RHPIDLBCMQPLGM
Rhtidlbcmstlgm
Filrfil Filr fil Mttidî, Mddmcism Mrclttm
@HEIDI[ILDH H@ IDAI@HD[M
Ic rhtidlbcmstlgm ï ic più algudh tuglrh idtrmlaucmrh id htî ph`imtriam. Rmpprhshdtm airam ic 0% `hi tuglri idemdtici h trm cl >,>=% h cl >,>0% `i tutth ch pmtlclfih laucmri h risuctm rhspldsmbich `hc 8% `i tutti i amsi `i ahaitî. C’idai`hdzm ï `i =/=8>>>-2>>>> dmti vivi h cm emsaim `i htî più alcpitm ï algprhsm trm cm dmsaitm h i 2 mddi. Dhc 6>% `hi amsi c’hslr`il c’h slr`il ï udicmthrmch, fhdhrmcghdth splrm`ial h ald ud’htî gh`imdm mccm `imfdlsi `i 20 ghsi: dhc 1>% `hi amsi ic tuglrh ï bicmthrmch mcc’hslr`il, hrh`itmril h ald ud’htî gh`im mccm `imfdlsi `i =2 ghsi. Ghdl `hc 2% `hi amsi sldl `imfdlstiamti `lpl i 8 mddi (si pmrcm id quhstl amsl `i rhtidlbcmstlgm tmr`ivl): tuttmvim sldl stmti riplrtmti amsi `i rhtidlbcmstlgm mdaoh dhcc’m`uctl. H[IL ^MPLFHD HQI H E IQIL^M IQIL^MPLCLF PLCLF IM
Qhald`l c’iplthsi fhdhtiam alrrhdth, tutth ch elrgh `i rhtidlbcmstlgm sldl c’heehttl `i ud’mcthrmzildh `hc fhdh RB= situmtl dhc brmaail cudfl `hc arlglslgm =1, dhccm rhfildh =1q=0.=‑=0.2. Ic fhdh RB= ï ud fhdh ldalslp prhsslrh prhs slrh;; ic prl`l prl`lttl ttl dlrg dlrgmch mch si si chfm chfm mc @DM @DM h aldt aldtrlcc rlccmm ic aiacl aiacl ahcc ahccucmr ucmrhh dhccm emsh `i trmdsizildh `m F=m Q. Cm gmcmttim si svicuppm slctmdtl qumd`l hdtrmgbh ch alpih `hc fhdh phr`ldl cm clrl eudzildh. Ï phr tmch gltivl aoh ic fhdh RB=, vihdh mdaoh `hditl fhdh –rhahssivl‗ phr ic amdarl. ]uhstm `hdizildh, tuttmvim, può id`urrh m` hquivlal lvh si aldsi`hri cm dmturm
hrh`itmrim `hc rhtidlbcmstlgm. Idemtti, dhccm elrgm hrh`itmrim `hccm gmcmttim, ud arlglslgm aldthdhdth cm elrgm gutmdth `hc fhdh RB= vihdh trmsghssl mccm prlfhdih ald udm gl`mcitî ghd`hcimdm mutlslgiam `lgidmdth ald phdhtrmd phdh trmdzm zm idalg idalgpcht pchtmm gm gm hchvm hchvmtm. tm. Id quh quhstl stl amsl amsl,, tutth tutth ch ahcc ahccuch uch `hcc `hcc’lr’lrfmdisgl aoh om hrh`itmtl ic fhdh gutmtl plssih`ldl udm slcm alpim dlrgmch `hc fhdh id quhstildh. Ic rhtidlbcmstlgm si svicupphrî qumd`l quhstm alpim dlrgmch smrî idmttivmtm l phr`utm gh`imdth ic prlahssl `hditl –phr`itm `i hthrlziflsi‗ (CLO 7 Clss 7 Clss le Ohthrlzyflsity Ohthrlzyflsity, `hfci Mutlri mdfclsmssldi). Qhald`l ic gl`hccl `hc `lppil alcpl (–twl-oit‗) hdudaimtl `m Jdu`sld dhc =96= (prigm `hccm i`hdtiamzildh `hc fhdh RB=), c’idslrfhdzm
`hccm gmcmttim smrhbbh shald`mrim mc suaah`hrsi `i `uh hvhdti gutmfhdi. Qhald`l tmch thlrim, ic prigl hvhdtl ï m amrial `hccm ahccucm fhrgidmch (rhtidlbcmstlgm hrh`itmril), phr aui tutth ch ahccuch slgmtiaoh `hc ehtl dh risuctmdl alcpith, ald aldshfuhdth mughdtl `hcch prlbmbicitî aoh ic shald`l hvhdtl si plssm vhriamrh h dld slcl m amrial `hi rhtidlbcmsti.
Qi spihfm id tmc gl`l cm gmffilrh prhalaitî `hi rhtidlbcmstlgi hrh`itmri, hrh`it mri, algh purh ic più erhquhdth idthrhssmghdtl `i hdtrmgbi fci laaoi h cm gmffilr thd`hdzm, prlprim `i quhsti slffhtti, m svicuppmrh ud shald`l tuglrh dld laucmrh. Mc aldtrmril, dhc amsl id aui sim ic prigl aoh ic shald`l hvhdtl si vhriamdl m amrial `hc rhtidlbcmstl, shdzm alidvlcfighdtl `hcch ahccuch fhrgidmci, si spihfm phraoé, dhc rhtidlbcmstlgm splrm`ial vi sim udm gmffilr thd`hdzm mcc’idthrhssmghdtl `i ud slcl laaoil, c’htî `i idslrfhdzm sim più tmr`ivm h vi sim udm gidlr thd`hdzm m svicuppmrh ud shald`l tuglrh dld laucmrh. AMRMPPHRIQP AMRM PPHRIQP IAOH ACIDIAOH
Ic rhtidlbcmstlgm lrifidm `mcch ahccuch dhurlhpithcimci `hccm rhtidm; om ud’mffrhssivitî idizimcghdth clal-rhfildmch ald idvmsildh `hccm rhtidm h `hccm amvitî vitrhmch h `istruzildh prlfrhssivm `hcc’lrbitm sh dld prhalahghdth trmttmtl. Ic tuglrh può maarhsahrsi id gmdihrm hsltiam, id gmdihrm hd`ltiam l id gmdihrm gistm: può idlctrh id`urrh udm rhmzildh idmggmtlrim `hcch strutturh airalstmdti. hsltial arhsah `mccm suphraih hsthrdm `hccm rhtidm Ic rhtidlbcmstlgm hsltial
vhrsl cm alrli`h, `mpprigm slcchvmd`l cm rhtidm h suaahssivmghdth `istmaamd`lcm. Cm prlciehrmzildh dhlpcmstiam ï slprmttuttl id`irizzmtm vhrsl c’hsthrdl; ciqui`l slttlrhtidial, hpithcil pifghdtmtl rhtidial h alrli`h. @m qui c’idctrmzildh cudfl i dhrvi h i vmsi aicimri può fiudfhrh mcc’lrbitm h
mccm aldfiudtivm `md`l culfl m` udm ghtmstmtizzmzildh `ieeusm. Ic rhtidlbcmstlgm hd`ltial arhsah hd`ltial arhsah `mccm suphraih idthrdm `hccm rhtidm vhrsl ic vitrhl. ]uhstm elrgm om arhsaitm rmpi`m, h ch ahccuch dhlpcmstiaoh
si `isphr`ldl dhc vitrhl (shh`idf vitrhmch). Ch ahccuch dhlpcmstiaoh `hc vitrhl plssldl `ieeld`hrh vhrsl ic shfghdtl mdthrilrh `hplsitmd`lsi lvudquh dl mc qum`rl `i udl pshu`liplpild.
Ic prigl shfdl rivhcmtlrh `hc rhtidlbcmstlgm ï dhccm gmffilr pmrth `hi amsi cm chualalrim, lssim ic rihssl bimdal `hccm pupiccm (`httl mdaoh rihssl mgmurltial `hc fmttl): tmch shfdl ï sphssl idalstmdth idizimcghdth h può hsshrh ghssl bhdh id hvi`hdzm dhcch eltl hshfuith alc mso.
Ic shald`l shfdl id lr`idh `i erhquhdzm ï cl strmbisgl, aoh m `ieehrhdzm `hccl strmbisgl `i maalgl`mzildh silclfial `hc cmttmdth, ï ssl. Dld
ï rmrl salprirh, `lpl ud’maaurmtm mdmgdhsi acidiam, aoh cl strmbisgl hrm algpmrsl mcaudi ghsi prigm `hccm chualalrim. Qidtlgi ghdl erhquhdti
sldl cm algpmrsm `i rlsslrh h `lclrh mcc’laaoil, ud fcmualgm shald`mril, cm prhshdzm `i pshu`liplp pshu`liplpild ild l iplhgm, c’hsletmcgim. Ch ghtmstmsi m `istmdzm sldl rmrh; idthrhssmdl pridaipmcghdth ic sisthgm dhrvlsl ahdtrmch, i thssuti glcci phrilrbitmri, i cideldl`i ahrviamci, c’lssl h ic gi`lccl lsshl. Cm ghtmstmtizzmzildh mvvihdh shald`l qumttrl gl`mcitî; idctrmzildh
`irhttm (`mc dhrvl lttial sidl mcc’hdahemcl h/l `mccm alrli`h `irhttmghdth mttrmvhrsl i amdmci sachrmci l `lpl c’idvmsildh sachrmch gmssivm, i thssuti glcci lrbitmci h `m qui mcc’lssl), `isphrsildh (mcch chptlghdidfi h `i qui mccm airalcmzildh ciqulrmch h mcc’hdahemcl), `isshgidmzildh hgmtlfhdm (plssibich `lpl c’idvmsildh hxtrmlaucmrh: `irhttm m plcgldi, lssm, ahrvhccl h mctri lrfmdi) h cidemtiam (`lpl c’idvmsildh `hc shfghdtl mdthrilrh mttrmvhrsl i cidemtiai `hccm aldfiudtivm h `hcch pmcphbrh: dld vi sldl vmsi cidemtiai dhcc’lrbitm). Ald ic thrgidh `i rhtidlbcmstlgm tricmthrmch si `hsarivh c’msslaimzildh trm ic rhtidlbcmstlgm bicmthrmch h i tuglri ahrhbrmci `hccm cidhm gh`imdm, pridaipmcghdth m amrial `hccm foimd`lcm pidhmch (pidhmclbcmstlgm), (pidhmclbcmstlgm), aoh rmpprhshdtmdl ud ucthrilrh pudtl `i lrifidh `hc rhtidlbcmstlgm guctiahdtrial piuttlstl aoh ud shald`l tuglrh prigmril. I slffhtti meehtti `m rhtidlbcmstlgm hrh`itmril omddl ud risaoil gmffilrh `i svicuppmrh ud shald`l tuglrh, vmcutmtl pmri mc 0% dhi prigi => mddi `i elcclw-up, =?% hdtrl 2> mddi h 25% hdtrl 1> mddi. Pmch risaoil ï
ucthrilrghdth mughdtmtl `mcc’hvhdtumch trmttmghdtl rm`ilthrmpial. Qi trmttm più algudhghdth `i smralgi lsthlfhdiai aoh plssldl idslrfhrh sim dhcc’mgbitl aoh eulri `hcc’lrbitm irrm`imtm (ic più erhquhdth ï ic smralgm `hc ehglrh), gm mdaoh `i mctrh vmrihtî `i dhlpcmsih gmcifdh (ghcmdlgm, ehlarlglaitrlgm, shgidlgm, rmb`lgilsmralgm, tuglri hpithcimci gmcifdi). Mttumcghdth, frmzih frmzi h mccm `imfdlsi prhalah, cm prlfdlsi `hi slffhtti meehtti `m rhtidlbcmstlgm dld ghtmstmtial ï buldm, ald udm slprmvvivhdzm m 8 mddi idtlrdl mc 9>%: dhcch elrgh ald hsthsl alidvlcfighdtl `hc dhrvl lttial h dhcch elrgh ghtmstmtiaoh, idvhah, dldlstmdth i prlfrhssi `hc trmttmghdtl, cm glrtmcitî mrrivm dl mcc’?>%.
@IMFDLQI
Cm `imfdlsi `i rhtidlbcmstlgm ï hsshdzimcghdth bmsmtm suc slsphttl acidial h sui `mti letmcglsalpiai. M vlcth cm `imfdlsi `i rhtidlbcmstlgm può hsshrh –amsumch‗ `urmdth ud
hsmgh `hc eud`us hshfuitl sisthgmtiamghdth dhi slffhtti ald emgicimritî phr rhtidlbcmstlgm rhtidlbcmstlgm l meehtti `m sid`rlgi sid`rlgi plcigmcelrgmtivh. plcigmcelrgmtivh. @i eld`mghdtmch igplrtmdzm ï ud’maaurmtm mdmgdhsi: tmclrm udm stlrim emgicimrh `i rhtidlbcmstlgm dld vihdh riehritm phraoé i fhditlri ifdlrmdl
cm dmturm hrh`itmrim hrh`itmri m `hccm gmcmttim l phraoé cm phr`itm `i ud laaoil dhcc’idemdzim può hsshrh fiustiamtm algh ic risuctmtl `i ud trmugm h dld `i udm
pmtlclfim tuglrmch. tuglrmch. C’hsmgh eld`mghdtmch ï c’hsmgh `hc eud`us `m hshfuirh id mdhsthsim fhdhrmch; ic tuglrh mppmrh algh udm gmssm bimdamstrm ald `icmtmzildh `hi vmsi. Pmch hsmgh phrghtth `i `hthrgidmrh ch `ighdsildi h cm clamcizzmzildh `i tutti i elalcmi tuglrmci, i rmpplrti ald cm pmpiccm lttiam h cm gmaucm, c’hvhdtumch idvmsildh `hc vitrhl h` mctrh hvhdtumci mcthrmzildi (prhshdzm `i `istmaal `i rhtidm, hglrrmfih). @i hstrhgm igplrtmdzm sldl ic `ishfdl `hc eud`us h cm `laughdtmzildh eltlfrmam, slprmttuttl phr ic elcclw-up `hc pmzihdth.
C’hsmgh `hc shfghdtl mdthrilrh `hvh girmrh mccm riahram `i shfdi `i `isshgidmzildh iri`hm l id amghrm mdthrilrh; dhlvmsalcmrizzmzildh, pshu`liplpild pshu`liplpi ld h iplhgm. Ic aldtrlccl `hccm prhssildh idtrmlaucmrh idtrmlaucm rh ï igplrtmdth id qumdtl dld ï rmrl ud fcmualgm shald`mril id amsi `i rhtidlbcmstlgi vlcugidlsi h` mvmdzmti. C’halfrmm, hshfuitm `urmth c’hsmgh `hc eud`us id dmralsi, ï hsshdzimch
phr vmcutmrh ch `ighdsildi `hc tuglrh h phr glditlrizzmrh cm risplstm `urmdth ic trmttmghdtl. Cm PMA phrghtth `i stu`imrh c’hdtitî `hcc’idthrhssmghdtl lrbitmril h` ï glctl shdsibich dhcc’hvi`hdzimrh ch amcaiamzildi, prhshdti dhc 9>%
`hi amsi h aldsi`hrmth pmtlfdlgldiaoh, gm sphssl dld ï id frm`l `i `ieehrhdzimrh ic tuglrh `mcc’hssu`mtl slttlrhtidial h dld ï shdsibich dhccm vmcutmzildh `i ud’hvhdtumch hsthdsildh mc dhrvl lttial. Cm RG ï idvhah id frm`l `i `ieehrhdzimrh ic tuglrh `mcc’hssu`mtl slttlrhtidial (iphridthdsl) h` om udm shdsibicitî suphrilrh dhccl stu`il `hi dhrvi lttiai h `hc vhrsmth idtrmarmdial. Cm riahram `i ghtmstmsi m `istmdzm (PMA tlrmah, saidtifrmm lsshm, rmaoiahdthsi, mspirmtl gi`lccmrh) `hvh hsshrh cigitmtm mcch elrgh m risaoil. Xdm pmrmahdthsi `imfdlstiam `hccm amghrm mdthrilrh ald `lsmffil `hcc’hdlcmsi può hsshrh riaoihstm id mcaudi amsi pmrtialcmri, algh dhi amsi `i rhtidlbcmstlgm idctrmdth `ieeusl, id aui dld hsisth udm gmssm vhrm h prlprim h` i shfdi tipiai sldl slstituiti `m quhcci `i tipl idmggmtlril qumci aohrmtlaldfiutivith l pshu`luvhith ald iplpild, hd`letmcgith (dl
m amsi hstrhgi `i tisi `hc bucbl) h ahccucith lrbitmrim. Ch mttumci ghtl`iaoh aldshdtldl cm vmcutmzildh fhdhtiam `i tutti i slffhtti meehtti h `hi algpldhdti `hccm emgifcim. Dhccm Dhc cm stm stm`im `imzil zildh dh `hc rht rhtid idlbc lbcmst mstlg lgmm pl plstst-hd hduac uachmz hmzild ildhh `hv `hvhh hss hsshrh hrh shg shgprh prh vmcutmtm h qumdtiamtm maaurmtmghdth c’idctrmzildh `hcch shfuhdti strutturh;
alrli`h, sachrm (idizimch, elamch, m tuttl sphsslrh, `ieeusm), alrpl aicimrh, amghrm mdthrilrh h` iri`h: gm slprmttuttl c’idctrmzildh `hc dhrvl dhrv l lttial; msshdth, cigitmtm mccm plrzildh prhcmgidmrh, hsthsm mccm cmgidm l lctrh cm cmgidm aribrlsm; prigm l m civhccl `hc pimdl `i shzildh aoirurfiam `hc dhrvl lttial.
^hr qumdtl rifumr`m cm `imfdlsi `ieehrhdzimch, vmddl thduth id aldsi`hrmzildh cm gmcmttim `i Almts, c’idehzildh laucmrh `m Plxmamrm amdis,
c’iphrpcmsim phrsisthdth prigmrim `hc vitrhl, mcaudh elrgh `i uvhith, ic rhtidlgm (tuglrh rhtidial bhdifdl). QPM@IM[ILDH Umcutmzildh `hc tuglrh (acmssieiamzildh `i Rhhsh h/l MBA) Qldl stmth prlplsth `ivhrsh acmssieiamzildi phr ic RB. Cm stm`imzildh più algudhghdth id usl ï quhccm `i Rhhsh h` Hccswlrto H ccswlrto cm qumch ï tuttmvim bmsmtm succm vmcutmzildh letmcglsalpiam `hcc’hsthdsildh tuglrmch. ACMQQIEIAM[ILDH @I RHHQH-HCCQVLRPO, =951 Fruppl I - Glctl emvlrhvlch m. Puglrh Puglrh udial, `i frmd`hzzm 3 0 `imghtri pmpiccmri, plstl m civhccl l `ihtrl c’hqumtlrh `hc bucbl. b. Puglri guctipci, guctipci, `i `ighdsildi 3 0 `imghtri pmpiccmri, plsti m civhccl l `ihtrl c’hqumtlrh `hc bucbl. Fruppl II - Emvlrhvlch m. Puglrh Puglrh udial, `i frmd`hzzm `m 0 m => `imghtri pmpiccmri plstl m civhccl l `ihtrl c’hqumtlrh `hc bucbl. b. Puglri guctipci, `i frmd`hzzm `m 0 m => `imghtri pmpiccmri, plsti `ihtrl c’hqumtlrh `hc bucbl. Fruppl III - @ubbil m. Lfdi tuglrh plstl `mvmdti c’hqumtlrh `hc bucbl. b. Puglrh udial, `i frmd`hzzm 4 => `imghtri pmpiccmri, plsti `ihtrl c’hqumtlrh `hc bucbl. Fruppl IU - Qemvlrhvlch m. Puglri guctipci, guctipci, qumcaudl `i frmd`hzzm 4 => `imghtri pmpiccmri. b. Lfdi tuglrh aoh si hsthd`m mc `mvmdti `hcc’lrm shrrmtm. Fruppl U - Glctl semvlrhvlch m. Puglri gmssivi idvm`hdti più `i ghtî rhtidm. b. @isshgidmzildh vitrhmch. Xd `imghtrl pmpiccmrh alrrispld`h m` =.8 gg
IDPHRDMPILDMC IDPHRD MPILDMC ACMQQ ACMQQIEIAMPILD IEIAMPILD LE RHPIDL RHPIDLBCMQPLGM BCMQPLGM R-H Frlup M ‑ vhry clw risj Hyhs wito sgmcc `isarhth tuglrs mwmy erlg aritiamc struaturhs Frlup B ‑ clw risj Hyhs wito dl vitrhlus lr subrhtidmc shh`idf md` `isarhth rhtidmc tuglr le mdy sizh lr clamtild
Puglrs 1 gg lr sgmcchr Aldeidh` tl toh rhtidm. 41 gg erlg toh elvhlcm. 4=.8 gg erlg toh lptia dhrvh. Dl vitrhlus lr subrhtidmc shh`idf.
Im Ib IIIm IUb
Puglrs dlt id frlup M. Dl vitrhlus lr subrhtidmc shh`idf. Qubrhtidmc ecui` 48 gg erlg toh bmsh le toh tuglr.
Im,Ib IIm,IIb IIIm,IIIb IUm,IUb (shfuh)
Frlup A ‑ gl`hrmth risj Hyhs wito ldcy elamc vitrhlus lr subrhtidmc shh`idf md` `isarhth rhtidmc tuglrs le mdy sizh md` clamtild
Qhh`idf clamc, eidh md` cigith`. Prhmtmbch wito m rm`ilmativh pcmquh. Puglrs `isarhth md` le mdy sizh md` clamtild. Xp tl ldh qum`rmdt le subrhtidmc ecui`.
IUm IU m
Frlup @ ‑ oifo risj Hyhs wito `ieeush vitrhlus lr subrhtidmc shh`idf md`/lr gmssivh, dld`isarhth hd`lpoytia lr hxlpoytia `ishmsh. Hyhs wito glrh hxthdsivh shh`idf tomd Frlup A
Gmssivh md`/lr `ieeush idtrmlaucmr `isshgidmth` `ishmsh. Glrh tomd ldh qum`rmdt le rhtidmc `htmaoghdt. Eidh frhmsy vitrhlus shh`idf lr mvmsaucmr gmsshs. Qubrhtidmc shh`idf, pcmquh-cijh.
IUm IU m
Frlup H ‑ vhry oifo risj hyhs Hyhs tomt omvh bhhd `hstrlyh` mdmtlgiamccy lr eudatildmccy by toh tuglr. Hyhs wito ldh lr glrh tomd toh elcclwidf;
Irrhvhrsibch dhlvmsaucmr fcmualgm. Gmssivh idtrmlaucmr ohglrromfh. Mshptia lrbitmc ahccucitis. Puglr mdthrilr tl mdthrilr vitrhlus emah. Puglr tluaoidf toh chds. @ieeush ideictrmtidf rhtidlbcmstlgm. ^otoisis lr prhpotoisis.
IUm IU m
IUb Um Ub
IUb Um Ub
IUb Um Ub
PRMPPMGHDPL
Dhc trmttmghdtl `hc rhtidlbcmstlgm si plssldl i`hdtiamrh 1 lbihttivi;
ic prigl ï aoimrmghdth quhccl `i smcvmrh cm vitm mc pmzihdth: ic shald`l ï quhccl `i smcvmrh c’laaoil h` ic thrzl ï `i mssiaurmrh cm gifcilr vistm plssibich. Cm sahctm `hc più m`mttl prlfrmggm thrmphutial `iphd`h `m `ivhrsi emttlri, trm aui cm sh`h h ch `ighdsildi `hccm dhlpcmsim, dhlpcmsim, ic dughrl `i elalcmi, c’htî `hc pmzihdth, cm udicmthrmcitî l bicmthrmcitî `hccm dhlpcmsim, c’idthrhssmghdtl elamch l `ieeusl `hc vitrhl, cm `ieeusildh slttlrhtidiam, cm emgicimritî, c’hvhdtumch prhshdzm `i ghtmstmsi. Xd alrrhttl mpprlaail thrmphutial idizimch riaoih`h, algh fiî slttlcidhmtl, ud’maaurmtm stm`imzildh `hccm gmcmttim. Ch stm`imzildi più algudhghdth id usl sldl quhccm `i Rhhsh h` Hccswlrto h cm più rhahdth Idthrdmtildmc Acmssiamtild le Rhtidlbcmstlgm (IARB). C’hduachmzildh ï stmtm phr `hahddi cm thrmpim più heamah, h` om phrghssl
`i smcvmrh dughrlsissigh vith ugmdh, trmselrgmd`l ic rhtidlbcmstlgm `m tuglrh `ieeusivl h idaurmbich m gmcmttim fumribich. ^hr i tuglri piaalci (fruppl =) mttumcghdth c’lrihdtmghdtl ï quhccl `i prh`icifhrh ch thrmpih aldshrvmtivh, qumci eltlalmfucmzildh, arilthrmpim, rm`ilthrmpim ald pcmaaoh hpisachrmci, thrglthrmpim, aoh shgbrmdl phrghtthrh `i smcvmrh cm vitm mc pmzihdth, prhshrvmd`l mccl sthssl thgpl c’laaoil h` udm visildh rhsi`um sl``isemahdth. Dhc amsl `i tuglri più frmd`i (fruppi 2 h 1) tmci ghtl`iaoh `i thrmpim clamch aldshrvmtivm plssldl hsshrh prhah`uth `m mcaudi aiaci (2-5) `i
aohgilthrmpim (aohgilri`uzildh) ald c’lbihttivl `i ri`urrh cm gmssm tuglrmch h rhd`hrcm mppudtl maahssibich mc trmttmghdtl aldshrvmtlrh h `i prhshrvmrh ic più plssibich plssibich cm gmaucm h cm pmpiccm. I emrgmai gmffilrghdth uticizzmti sldl ic amrblpcmtidl, c’htlplsi`h h cm vidaristidm. Ch id`iamzildi tuttlrm rigmsth mcc’hduachmzildh sldl ch shfuhdti; bucbl ald fcmualgm shald`mril: bucbl id etisi: phrsisthdzm `i rhai`ivm `i gmcmttim `lpl lfdi thdtmtivl aldshrvmtivl: rhtidlbcmstlgm udicmthrmch ald gmssivl idthrhssmghdtl `hccm rhtidm (48>%) h shdzm mcaudm plssibicitî `i mdaoh gidigl rhsi`ul visivl: rhtidlbcmstlgm udicmthrmch ald gmssivl shh`idf vitrhmch h/l slttlrhtidial: idthrhssmghdtl `hccm amghrm mdthrilrh (fruppl 0 h 8). C’hduachmzildh vm hshfuitm emahd`l mtthdzildh m hvitmrh cm rltturm `hc fclbl laucmrh h shzildmd`l ic dhrvl lttial ic più plsthrilrghdth plssibich phr mssiaurmrh i gmrfidi cibhri `m gmcmttim.U gmcmttim.Umm idlctrh idshritl idshritl ud igpimdigpimdtl lrbitmril sim phr rmfildi alsghtiaoh, sim algh stiglcl mccm arhsaitm `hcc’lrbitm mdletmcgiam. Xdm vlctm hshfuitm c’hduachmzildh vm hshfuitl c’hsmgh istlclfial phr vmcutmrh i emttlri `i risaoil h `hai`hrh ic trmttmghdtl suaahssivl: cm aohgilthrmpim m`iuvmdth (0-5 aiaci `i amrblpcmtidl-htlplsi`h ï ic prltlalccl
più utic uticizzm izzmtl) tl) `hvh hssh hsshrh rh hshf hshfuitm uitm id amsl `i idth idthrhss rhssmghd mghdtl tl `hcc `hccmm alrl alrli`h i`h m tuttl sphsslrh, `hccm sachrm, `hccm amghrm mdthrilrh, `hcc’iri`h, `hi alrpi aicimri l `hcc’idvmsildh `hc dhrvl lttial lctrh cm cmgidm aribrlsm, gm ald gmrfidi `i rhshzildh cibhri. Qh si om udm idvmsildh `hccm sachrm m tuttl sphsslrh, `hcch mrthrih phdhtrmdti l udm idctrmzildh `hc dhrvl lttial ald
gmrfidi `i rhshzildh idthrhssmti `m gmcmttim, lctrh mccm aohgilthrmpim m`iuvmdth ï dhahssmril ud trmttmghdtl rm`ilthrmpial `hcc’lrbitm. Cm rm`ilthrmpim, pur glctl heamah, ï cigitmtm m quhstm id`iamzildh, hs shd`l frmvmtm `m heehtti alccmthrmci igplrtmdti (hsthtiai, laucmri, hd`laridi) h `mcc’mughdtmtl risaoil `i shald`l tuglrh, fiî igplrtmdth dhi slffhtti ald gutmzildh hrh`itmrim `hc fhdh RB=. Dhcch elrgh bicmt bicmthrmc hrmcii c’id` c’id`iamz iamzildh ildh ï mccm hduac hduachmzi hmzildh ldh `hcc’ `hcc’laaoi laaoill gmffilrghdth alcpitl h` mc trmttmghdtl aldshrvmtivl dhcc’laaoil ghdl idthrhssmtl `mccm gmcmttim, mdaoh sh mttumcghdth a’ï cm thd`hdzm m thdtmrh ic trmttmghdtl aldshrvmtivl id hdtrmgbi fci laaoi. ^hr ch elrgh ghtmstmtiaoh, dld hsisth tuttlrm ud trmttmghdtl aohgilthrmpial stmd`mr`, h dld si omddl mdalrm risuctmti `hditivi suc rulcl `hccm ` hccm
aohgilthrmpim aohgilthrmp im m` mcth `lsi ald rhideusildh `i ahccuch stmgidmci phriehriaoh. Dhc elccl elcclw-up w-up `hi pmzi pmzihdti hdti mee meehtti htti `m rhti rhtidlbcm dlbcmstlg stlgm, m, ud rulcl eld`m eld`mghdt ghdtmmch ï dmturmcghdth alstituitl alstitui tl `mc aldtrlccl `hc eud`us maalgpmfdmtl `m ud hsmgh laucistial algpchtl phr vmcutmrh c’mauitî visivm rhsi`um. rhsi`um . I aldtrlcci vmddl hshfuiti m` idthrvmcci rhflcmri prigm ghdsici pli trighstrmci dl
mi 0-8 mddi `i vitm. Umddl idlctrh slrvhfcimth ch plssibici shquhch chfmth
mc trmttmghdtl aohgil l rm`ilthrmpial (rhtidlpmtim, amtmrmttm, `hait `i maarhsaighdtl, `hait lrgldmci) h dld vm gmi trmsaurmtl ic risaoil `i
idslrfhdzm `i ud shald`l tuglrh. Ï idlctrh glctl igplrtmdth ic aludshcidf fhdhtial phr i emgicimri `hc pmzihdth h phr i pmzihdti m`ucti fumriti fu mriti `mc rhtidlbcmstlgm, mc dh `i aoimrirh
i risaoi `i trmsgissildh `i udm prh`isplsizildh mc rhtidlbcmstlgm, Xd slffhttl meehttl `m rhtidlbcmstlgm ald gutmzildh fhrgidmch fhrgi dmch `hc fhdh RB= om ic 8>% `i prlbmbicitî `i trmsghtthrh mi prlpri fci udm gutmzildh
alstituzildmch h quid`i udm prh`isplsizildh mc rhtidlbcmstlgm. Ic risaoil phr i ermthcci l ch slrhcch `i ud slffhttl meehttl `m rhtidlbcmstlgm `i mvhrh cm prh`isplsizildh mccm gmcmttim ï `hc 8>% sh hsisth udm emgicimritî (mcghdl 2 amsi id emgifcim), `hc 8% sh gmdam cm emgicimritî gm ic slffhttl meehttl prhshdtm ud rhtidlbcmstlgm bicmthrmch, `hccl >,8% sh gmdam cm emgicimritî h` ic slffhttl meehttl prhshdtm ud rhtidlbcmstlgm udicmthrmch. Cm prlbmbicitî aoh id ud slffhttl ald prh`isplsizildh mc rhtidlbcmstlgm (lssim ald udm gutmzildh fhrgidmch) udm shald`m gutmzildh mbbim culfl, mcghdl id udl `hi `uh laaoi, h si vhriaoi quid`i cm gmcmttim ï `i airam
ic 9> phr ahdtl. Bibcilfrmem hsshdzimch - Khomddh G, Brissh O, ht mc. Rhtidlbcmstlgm; rhahdt m`vmdahs. Bucc Amdahr. 2>=0:=>=;1?>-6. - Khdjidsld O. Rhtidlbcmstlgm Rhtidlbcmstlgm;; `imfdlsis md` gmdmfhghdt- toh XJ phrsphativh.
Mrao @is Aoic`. 2>=8. - Qoihc`s AC, Cmccy QH, ht mc.Pmrfhth` mc.Pmrfhth` rhtidlbcmstlgm gmdmfhghdt; wohd tl ush
idtrmvhdlus, idtrm-mrthrimc, phrilaucmr, md` idtrmvitrhmc aohgltohrmpy. Aurr Lpid Lpotomcglc. 2>=0:28;160-?8. - ^md`hy MD. Rhtidlbcmstlgm; Md lvhrvihw. lvhrvihw. Qmu`i K Lpotomcglc. 2>=0:2?;1=>-8. - Brlwd C. Rhalfdisidf rhtidlbcmstlgm; womt ohmcto visitlrs dhh` tl jdlw. Alggudity ^rmat. 2>=0:?6;02-8.
