A Module Design in Teaching Literature FINAL.docx

I
III
IV
V

I
A MODULE DESIGN IN TEACHING OF LITERATURE




As Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements
in EM 12: Teaching of Literature





SUBMITTED TO:
Dr. Vinchita G. Quinto, Ed. D. ELT


SUBMITTED BY:
Riolyn Jhane K. Ardeña, BSEd-English III-A







October 2017

PREFACE

This Module is intended for High School students to be armored in preparation to explore world prose literature. It contains definition of main terms, subtopics, and activities in which the class may explore world literature through these. The author encourages the learners to refine the taste of literature by exploring the literary works of the other countries, not limiting to one own's favorites. The activities that can be found in this module will help enhance the students' ability to display their skills in prose literature.
This module contains three units, exploring the world prose literature. Each unit contains literary pieces from specific country. The author included the following:
Lessons- It contains literary works from specific countries to open the door opportunities for the students to learn some of the literary works from specific countries and their culture as well.
Activities- It contain varied activities that are connected to the subtopics that will be discussed. These will help the students explore the subtopics more and display their learnings.
This module may lead to students' proficiency in prose literature and appreciate the literary works of the other countries, and at the same time, of our own country as well. I hope the readers will find this module sufficient, if not more than sufficient, for their needs.

The Author




ACKNOWLEDGMENT


I would like to extend my gratitude and appreciation to the people behind the success of this module:

To Almighty God for the unconditional love and support, for providing my needs, for helping me with little and great things, for being the best Daddy in the universe, and for dying on the cross for me;

To Tatey, Naney, Lola Grace, Papa, Tita Sam and the rest of my family for their support and for being the channel of the Lord's provision for me to accomplish my responsibilities;

To Abiders and Mabolo Bible Baptist Church for being my motivation always, praying without ceasing for one another, and teaching deep discernment between right and wrong;

To Dr. Vinchita Quinto for sharpening us to become better future educators by exposing us to student-centered activities that shaped our perceptions as future teachers;

To BSEd-English III-A for sharing this hardship with me;

And special thanks to my best friends in Christ Ate Beth, Hazel, Shyra, Aaron, Ken, Junjun, AJ, Ma'am Gervy, and Ma'am Yvonne for motivating me always.




DEDICATION




I dedicate this hardship to God, my church, my family, and my school.





TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface…………………………………………………………. I
Acknowledgement…………………………………………….. II
Dedication………………………………………………………. III
UNIT 1 - FICTION
Pre-assessment………………………………………………. 1
What is Fiction?………………………………………………. 8
Elements of Fiction…………………………………………… 8
Activity no. 1.1………………………………………………… 8
Characters……………………………………………… .. 8
Point of View…………………………………………….. 10
Activity no. 1.2………………………………………………... 12
Plot……………………………………………………….. 15
Setting……………………………………………………. 16
Style………………………………………………………. 16
Activity no. 1.3………………………………………………... 18
Theme……………………………………………………. 19
Activity no. 1.4………………………………………………… 19
Tone………………………………………………………. 19
Irony………………………………………………………. 20
Activity 1.5…………………………………………………….. 20
Post-assessment……………………………………………… 21
UNIT 2 - NONFICTION
Pre-assessment………………………………………………. 28
What is Nonfiction?…………………………………………… 34
Activty no. 2.1…………………………………………………. 34
Types of Nonfiction…………………………………………… 35
Essay……………………………………………………… 35
Activity no. 2.2………………………………………………… 39
Activity no. 2.3………………………………………………… 40
Biography………………………………………………… 40
Autobiography…………………………………………… 41
Activity no. 2.4………………………………………………… 41
Oratory……………………………………………… 42
Sermon……………………………………………… 44
Letters………………………………………………. 45
Activity no. 2.5…………………………………………... 45
Psalm……………………………………………….. 45
Aphorism or Proverb………………………………. 45
Epitaph……………………………………………… 45
Post-assessment……………………………………….. 46
UNIT 3 - TYPES AND GENRES OF FICTION
Pre-assessment………………………………………… 48
Short Story and Novel………………………………….. 54
Genres of Fiction………………………………………… 54
Drama……………………………………………….. 54
Fable…………………………………………………. 54
Activity no. 3.1……………………………………………. 55
Fairy tale…………………………………………….. 55
Fantasy………………………………………………. 56
Activity no. 3.2……………………………………………. 56
Folklore………………………………………………. 56
Historical Fiction…………………………………….. 57
Horror………………………………………………… 57
Humor………………………………………………… 58
Legend……………………………………………….. 62
Mystery………………………………………………. 62
Mythology……………………………………………. 63
Realistic fiction……………………………………… 63
Science fiction…………………………………….… 64
Tall tale……………………………………………… 64
Activity no. 3.3…………………………………………… 64
Types of Fiction………………………………………….. 65
Short Story………………………………………….. 65
Activity no 3.4……………………………………………. 66
Novel………………………………………………… 67
Types of Novel…………………………………………… 67
Episodic Novel…………………………………………… 67
Epistolary Novel…………………………………………. 68
Historical Novel………………………………………….. 68
Political Novel……………………………………………. 68
Psychological Novel…………………………………….. 68
Epic Novel……………………………………………….. 69
Activity no. 3.5……………………………………………….. 69
Post-assessment…………………………………………….. 70
Answer key…………………………………………………… 75
Appendix A……………………………………………………. 78
Appendix B…………………………………………………… 79
Appendix C…………………………………………………… 83
Appendix D…………………………………………………… 88
Bibliography…………………………………………………. 90
Curriculum Vitae…………………………………………….. 91



Unit One
FICTION





OBJECTIVES:
Identify the elements of fiction
Compare and contrast the characters in a legend
Identify the elements of the plot
Determine the kinds of Irony in a short story









PRE-ASSESSMENT

Directions: Encircle the letter of the best answer.

Which of the following is the best definition of Literature?
Literature is the mirror of life.
Literature is a work of art.
Literature is the compilation of the works of art published orally or written.
Literature is a compilation of expressions of emotion with the use of writing materials.

Which of the following best describes poetry?
A song of feelings in a rhyme-scheme, song, psalm, imagery and symbolism.
A work of art in using idiomatic expression and imagery.
The shorter version of literature.
The art of using language figuratively to express one's feeling or emotion.

Who suggested that poem is an art which uses words as both speech and song to reveal the realities that the senses record, the feelings salute, the mind perceives, and the shaping imagination orders?
Babette Deutsch
Taylor Coleridge
Noam Chomzsky
Aristotle

Which emphasized in Wordsworth's poem I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud?
Diction
Hyperbole
Metonymy
Imagery




This is the oldest form of all literary forms.
Novella
Poetry
Novels
Plays

These literary forms can be found in the Bible, EXCEPT one.
Song
Novel
Psalm
Proverbs

It tells an event or series of events.
Narrative Poem
Descriptive Poem
Persuasive Poem
Expository Poem

It is a short and simple poem usually sung.
Ode
Ballad
Psalm
Epic

It is a long narrative poem that recounts the heroic deeds of a legendary person.
Legend
Ballad
Epic
Ode





It recounts gallant or courageous tales in verse. This is strictly metered.
Legendary Epics
Measured Ballads
Rhymed Poem
Romantic Epics

This is a kind of poem that deals with perceptible nature. It uses senses like seeing, touching, smelling, tasting, and hearing.
Narrative Poem
Descriptive Poem
Persuasive Poem
Expository Poem

This is a type of poem wherein the voice exalts or praises someone or something.
Ode
Ballad
Elegy
Sonnet

This is a type of poem wherein there are only fourteen lines but expresses the feelings of the writer.
Ode
Ballad
Elegy
Sonnet

This is a type of poem that tells a story.
Ode
Ballad
Elegy
Sonnet



This is a poem for the dead.
Ode
Ballad
Elegy
Sonnet

This expresses the personal feelings of the writer through a song.
Ode
Ballad
Lyric
Elegy

These are the characteristics of an Ode, EXCEPT---
Excited
Enthusiastic
Elaborate
Exalted

Choose the correct rhyme scheme of the poem given:
When he walks into the room
the corners of my eyes feed
upon the edges of his image.
The printed page
Is orphaned and stranger breed
a riot in my mind.
Then he walks out. And my doom
begins to grow with speed
of his departure. The mark of age
spreads upon my visage.
There is nothing more to read.
My soul is blind.

ab cc-b dab-ccbd
abcd-dcba-abcd
aaaa-bbbb-cccd
abca-abcb-abcd

This is sometimes called as the head rhyme or the initial rhyme.
Assonance
Consonance
Alliteration
Beginning rhyme

It copies the sound of an animal or an object.
Irony
Paradox
Oxymoron
Onomatopoeia

It is sometimes calles as the middle or final rhyme.
Assonance
Consonance
Alliteration
Final rhyme

This is a similarity or identity of sound existing between accented syllable occupying corresponding position within two or more line burst.
Rhythm
Rhyme
Scheme
Sequence

The rhymes occurred in the middle stanza.
Leonine Rhyme
Middle rhyme
Final rhyme
Melon Rhyme




The rhyme is revealed in the end.
Starting rhyme
Ending rhyme
Deus ex Machine
Middle rhyme

Choose the correct rhyme scheme of the poem given:

The stars around the lovely moon
Fade back and vanish very soon,
When, round and full, her silver face
Swims into sight, and lights all space.

abcd
abab
aabb
abba

Which of the following Is an apostrophe?
O death, where is thy sting?
Love will conquer.
The sun is shining.
The cow goes whoosh whoosh.

Which of the following is an oxymoron?
Tick tock is on the clock.
I'm so hungry that I could eat a horse!
Is the water wet?
The sun is dark.

Which of the following is an alliteration?
The trodden town rang its cobbles for luck.
Wobble stumbled on a cobble double.
She sells sea shells by the sea shore.
Tick tock Is on the clock.

Choose the correct rhyme scheme of the poem given:

O Hesperus! Thou bringest all things home;
All that the garish day hath scattered wide;
The sheep, the goat, back to the welcome fold;
Thou bringest the child, too, to his mother's side.

aabb
abab
abca
abcb

Which of the following is not actually a rhyme?
Head rhyme
Approximate rhyme
Direct rhyme
Oblique rhyme




WHAT IS FICTION?

Fiction is defined as a prose based on the author's imagination. It means, such stories never happened in real life. According to Dr. Hallet (Elements of Fiction) that all fiction is a falsehood of sorts because it relates events that never actually happened to people (characters) who never really existed, at least not in the manner portrayed in the stories. He then added that fiction writers aim at creating "legitimate untruths", since they seek to demonstrate meaningful insights into the human condition. Dr. Hallet concluded that fiction is "untrue" in absolute sense, but "true" in universal sense.

ELEMENTS OF FICTION

ACTIVITY NO. 1.1

Directions: A pen will be passed one student to another while the music is going on. When the music stops, the last student who holds the pen will share about his or herself, likes and dislikes, hobbies and talents or skills.



Characters- The emotional, mental, and social qualities to distinguish one entity from another like people, animals, spirits, automatons, furniture, and other animated objects (Dr. Hallet, Elements of Fiction).

Characters
Types
Functions
One-dimensional or Flat Characters
They are usually the extras in the story.
Protagonists
The main character in the story.
Two-dimensional Characters
They are used as vessels to carry out the story.
Antagonist
The opposing character in the story. Usually they cause struggles or conflicts in the story.
Round Characters
Fully-developed characters. They are prone to change.
Confidents
The conspirators or side-kicks of the protagonists. They are usually the peers of the best friends of the main character.
Static Characters
These characters never change, even from the beginning to the end of the story.
Foils
The mirror or backdrop of the main character in the story, in which they both have the same struggles but different results.
Dynamic Characters
They are developing characters. They change or develop through the story.

Stock Characters
Borrowed characters. They are archetypal characters.

Stereotypes
Characters who show common judgments of qualities. (e.g serious soldier, dumb blonde, selfish millionaire)

Universal Characters
Characters with traits and problems common to all humanity.

Individual Characters
They are unusual or strange characters.


Characterization is how the writer reveals the characters in the story.
Process of Characterization
Expository or Direct Presentation
Characters are described or explained by the narrator of the story.
Dramatic or Indirect Presentation
Characters are revealed what kind are they through actions. It can be through:
His or her own actions, behavior, speech, and recorded thoughts; and
Qualities that are apparent by what other characters say about him or her.

Anthropomorphic Characterization is how the writer turns divine or powerful beings, animals, things, and natural phenomena as people. Animal characters personified create particular effects, especially when they carry human traits like fox - sly or swan - elegance.

Point of View refers to who tells the story, how it is told, or whose life even is centered in the story. It refers to the perspective of the characters in the story.

Points of View
First Person (I, we)
The character tells the story.
Second Person (you)
The reader is the character of the story.
Third Person (he, she)
The story reveals different characters.

Narrative voice describes the situation and reveals the characters in the story. Narrator is the one who does the narrative voice.

Types of Narrative Voice
Omniscient
The story is told by the third person. The narrator's knowledge and control are unlimited.
Limited Omniscient
The story is told by the third person, but with limited knowledge about the past happenings before the story.
Objective or Dramatic
The opposite of omniscient. It relies on the external action and dialogues, and does not give opportunity to interpretations of the story.
Framed Narrative
It reveals whose point of view it is. It also tells the beginning of everything in the story, or the origin of something.
First Person
The story is told by the character of the story.
Interior Monologue- overheard thoughts of the character.
Subjective Narration- the sharing of his or her side to the readers to assume values or views the readers do not presume.
Detached Autobiography- reflection or flashing back of the past self or story.
Memoir or Observer Narration- the eye-witness of the story.



ACTIVITY NO. 1.2

Directions: Read the Philippine legend below. Compare and contrast the characters in the legend using a Venn Diagram.

The Legend of Mayon Volcano
Teresita Erastain
In the town of Daraga, in the province of Albay in the Bicol Region, lays the most beautiful volcano in the Philippines--- Mayon volcano. Its picturesque view may have been what inspired the natives to come up with one of the most exceptional Philippine alamats - the legend of "Daragang Magayon" of the Bicolanos, or "Dalagang Maganda" (beautiful maiden) in Tagalog.

Long ago, along the streams of Yawa river lays a kingdom named Rawis. It is reigned by a very generous and intelligent king - King Makusog. His only daughter was called "Daragang Magayon" (beautiful maiden) because of the exceptional beauty that she possesses. Because of this beauty, all the men in their kingdom, as well as in the neighboring kingdoms, dream to have her heart.

It has been a hobby of Daragang Magayon to secretly take a bath in the Yawa River every morning at the break of dawn. It was one morning when a traveler from the faraway kingdom of Laguna accidentally saw her secret ritual. He was a young lad named Ulap (cloud). Upon seeing the beautiful maiden, Ulap was instantly hypnotized by her beauty.

In the many journeys of Ulap, it was only then that a maiden has successfully captured his heart. Every morning since then, he would secretly watch behind the bamboo groves as Daragang Magayon takes a bath in the Yawa River. He was not contented in being a secret admirer so he eventually decided to come out of his hiding place and introduce himself to the maiden.

Daragang Magayon, startled by this revelation, started to come to her feet and run away, but as fate may have dictated it, she was tripped by a mossy stone and was about to be drawn away by the river current when Ulap grabbed her arm. In that instant, she too was hypnotized by the lad's stance and charming eyes that she failed to turn her back from him and run away.

Not for long, the two became inseparable lovers and their relationship was happily blessed by King Makusog. Ulap asked permission from his lady love to go home to Laguna and fetch his relatives for the pamamanhikan (prenuptial get together). He was away for two months.

Meanwhile, the news of the soon-to-be wedding spread like fire in the nearby kingdoms including the Kingdom of Iraya which is reigned by Patugo. This news enraged him and brought back the pain incurred by Daragang Magayon's refusal of his love proposal.

He convinced his people to set a battle against the Kingdom of Rawin by telling them that Daragang Magayon's marriage to a foreign man is an insult to their maleness. They agreed to capture King Makusog and ask for Daragang Magayon as a ransom.

Meanwhile, the Kingdom of Rawis is busy in the preparation for the arrival of the people from Laguna. This was used by Patugo and his army as an opportunity to attack them. The people of Rawis was so stunned by this sudden attack that the king was effortlessly captured. The festive mood was instantly replaced with doom. Daragang Magayon offered herself as a ransom for the freedom of his father even if this was against her will. Just then, their expecting visitors, Ulap and his clan from Laguna, arrived and helped in fighting the enemies. "If you are real men, fight with men! Do not waste your power in terrorizing ladies and old men!", Ulap exclaimed. With this, the battle heated up and there was bloodshed. Under the heat of the sun, behind the dusty wind, swords and bolos were ravagely swished against each other. Daragang Magayon's heart beated outrageously because of the suspense brought about by the battle. A bloody body fell on the ground, and the maiden's heart skipped a beat thinking that this might be his lover's. She ran closer and reveled when she saw that instead of Ulap, the lifeless body belongs to Patugo. She turned around and saw Ulap with his arms wide open. She joyfully ran towards the waiting arms of her lover. As the two passionately embraced each other, a deadly arrow came flying from one of the enemies and struck their entwined bodies. The sky was covered with gloom as the two lovers slowly fell on the ground.

The whole Kingdom of Rawis grieved upon their loss. King Makusog proclaimed that the two shall be buried together since it is not right to separate what death has united as one.

As they say, true love is hard to bury. Like a strong current, it will eventually struggle and resurface. Daragang Magayon's love is as such. It is said that because of the strong love of Daragang Magayon for Ulap, her grave mounted into a towering mass of volcano as if an emblem of her undying love. Raging lava even came out of it as a symbol of her overflowing affection. This volcano which surfaced from the grave of Daragang Magayon is now known as the Mayon volcano. Daragang Magayon is what they claim as the Mayon.

They say that if you want to see the best of Mt. Mayon, you should wake up very early in the morning just about the crack of dawn. By then, you will see clearly the perfect shape of the volcano but as the time passes, clouds will then cover the slopes from the view. These clouds are represented by the jealous Ulap who is not comfortable with the numerous eyes laying upon his beloved Magayon.














Plot is the is the series of events and actions that occur in a story.

ClimaxClimax
Climax
Climax


Falling ActionFalling ActionRising ActionRising Action
Falling Action
Falling Action
Rising Action
Rising Action


Resolution or DenouementResolution or Denouement
Resolution or Denouement
Resolution or Denouement
ExpositionExposition
Exposition
Exposition

Figure 1.1

Structure of the Plot is the method or sequence in which incidents are organized or presented to readers.
Conflict is the opposition of forces or characters.
Man vs. Man
Human vs. Nature
Human vs. Society
Human vs. Self
Flashback shows the past event which causes the story or event to happen.
Foreshadowing shows hints of future event that will happen because of the present story or event.
Resolution is the ending of the story (see figure above).
Happy ending
Tragic ending
Open-ending/Lack of or Partial Resolution/Indeterminate
Deus ex Machina means "God from the Machine". It is when someone or something appears out of the blue to help the character to overcome a seemingly insoluble difficulty (Dr. Hallet, Elements of Fiction).



Setting refers to when (time) and where (place) the story happened.
When
Where

What was going on that time?

What is the period (century, decade, or year) when the action occurred?

How many seconds, hours, days, weeks, months, years, decades, centuries, etc. did the action occur?
Local Color
Refers to the description of the place, customs, traditions, beliefs, dialects, and fashion.

Regionalism
Refers to the relationship of the region of the story to the action.

Style is how the writers creatively deliver the story by choosing the best words or phrases he or she thinks that suit best. It is the verbal identity of the writer.

Diction
The writer's word choice.
Sentence Structure
Simple or complex sentences, according to what the writer chooses.
Syntax
Sentence pattern of language; grammatical or ungrammatical arrangement of words.
Language
The abstract or concrete way of writing the story.
Dialogue
Either the story has more dialogues than description, or dialogues limited only to characters.
Imagery
Sensory details such as similes, metaphors, and onomatopeias.
It includes:
Visual - The night-sky in Israel is like sweet sugar sprinkled on top of a dark chocolate cupcake icing.
Aural - The soft and loud thuds of hearts that faint in the Philippine Martial Law.
Olfactory - His chest covered with the heaven-scent traveling above the romantic Indian bay.
Tactile - Bare feet were pressed on the warm sand in the hot summer at the sea-shore of Leyte.
Gustatory - Its sweet Japanese taste like shrimp embraced with sweet Japanese rice.
Allegory
The symbols, characters, and events come to represent a different metaphysical, political, or social situation.
e.g Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo by Dr. Jose Rizal
Symbols
Concrete objects or images that have important meanings.
Established (General) - the symbols have universal meaning. (e.g journey - life)
Private (Personal) - the symbols have particular meaning. (e.g rock - Jesus)
Motifs
Helps in developing the theme of the story.






ACTIVITY NO. 1.3

Directions: Base on the legend read in Activity no. 2, fill-in the figure with what is asked in each box.
6. Setting6. Setting3. Climax:3. Climax:
6. Setting
6. Setting
3. Climax:
3. Climax:




4. Falling action:4. Falling action:2. Rising action:2. Rising action:
4. Falling action:
4. Falling action:
2. Rising action:
2. Rising action:



5. Denouement:5. Denouement:1. Exposition:1. Exposition:
5. Denouement:
5. Denouement:
1. Exposition:
1. Exposition:



9. Motifs:9. Motifs:10. Conflict:10. Conflict:8. Symbols:8. Symbols:7. Local Color:7. Local Color:
9. Motifs:
9. Motifs:
10. Conflict:
10. Conflict:
8. Symbols:
8. Symbols:
7. Local Color:
7. Local Color:















6. Theme is the central or main idea of the story. It is rarely presented. We can tell that a literary work is a mature piece through its theme. If it embodies an original theme than a mere moral or famous saying, then it is a mature piece. If its theme shows an idea than preaches a moral, then it is a mature piece. A mature work does not teach, rather it reveals; it does not preach, but interprets (Dr. Hallet, Elements of Fiction).
Here are the other characteristics of a theme:
It is the main idea, of course.
Expressible in the form of statement, not word.
It is a view of life.
No theme is identical with moral or lesson.
A revelation of human character.
Does not rely on facts that are not stated in the story.
Not a familiar saying.

ACTIVITY NO. 1.4

Directions: The class will be divided into four groups. Each group must paint a picture (freezing as if they are in a picture frame) about the moral they have learned in the legend read in Activity no. 2.



7. Tone is the narrator's attitude toward his subject and the audience. Mood is the atmosphere of the story. It may be happy, sad, or tragic.
Here are the characteristics of a tone:
It may show admiration for the subject or character.
It can suggest hostility or pity.
It is sometimes ironic.
Demonstrated by direct comment, characterization, or by choice of word, symbols, or other literary device.

Irony is the opposite of what the writer is trying to convey.
Kinds of Irony
Verbal Irony
What is said is opposite to what is really meant.
Dramatic Irony
What the character believes is opposite to what truth the reader knows.
Situational Irony
What happened is opposite to what is expected to happen.



ACTIVITY NO. 1.5

Directions: The class will stay in their groups. They will listen as the teacher reads Alejandro R. Roces's short story We Filipinos Are Mild Drinkers. Then they will be provided chalks or whiteboard markers to do some tasks that are asked by the teacher. The first group who can do the task right will have three points for the assessment.
Here are the list to draw:
Draw a smiley that shows the mood of the short story.
Write the verbal irony found in the said short story.
Draw a comical skit of a scene in the short story that shows… Dramatic irony.
Show us the situational irony of the short story and freeze.



POST-ASSESSMENT

Directions: Read the fable below and encircle the letter of the best answer.
Bidasari
Anonymous

The people in Kembayat were fussed in a giant bird that eats human. When the giant bird came back, they all hid out of fear. The sultana, who's pregnant, however, was lost in the woods. Out of fear, she gave birth and forgot about the baby when she left.
Luckily, a merchant saw the baby and a bowl containing a live goldfish. The merchant realized that the life of the baby was attached to the live goldfish. If the fish leaves the water, the baby will die. The merchant adopted the baby. Later on, the baby grew up into a very beautiful young woman.
In the kingdom, the kind has just remarried a beautiful woman named Permaisuri. Permaisuri was afraid that the king will fall in love with someone else. When the queen found out about Bidasari, she was brought in the castle. There, she became a slave but Permaisuri wasn't satisfied. So, when she found out about the secret of Bidasari, she took the fish and made it into a necklace. Thus, Bidasari died and was put in a beautiful tomb located in the woods.
One day, the king went hunting in the woods and saw the beautiful tomb. He went inside and saw Bidasari sleeping. The king waited Bidasari to wake up for two days.
Meanwhile, in the palace, the queen was taking a bath and the fish managed to break free. Thus, Bidasari was awakened. The king talked to Bidasari and she told everything to the king. The king was so enraged.
Later on, the king took Bidasari and they got married. Thus, Bidasari became the new queen of the kingdom.


What type of character is Bidassari?
Round Character
Flat Character
Stereotype
Individual Character
What is the function of Bidasari in the fable?
Protagonist
Antagonist
Confident
Foil
How did the author reveal Bidasari in the fable?
Through expository presentation
Through dramatic presentation
Through narrative presentation
Through descriptive presentation
What point of view the author used in the fable?
First person
Second person
Third person
Fourth person
What type of narrative voice is used?
Omniscient
Limited omniscient
Dramatic
Framed narrative

What part is the exposition in the fable?
A merchant saw a baby with a fish in a bowl and he adopted it.
The king was re-married to a beautiful yet jealous woman, and when she heard about Bidasari, she hired her to be her maltreated handmaid.
The people in Kembayat were escaping from the human-eating bird, and one of them was a pregnant woman, who gave birth and forgot her child in the woods.
The king was in a hunting and found a beautiful tomb, so he went in, and found Bidasari sleeping in it.
What part is the climax in the fable?
A human-eating bird invaded Kembayat and the people escaped from it.
A merchant found a baby with a fish in the bowl and adopted it with a name Bidasari.
The king was in a hunting and found a beautiful tomb, so he went in, and found Bidasari sleeping in it.
The queen heard about Bidasari's secret. She took the fish out of the water and made it a necklace, and so Bidasari died.
What part is the denouement in the fable?
A merchant found a baby with a fish in the bowl and adopted it with a name Bidasari.
The queen heard about Bidasari's secret. She took the fish out of the water and made it a necklace, and so Bidasari died.
The king was angry with the jealous queen and married Bidasari.
The king was re-married to a beautiful yet jealous woman, and when she heard about Bidasari, she hired her to be her maltreated handmaid.

What is the conflict in the fable?
Man vs. Man
Human vs. Nature
Human vs. Society
Human vs. Self
How did the fable end?
Happy ending
Tragic ending
Open ending
Indeterminate
How did Bidasari die?
The king shoot an arrow through her chest.
The merchant plunged a dagger on her back.
The queen turn the gold fish into a necklace.
Bidasari jumped through the window.
Did Bidasari really die? Why did you say so?
Yes, because it is said in the fable.
No, because the gold fish escaped into the water which made Bidasari revived again.
Yes, because the queen killed the gold fish before she made it into a necklace.
No, because the king kissed her lips in her beautiful tomb.




Why did the king marry Bidasari?
Because of her beauty.
Because of her innocence.
Because he was angry with the queen.
Because of the gold fish.
Where did the story happen?
Philippines
India
South Africa
Malaysia
What is the symbol of Bidasari?
Water
Salt Sea
Gold Fish
Beauty
Which of the following fits the mood of the fable?
Happy
Sad
Tragic
Neutral
What is the situational irony in the fable?
The merchand found the baby with a fish in the bowl and adopted it with a name Bidasari.
The woman gave birth to a beautiful child but forgot the baby and escaped.
The human-eating bird invaded the Kembayat.
The queen was afraid of the time the king might fall on another's beauty.
What made the queen desire to kill Bidasari?
Fear of the time that the king would fall on Bidasari's beauty.
Dissatisfaction of Bidasari's service.
Jealousy of Bidasari's innocence.
Fear of the time that the queen would become Bidasari's handmaid.
Which of the following fits the theme of the fable?
Everyone must be content in wherever he is.
Beauty is covered if envy is tolerated.
Pride can kill innocent people.
Destiny will always take its floor.
What is the tone of the narrator in the fable?
Happy
Sad
Angry
Neutral














Unit Two
Non-Fiction


OBJECTIVES:
Express ideas and feelings through writing.
Share strategies of writing an essay
Write an expository, persuasive, narrative and/or descriptive essay.
Perform a speech
Interpet an analect






PRE-ASSESSMENT

Directions: Encircle the letter of the best answer.

It is defined as a prose based on the author's imagination.
Poetry
Fiction
Non-fiction
Prose
Who suggested that all fiction is a falsehood of sorts because it relates events that never actually happened to people who never really existed?
Noam Chomsky
Aristotle
Plato
Dr. Hallet
It is the emotional, mental, and social qualities to distingush one entity from another like people, animals, spirits, automatons, furniture, and other animated objects.
Persons
Characters
Protagonists
Antagonists
This type of character is usually the extra in the story.
Dynamic character
Round character
Static character
Stock character
This type of character is prone to change.
Dynamic character
Round character
Static character
Stock character


This character never changes, even from the begining to the end of the story.
a) Dynamic character
b) Round character
c) Static character
d) Stock character
This type of character developes through the story.
a) Dynamic character
b) Round character
c) Static character
d) Stock character
This type of character is an archetype or borrowed from another story.
a) Dynamic character
b) Round character
c) Static character
d) Stock character
This type of character shows common judgment of qualities.
Stereotype
Universal character
Individual character
Two-dimensional character
This type of character is used as vessel to carry out the story.
Stereotype
Universal character
Individual character
Two-dimensional character
This type of character is unusual or strange.
a) Stereotype
b) Universal character
c) Individual character
d) Two-dimensional character



This type of character suffers traits or problems that are common to all humanity.
a) Stereotype
b) Universal character
c) Individual character
d ) Two-dimensional character
This is the main character of the story.
Protagonist
Antagonist
Confident
Foi
This is the opposing character off the main character.
Protagonists
Antagonist
Confident
Foil
This is the conspirator or side-kick of the protagonist.
Protagonist
Antagonist
Confident
Foil
This is the mirror or the backdrop of the main character in the story.
Protagonist
Antagonist
Confident
Foil
This is how the writer reveals the characters in the story.
Introduction
Exposition
Characterization
Presentation



Characters are described or explained by narrator of the story.
Expository presentation
Dramatic presentation
Narratvie presentation
Descriptive presentation
Characters are revealed iwhat kind they are through actions.
Expository presentation
Dramatic presentation
Narrative presentation
Descriptive presentation
A point of view in which the character tells the story.
First person
Second person
Third person
Fourth person
A point of view in which the reader is the character of the story.
First person
Second person
Third person
Fourth person
A point of view in which the story reveals different characters.
First person
Second person
Third person
Fourth person
It describes the situation and reveals the characters in the story.
Narrative voice
Narrator
Speaker
Tone



The story is told by the third person. The narrator's knowledge and control are unlimited.
Omniscient
Limited omniscient
Dramatic
Framed narrative
The story is told by the third person, but with limited knowledge about the past happening before the story.
Omniscient
Limited omniscient
Dramatic
Framed narrative

The opposite of omniscient. It relies on the external action and dialogues, and does not give opportunity to interpretations of the story.
Omniscient
Limited omniscient
Dramatic
Framed narrative
It reveals whose point of view it is. It also tells the beginning of everything in the story, or the origin of something.
Omniscient
Limited omniscient
Dramatic
Framed narrative
It is the series of event and actions that occur in a story.
Summary
Synopsis
Plot
Events




It refers to when and where the story happens.
Plot
Setting
Time
Mood
It is the central or main idea of the story.
Theme
Motif
Concept
Matter
























WHAT IS NONFICTION?

Non-fiction is a prose that deals with real events and people. It is based on true stories, on real life situations that characters in the prose really do exist in real life. In non-fiction, characters, settings, and events must conform to what is true. Stories cannot be manipulated by the writer's imagination.

ACTIVITY NO. 2.1

Directions: The class will be divided into four groups, but the task will be an individual job. The teacher will play a serene music and the students will listen and allow themselves to be immersed in the music.

The first group will write the factual things that are currently happening in the classroom.
The second group will write their opinion about the current situation in the classroom.
The third group will describe the atmosphere, the moment, and the feelings inside the classroom during the music.
The fourth group will write the situation in the classroom as if they tell a story.

After the task is done, any of each group may share their insights during the activity.











TYPES OF NON-FICTION
Essay is a brief examination of a subject in prose, usually expressing a personal or limited view of the topic.
Essay
Formal Essay
It has a serious tone and more objective in point of view.
Informal Essay
It has an informal tone, as if the author directly speaks to the reader.

Purposes:
To entertain
To inform
To explain
To persuade

Informal essay uses all four major types.

Exposition
Writer's purpose is to inform.
Facts are presented neutrally as possible.
Author's opinion on the subject doesn't intrude.

The three-age system, the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, the Iron Age was introduced by Christian Thomsen, a Danish museum curator. The Bronze Age occurred at different times in different parts of the world. Bronze technology was preceded by an intermediary period when copper was used. The Copper Age did not occur in Britain and China, where the transition was from bronze to iron, and earlier from stone to bronze.
True iron metallurgy began among the Hittites between 1900-1400 B.C by 1200 to 1000 B.C, knowledge of iron metallurgy had spread throughout the Near East, the Mediterranean, and westward to Europe. This marked the end of the Bronze Age, although bronze working was still in use for prestige objects.
- Anonymous, Proficiency in English I
Persuasion
Attempts to influence the reader's ideas of actions.
Major purpose is to convince the reader to think, feel, or act in a certain way.
Successful only if the reader believes that the facts support the writer's opinion.

To be a friend, you have to care about people, what they think, what they feel, what they suffer. If you just don't like people, you may still be cordial to acquaintances, but friendship is no go. You must try to understand people, their hopes and fears and aspirations. At least a remnant of the dignity of the human being shines somehow through the rags of the tramp who craves a drink and the one who needs an egg for Easter.
Friendship stumbles most often on the rock of inconvenience. Most of us have an abundance of good impulses which we either forget or find it inconvenient to translate into actuality. In my experience I have found most men kindhearted. They are usually willing to do generous things, if they can do them without much personal inconvenience. They are thoughtful of the sorrow and the needs of others---if they have time and the occasion is not too difficult.
Take the story of the Good Samaritan, on the road that led from Jerusalem down to Jericho. There were many who traveled it. Among them was one who was deep in trouble and lay helpless at the roadside. But this day on the Jericho road it was getting late.

-Anonymous, Proficiency in English I







Description
Present a picture or an impression of a subject.
Tells how something looks, smells, tastes, sounds, and feels to the touch.

My Home
Dr. Jose Rizal
Translated by Leon Ma. Guerrera

I had nine sisters and one brother. My father, a model of fathers, had given us an education in proportion to out modest means. By dint of frugality, he was able to build a stone house, to buy another, and to raise a small nipa hut in the midst of a grove we had, under the shade of banana and other trees.
There, the delicious atis displayed its delicate fruit and lowered its branches as if to save me the trouble of reaching out for them. The sweet santol, the scented and mellow tampoy, the pink macopa vied for my favor. Farther away, the plum-tree, the beautiful tamarind, pleased the eyes as much as they delighted the palate. Here, the papaya stretched out its broad leaves and tempted the birds with its enormous fruits. There, the nanca, the coffee, and the orange trees perfumed the air with aroma of their flowers. Here and there rose elegant and majestic palm trees, loaded with huge nuts, swaying their proud tops and graceful branches, queens of the forest.
In the twilight, a variety of birds gathered from everywhere. I amused myself watching them with wonder and joy as they raised their voices in varied chorus, a farewell hymn to the sun as it vanished behind the tall mountains of my town.
Came the night… But when she appeared, a vague brightness was to be discerned in the clouds. As such times, my mother gathered us all together to say the rosary. Afterward, we would go to the azotera or to some window from where moon could be seen, and my aya would tell us stories.


Narration
Writer's purpose is to relate a series of events.
Events usually related in chronological order.
Has the form of story, but the events are factual.
Writer depicts characters, and may even use dialogue.

Tribute to a School Dropout
Brian Cavanaugh
One day a partially deaf boy came home from school with a note. It suggested that his parents take him out of school. The note said that the boy was "too stupid to learn."
When the boy's mother, read the note, she said, "My son Tom isn't too stupid to learn. I'll teach him by myself."
When Tom died many years later, the people of North America paid tribute to him by turning off the nation's lights for one full minute.
Thomas Edison had invented not only the light bulb we ready by, but also the motion picture we watch and the record player we used to listen to. He has 1,000 patents to his credit.
















ACTIVITY NO. 2.2

Directions: The class will be divided again into four groups through counting. They will be given 20 minutes to share one another's strategy in their group in creating their essays during the activity. Every group must have a member of a type of essay during the activity (One group must have at least 2 members of descriptive, narrative, argumentative, or expository type of essay).
The teacher will prepare a container of strips of paper written with the different types of essay for each group. Each member must pick out one strip of paper to have an assigned type of essay to write. If a member who has been from a certain type of essay and picks out the same type of essay, he or she has to pick out another strip of paper. After picking out a type of essay, each member of each group must write an essay according to his or her assigned type of essay. Each group will be given ten minutes to do the task. The topic will be Education.




















ACTIVITY NO. 2.3

Directions: The class will choose their pairs. They will share their most tragic experiences to one another for 10 minutes. After sharing, they will share their one another's experiences to the class. For example, student A will share the tragic experience of person B, and so will person B.



2. Biography is an account of someone's life, written by another person. It has derivations: Bio means life and graphia means writing.
Focus
The character
His/her career
His/her place in history
Uniqueness and universality of the character's experience.

Tribute to a School Dropout
Brian Cavanaugh
One day a partially deaf boy came home from school with a note. It suggested that his parents take him out of school. The note said that the boy was "too stupid to learn."
When the boy's mother, read the note, she said, "My son Tom isn't too stupid to learn. I'll teach him by myself."
When Tom died many years later, the people of North America paid tribute to him by turning off the nation's lights for one full minute.
Thomas Edison had invented not only the light bulb we ready by, but also the motion picture we watch and the record player we used to listen to. He has 1,000 patents to his credit.



Autobiography is an account of writer's life. A life story written by the writer himself or herself. Its derivations are: Auto, which means self, and graphia that means life.
Journal is a form of autobiographical writing including a day-by-day chronicle of events, usually a personal or intimate record of events and thought kept by an individual.
e.g Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank

Saturday, 12 February, 1944
Dear Kitty,
The sun is shining. The sky is a deep blue. There is a lovely breeze and I'm longing--so longing for everything. To talk, to be free, to have friends, to be alone. And I do so long… to cry!
I feel as if I'm going to burst, and I know that it would get better with crying; but I can't. I'm restless. I go from one room to the other, breathe through the crack of a closed window, feel my heart beating as if it is saying, "Can't you satisfy my longings at last?"
I feel that it's spring within me. I feel that spring is awakening. I feel it in my whole body and soul. It is an effort to behave normally; I feel utterly confused, don't know what to do, what to do. I only know that I am longing…
Anne



ACTIVITY NO. 2.4

Directions: If the class is given a chance to run for presidency, how would they convince the people to vote for them? The class will demonstrate their public speech in front.




Oratory is a formal speech intended to inspire some action.
For example:
The Leading Edge in Competitiveness
Manuel Pangilinan
CEO, PLDT

What did we do to compose the future of our existing business venture and enhance its competitiveness?
We crafted an agenda that was transforming in nature, with an eye on a single goal; the reinvention of our huge business enterprise. This transformation agenda deals with building new businesses which can protect and enhance our existing core business.
This reminds me of a CEO from the distant past---Alexander the Great---who ruled---you might even say managed---the largest area of the known earth ever conquered by a single individual. And although Alexander may not have been one's idea of the model CEO, he amassed an amazing kingdom in fewer than four years, covering over thousand miles by foot from Mt. Olympus in Greece to Mount Everest in the Himalayas. But did Alexander create lasting value? Probably not. Because just a few years after his death, his empire dissolved, and the captured territories slipped away.
Alexander's problem was neither inadequate resources nor poor execution. After all, he was never defeated in all of his battles. It was the absence of a long-term plan, combined with the inability to consolidate his exceptionally outstanding short gains that caused his empire's rapid disintegration.
Indeed, the selection of new businesses is the decision that most often triggers a new burst of profitable growth, if you get it right; or distraction and stagnation when you get it wrong. Embodied in this decision is a fundamental tension between maintaining the core business on one hand and expanding into other business adjacent to the core business on the other hand, to maintain and sustain business growth. The way a company resolves this tension ultimately determines the sustainability of its growth.
The best way to thrive in a competitive environment is by innovating. Innovation is not just a virtue; it is necessity. How do we manage this? We engage people who can create the best products and services---people who work hard and long to choose that a product offering is just right, that whatever service we are presenting is the best it can be. Heretofore, innovation dealt mostly with technology. Today, we need more than technology. We need competencies---in people, in processes, in organizational skills built for efficiency, and motivating them for creativity and for growth.
In closing, let me just say that it is important that we expand our perspective to the domain of people welfare. After all, the standard by which a business should be measured is, in the first instance, the profits it produces, and in the final case, by how it leads in effecting the changes necessary to enhance welfare and well-being.
In closing, let me quote the economist Gunnar Myrdal who describes economic growth as "the upward movement of the entire social system."
















Sermon is a formal discussion, usually oral, of a serious subject for the purpose of religious instruction or urgent advice and recommendations.

"Nevertheless he (David) would not drink thereof, but poured it unto the Lord."
- 2 Samuel 23:6

What has been like water from the well of Bethlehem to you recently---love, friendship, spiritual blessing?
Then at the peril of your soul, you take it to satisfy yourself. If you do, you cannot pour it our before the Lord.
You can never sanctify to God that with which you long to satisfy yourself. If you satisfy yourself with the blessings from God, it will corrupt you; you must sacrifice it, pour it out, do what common men and common sense say is an absurd waste. Every blessing that you receive after Calvary is water from the well of Bethlehem that's paid with a great price. They are not meant to be used for self-satisfaction but must be poured out before the Lord.
If you're always taking blessings to yourself and never learn to pour out anything unto the Lord, other people do not get their horizon enlarged through you.
-Anonymous















Letters is a communication in writing to another person or a group of persons.
e.g Epistle, a formal letter intended for public reading.

ACTIVITY NO. 2.5

Directions: The teacher will provide a container of Analects to be passed to each student as a music will go on. When the music stops, the class will stop passing the container. To whom the container stopped, he or she will pick an Analect and explain what it means.



Psalm is a lyric composition of praise, usually applied to sacred themes.

Psalm 91: 1-2 (KJV Bible)
He that dwelleth in the secret place of the Most High shall abide under the shadow of the Almighty. I will say of the Lord, He is my refuge and my fortress: my God; in Him will I trust.

Aphorism or Proverb is a brief statement usually of one sentence that expresses some truth about life in terse, easily remembered form.

Proverbs 13:10 (KJV Bible)
Only by pride cometh contention: but with the well advised is wisdom.

Epitaph is a commemorative verses or lines inscribed on tombs or headstones. It usually includes the name of the deceased, the dates of birth and death, age, profession, and some pious motto.





POST-ASSESSMENT

Directions: Answer the essay questions in at least two paragraphs. (5 points each)
Summarize what is Essay and define its types. (Expository)
What does this proverb mean? (Persuasive)
Proverbs 3:7 (KJV Bible)
Be not wise in thine own eyes: fear the LORD and depart from evil.

Describe the emotion or feelings when you express your anger, hatred, or grief in a paper. (Descriptive)
What are the activities today that you like most? (Narrative)
























Unit Three
TYPES AND GENRES OF FICTION




OBJECTIVES:
Determine the moral of a fable.
Write a romantic fairy tale.
Identify the genre of the stories or movies presented
Write a short story












PRE-ASSESSMENT

Directions: Encircle the letter of the best answer.

It is a prose that deals with real events and people.
Poetry
Fiction
Non-fiction
Prose
It is a brief examination of a subject in prose, usually expressing a personal or limited view of the topic.
Prose
Non-fiction
Essay
Literary work
A type of essay that has a serious tone and more objective in point of view.
Narrative essay
Formal essay
Expository essay
Informal essay
The author directly speaks to the reader in this type of essay.
Narrative essay
Formal essay
Expository essay
Informal essay
These are the purposes of an informal essay, EXCEPT one.
To entertain
To inform
To persuade
To communicate



An informal essay that presents facts neutrally as possible, wherein author's opinion on the subject does not intrude.
Expository
Narrative
Persuasive
Descriptive
An informal essay that attempts to influence the reader's ideas of actions.
Expository
Narrative
Persuasive
Descriptive
An informal essay that presents a picture or an impression of a subject.
Expository
Narrative
Persuasive
Descriptive
An informal essay that has the form of story but the events are factual.
Expository
Narrative
Persuasive
Descriptive
It is an account of someone's life, written by another person.
Biography
Autobiography
Essay
Sermon
Bio means--
Book
Life
Organism
Cells



Graphia means--
Map
Drawing
Writing
Tracking
It is an account of writer's life written by the writer himself or herself.
Biography
Autobiography
Essay
Epitaph
Auto means--
Car
Automatic
Quick
Self
It is a form of autobiographical writing including day-by-day chronicle of events.
Newspaper
Letter
Journal
Facebook
Which of the following is a journal?
Diary of a Young Girl
The Color Purple
Coolie
The Book Thief
It is a formal speech intended to inspire some action.
Sermon
Preaching
Oratory
Campaign



It is a formal discussion, usually oral, of a serious subject for the purpose of religious instruction or urgent advice and recommendations.
Sermon
Preaching
Oratory
Campaign
It is a communication in writing to another person or a group of persons.
Essay
Prose
Letter
Telegram
Which of the follwing is NOT a letter?
Telegram
Epistle
Message
Voice mail
It is a lyric composition of praise, usually applied to sacred themes.
Praise
Proverb
Psalm
Epitaph
It is a brief statement usually of one sentence that expresses some truth about life in tense, easily remembered form.
Analect
Proverb
Quote
Theme
It is a commemorative verses or lines inscribed on tombs or headstones.
Calligraphy
Label
Epitaph
Analect


Which of the following is NOT an epistle?
Romans
Jude
Luke
Hebrews
Which of the following is NOT a proverb?
The one who say is the one who is.
Do not do unto others if you do not want them to do unto you.
It's more blessed to give than to receive.
Love conquers all.
Which of the following is NOT seen in a prose?
Narrative essay
Narrative poetry
Narrative presentation
Narrative voice
Which of the following type of informal essay is Rizal's My Home?
Narrative
Expository
Descriptive
Persuasive
Which of the following we CANNOT find in a descriptive essay?
Senses are used.
Events are in chronological order.
Presents a picture.
Imagery
Which of the following we can find in a persuasive essay?
Facts
Imagery
Neutralism
Formality




Which of the following we can find in an expository essay?
Facts
Imagery
Neutralism
Formality





























SHORT STORY AND NOVEL

We have learned that prose has also its two kinds, namely, fictional prose and non-fictional prose. Now, let us dig deeper about the types of fictional prose or fiction, namely, the short story and the novel. Short story is commonly known to have one setting and one happening with few characters involved, while novel is known as a story of many settings, many characters (sometimes few characters only) and many happenings. It is sometimes known to be a story of one book, duology, trilogy, or chronicles.
Stories have their genres as well. According to Merriam Webster Dictionary, genre is a distinctive type or category especially of literary composition. Genre is a french term derived from the Latin genus, which means "type", "sort", or "kind".

GENRES OF FICTION

Drama is a composition of stories, usually for theatrical performance, where conflicts and emotions are expressed through dialogue and action.
e.g Florante at Laura by Francisco "Balagtas" Baltazar

Fable is where animals are characters, speak like humans, and usually emphasizes morals in life. Legendary, it is a supernatural tale.

Bidasari
Anonymous
The people in Kembayat were fussed in a giant bird that eats human. When the giant bird came back, they all hid out of fear. The sultana, who's pregnant, however, was lost in the woods. Out of fear, she gave birth and forgot about the baby when she left.
Luckily, a merchant saw the baby and a bowl containing a live goldfish. The merchant realized that the life of the baby was attached to the live goldfish. If the fish leaves the water, the baby will die. The merchant adopted the baby. Later on, the baby grew up into a very beautiful young woman.
In the kingdom, the kind has just remarried a beautiful woman named Permaisuri. Permaisuri was afraid that the king will fall in love with someone else. When the queen found out about Bidasari, she was brought in the castle. There, she became a slave but Permaisuri wasn't satisfied. So, when she found out about the secret of Bidasari, she took the fish and made it into a necklace. Thus, Bidasari died and was put in a beautiful tomb located in the woods.
One day, the king went hunting in the woods and saw the beautiful tomb. He went inside and saw Bidasari sleeping. The king waited Bidasari to wake up for two days.
Meanwhile, in the palace, the queen was taking a bath and the fish managed to break free. Thus, Bidasari was awakened. The king talked to Bidasari and she told everything to the king. The king was so enraged.
Later on, the king took Bidasari and they got married. Thus, Bidasari became the new queen of the kingdom.

ACTIVITY NO. 3.1

Directions: The class will choose their own pairs, discuss the moral the story emphasized and share it in front of the class.



Fairy tale is about fairies or other magical creatures; usually for children.

e.g The Brother Grimm's Cinderella
An unhappy fair maiden Cinderella, lost mother and lived with re-married father and selfish stepmother, was very lonely in her own home, where she was made to serve her stepmother and stepsisters. When a news about the ball came, new dresses arrived for her stepsisters. They were made ready and left for the ball, while Cinderella stayed at home, lonely. A fairy suddenly appeared and helped her. She magicked the most elegant dress on Cinderella, the best coach from a pumpkin, and six horses and a coachman from mice. She went to the ball and naturally attracted the prince by her beauty and elegance. When the midnight stroke, she hurried away from the palace with her other shoe was left. The prince desperately looked for the owner of the shoe and it fitted in Cinderella's foot, so he married her after.

Fantasy is a fiction with strange or other worldly settings or character. It invites suspension of reality.
e.g Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Caroll

ACTIVITY NO. 3.2

Directions: The students will write their own romantic fairy tale in a one paragraph. They may present their works in front of the class.



Folklore is a story or myth passed down from generation to generation orally.

e.g The White Horse of Alih by Mig Alvarez Enriquez
Synopsis:
Alih is a young Moro and a non-Christian who live in the village across the river on the edge of the sea where the nipa-thatched houses were perched on the posts above the water. Alih is not as brave as his brother Omar. He has a good heart but easily frightened unlike Omar-- a brave man and ready to kill anytime for their beliefs and traditions.
The story takes place during the President Ferdinand Marcos regime whereas there were rebellions between the gorilla and the government. They fought for their rights because they felt inequality and abusing of power.
The story showed the situation of our countrymen in the Mindanao especially on the Muslim area where the people there are different in those who are in the town.
The conflict began when the Moro's' felt the discrimination between them and the people in the town.
Alih had killed on the end of the story after his stab his brother Omar with his razor-sharp blade and there is possibility to disown him by his village.
Alih had experienced the pains when he knew the dead of his father during the fight, when he felt the discrimination in their society and when he rejected by Fermina. Consequently, he felt the pleasure on his happy days with Lucy, ridding on the horse and playing in the river. The girl holding to a pole on the globe where the American and Philippine emphasizing made him also happy.
"The White Horse of Alih" describes the beliefs of Moro's when and how they will go to heaven. For them it symbolises as their reward for killing.


Historical fiction is based in a historical setting with historical characters involved.
e.g The Man Inside the Iron Fence by Katherine A. Ganzel
Synopsis:
It's 1939, and the world is at the precipice of war. But life for one young man in rural America couldn't be better. Jonathon Blackwell is the eldest son of the most powerful family in town and heir to Blackwell Iron and Mining. Unlike many who struggled to survive the final years of the Great Depression, he has everything he could ever want---except the one thing he desires the most.
Sheltered by class, privilege, and living inside a locked iron fence meant to protect him, no one could ever imagine anything terrible could happen to him, but dark times are coming. Fate is about to play it's cruel hand, and when it's all over, the world, the country, and young Jonathon will be changed forever.


Horror is a story in which events evoke feelings of dread in both the characters and the readers.
e.g Uncle Montague's Tales of Terror
Synopsis: Uncle Montague tells his nephew the most frightening stories he knows. But as the stories unfold, a newer and more surprising narrative emerges. "Uncle Montague's tales of terror", it transpires, are not so much works of imagination as dreadful lurking memories.


Humor is a genre filled with fun, fancy, and excitement, meant to entertain; but can be contained in all genres. For example:

WE FILIPINOS ARE MILD DRINKERS
Alejandro R. Roces
When the Americans recaptured the Philippines, they built an air base a few miles from our barrio. Yankee soldiers became a very common sight. I met a lot of GIs and made many friends. I could not pronounce their names. I could not tell them apart. All Americans looked alike to me. They all looked white.
One afternoon I was plowing our rice field with our carabao named datu. I was barefooted and stripped to the waist. My pants that were made from abaca fibers and woven on homemade looms were rolled to my knees. My bolo was at my side.
An American soldier was walking on the highway. When he saw me, he headed toward me. I stopped plowing and waited for him. I noticed he was carrying a half-pint bottle of whiskey. Whiskey bottles seemed part of the American uniform.
"Hello, my little brown brother," he said, patting me on the head.
"Hello, Joe," I answered. All Americans are called Joe in the Philippines.
"I am sorry, Jose," I replied. "There are no bars in this barrio."
"Oh, hell! You know where I could buy more whiskey?"
"Here, have a swig. You have been working hard," he said, offering me his half-filled bottle.
"No, thank you, Joe," I said. "We Filipinos are mild drinkers."
"Well, don't you drink at all?"
"Yes, Joe, I drink, but not whiskey."
"What the hell do you drink"
"I drink lambanog"
"Jungle juice, eh?"
"I guess that is what the GIs call it."
"You know where I could buy some?"
"I have some you can have, but i do not think you will like it."
"I'll like it alright. Don't worry about that. I have drunk everything—whiskey, rum, brandy, tequila, gin, champagne, sake, vodka. . . ." He mentioned many more that i cannot spell.
"I not only drink a lot, but i drink anything. I drank Chanel number 5 when I was in France. In New Guinea I got soused on Williams' Shaving Lotion. When I was laid up in a hospital I pie-eyed with medical alcohol. On my way here on a transport I got stoned on torpedo juice. You ain't kidding when you say I drink a lot. So let's have some of that jungle juice, eh?"
"All right," I said. "I will just take this carabao to the mud hole then we can go home and drink."
"You sure love that animal, don't you?
"I should," I replied. "It does half of my work."
"Why don't you get two of them?" I didn't answer.
I unhitched datu from the plow and led him to the mud hole. Joe was following me. Datu lay in the mud and was going. Whooooosh! Whooooosh!
Flies and other insects flew from his back and hovered in the air. A strange warm odor rose out of the muddle. A carabao does not have any sweat glands except on the nose. It has to wallow in the mud or bathe in a river every three hours. Otherwise it runs amok.
Datu shook his head and his widespread horns scooped the muddy water on his back. He rolled over and was soon covered with slimy mud. An expression of perfect contentment came into his eyes. Then he swished his tail and Joe and I had to move back from the mud hole to keep from getting splashed. I left Datu in the mud hole. Then turning to Joe, I said.
"Let us go."
And we proceeded toward my house. Jose was cautiously looking around. "This place is full of coconut trees," he said.
"Don't you have any coconut trees in America?" I asked.
"No," he replied. "Back home we have the pine tree."
"What is it like?"
"Oh, it is tall and stately. It goes straight up to the sky like a skyscraper. It symbolizes America."
"Well," I said, "the coconut tree symbolizes the Philippines. It starts up to the sky, but then its leaves sway down the earth, as if remembering the land that gave it birth. It does not forget the soil that gave it life."
In a short while, we arrived in my nipa house. I took the bamboo ladder and leaned it against a tree. Then I climbed the ladder and picked some calamansi.
"What's that?" Joe asked.
"Philippine lemon," I answered. "We will need this for our drinks."
"Oh, chasers."
"That is right, Joe. That is what the soldiers call it."
I filled my pockets and then went down. I went to the garden well and washed the mud from my legs. Then we went up a bamboo ladder to my hut. It was getting dark, so I filled a coconut shell, dipped a wick in the oil and lighted the wick. It produced a flickering light. I unstrapped my bolo and hung it on the wall.
"Please sit down, Joe," I said.
"Where?" he asked, looking around.
"Right there," I said, pointing to the floor.
Joe sat down on the floor. I sliced the calamansi in halves, took some rough salt and laid it on the foot high table. I went to the kitchen and took the bamboo tube where I kept my lambanog.
Lambanog is a drink extracted from the coconut tree with pulverized mangrove bark thrown in to prevent spontaneous combustion. It has many uses. We use it as a remedy for snake bites, as counteractive for malaria chills, as an insecticide and for tanning carabao hide.
I poured some lambanog on two polished coconut shells and gave one of the shells to Joe. I diluted my drink with some of Joe's whiskey. It became milky. We were both seated on the floor. I poured some of my drink on the bamboo floor; it went through the slits to the ground below.
"Hey, what are you doing," said Joe, "throwing good liquor away?"
"No, Joe," I said. "It is the custom here always to give back to the earth a little of what we have taken from the earth."
"Well," he said, raising his shell. "Here's to the end of the war!"
"Here is to the end of the war!" I said, also lifting my shell. I gulped my drink down. I followed it with a slice of calamansi dipped in rough salt. Joe took his drink but reacted in a peculiar way.
His eyes popped out like a frog's and his hand clutched his throat. He looked as if he had swallowed a centipede. "Quick, a chaser!" he said.
I gave him a slice of calamansi dipped in unrefined salt. He squirted it in his mouth. But it was too late. Nothing could chase her. The calamansi did not help him. I don't think even a coconut would have helped him.
"What is wrong, Joe?" I asked.
"Nothing," he said. "The first drink always affects me this way."
He was panting hard and tears were rolling down his cheeks.
"Well, the first drink always acts like a minesweeper," I said, "but this second one will be smooth."
I filled his shell for the second time. Again I diluted my drink with Joe's whiskey. I gave his shell. I noticed that he was beaded with perspiration. He had unbuttoned his collar and loosened his tie. Joe took his shell but he did not seem very anxious. I lifted my shell and said: "Here is to America!"
I was trying to be a good host.
"Here's to America!" Joe said.
We both killed our drinks. Joe again reacted in a funny way. His neck stretched out like a turtle's. And now he was panting like a carabao gone berserk. He was panting like a carabao gone amok. He was grasping his tie with one hand.
Then he looked down on his tie, threw it to one side, and said: "Oh, Christ, for a while I thought it was my tongue."
After this he started to tinker with his teeth.
"What is wrong, Joe?" I asked, still trying to be a perfect host.
"Plenty, this damned drink has loosened my bridgework."
As Joe exhaled, a moth flying around the flickering flame fell dead. He stared at the dead moth and said: "And they talk of DDT."
"Well, how about another drink?" I asked. "It is what we came here for."
"No, thanks," he said. "I'm through."
"OK. Just one more."
I poured the juice in the shells and again diluted mine with whiskey. I handed Joe his drink. "Here's to the Philippines," he said.
"Here's to the Philippines," I said.
Joe took some of his drink. I could not see very clearly in the flickering light, but I could have sworn I saw smoke coming out of his ears.
"This stuff must be radioactive," he said. He threw the remains of his drink on the nipa wall and yelled: "Blaze, goddamn you, blaze!"
Just as I was getting in the mood to drink, Joe passed out. He lay on the floor flat as a starfish. He was in a class all by himself. I knew that the soldiers had to be back in their barracks at a certain time. So I decided to take Joe back. I tried to lift him. It was like lifting a carabao. I had to call four of my neighbors to help me carry Joe. We slung him on top of my carabao. I took my bolo from the house and strapped it on my waist. Then I proceeded to take him back. The whole barrio was wondering what had happened to the big Amerikano.
After two hours I arrived at the airfield. I found out which barracks he belonged to and took him there. His friends helped me to take him to his cot. They were glad to see him back. Everybody thanked me for taking him home. As I was leaving the barracks to go home, one of his buddies called me and said:
"Hey, you! How about a can of beer before you go?"
"No, thanks," I said. "We Filipinos are mild drinkers."


Legend tells about a story of a national or folk hero which has a basis in fact but also includes imaginative material.
e.g The Legend of Mayon Volcano by Teresita Erastain (see p. 12)

Mystery deals with the solution of crime or the unraveling of secrets.
e.g The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes



Mythology is a traditional narrative, often based on historical events, that reveals human behavior and natural phenomena by its symbolism; often pertaining to the actions of the gods.
e.g Illiad and Odyssey by Homer


Realistic fiction is a story that relates into real situations, yet the story itself has never happened in real life, but it relates.
e.g The Boy in The Woods by Katherine A. Ganzel
Synopsis:
A tragic accident takes Jess' parents- and everything else she's ever known. A cold and controlling uncle, the only family she has left, takes her far from her home in the big city to live on the rural family estate with her equally distant older cousin. Struggling to adjust to her new life, she faces loneliness and isolation.
But while exploring the woods surrounding her home, she stumbles upon a mysterious boy. Desperate for a friend, she's instantly drawn to him, but he's deeply distrustful and wants nothing to do with her. Sneaking off to see him, she works hard to break through his walls and slowly gains his trust.
As time passes, their bond grows from friendship into something more, but so does the danger they'll be caught. At the same time, family secrets swirl around Jess. How far will Jess have to go to protect the boy she's fallen in love with? Will her uncle find out before she can escape his control? Or will the mounting secrets destroy all of them?








Science fiction is based on impact of actual, imagined, or potential science, usually set in the future or on other planets.
e.g Frankenstein by Shelley Mary Wollstonecraft
Synopsis:
Frankenstein is a young, idealistic student of natural philosophy who, finding the secret of giving life to matter, creates a living being. The monstrous creation, though gentle in nature, becomes increasingly lonely and isolated, then embittered and cruel.


Tall tale is a humorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do the impossible with nonchalance.
e.g Ang Biag ni Lam-ang
Synopsis: A story of a child named Lam-ang, who was born with the ability to speak as he was yet minutes old and avenged his father when he was nine months old. Lam-ang also won the heart of beautiful young Ines and her family when his friends the white rooster and the gray dog helped him catch their attention among the many suitors around their house.


ACTIVITY NO. 3.3

Directions: The class will guess the genre of the books, stories, or movies that will be shown by the teacher through PowerPoint presentation.









TYPES OF FICTION

Short Story
It is difficult to define short story because it actually varied in length. It can be short, medium or long. Some critics even suggested that short stories can also be longer than a novel. According to Holman (1972), short story is defined as a fictional narrative in prose constituting of between five hundred to fifteen thousand words. But this suggestion is not reliable for there are stories shorter than five hundred words, or let us just say, four hundred words and less. So, what should we call them?
Instead of defining short story by its feature, let us define short story by its characteristics.
Plot
The short story has the usual elements of a plot. It has exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and denouement; but every element has only simple situation. The short story is situated usually by just a single event.

Narrative Form
The exposition is not too redundant or wordy. It does not use too much imagery but it just simply describes, directly exposing the characters that will be involved in the story.

Characters
Most short stories focuses only on one character. It does not have many characters in the story. A short story has only little space for lengthy character-development. Therefore the possibility that the readers will get to know the character will only be at the one side of it.

Setting
Short story tends to limit itself to one location only. It can be that the location is not specified so it can happen in any location the reader imagines. Also, most short stories deal with moments of time. A short story may take any length of day, week, or month.

Intensity or Compactness
Short story is very short that there is no room for descriptive exposition or specified narration, the writer must narrate the story simply but catches the tension of feelings of the reader. The exaggeration of how the story is delivered must weigh as the tension of the story.

ACTIVITY NO. 3.4

Directions: This will be an individual activity. The class will create a short story of one paragraph out of the pictures that will be given.


























Novel
It is an extensive fictional prose narrative. Some literary scholars defined it with the minimum of 50,000 words, yet it is still unreliable. A novel is like a universe with very wide space wherein writers can create and add billions of imaginations in it. It can be lengthy, as long as possible, but it still has limits.
A very long story can also be called novel if it has numerous settings, characters, and events. Somehow, practically speaking, readers will never want to read a very long novel with redundant situations like one conflict is staying too long before the resolution, or there is too much exposition but too short rising action. A good novel must have a balance length of each elements. What matters is what it contains, not how long it is.
There are novels which have more than a thousand pages but they are good-reads, namely, War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy and The Broken Drum by David Maillu.

TYPES OF NOVEL

Episodic Novel
This is a novel of different events yet woven together. Usually it has only one character which encounters different circumstances in different places.
The best example of episodic novel is Mulk Raj Anand's Coolie, in which there are five phases to look to see its episodic characteristic. In the first phase is an elaborated exposition wherein the main character is introduced with his family and wherein the cause of all circumstances in the story is revealed. In the second phase, the character is brought to a city to survive, for he lost his family and he is left alone. Yet, he encounters maltreatment so he escapes to another place, which leads to the third phase. In the third phase, he meets a kind man in the train, so he works for him as he is treated well by the person. But the business he runs is bankrupt so the character leaves to find another job to survive. He goes to the market to work but he finds competition of Coolies there. He escapes after being shouted by a police man while working at the rail-ways then a kind elephant-rider rescues and takes him to Bombay. In fourth phase, the character looks at his surroundings filled with pavement settlers. When he works at a cotton mill, he observes how the workers are battered and insulted for no reason. The British management do not give security of tenure for the poor laborers. This is also the part when the character is hit by a car and the driver, who is the lady, takes him home, treats him, and makes him her servant. This is the final phase. He works as her servant and at the same time, rick-shaw puller. He is also used as her sexual tool. At the age of 16, he dies because of tuberculosis he gets from rick-shaw pulling.
The adventures the character encountered are different yet were told and happened in one life of a character, which is in fact woven together.

Epistolary Novel
Epistolary has its root word epistle, which means letter. Epistolary uses letters to tell a story. Usually a writer writes a letter to a real or abstract character. A good example is The Color Purple by Alice Walker. In the largest part of this novel, the main character, Celie, addresses the supernatural (God) in her letters.

Historical Novel
It recreates the past. The time and the characters are based from the past. A story as if it happened in the history. One example of a historical novel is The Man Inside the Iron Fence by Katherine A. Ganzel (see p. 50).

Political Novel
It inolves ordering of men in society, or politics. Sometimes it is revealed through satyrs like Gulliver's Travel. Usually it is revealed through realistic-action stories like Divergent.

Psychological Novel
It is more interested in what goes in a character's mind. It recounts the inner experience of the character. Sometimes it is partnered with the story of a physically-challenged character like the story of The Mystery Case of Benjamin Buttons.

Epic Novel
It recounts adventures of heroic protagonists whose actions are of historical or legendary significance. The deeds of the heroic characters are so important that they interest the supernatural forces. One example story is Hercules from Homer's Illiad and Odyssey.





ACTIVITY NO. 3.5

Directions: This is a quiz bowl activity. The class will be divided into four groups. They will be provided with chalkboards whereon they will write their answers. When the teacher reads a title and synopsis of a novel, they will identify what type of novel does it fall. The group that gains points the more will have additional three points for the assessment.














POST-ASSESSMENT

Directions: Encircle the letter of the best answer.
It is a composition of stories, usually for theatrical performance, where conflicts and emotions are expressed through dialogue and action.
Drama
Play
Script
Act
It is where animals are characters, speak like humans, and usually emphasizes morals in life.
Fantasy
Fairytale
Fable
Folklore
It is about fairies or other magical creatures.
Fantasy
Fairytale
Fable
Folklore
It is a fiction with strange or other worldly setting or character.
Fantasy
Fairytale
Fable
Folklore

It is a story or myth passed down from generation to generation orally.
Fantasy
Fairytale
Fable
Folklore
It is based in a historical setting with historical characters involved.
Biography
Autobiography
Historical fiction
Flashback
It is a story in which events evoke feelings or dread in both the characters and the readers.
Fantasy
Folklore
Legend
Horror
It is a genre filled with fun, fancy, and excitement, mean to entertain.
Fantasy
Fairy tale
Humor
Horror





It tells about a story of a national or folk hero which has a basis in fact but also includes imaginative material.
Folklore
Fairy tale
Legend
Epic
It deals with the solution of crime or the unraveling of secrets.
Horror
Epic
Detective
Mystery
It is a traditional narrative, often based on historical events, that reveals human behavior and natural phenomena by its symbolism.
Mythology
Folklore
Epic
Legend
It is a story that relates into real situations, yet the story itself has never happened in real life.
Non-fiction
Fictional prose
Realistic fiction
Biographical fiction



It is a humorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do the impossible with nonchalance.
Short tale
Tall tale
Folk tale
Fairy tale
Who suggested that short story is defined as a fictional narrative in prose constituting of between five hundred to fifteen thousand words?
Noam Chomsky
Dr. Hallet
Holman
Gardner
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of short story?
Plot
Narrative form
Exposition
Intensity
It is an extensive fictional prose narrative.
Novel
Short story
Novella
Tale




It is a novel of different events yet woven together.
Epistolary novel
Episodic novel
Series novel
Chronicles
It uses letters to tell a story.
Epistolary Novel
Episodic novel
Historical novel
Chronicles
It recreates the past. The time and the characters are based from the past.
Epistolay novel
Biographical novel
Historical novel
Flashback
It recounts adventures of herois protagonists whose actions are of historical or legendary significance.
Legendary novel
Epic novel
Folklore
Mythology





ANSWER KEY
UNIT ONE
Pre-assessment:

c
d
a
d
b
b
a
c
c
d
b
a
d
b
c
c
a
c
d
a
B
A
B
C
A
D
C
D
C
c


Post-assessment:

d
a
b
c
d
c
d
c
a
a
c
b
a
d
c
c
b
a
b
20. d


UNIT TWO
Pre-assessment:

b
d
b
b
d
a
c
a
d
a
d
c
b
a
b
c
d
c
a
b
a
b
c
a
a
b
c
d
b
30. .a

Post-assessment: Essay Rubrics in Appendices
UNIT THREE
Pre-assessment:

c
d
b
d
d
a
c
d
b
a
b
c
b
d
c
a
c
a
c
d
c
b
c
c
d
b
c
b
a
30. d

Post-assessment:

a
c
b
a
d
c
d
c
c
d
d
c
b
c
c
a
b
a
c
b
















APPENDIX A
COMPOSITION SCORING RUBRIC
 
 
TARGET
9-10
ACCEPTABLE
HIGH LOW
7-8 6
UNACCEPTABLE
4-5
Content
_____ out of 10 points
Interesting content and presentation; ideas well conceived and developed with sufficient examples.
Some interesting content; points not sustained or not fully developed.
Conventional ideas or clichés; little supporting detail included.
Cursory; gives the impression of writing just to complete the assignment.
 
 
5
4
3
2
Structure, Logic and Transitions
_____ out of 5 points
Logical progression of ideas with well-executed transitions.
Logical progression of ideas but often lacks transitions.
Gaps in logic or no transitions.
Disorganized; appears to have been written as thoughts occurred to the writer.
 
 
13-15
11-12
9-10
7-8
Grammatical Accuracy
_____ out of 15 points
Appropriate level of complexity in syntax with very few errors, if any.
Confined to simpler sentences or structures with very few errors OR shows variety and complexity in syntax with errors that do not affect comprehensibility.
Errors frequently affect comprehensibility, or very basic types of errors (subject-verb agreement; noun-adjective agreement, etc.)
Message is largely incomprehensible due to inaccurate grammar, which alters or obscures it, OR reader must know English to comprehend much of the message.
 
 
13-15
11-12
9-10
7-8
Vocabulary/ Word Choice
_____ out of 15 points
Uses sufficient, appropriate, and varied vocabulary; English influence not apparent; rich variety of Spanish idioms; no literal translation from English.
Usually uses appropriate vocabulary with some variety; some errors in usage that do not affect the message; occasional appropriate use of Spanish idioms.
Often uses inappropriate, or non-specific vocabulary; lack of variety in word choice; avoids use of Spanish idioms; English-inluenced word choice.
Uses only elementary vocabulary; creates nonexistent words from English OR uses words in English; translates English idioms verbatim.
 
 
5
4
2-3
0
Punctuation, Spelling, and Presentation
_____ out of 5 points
Correct spelling (including accents) and punctuation; neatly typed with correct format as specified (MLA).
Occasional mechanical errors.
Frequent mechanical errors.
English spelling and punctuation: no accents; mechanical errors in most sentences.
Total
_____ out of 50 points
 
 




APPENDIX B

Argumentative Essay Rubric


Aspirational
Acceptable
Marginal
Unacceptable
Intro Paragraph


Thesis
Preview of argument
Thesis clearly states a relevant position. Argument preview complete, in same order as body of essay, not simple recitation of class material. Contains nothing other than thesis and preview.
Thesis states a relevant position, but is somewhat vague or unclear. Preview is incomplete, not in correct order; some recitation of class material. Nothing other than thesis and preview.
Thesis is largely unclear or is not directly relevant to assignment. Little identifiable preview, or preview is largely class material. Contains sentences that are neither preview nor thesis.
Thesis is completely unclear, not relevant, or missing entirely. No preview of argument. Paragraph consists largely of opinion, filler, or "contextualizing" material.

Body paragraphs and
Concluding paragraph
Main points directly develop preview and explicitly link to thesis. No extraneous material is included. Accurate account of material from readings, restated in own words; any quotations are few, short, seamlessly integrated, and correctly referenced. Conclusion effectively restates argument.
Main points develop preview, but not all are explicitly linked to thesis. Little to no extraneous material is included. Most information from readings is restated in own words, with errors being few and small; one quotation is somewhat too long, not well-integrated, or incorrectly referenced. Conclusion restates thesis but not full argument.
One or more points not clearly related to either preview or thesis. Extraneous material is included. Significant errors in material from readings; most information is quoted; two quotations are long, inaccurate, not well-integrated, or incorrectly referenced. Conclusion doesn't effectively capture thesis and/or argument.
Ideas have little or nothing to do with the assignment, and/or are poorly developed. Evident that reading material has not been understood. Body is Frankensteinian: largely stitched-together quotes, many of which may also be inaccurate. More than two references for quotations are missing. No conclusion, or mere repetition of intro.
Structure
Transitions
Logical progression of ideas with a clear argumentative structure. Transitions are graceful.
Logical progression of ideas; argumentative structure can be followed although it is not clearly developed. All transitions are present.
Some level of disorganization/lacunae disrupts progression of ideas. Argumentative structure not easy to follow. A transition is missing.
High level of disorganization or large lacunae. More than one transition is missing.
Sentences
Diction
Mechanics
Format
Writing is clear, concise, and coherent. Sentences are strong and expressive, with varied structure. There are no questions. Diction is consistently appropriate to formal writing. All language is accurate and used correctly. No errors in punctuation, spelling, capitalization. Essay has a title, author's name on each page, all pages numbered, 12 point font, easily legible print.
Writing is clear and coherent, but sometimes wordy. Sentences have varied structure. There are no questions. Diction is usually appropriate to formal writing. No more than one philosophical or other word is inaccurate or used incorrectly. There are no more than two errors in punctuation, spelling, or capitalization. One format error.
Writing is clear, but sometimes lacks coherence or is often wordy. Sentences lack variety. One question appears. Diction is often inappropriate. Two philosophical or other words are inaccurate or used incorrectly. There are three to five errors in punctuation, spelling, or capitalization. Two format errors.
Writing is unclear, confusing, incoherent, or verbose. Contains fragments and/or run-on sentences. Two or more questions are included. Inappropriate diction. Three or more philosophical or other words are inaccurate or used incorrectly. Six or more errors in punctuation, spelling, or capitalization. More than two format errors.
My thanks to Dr DeSoto of Glendale Community College for access to her ENG 101 rubric, which helped in developing this one.


























Descriptive Essay Rubric


CATEGORY
4
3
2
1
Introduction
Introductory paragraph clearly states subject of essay and captures reader's attention.
Introductory paragraph states subject of essay but is not particularly inviting to the reader.
Introductory paragraph attempts to state subject of essay but does not capture reader's attention.
No attempt is made to state the subject of the essay in an introductory paragraph.
Sensory Details
Essay includes details that appeal to at least three of the five senses (taste, touch, sound, sight, smell).
Includes details that appeal to fewer than three of the five senses.
Includes details that appeal to only one of the five senses.
Includes no details that appeal to one of the five senses.
Word Choice
Writer uses vivid words and phrases that linger or draw pictures in the reader's mind, and the choice and placement of the words seems accurate, natural and not forced.
Writer uses vivid words and phrases that linger or draw pictures in the reader's mind, but occasionally the words are used inaccurately or seem overdone.
Writer uses words that communicate clearly, but the writing lacks variety, punch or flair.
Writer uses a limited vocabulary that does not communicate strongly or capture the reader's interest. Jargon or cliches may be present and detract from the meaning.
Simile/Metaphor/Personification
Writer effectively uses simile, metaphor, and personification to describe the subject.
Writer uses one example of simile, metaphor, or personification to describe the subject.
Writer may try to use simile, metaphor, and personification but does so incorrectly.
Writer does not include simile, metaphor, or personification in essay.
Sentence Structure (Sentence Fluency)
All sentences are well-constructed with varied structure.
Most sentences are well-constructed with varied structure.
Most sentences are well-constructed but have a similar structure.
Sentences lack structure and appear incomplete or rambling.
Grammar, Spelling, Capitalization, & Punctuation
There are no errors in grammar, spelling, capitalization, or punctuation. Rubric is attached to essay. Essay is completed on time.
There are some errors; however, these errors do not distract the reader. Rubric is attached to essay. Essay is completed on time.
There are errors that distract the reader. Rubric is attached to essay. Essay is completed on time.
There are serious errors that interfere with the reader's understanding of the essay. Rubric is not attached to essay. Essay is completed on time.
 Expository Essay Rubric


Description
Intro
Body
Conclusion
Language
Other




4
Clearly addresses all parts of the writing task; maintains a clear purpose and a consistent point of view and focus; all ideas are on topic, not extraneous; essay logically flows from one paragraph to another; paragraphs fully elaborate and develop the thesis
engaging,
appropriate lead
general information
introducing the topic
clear thesis and a
statement of the main
points

well-developed topic
sentence
in-depth, accurate, and
relevant facts/concrete
details
relevant comments
without redundancy
effective concluding
sentence that restates
the topic sentence

restates the thesis
statement and the main
ideas
expands upon the
general information
provided in the
introduction
ends with a final
thought, but does not
give any new
information
effective transitions
throughout the essay
employs a variety of
sentence patterns to
enhance the writing
sentences vary in
beginnings, length, and
complexity
precise and
engaging vocabulary
writes with the
audience in mind
strong "voice"
(expressive, engaging,
enthusiastic, natural,
thought-provoking)
original and engaging
title





3
Addresses all parts of the writing task; maintains a general understanding of the purpose and mostly consistent point of view and focus; ideas are on topic; essay flows from one paragraph to another; paragraphs build and develop the thesis

appropriate lead
some general
information
introducing the topic
thesis and a
statement of the main
points

topic sentence
relevant facts, concrete
details, and supporting
comments
minimal redundancy
concluding sentence

restates the thesis
statement and the main
ideas
may include some
general information
ends with a final
thought

includes appropriate
transitions
may employ various
sentence patterns
sentences may vary in
beginnings and length
uses accurate
vocabulary

attempts to write with
the audience in mind
moderate "voice"
(sincere, but not
genuinely engaging)
appropriate title






2

Addresses only parts of the writing task; demonstrates limited understanding of the purpose and an unclear point of view and focus; lacks unity between paragraphs; weak paragraph development; lacks sufficient support for the thesis

weak, inappropriate, or
missing lead
little or no general
information
introducing the topic
weak, insufficient, or
missing thesis and
statement of the main
points


insufficient or
missing topic sentence
limited or irrelevant
facts, concrete details,
and comments
redundant information
or comments
insufficient or
missing concluding
sentence

confusing or missing
restatement of thesis,
main ideas, and
general information
missing final
thought


ineffective, awkward,
or missing transitions
simple sentence
patterns
may include confusing
or incorrect vocabulary


limited awareness of
the audience
little or no "voice"
(flat, lifeless, or
mechanical)
may or may not have a
title




1
Fails to address the writing task; demonstrates no understanding of the purpose; lacks point of view, focus, and unity between paragraphs; little or no paragraph development
inappropriate or
missing lead
no general information
introducing the topic
missing or irrelevant
thesis and main points

missing or irrelevant
topic sentence
few or no facts,
concrete details, or
support
redundant information
missing or irrelevant
concluding sentence
missing or
inappropriate

no transitions
simple, confusing, or
fragmented sentence
patterns

no awareness of the
audience
lacks "voice" (flat,
lifeless, or mechanical)
no title


www.cobblearning.net/tparks/files/2017/01/Expository-Essay-Rubric-1-2d5lgy2.doc










Narrative essay
This rubric is adapted from page 149 of the Writer's Inc. reference text.
Area 1
Ideas and Content:
_____ focuses on a specific experience or time in the writer's life.
_____ presents and appealing picture of the action and the people
_____ uses dialogue and sensory details
_____ makes the reader want to know what happens next

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Area 2
Organization:
_____ has a beginning, a middle, and an end
_____ pulls reader into the text with beginnings techniques
_____ gives events in an order that is easy to follow
_____ uses transition words and phrases to connect ideas

5 4 3 2 1
Area 3
Voice
_____ creates a tone and a mood that fits the topic
_____ shows the writer's personality

5 4 3 2 1

Area 4
Word Choice
_____ contains specific nouns, vivid verbs, and colorful modifiers
_____ uses sensory details and figurative comparisons

5 4 3 2 1

Area 5
Sentence Fluency
_____ flows smoothly from one idea to the next
_____ uses a variety of sentence lengths and structures

5 4 3 2 1

Area 6
Conventions
_____ applies basic rules of grammar, usage, and mechanics
_____ presents paper according to format listed in directions

5 4 3 2 1



APPENDIX C
RUBRIC FOR IMPROMPTOU PUBLIC SPEECH
Introduction
Needs Improvement
The candidate failed to introduce the speech OR the introduction was not useful in indicating what the speech was about.
Fair
The candidate introduced the speech, but some details were unclear. The introduction lacked an attention getter and/or a preview of main points.
Good
The candidate introduced the speech adequately, including an attention getter and a preview of the main points of the speech. Claim wasn't clearly expressed. Relevance of topic to audience needs and interests was somewhat apparent.
Excellent
ATTENTION STEP:
Excellent attention-getter. Candidate related to audience, credibility established, gave very brief introduction, and stated claim, (i.e. main idea) previewed the main points. Clearly stated the relevance of topic to audience needs and interests.
Body
The speech was difficult to follow due to a lack of organization. Little detail was given to support the main points. Difficult to identify introduction, body, and conclusion.
Organization was lacking and details were missing to the extent that some persuasive impact was compromised. Transitions need work.
Good general organization but some steps weren't clear or well-developed. Transitions were okay, but not as unique or distinct as they could be.
Main points work within the steps and are clearly distinguished with supporting details. Transitions are effectively used for coherent movement from point to point.
Conclusion
No brake light, conclusion ended rather abruptly. Most parts of conclusion were missing.
Brake light was weak or not present; the speaker concluded the speech in a disorganized fashion. Two or more important components were not present.
Brake light alerted audience to the presentation conclusion. The speaker recapped main points but missed at least one key component of conclusion (call to action, clincher, tie-back to intro...etc.)
Brake light alerted audience to the presentation conclusion. The speaker summarized the main points, tied back to the introduction to bring the speech full circle, and left the audience with a specific call to action and a powerful clincher
Voice
Audience had difficulty hearing and/or understanding much of the speech due to monotone or inappropriate variation of vocal characteristics. Inconsistent with verbal message. Excessive fluency errors interfered with message comprehension. Excessive use of vocalized fillers.
The student could be heard most of the time but at certain points were inaudible and/or inarticulate. Little pitch variation. Pacing was too slow/fast. Verbal fillers were noticeable and frequent.
Some limited variation of vocal characteristics. Use of pace, pitch, power and pauses seemed inconsistent at times. Some verbal fillers.
Natural variation of vocal characteristics (pace, pitch, power, pauses, articulation) in Standard English to heighten interest and match message appropriately. Few, if any, verbal fillers.
Eye Contact
The speaker seldom looked at the audience. Reads speech from notes. Avoided eye contact with audience. Only occasional and sporadic glances.
Conspicuous use of speaker notes. Seems disengaged from audience for noticeable periods of time.
The speaker looked up occasionally and focused on just a few people during the speech. Some use of speaker notes. Seemed a bit disengaged from audience for short periods of time.
Consistently and effectively used eye contact to establish rapport with audience. Inconspicuous use of speaker notes and effective use of scanning to established an expanded zone of interaction.




















APPENDIX D
SHORT STORY RUBRIC
ELA 7 Short Story Rubric
Plus
Check
Minus
Elements of Plot
Clearly includes all elements of plot: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. Clear and easy to follow
10
Includes all elements but may not be clear to an objective reader. May be confusing at times, but the basic story can still be followed.

7
Does not clearly include 1-2 elements. Hard to follow through most of story. Reader may be lost or confused

5
Quality Writing
All are met:
Dialogue, vivid word choice, stays on topic, good details, interesting/ creative, attention grabbing start, sentence variety

10
Some are met:
Dialogue, vivid word choice, stays on topic, good details, interesting/ creative, attention grabbing start, sentence variety
Setting is included and attempts to support the plot
7
Few are met:
Dialogue, vivid word choice, stays on topic, good details, interesting/ creative, attention grabbing start, sentence variety

5
Conflict
Main conflict is clear and adds to the story

3
Main conflict may be attempted but is not clear/partially developed
2
Main conflict is weak and not developed

1
Point of View
Clear and remains consistent (1st or 3rd) throughout the story Yes _____ No _____ 2
Theme
Clear and well presented. The theme is purposefully supported by the plot and characters of the story
3
The theme is present, but it may be simple or surface-level

2
Theme may be present but is unclear or undeveloped

1
Literary Terms
All three literary terms are purposefully and clearly included.
Symbolism _____ 3 Irony _____ 3 Foreshadowing _____ 3
Cover
Decorated and meaningful, includes title and author's name
3
Includes title and author's name; minimal effort/not visually appealing
2
Missing title or student name, or sloppy appearance/little effort
1
Writing Process
All parts of the writing process are included with the final draft including rough draft, self-check sheet, brainstorming and initial plot diagram
5
Missing 1 or 2 parts of the writing process




3
Missing 3 or 4 parts of the writing process




1
Format and Conventions
Formatting of essay is perfect, and 0-3 spelling, punctuation, or grammar errors are present. Paragraphs and dialogue are used appropriately

5
Formatting of essay is perfect, and 4-6 spelling, punctuation, or grammar errors are present. Paragraphs and dialogue are used somewhat appropriately

3
1 or more formatting errors exist, and/or 7+ spelling, punctuation, or grammar errors are present. Paragraphs and dialogue are not used appropriately
1













BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cortier, C. Characteristics of Nonfiction. New Prairie High School. https://www.angletonisd.net/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid=8256&dataid=3899&FileName=Characteristics%20of%20Nonfiction.pdf
Dr. Hallet. Elements of Fiction. The Fundamental Literary Terms That Identify Components of Narratives. https://www.carrollwooddayschool.org/uploaded/documents/ElementsofFiction6-4-10.pdf
Frank, Anne. The Diary of a Young Girl. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1944.
Klarer, M. An Introduction to Literary Studies Second Edition. USA: Routledge, 2004.
http://perpus.stkipkusumanegara.ac.id/file_digital/An%20Introduction%20to%20Literary%20Studies.pdf
Anonymous. Literary genres. California Department of Education.
Montano-dela Cruz, E., et al. Proficiency in English I. Manila: Rex Book Store Inc., 2010.
Montano-dela Cruz, E., et al. Proficiency in English IV. Manila: Rex Book Store Inc., 2010.
Mugubi, J. ALT: 101 Introduction to Literary Genres. Kenyatta University.





CURRICULUM VITAE


Name: Ardeña, Riolyn Jhane K.
Course/Degree: BSEd- English
Address: Unit III Oprra, Brgy. Kalunasan,
Cebu City
Contact Number: 09432060155
E-mail: [email protected]


Personal Background
Father: Porferio E. Ardeña, Jr. Occupation: Roofing Contractor
Mother: Lucilyn N. Kho Occupation: Housewife


Educational Background
Primary School: Mabolo Christian Academy School Year: 2010
Secondary School: Mabolo Christian Academy School Year: 2015
Tertiary School: Cebu Normal University School Year: 2015-Present