!" &%! p!#p!&#a&on o( a c#m! an) )o!" no& ! n(o#ma&on o( & &o an+on! !l"!, %! m%& $!ll *! #!a#)!) a" an accomplc!.3>

T%! p#+ Co0ncl %a" )o$n n $ahadeo v %ing 3 ,$%c% " a )!c"on on app!al (#om F2 "lan)" ,$!#! &%! Enl"% la$ o( !)!nc! " n (o#c! ,&%a& &%! !)!nc! o( an acc!""o#+ m0"& *! co##o*o#a&!) n "om! pa#&c0la# no& onl+ *!a#n 0pon &%! (ac&" o( &%! c#m! *0& 0pon &%! acc0"!) mplca&on n &. I& (0#&%!# %ol)" &%a& &%" p#ncpl! &%! %o0"! o( lo#)" %a! aan !mp%a";!) &%a& &%" #0l! o( co##o*o#a&on, $%c% $a" lon a #0l! o( p#ac&c!, " no$ #&0all+ a #0l! o( la$. In '!!pn $&% &%" p#ncpl! &%! 1o0"! o( lo#)" %a! aan !mp%a";!) &%a& a cl!a# $a#nn m0"& *! !n &o &%! 20#+ &%a& & " )an!#o0"

3B

RK Dalma  )!l% a)mn"&#a&on ,AIR 3<=@ SC 3@3 D%anapa& )!  !mp!#o# ,3<<7 @ Cal 43@. 3> V!m #!))+ "a&%+ana#a+an #!))+  "&a&! o( %+!)#a*a) 3

4 e g a P

E V I D E N C E O F A C C O M P L I C E : L AW O F E V I D E N C E &o conc& an) no& m!#!l+ &!lln &%!m &o p#oc!!) $&% ca0"a&on .T%! (ac&" o( &#v 'agshaw 3< $!#! #&0all+ #!p!a&!) n R  Sp!nc!#.@ In tate v $uli,@3 a p!#"on $%o " p#!"!n& a& &%! comm""on o( &%! c#m! an) $%o " n&!#!"&!) " no& )"clo"n &%! comm""on o( &%! c#m! " a p!#"on $%o " n &%! po"&on o( an accomplc!.

CATEGORIES OF ACCOMPLICE An accomplc! ma+ com! 0n)!# an+ o( &%! ca&!o#!":

(1)

P R I N C I PA L O F F E N D E R O F F I R S T D E G R E E A N D SECOND DEGREE:

A p#ncpal o( &%! (#"& )!#!! " on! $%o ac&0all+ comm&" &%! c#m!. A p#ncpal o( &%! "!con) )!#!! " a p!#"on $%o " p#!"!n& an) a"""&" n &%! p!#p!&#a&on o( &%! c#m! .T%!"! p!#"on" a#! 0n)o0*&!)l+ 0n)!# all c#c0m"&anc!", accomplc!.

(2) A C C E S S O R I E S B E F O R E T H E F A C T S :

Acc!""o#!" *!(o#! &%! (ac&" a#! p!#"on" $%o a*!&, nc&!, p#oc0#! o# co0n"!l (o# &%! Comm""on o( a c#m! an) &%!+ )o no& &%!m"!l!" pa#&cpa&! n &%! comm""on o( &%! c#m! o( &%!"! p!#"on", &%o"! $%o co0n"!l, nc&! !nco0#a! o# p#oc0#! &%! comm""on o( &%! c#m! a#! c!#&anl+ accomplc!" . A" (o# &%! p!#"on" $%o &%! (ac&, ( &%!+ pa#&cpa&!" n &%! p#!pa#a&on o( &%! c#m! a#! accomplc! comm&&!) &%!+ a#! no& pa#&cpa&n n &%! comm""on o( &%! "am! c#m! a" &%! acc0"!) p!#"on n a &#al a#! c%a#!).

(3) A C C E S S O R I E S A F T E R T H E F A C T S : 3<

3<7 3 All !# <>3. 3<B 3 All !# =>4. @3 AIR 3

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E V I D E N C E O F A C C O M P L I C E : L AW O F E V I D E N C E Acc!""o#!" a(&!# &%! (ac& a#! p!#"on" $%o #!c!!" o# com(o#& o# p#o&!c& p!#"on" $%o %a! comm&&!) &%! c#m! o( (!lon+ 'no$n &%a& &%!+ %a! comm&&!) &%! c#m! o( (!lon+. I( acc!""o#!" %!lp &%! acc0"!) n !"capn (#om p0n"%m!n& o# %!lp %m (#om no& *!n a##!"&!), "0c% p!#"on a#! 'no$n a" %o#*o0#!" an) &%!"! p!#"on" an) &%!"! p!#"on" can *! accomplc!" *!ca0"! all o( &%!m a#! pa#&cpan&" n &%! comm""on o( &%! c#m! n "om! $a+ o# &%! o&%!#. I( a man "!!" &%! p!#p!&#a&on o( &%! c#m! an) )o!" no& ! n(o#ma&on o( & &o an+ on! !l"!, %! m%& $!ll *! #!a#)!) n la$ a" an accomplc!. S0c% p!#"on &%o0% &!c%ncall+ no& an accomplc!, %" po"&on " no& "0p!#o# &o &%a& o( an accomplc!.

(4)R E L I A N C E A T T H E T E S T I M O N Y O F A C C O M P L I C E :

S!c&on 344 o( &%! !)!nc! ac& la+" )o$n &%a& an accomplc! " a comp!&!n& $&n!"" an) a conc&on *a"!) on &%! "ol! o( &!"&mon+ o( an accomplc! " no& ll!al, con&#a#+ &o &%! p#o"on o( "!c&on 344, "!c&on 337, ll0"&#a&on 5*6 "a+" &%! co0#& ma+ p#!"0m! &%a& an accomplc! " 0n$o#&%+ n ma&!#al pa#&c0la#". In Emperor )# rinivas %risna@@ & %a" *!!n la) )o$n &%a& "!c&on 344 " &%! onl+ a*"ol0&! #0l! o( la$ a" #!a#) &%! !)!nc! o( an accomplc!. In *aroon *aji Abdullah v tate of $aharashtra+ T%! S0p#!m! co0#& n &%" ca"! %!l) &%a&: 8T%! In)an E)!nc! Ac& n "!c&on 344 p#o)!" &%a& an accomplc! " a comp!&!n& $&n!"" aan"& an acc0"!) p!#"on an) &%a& a conc&on " no& ll!al m!#!l+ *!ca0"! & p#oc!!)" 0pon &%! 0nco##o*o#a&!) &!"&mon+ o( an accomplc! .T%! !((!c& o( &%" p#o"on " &%a& &%! co0#& &#+n an acc0"!) ma+ l!all+ conc& %m on &%! "nl! !)!nc! o( an accomplc!. To &%" &%!#! " a #)!# n ll0"&#a&on 5*6 &o "!c&on 337 o( &%! ac& $%c% p#o)!" &%a& &%! co0#& ma+ p#!"0m! &%a& an accomplc! " 0n$o#&%+ o( c#!)& 0nl!"" %! " co##o*o#a&!) n ma&!#al pa#&c0la#". T%" ca0&ona#+ p#o"on nco#po#a&!) a #0l! o( p#0)!nc! *!ca0"! an accomplc! $%o *! o( c#!)& 0nl!"" %! " co##o*o#a&!) n ma&!#al pa#&c0la#". T%" ca0&ona#+ p#o"on nco#po#a&!) a #0l! o( p#0)!nc! *!ca0"! an accomplc! $%o *!&#a+" %" a""oca&!" " no& a (a# $&n!"" an) & " po""*l! &%a& %! ma+, &o pl!a"! &%! p#o"!c0&on, $!a!" (al"! )!&al" n&o &%o"! $%c% a#! �! an) %" $%ol! "&o#+ app!a#n �!, &%!#! ma+ *! no m!an" a& %an) &o "!!# &%! (al"! (#om &%a& $%c% " @@

36 *om l# <=<


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E V I D E N C E O F A C C O M P L I C E : L AW O F E V I D E N C E �!. I& " (o# &%" #!a"on &%a& co0#&", *!(o#! &%!+ ac& on accomplc! !)!nc!, n""& on co##o*o#a&on n ma&!#al #!"p!c&" a" &o &%! o((!nc! &"!l( al"o mplca&n n "om! "a&"(ac&o#+ $a+ %o$!!# "mall, !ac% acc0"!) nam!) *+ &%! accomplc!. In &%" $a+ &%! comm""on o( &%! o((!nc! " con(#m!) &!"&mon+ o( &%! accomplc! an) &%! ncl0"on *+ &%! accomplc! o( an nnoc!n& p!#"on " )!(!a&!). T%" #0l! o( ca0&on o# p#0)!nc! %a" *!com! "o n#an!) n &%! con")!#a&on o( Accomplc! !)!nc! a" &o %a! almo"& &%! con")!#a&on o( Accomplc! !)!nc! a" &o %a! almo"& &%! "&an)n o( a #0l! o( la$. T%! co##o*o#a&on o( !)!nc! co0l) *! )#!c& o# c#c0m"&an&al. On! "0c% c#c0m"&anc! ma+ *! &%! ma'n o( a n0m*!# o( con(!""on *+ &%! co-acc0"!). 0& *!(o#! !!n a n0m*!# o( "0c% con(!""on can *! 0"!) !ac% "0c% con(!""on m0"& n"p#! con()!nc! *o&% n &" ma'n an) $%!n &%!#! " a "nl! #!&#ac&!) con(!""on co##o*o#a&n o&%!# accomplc! !)!nc! &%! ca0&on m0"& n!c!""a#l+ *! "&ll #!a&!# an) &%! p#o*a&! al0! "mall!#.

(5) T R A P A N D D E C O Y W I T N E S S A N D A P P R O V E R :

An accomplc! n &" !n!#al "!n"! ncl0)!" &#ap $&n!"" an) app#o!#. I( an acc0"!) p!#"on " a##!"&!) an) &%!#! a(&!# !n a pa#)on, %! " #!(!##!) &o a" an app#o!#. 1! " on! &%a&, con(!""n (!lon+ comm&&!) *+ %m"!l( acc0"!) o&%!#" &o *! 0l&+ o( &%! "am! c#m! .W%!n an accomplc! &!#m" a" a $&n!"" on acc!p&n &%! pa#)on #an&!) *+ &%! co0#& 0n)!# "!c&on 4= C#mnal P#oc!)0#! Co)! &o "p!a' &%! (ac&" #!la&n &o &%! o((!nc!, %! " call!) an app#o!#. I( a p!#"on " n)0c!) *+ &%! polc! &o &a'! pa#& n &%! c#m! (o# &%! p0#po"! o( coll!c&n !)!nc! aan"& o&%!#" %! " call!) a &#ap-$&n!"".

() L E G I T I M A C Y O F W I T N E S S :

T%! )((!#!nc! *!&$!!n &%! !)!nc! o( an app#o!# an) &%! con(!""on o( a co  acc0"!) " &%a& n &%! (#"& ca"!, & " !)!nc! !n on oa&% an) "0*2!c& &o c#o""!/amna&on *+ &%! acc0"!) aan"& $%om & $ll *! 0"!) $%!#! a" n &%! ca"! o( a co  acc0"!) aan"& $%om & " "o0%& &o *! 0"!) o# (#om &%! )oc' a& &%! &m! o( &%! &#al. In !&%!# ca"!, & canno& *! "0*2!c&!) &o c#o""-!/amna&on.

Chandan and others v The state of Rajasthan: So (a# a" &%! ?0!"&on a*o0& &%!

conc&on *a"!) on &%! &!"&mon+ o( &%! accomplc! " conc!#n!) &%! la$ " "!&&l!) an) &


4 e g a P

E V I D E N C E O F A C C O M P L I C E : L AW O F E V I D E N C E " !"&a*l"%!) a" a #0l! o( p#0)!nc! &%a& &%! &!"&mon+ o( accomplc! ( & " &%o0%& #!la*l! a" a $%ol! conc&on co0l) onl+ *! *a"!) ( & co##o*o#a&!) *+ n)!p!n)!n& !)!nc! !&%!# )#!c& o# c#c0m"&anc!" conn!c&n &%! acc0"!) $&% &%! c#m!. T%0" $%!#! n a m0#)!# ca"! &%!#! $a" no )#!c& !)!nc! an) &%! onl+ aala*l! $a" &%a& o( &%! app#o!# an) o&%!# !)!nc! #!a#)n #!co!#+ o( a#&cl!", *0& "o (a# a" &%! )!n&(ca&on &%! a#&cl!" a& &%! pa#a)! $a" no& !/amn!) a& &%! &#al, %" !)!nc! co0l) no& *! !n"0!) &o co##o*o#a&! &%! !)!nc! o( &%! app#o!# *!ca0"!:

56 $%a& %! )!n&(!) an) "&a&!) &o &%! Ma"&#a&! $%o con)0c&!) &%! )!n&(ca&on pa#a)! " onl+ *! 0"!) &o co##o*o#a&!) %" &!"&mon+ ( %! $a" !/amn!) a& &%! &#al an) 56 $%a& %! "&a&!) &o &%! Ma"&#a&! a& &%! &m! o( &%! &!"& )!n&(ca&on pa#a)! " no& "0*2!c&!) &o c#o""-!/amna&on $a" a& &%! *ac' o( &%! an) %!nc! co0l) no& *! 0"!) a" !)!nc! aan"& *+ &%! app#o!# )) no& app#o!, &o *! na&0#al, &%! conc&on o( &%! acc0"!) $a", &%!#!(o#!, la*l! &o *! "!&. So, (a# a" &%! ?0!"&on a*o0& &%! conc&on *a"!) on &%! &!"&mon+ o( &%! accomplc! " conc!#n!) &%! la$ " "!&&l!) an) & " !"&a*l"%!) a" a #0l! o( p#0)!nc! &%a& &%! &!"&mon+ o( accomplc! & " &%o0%& #!la*l! a" a $%ol! conc&on co0l) onl+ *! *a"!) ( & " co##o*o#a&!) *+ n)!p!n)!n& !)!nc! !&%!# )#!c& o# c#c0m"&an&al conn!c&n &%! acc0"!) $&% &%! c#m! . Haroon Haji Abdulla v State of Maharastra: -

An accomplc! " a comp!&!n& $&n!"" an) %" !)!nc! co0l) *! acc!p&!) an) a conc&on *a"!) on & ( &%!#! " no&%n "n(can& &o #!2!c& & a" (al"!. 0& &%! #0l! o( p#0)!nc!, n#an!) n &%! con")!#a&on o( accomplc! !)!nc!, #!?0#!" n)!p!n)!n& co##o*o#a&!) !)!nc! &%! acc0"!) aan"& $%!n &%! accomplc! !)!nc! " 0"!) $&% c#m!. Ravinder singh v state of Haryana: 24

An app#o!# " no& mo"& 0n$o#&%+ (#!n), ( a& all an) *!, %an *a#an!) (o# %" mm0n&+, m0"& p#o! n &%! co0#&. T%" &!"& " (0l(ll!), (#"&l+, ( &%! "&o#+ %! #!la&!" nol!) &o *! a na&0#al an) p#o*a*l! ca&alo0! o( !!n&" &%a& %a) &a'!n plac!. T%! "&o#+ ( !n o( mn0&! )!&al" acco#)n $&% #!al&+ " l'!l+ &o *! "am! ( (#om *!n #!2!c&!) p#!o0"l+. S!con)l+, onc! &%a& %0#)l! " c#o""!), &%! "&o#+ !n *+ an+ app#o!# "o (a# @4 @7

3<= @ SCR =73 3<>B 4 SCR 74B


4 e g a P

E V I D E N C E O F A C C O M P L I C E : L AW O F E V I D E N C E a" &%! acc0"!) on &#al " conc!#n!), m0"& mplca&! %m n "0c% a mann!# a" &o ! #"! &o a concl0"on o( 0l& *!+on) #!a"ona*l! )o0*&. In a #a#! ca"! &a'n n&o con")!#a&on all &%! (ac&o0" c#c0m"&anc! an) "&0a&on" o!#nn a pa#&c0la#" ca"!, conc&on *a"!) on &%! 0nco##o*o#a&!) !)!nc! o( an app#o!# con()!n&l+ %!l) &o *! �! an) #!la*l! *+ &%! co0#& ma+ *! p!#m""*l!. O#)na#l+, %o$!!#, an app#o!#" "&a&!m!n& %a" &o *! co##o*o#a&!) n ma&!#al pa#&c0la#" *n)n clo"!l+ &%! )"clo"! *!&$!!n &%! c#m! an) c#mnal. C!#&an clnc%n (!a&0#!" o( nol!m!n& )"clo"!) *+ an app#o!# app!#&ann )#!c&l+ &o an acc0"!) ( #!la*l!, *+ &%! &o0c%"&on! o( o&%!# n)!p!n)!n& c#!)*l! !)!nc!, $o0l) ! &%! n!!)!) a""0#anc! (o# acc!p&anc! o( %" &!"&mon+ on $%c% a conc&on ma+ *! *a"!).

In &%" )!c"on &%! (#"& &!"& n)ca&!) " &%a& ( &%! "&o#+ !n o0& *+ &%! accomplc! app!a#" n&#n"call+ &o *! na&0#al an) p#o*a*l!, &%!n alon! &%a& !)!nc! co0l) o( "om! al0! an) &%!n & " (0#&%!# o*"!#!) &%a& o#)na#l+ an app#o!#" "&a&!m!n& %a" &o *! co##o*o#a&!). In &%" !$ o( &%! "!&&l!) l!al po"&on $%c% $a" no& )"p0&!) *!(o#! 0", & $a" con&!n)!) &%a& &%! !)!nc! a*o0& #!co!#+ " o( no con"!?0!nc!" a" &%!#! " no con"!?0!nc!" &%!#! " no !)!nc! o( )!n&(ca&on *0& a" & $a" con&!n)!). A" &%! oppo"&on "a) &%a&, H+a0" lal $%o " &%! "on o( &%! )!c!a"!) " no& !/amn!) a& &%! &#al *0& %! %a) )!n&(!) a#&cl!" a& &%! )!n&(ca&on pa#a)! an) &%! l!a#n!) co0n"!l a&&!mp&!) &o con&!n) &%a& &%" !)!nc! co0l) no& *! loo'!) n&o *!ca0"!:

56 W%o %! )!n&(!) an) "&a&!) &o &%! Ma"&#a&! $%o con)0c&!) &%! )!n&(ca&on pa#a)! " onl+ %!a#"a+ !)!nc! a" &%a& !)!nc! canno& *! 0"!) &o co##o*o#a&! %" &!"&mon+ ( %! $a" !/amn!) a& &%! &#al.

EVIDENCE OF AN APPROVER AND THE CONFESSION OF THE CO!ACCUSED 4 e g a P


E V I D E N C E O F A C C O M P L I C E : L AW O F E V I D E N C E I" &%a& n &%! (#"& ca"!, & " !)!nc! !n on oa&% an) "0*2!c& &o c#o""-!/amna&on *+ &%! acc0"!) aan"& $%om & $ll *! 0"!), $%!#! a" n &%! ca"! o( a co-acc0"!) &%! con(!""on " ma)! *!(o#! &%! &#al, *!%n) &%! *ac' o( &%! acc0"!) aan"& $%om & " "o0%& &o *! 0"!), o# (#om &%! )oc' a& &%! &m! o( &%! &#al. In !&%!# ca"!, %! canno& *! "0*2!c&!) &o c#o""-!/amna&on. T%a& " $%+ & " a $!!' !)!nc!, an), &a'!n n&o con")!#a&on onl+ n !/&#ao#)na#+ c#c0m"&anc!. In Ka"%m#a Sn% ca"!, & $a" %!l) &%a&: 8A co-acc0"!) $%o con(!""!" " na&0#all+ an accomplc! an) &%! )an!# o( &%! &!"&mon+ o( on! accomplc! &o co##o*o#a&! ano&%!# %a" #!p!a&!)l+ *!!n pon&!) o0&. T%! )an!# " n no $a+ l!""!n!) $%!n &%! !)!nc! " no& on oa&% an) canno& *! &!"&!) *+ c#o""!/amna&on. T%! co0#&" %a! n""&!) on co##o*o#a&on n &%! ca"! an !)!nc! o( accomplc!, *!ca0"!:

56T%! !)!nc! o( an accomplc! " o*lo0"l+ &an&!) !)!nc!, %! %m"!l( *!n on! $%o &a'!n a pa#& n &%! c#m! 56No %a#m $ll com! &o %m $%a&!!# pa#& %! !" %m"!l(, *!ca0"!, !&%!# %! " no& a##!"&!) *+ &%! polc! o# ( a##!"&!), &%!#! " &%! l!n)!# o( 0l& on &o nnoc!n& p!#"on" aan"& $%om a #0)! " *o#n! an) a" pon&!) o0& n: %0*on Sa%0  R. 8T%! #!al )an!# " &%a& %! " &!lln a "&o#+ $%c% n &" !n!#al o0&ln! " �! an) & " !a"+ (o# %m &o $o#' n&o &%! "&o#+ ma&&!# $%c% " 0n�!.

NATURE OF CORROBORATION 4 e g a P


E V I D E N C E O F A C C O M P L I C E : L AW O F E V I D E N C E Co##o*o#a&on " !)!nc! (#om a "o0#c! n)!p!n)!n& o( &%! #!l!an& $&n!"" $%c% mplca&!" &%! acc0"!) *+ &!n)n &o "%o$ *o&% &%a& &%! c#m! $a" comm&&!) an) &%a& &%! acc0"!) comm&&!) &. Co##o*o#a&on, mo#! *#oa)l+, %o$!!#, m%& *! &a'!n &o appl+ &o an+ ca"! n $%c% on! &!m o( !)!nc! *oo"&" 0p &%! al0! o( ano&%!# &!m o( !)!nc! %%!# &%an & $a" *!(o#!. T%! (ollo$n )!(n&on" (o# 9co##o*o#a&! a#! !n *+ &%! O/(o#) Enl"% Dc&ona#+: To "&#!n&%!n 5an opnon, "&a&!m!n&, a#0m!n&, !&c.6 *+ conc0##!n& o# a#!!n "&a&!m!n&" o# !)!nc! &o ma'! mo#! "0#! o# c!#&an &o "0ppo#&, con(#m: "a) o( a p!#"on.

T%! om*a+ %% co0#& %a" la) )o$n &%! (ollo$n p#ncpl!" $&% #!a#) &o &%! na&0#! an) !/&!n& o( co##o*o#a&on:

5a6 T%a& & " no& n!c!""a#+ &%a& &%!#! "%o0l) *! n)!p!n)!n& con(o#ma&on o( !!#+ ma&!#al pa#&c0la# 5*6 T%a& n)!p!n)!n& !)!nc! "%o0l) no& onl+ ma'! & "a(! &o *!l!! &%a& &%! c#m! $a" comm&&!), *0& n "om! $a+ #!a"ona*l+ conn!c& o# &!n) &o conn!c& &%! acc0"!) $&% & *+ con(#mn In "om! ma&!#al pa#&c0la#" &%! &!"&mon+ o( &%! accomplc! complanan& &%a& &%! acc0"!) comm&&!) &%! c#m! 5c6 T%a& &%! co##o*o#a&on m0"& com! (#om n)!p!n)!n& "o0#c!" an) 5)6 T%a& &%! co##o*o#a&on n!!) no& *! )#!c& !)!nc! &%a& &%! acc0"!) comm&&!) &%! c#m! & " "0((c!n& ( & " m!#!l+ c#c0m"&an&al !)!nc! o( %" conn!c&on $&% &%! c#m!.

T%! co##o*o#a&on " no& n!c!""a#+ o( n)!p!n)!n& na&0#!. In)!p!n)!n& co##o*o#a&on )o!"n& m!an &%a& !!#+ )!&al !n *+ &%! Accomplc! m0"& *! co##o*o#a&!) *+ &%! n)!p!n)!n& $&n!""!". All &%a& " #!?0#!) " &%a& &%!#! m0"& *! "om! a))&onal !)!nc! #!n)!#n & p#o*a*l! &%a& &%! "&o#+ o( &%! Accomplc! " �! an) & " "a(! &o #!l+ on. In #!(!#!nc! &o &%! #!?0#!m!n&" o( co##o*o#a&on, &%! $o#) 0"!) " 8ma+ an) no& 8m0"&, an) no )!c"on o( co0#& can ma'! & m0"&. I& 0l&ma&!l+ )!p!n)" 0pon co0#&" !$ a" &o &%! c#!)*l&+ o( !)!nc! &!n)!#!) *+ an accomplc!. I( & " (o0n) c#!)*l! an) co!n&,


4 e g a P

E V I D E N C E O F A C C O M P L I C E : L AW O F E V I D E N C E &%! co0#& can #!co#) conc&on on &" *a"" !!n ( 0nco##o*o#a&!). Co##o*o#a&on n ma&!#al pa#&c0la#" m!an" &%a& &%!#! "%o0l) *! "om! a)) &onal o# n)!p!n)!n& !)!nc! 5a6 R!n)!#n & p#o*a*l! &%a& &%! "&o#+ #!!al!) *+ &%! accomplc! " �! an) & " #!a"ona*l+ "a(! &o ac& 0pon & 5*6 I)!n&(+n &%! acc0"!) a" on! o( &%o"!, o# amon &%o"!, $%o comm&&!) &%! o((!nc! 5c6 S%o$n &%! c#c0m"&an&al !)!nc! o( %" conn!c&on $&% &%! c#m!, &%o0% & ma+ no& *! )#!c& !)!nc! an) 5)6 O#)na#l+ &%! &!"&mon+ o( on! accomplc! "%o0l) no& *! "0((c!n& &o co##o*o#a&! &%a& o( &%! o&%!#.@B

E V I D E N C E O F A C C O M P L I C E I N C R I M E O F R A P E

In &%! ca"! o( #ap! &%! !)!nc! o( p#o"!c0&#/ &%a& "%! %a) !n(o#c!a*l+ "0*2!c&!) &o "!/0al n&!#co0#"! alon $&% co-acc0"!) $%!n %!# con)0c& an) c#c0m"&anc!" n)ca&! &%a& "%! $a" con"!n&n pa#&+, %a" &o *! )"*!l!!) *+ co0#& 0nl!"" &%!#! " a)!?0a&! co##o*o#a&on-a" %!l) n Ja#nal Sn%  S&a&! o( Ra2a"&%an.@= A p#o"!c0&#/ can& *! con")!#!) a" an accomplc! an) %!# &!"&mon+ can& *! ac?0&&!) $&% &%a& o( an accomplc! n an o((!nc!. A" a #0l! o( p#0)!nc!, %o$!!#, co0#& no#mall+ loo'" (o# "om! co##o*o#a&on o( %!# &!"&mon+, "o a" &o "a&"(+ &" con"c!nc! &%a& "%! " &!lln &%! �&% an) &%! p!#"on acc0"!) o( #ap! on %!#, %a" no& *!!n (al"!l+ mplca&n.@> S%! " n(ac& a c&m o( c#m! an) %!# !)!nc! m0"& #!c!! &%! "am! $!%&a! a" " a&&ac%!) &o an n20#!) complanan& o# $&n!"". Co##o*o#a&on " no& &%! .ine /uanon0 (o# conc&on n a #ap! ca"!. T%! In)an co0#&" #!(0"n &o ac& on &%! &!"&mon+ o( c&m o( "!/0al a""a0l& n &%! a*"!nc! o( co##o*o#a&on a" a #0l!, " a))n n"0l& &o n20#+. T%!#! " no #!a"on $%+ &%! !)!nc! o( &%! (!mal! $%o complan" o( "0c%, "%o0l) *! !$!) $&% &%! a) o( a "p!c&acl! (&&!) $&% l!n"!" &n!) $&% )o0*& o# )"*!l!( o# "0"pcon. To )o "o, " &o 20"&(+ &%! c%a#! &%! c%a#! o( mal! "0p!#o#&+ n a mal! )omna&!) "oc!&+.@ T%!#! " no #0l! o( la$ &%a& %!# &!"&mon+ can& *! ac&!) 0pon $&%o0& co##o*o#a&on n ma&!#al" @B

K.%a"m . "&a&! o( T.N.,5@B6.@4> 3 SCC 53<>@6 C#LJ @7 5Ra26. @> S0p#a no&! >. @ Ram!"%$a# Kal+an Sn%  S&a&! o( Ra2a"&%an AIR 3

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E V I D E N C E O F A C C O M P L I C E : L AW O F E V I D E N C E pa#&c0la#". S%! "&an)" on a %%!# p!)!"&al &%!n n20#!) $&n!"". In &%! la&!# ca"!, &%!#! " n20#+ on &%! p%+"cal (o#m, $%l! n &%! (o#m!# & " p%+"cal a" $!ll a" p%+"olocal an) !mo&onal. 1o$!!#, ( &%! co0#& on (ac&", (n)" &" )((c0l& &o acc!p& %!# !#"on on &" (ac! al0! & nma+ "!a#c% (o# !)!nc!, )#!c& o# c#c0m"&an&al, &o l!n) a""0#anc! &o %!# &!"&mon+. A""0#anc!, "o0%& o( co##o*o#a&on, a" 0n)!#"&oo) n &%! con&!/& o( an accomplc!, $o0l) "0((c!.@< Al"o n #ap! ca"! n)!p!n)!n& con(#ma&on o( !!#+ ma&!#al c#c0m"&anc!" " no& #!?0#!) an) &%! co##o*o#a&on o( &%! !)!nc! o( &%! p#o"!c0&#/ n!!) no& *! )#!c& !)!nc! &%a& &%! acc0"!) comm&&!) &%! c#m! *0& & " "0((c!n& ( & " m!#!l+ c#c0m"&an&al !)!nc! o( &%! conn!c&on $&% &%! c#m!.4 Co##o*o#a&on o( !)!nc! o( p#o"!c0&#/ n &#al 0" 4== o( IPC " no& n!c!""a#+.43 W%a& "%! "a) a& o# a*o0& &m! o( occ0##!nc! *!n &%! pa#& o( #!" !"&a&! can *! co##o*o#a&! !)!nc! o( %!# !)!nc! an) conc&on can *! *a"!) on &!"&mon+ o( &%! p#o"!c0&#/. In &%! ca"! o( #ap! o( a #l o( > +!a#" $%o" !)!nc! $a" c%ann (#om &m! &o &m! %!# !)!nc! m0"& *! co##o*o#a&!)4@ !)!nc! o( &%! #l "%o0l) ca##+ &%! mo#! $!%& &%!n !)!nc! o( an o#)na#+ $&n!"".

EVIDENCE OF ACCOMPLICE OF CRIME OF MURDER

Conc&on o( &%! acc0"!) #!"&n p#ma#l+ on &%! &!"&mon+ o( &%! accomplc! n a m0#)!# ca"! " al) onl+ ( &%! &!"&mon+ " #!la*l! an) " co##o*o#a&!) n ma&!#al @<

S&a&! o( 1.P  S%#!! Kan&, 5@76  SCC 3B4. S%!'% Ja'#  S&a&! ( %a# AIR 3<4 SC <33. 43 Mo& Ram K#"%na Rao  S&a&! o( M.P, AIR 3

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E V I D E N C E O F A C C O M P L I C E : L AW O F E V I D E N C E pa#&c0la#" an) n $%!#! !/c0lpa&o#+ "&a&!m!n& o( &%! accomplc! $%c% $a" (0ll o( n(#m&!" an) $a" 0nco##o*o#a&!), &%!#! $a" no !)!nc! on #!co#) &o "%o$ &%a& &%! )!c!a"!) )!) an 0nna&0#al )!a&%.44

EVIDENCE OF ACCOMPLICE AND CONFESSION OF AN ACCUSED

In ca"! o( a p!#"on con(!""n $%o %a" #!"l!) (#om %" "&a&!m!n&, !n!#al co##o*o#a&on " "0((c!n&, $%l! an accomplc!" !)!nc! "%o0l) *! co##o*o#a&!) n ma&!#al pa#&c0la#" an) a co-acc0"!) $%o con(!""!) " na&0#all+ an accomplc! an) &%! )an!# o( 0"n &%! &!"&mon+ o( on! accomplc! &o co##o*o#a&! ano&%!# %a" #!p!a&!)l+ *!!n pon&!) o0&. T%! )an!# " no $a+ l!""!n!) $%!n &%! !)!nc! " no& on oa&% an) can& *! &!"&!) *+ c#o""-!/amna&on.47 A con(!""on n&!n)!) &o *! 0"!) aan"& a co-acc0"!) "&an)" on a lo$!# l!!l &%!n accomplc! !)!nc! *!ca0"! &%! la&&!# " a& l!a"& &!"&!) *+ c#o""!/amna&on $%l"&, &%! (o#m!# &%! " no&. T%! con(!""on o( co-acc0"!) a#! no& !)!nc! *0& ( &%!#! " o&%!# !)!nc! on $%c% a conc&on can *! *a"!) &%!+ can *! #!(!##!) &o a" l!n)n "om! a""0#anc! &o &%! !#)c&.4B An !/&#a-20)cal con(!""on ma)! *+ a p!#"on, $%o $a" "0*"!?0!n&l+ ma)! a app#o!#, can& *! #!l!) 0pon. T%! app#o!# " no *!&&!# &%!n an accomplc! an) %" &!"&mon+ &%!#!(o#!, $o0l) n!!) n)!p!n)!n& co##o*o#a&on *!(o#! & can *! ac&!) 0pon.4= Co##o*o#a&on o( an accomplc!" "&a&!m!n& n &%! co0#& m0"& *! (o0n) !l"!$%!#! an) no& n %" con(!""on, (o# an accomplc! l'! an app#o!# )o!" no& co##o*o#a&! %m"!l(. 0& %" con(!""on can c!#&anl+ *! #!(!##!) &o n o#)!# &o "%o$ &%a& %" "&o#+ na##a&!) *+ %m n &%! co0#& %a" n &" ma&!#al" pa#&c0la#" *!!n &%#o0%o0& con""&!n& an) &%! ca0&on m0"& n!c!""a#l+ *! "&ll #!a&!# an) &%! p#o*a&! al0! "mall!#, $%!#! &%!#! " "nl! 44

an$a# Lal  S&a&! o( 1.P, 5@76 C#LJ 3=>. Ka"%m#a Sn%  S&a&! o( M.P, AIR 3 1P B@. 47


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E V I D E N C E O F A C C O M P L I C E : L AW O F E V I D E N C E #!&#ac&!) con(!""on co##o*o#a&n o&%!# accomplc! !)!nc!.4> Non! )"clo"0#! o( &%! nam! o( on! acc0"!) p!#"on $%!n ?0!"&on!) *+ polc! *!(o#! %! o((!#!) &o con(!"", " no& o( m0c% con"!?0!nc! $%!n n &%! con(!""onal "&a&!m!n& %! mplca&!) %m"!l( an) o&%!# acc0"!) p!#"on". W%!#! a p!&&on (o# ?0a"%n o( FIR $a" mo!) on &%! #o0n) &%a& &%! nol!m!n& o( &%! acc0"!) n &%! o((!nc! co0l) no& *! con"�!) m!#!l+ on &%! con(!""onal "&a&!m!n& o( &%! accomplc! $&%o0& an+ co##o*o#a&on, & $a" %!l) &%a& $%!n &%! "&a&!m!n& o( &%! accomplc! &"!l( prima facie ma)! o0& an nol!m!n& o( a p!&&on!# n &%! all!!) o((!nc!, &%! co##o*o#a&on pa#& o( &%! "&a&!m!n& $o0l) *! a ma&&!# &o *! !m*a#'!) 0pon *+ &%! &#al co0#&.4

C O N F ES S I ON S O F NA L IN I " S E N T EN C E D T O DEATH F O R R A # I V G A N D H I $ S A S S A S S I N A T I O N WORDS

(IN

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Ma+ >, 3<<3:S0*%a, D%an0 an) m+"!l( 5Naln6 "0#!+!) &%! plac! an) #!?0!"&!) "om! o#an"!#" &o allo$ 0" &o a#lan) V.P. Sn% $%!n %! com!" &o &%! )a". 1o$!!#, &%! o#an"!#" )) no& p!#m& 0". 0& S0*%a an) D%an0 mana!) &o #!ac% V.P. Sn% an) %an) o!# &%! a#lan) &o %m....

Ma+ @3, 3<<3: I 5Naln6 "a$ S0*%a $a" &#+n &o p0& D%an0 n &%! c#o$) o( p!opl! $a&n &o #!!& Ra2 Han)%. Onc! Ra2 Han)% *!an &o #!c!! "%a$l" (#om p!opl! &%! ?0!0! *#o'!. D%an0 "n!a'!) n&o &%! la)!" c#o$) $%c% "0##o0n)!) Ra2 Han)% an) cam! clo"! &o %m. W%!n Ko'la $a" #!c&n %!# po!m, "%! !/plo)!) &%! *om*....

Naln, &%! 44-+!a# ol) "&!no#ap%!#, no$ mo&%!# o( a (!-+!a# ol) #l *o#n n 2al, p#o!) &o *! &%! mo"& &al ln' (o# &%! Sp!cal In!"&a&on T!am 5SIT6. S%! $a" &%! p#ncpal acc0"!), &%! onl+ "0#o# o( &%! (!-m!m*!# a""a0l& &!am $%c% 'll!) Ra2 Han)%, $%o"! con(!""onal "&a&!m!n& p#o!) &o *! &%! clnc%!# (o# &%! n!"&a&o#". 4> 4

S0p#a 33. S0#!"%c%an)#a a%#  S&a&! o( %a#, AIR 3<<7 SC @7@.


4 e g a P


In all, 3> o( &%! @= acc0"!) p!#"on" a! con(!""on" 0n)!# S!c&on 3B o( &%! T!##o#"&" an) D"#0p&! 5P#!!n&on6 Ac& 5TADA6. T%o0% all &%! con(!""on" $!#! #!&#ac&!) la&!#, &%!+ #!man!) a)m""*l! !)!nc! an) a" a #!a)n o( &%! 3,=-pa! 20)m!n& "%o$", &%! !#"on" o( Naln, M0#0an, &%! LTTE ml&an& $%o n)oc&#na&!) an) la&!# ma##!) %!#, a" $!ll a" &%a& o( San&%an, ano&%!# %a#)co#! LTTE ml&an& (o#m!) &%! co#! o( &%! con"p#ac+ ca"!.

I& $a" ano&%!# S# Lan'an acc0"!), Ja+a'0ma# $%o (#"& "p!a'" o( &%! &$o &#!""!" $%o a##!) on Ma+ 3, 3<<3 n Ma)#a" a" pa#& o( &%! nn!-m!m*!# a""a""na&on "?0a) $&% Sa#a"an. Ja+a'0ma# n&#o)0c!" &%! LTTE" )!a&%-"?0a) "a+n &%a&, Sa#a"an %a) lo"& on! !+! n &%! $a# $&% IPKF. S0*%a an) D%an0 $!#! &#an!) LTTE &#!""!". o&% o( &%!m $o0l) "p!a' ll o( &%! IPKF an) Ra2 Han)%.

In %" con(!""on, M0#0an "a+" %! 'no$" D%an0 a" An*0 an) %a) "!!n %!# n LTTE &#ann camp". Hn %" p#o(l! o( &%! $o0l)-*! a""a""n, %! "a+" "%! 0"!) &o $o#' $&% A'la, &%! %!a) o( &%! LTTE" $om!n" n&!ll!nc! $n an) 0"!) &o man&an &%! (l!" o( p#"on!#". 1" !#"on (n)" co##o*o#a&on n &%! con(!""on o( ano&%!# acc0"!), A&%#a, $%o "a+" %! %a) (#"& "po&&!) D%an0 n &%! LTTE" &#ann camp n Ma&%a+a. D%an0, "%! #!call", $a" 0nma##!), %a) lo"& %!# (a&%!#, 0"!) &o )#! a mop!) n S# Lan'a an) "po'! !#+ l&&l! &o &%! o&%!#" n &%! LTTE camp".

T%! (#"& )#+ #0n a&&!mp&!) *+ &%! LTTE " m!n&on!) n &%! con(!""on o( %a+ana&%an, Naln" *#o&%!# 5al"o "!n&!nc!)6. E!n *!(o#! &%! )!a&% "?0a) %a) a##!), M0#0an %a) *!0n &%! n)oc&#na&on o( Naln an) on Ap#l 3, $%!n Ra2 Han)% $a" *!nnn %" !l!c&on campan, &oo' %!# alon (o# a #all+ Ra2 a&&!n)!) alon $&% Ja+alal&%a. %a+ana&%an al"o con(!""!" &%a& & $a" %! $%o n&#o)0c!) &%! p%o&o#ap%!#, 1a#*a*04< &o &%! "?0a).

4<

%! $a" al"o n&!#!"&!) n &%! LTTE.


4 e g a P

E V I D E N C E O F A C C O M P L I C E : L AW O F E V I D E N C E In %!# l!n&%+ con(!""on, Naln "a+" "%! %a) #!al"!) !a#l+ M0#0an an) Sa#a"an $an&!) &o 0"! %!# a" a co!# (o# D%an0 an) S0*%a. T%!+ %a) )((c0l&+ n comm0nca&n a" &%!+ "po'! n &+pcal S# Lan'an acc!n&. Fo# &%" #!a"on &%!+ n!!)!) m+ "!#c!" a" a na&0#al co!#. 0& %!# #ol! a" a co-con"p#a&o# $a" al"o cl!a# &o %!#. ...*+ no$ I %a) *!!n m!n&all+ p#!pa#!) (o# #!&ala&o#+ ac&on ncl0)n 'lln o( l!a)!#"- "a+" Naln.

Naln ma'!" & !)!n& &%a& &%! )#+ #0n con)0c&!) *+ &%! an )0#n V.P. Sn%" !l!c&on #all+ a& Nan)anam, C%!nna, $a" &%!# ac) &!"&. 0& &%!+ (al!) - Naln )) no& ma'! & &o &%! )a" an) S0*%a an) D%an0 co0l) onl+ %an) o!# &%! a#lan) &o %m.

M0#0an con(!""!" &o &%! *l0n)!# la&!#, I 5M0#0an6 %a) !n Naln m+ Ya"%'a cam!#a &o p%o&o#ap% V.P. Sn%. 0& "%! )) no& p%o&o#ap% p#op!#l+ )0! &o n!#o0"n!"". S0*%a an) D%an0 co0l) no& a#lan) V.P. Sn% n &%! n!c' a" %! #!c!!) & n &%! %an). Sa#a"an "col)!) !!#+*o)+ (o# no& a#lan)n on &%! )a" an) %! $a#n!) &%a& &%!+ "%o0l) no& #!p!a& &.

In %" 20)m!n&, J0"&c! V. Naan!!&%am %a" n&!#"p!#"!) &%! !#"on" o( &%! acc0"!) $&% &%! co##o*o#a&! !)!nc! coll!c&!) *+ &%! SIT. S0*%a an) D%an0, (o# n"&anc!, m!n&on &%! )#+ #0n", n &$o l!&&!#" &%!+ $#o&! n m)-Ma+ &o Po&&0 Amman, &%! %!a) o( LTTE" n&!ll!nc! $n an) A'la, &%! %!a) o( &%! $om!n" n&!ll!nc! $n (#om Ma)#a". In on! l!&&!#, D%an0 an) S0*%a $#&!, $! a#! con()!n& o( "0cc!!)n n o0# m""on (o# $! %a) !nco0n&!#!) a "mla# "&0a&on. W! $ll compl!&! &%! m""on *+ &%! mon&% !n). In &%! o&%!# l!&&!# &%!+ "a+: W! *!l!! &%a& &%! o*2!c&! (o# $%c% $! %a! com! %!#! $ll *! accompl"%!) "0cc!""(0ll+ *!ca0"! $! %a) !nco0n&!#!) a "mla# "&0a&on 5$! $!n& !#+ clo"! &o Sn%6...J0"&c! Naan!!&%am %a" !n &%! 20)m!n& a (c&onal &l& *+ &a'n &%! plo& *ac' an) (o#&% -- 0"n *&" o( !)!nc! ma#"%all!) *+ &%! SIT an), &%!n, &%! con(!""onal "&a&!m!n&". Acco#)n &o %m, &%! plo& &%c'!n" onc! Sa#a"an l!a#n" (#om n!$"pap!#" &%a& Ra2 Han)% $a", (nall+, a##n n S#p!#0m*0)0#. Naln #!call" &%a& Sa#a"an $a" !#+ &!n"! an) !/c&!). 1! "a) &%!+ %a) com! onl+ (o# &%"...I %a) a "&#on (!!ln &%a& Ra2 Han)% $a" &%!# (nal &a#!&.


4 e g a P

E V I D E N C E O F A C C O M P L I C E : L AW O F E V I D E N C E T%! 20)! 0"!" a *0nc% o( o&%!# con(!""on" &o )!"c#*! %o$ &%! LTTE" "?0a) p#!pa#!) (o# S#p!#0m*0)0#. In %!# con(!""on, Naln "a+" &%a& on! )a+ *!(o#! &%! a""a""na&on, D%an0 $a" complann o( a pan n %!# an'l! an) "%! 5Naln6 a)"!) %!# &o !& &#!a&!) n %!# mo&%!#, Pa)ma" %o0"!. F#om &%" con)0c& o( Sa#a"an, &%! 20)m!n& no&!", & can *! n(!##!) &%a& D%an0 $a" on &o 'll Ra2 Han)% an) &%a& " $%+ Sa#a"an $an&!) &o ma'! %!# 3 p!# c!n& (& *!(o#! &%!+ l!(& (o# (nal a""a0l&.

I& " (#om &%! con(!""on" o( V2a+an, ano&%!# S# Lan'an acc0"!), an) Naln com!" &%! co0n&)o$n &o &%! &#a!)+. V2a+an )!"c#*!" %o$ D%an0 an) S0*%a %a) ca#!(0ll+ )#!""!) (o# &%! occa"on, D%an0 %a) appl!) ma'!-0p an) $a" p%o&o#ap%!) $&% Sa#a"an" cam!#a. 0& & " &%! !#"on o( Naln $%c% " &%! mo"& nc#mna&n. S%! con(!""!) &%a&, S0*%a &ol) m! &%a&D%an0 $a" on &o c#!a&! %"&o#+ &o)a+ *+ a""a""na&n Ra2 Han)% an) &%a& I $ll *! !#+ %app+ ( I al"o pa#&cpa&!) n &%a&. I a#!!). I co0l) al"o "!! &%a& D%an0 $a" conc!aln an appa#a&0" n")! %!# )#!"". S%! &%!n )!"c#*!" %o$ *!(o#! *oa#)n &%! *0" (o# S#p!#0m*0)0#, D%an0 "a) "%! $an&!) &o "a+ %!# (nal p#a+!#" an) $a" &a'!n &o &%! Plla+a# T!mpl!. T%!+ &%!n p0#c%a"!) a a#lan), %a) c!-c#!am an) *oa#)!) &%! *0" (o# S#p!#0m*0)0#. Onc! n &%! m!!&n #o0n), Naln #!call" %o$ Sa#a"an $a" &#+n &o p0& D%an0 n &%! c#o$) o( p!opl! "0#n (o#$a#) &o #!!& Ra2 Han)% an) &#+n &o &al' &o &$o $om!n n pa#&c0la# - La&%a Kanan an) %!# )a0%&!#, Ko'la $%o $a" "0ppo"!) &o #!a) o0& a po!m &o Ra2 Han)%. On &%! )a", Ra2 %a) no&c!) Ko'la. 1! pa&&!) &%! #l on %!# *ac'. Ko'la *!an #!c&n &%! po!m. D%an0 $a" "&an)n #%& *!%n) %!#. An) &%" &m! "%! )) no& (al&!#. !")!" &%! con(!""on" o( &%! 3> acc0"!), &%! !#"on o( on! mo#! $&n!"" " #!l!) 0pon %!al+ *+ &%! 20)!. I& " &%! !)!nc! !n &o &%! co0#& *+ a (o#m!# m!m*!# o( &%! Ra2+a Sa*%a an) a m!m*!# o( &%! DMK pa#&+, $%o %a" *!!n p0& on &%! l"& o( co)!) $&n!""!". T%! (o#m!# MP %a) con(!""!) &o %an clan)!"&n!l+ "&!) Ja((na n 3<< &o m!!& LTTE "0p#!mo, V. P#a*%a'a#an an) %a) *!!n )!o-&ap!).

T%! co)!) $&n!"" %a) al"o a)m&&!) &%a& on J0l+ 4, 3<> %! %a) "po'!n &o P#a*%a'a#an on &!l!p%on! (#om A"%o'a 1o&!l n N!$ D!l%. P#a*%a'a#an %a) "po'!n &%! (ollo$n


4 e g a P

E V I D E N C E O F A C C O M P L I C E : L AW O F E V I D E N C E $o#)", $! %a! *!!n *!&#a+!) *+ &%! Ho!#nm!n& o( In)a an) *+ Ra2 Han)%. I %a! *!!n "&a**!) n &%! *ac'.

T%" acco#)n &o &%! 20)m!n& " &%! #a"on ) !a& o( &%! a""a""na&on o( &%! (o#m!# p#m! mn"&!#. La&!#, &%! (o#m!# MP %a) "po'!n a& an n&!#na&onal Taml Con(!#!nc! n Lon)on, $%!#! %" "p!!c% %a) aan *!!n &ap!). 1o$!!#, a" &%! a""a""na&on &#al p#o#!""!) an) &%! #ol! o( &%! LTTE $a" !"&a*l"%!), &%! (o#m!# MP &0#n!) %o"&l!.

Un$lln &o l!& o !)!nc! $%c% %n&!) a& &%! mo&! (o# &%! 'lln, &!c%ncal !/p!#&" (#om &%! In)an In"&&0&! o( T!c%nolo+, p#o*a*l+ (o# &%! (#"& &m! (o# a c#mnal &#al n In)a, )) n!0&#al n!&$o#'n o( &%! "p!!c% an) "0al" n &%! ca""!&&!" an) ma&c%!) &%!m $&% &%! oc! an) (!a&0#!" o( &%! $&n!"". T%0", *!")!" &%! !#"on" o( &%! acc0"!) &%!m"!l!", %" !)!nc! #!man!) c#0cal (o# &%! p#o"!c0&on.

CONCLUSSION

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E V I D E N C E O F A C C O M P L I C E : L AW O F E V I D E N C E An accomplc! canno& co##o*o#a&! %m"!l( &an&!) !)!nc! )o!" no& lo"! &" &an& *+ #!pl!&on. T%! )an!# o( ac&n on %" o$n a)m""on a *a) c%a#ac&!# $%o &oo' pa#& n &%! o((!nc! an) a(&!#$a#)" &o "a! %m"!l( *!&#a+!) %" (o#m!# a""oca&!" an) $%o %a) plac!) %m"!l( n a po"&on n $%c% %! can %a#)l+ (al &o %a! a "&#on *a" n (ao0# o( a p#o"!c0&on &%! #!al )an!# " &%a& %! " &!lln a "&o#+ $%c% n &" !n!#al o0&ln! " �! an) & " !a"+ (o# %m &o $o#' n&o &%! "&o#+ ma&&!# $%c% " 0n�!. 1! ma+ mplca&! &!n p!opl! n an o((!nc! an) &%! "&o#+ ma+ *! �! n all &" )!&al" a" &o !%& o( &%!m, *0& 0n�! a" &o &%! o&%!# &$o, $%o"! nam!" %a! *!!n n&#o)0c!) *!ca0"! &%!+ a#! o( &%! app#o!#. T%" &!n)!nc+ &o ncl0)! &%! nnoc!n& $&% &%! 0l&+ " p!c0la#l+ p#!al!n& n In)a, an) & " !#+ )((c0l& (o# &%! co0#&" &o 0a#) aan"& 0l&+ "a(!0a#) aan"& &%! #"' o( con)!mnn &%! nnoc!n& $&% &%! 0l&+ l!" n n""&n on n)!p!n)!n& !)!nc! $%c% n "am! m!a"0#! mplca&!" !ac% acc0"!) An accomplc! m!an" a p!#"on $%o %a" &a'!n pa#& n &%! comm""on o( a c#m!. W%!n an o((!nc! " comm&&!) *+ mo#! &%!n mo#! p!#"on n conc!#&, !!#+ on! pa#&cpa&n n &" comm""on " an accomplc!. Con"p#a&o#" la+ &%!# plo& n "!c#!&, n !/!c0&! & #0&%l!""l+ an) )o no& l!a! m0c% !)!nc! *!%n). T%! co0#& "!!'" co##o*o#a&on o( &%! app#o!#" !)!nc! $&% #!"p!c& &o &%! pa#& o( o&%!# acc0"!) p!#"on n c#m!, an) &%" !)!nc! %a" &o *! o( "0c% a na&0#! a" &o conn!c& &%! o&%!# acc0"!) $&% &%! c#m!. T%! co##o*o#a&on n!!) no& *! )#!c& !)!nc! o( &%! comm""on O( &%! o((!nc! *+ &%! acc0"!).

BIBLIO3RAP*"

OOKS: R . M . L . N A T I O N A L L A W U N I V E R S I T Y , L U C K N O W

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