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A Presentation on Pipelines – Material Selection in Oil & Gas Industry Types of Pipeline in Oil & Gas Industry: •
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Injection lines: Pipelines injecting water / steam / polymer / gas into the wells to improve the lift. Flow lines: Pipelines from the well head to the nearest processing facility. facility. Trunk lines / Inter field lines: Pipelines between two processing facilities or from pig trap to pig trap or from block valve station to block valve station. !port lines / "oading lines: From the processing facility to the loading or e!port point. Transfer lines / #pur lines: $ranch line e!iting into trunk line or e!port line. %athering lines: &ne or more segment of pipelines forming network and connected from the wells to processing facilities. 'isposal lines: Pipe line which disposes normally produced water into disposal wells (shallow / deep). #ubsea pipelines: Pipe lines connecting the offshore production platforms to on shore processing facilities.
Fi$% ): Fi$ure showin$ Pipeline Typical Flow Scheme – Offshore "odes used in Oil & Gas Industries:
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+#, $-. 0 Pipeline transportation #ystems for li1uid hydrocarbons and other li1uids +#, $-.2 0 %as Transmission and distribution piping systems I#& 0 -34- 0 Petroleum and 5atural gas industries Pipeline transportation systems '56 0F78 0 &ffshore #tandard for submarine pipeline systems
#our +pplications: •
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5+* ,9787; 0 #ulphide stress cracking resistant materials for oilfield e1uipment I#& ;;3 0 ,aterials for use in <4# containing environments in oil and gas production
Materials: • • • • • •
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+PI ;" 0 #pecification for line pipe +PI ;"* 0 #pecification for *9+ line pipe +PI ;"' 0 #pecification for *9+ clad or "ined pipe +PI ;" 0 #pecification for Polyethylene line p ipe I#& -2- 0 Petroleum = 5atural gas industries 0 #teel Pipe I#& 3>4 0 Petroleum and 5atural gas industries 0 %lass 9einforced plastic piping +??+ , 0 ; Fibre glass pipe design
Pipeline Fittin$s: • • • • • •
I#& 0 ;;>8 0 Pipeline Induction bends I#& 0 ;;>8 0 4 Pipeline Fittings I#& 0 ;;>8 0 - Pipeline Flanges ,## 0 #P ; 0 #pecification for 0 #teel forgings for high pressure transmission service
*&4 *orrosion (#weet *orrosion) 0 %eneral metal loss due to the presence of *&4 in the process fluid. <4# *orrosion (#our *orrosion) 0 "ocaliAed metal cracking and corrosion due to presence of <4# in the process fluid. *hlorides and $icarbonates 0 *racking in the metal due to the presence of stress and chlorides in the process fluid. *orrosion due to &!ygen 0 &!idation and metal loss due to the contact of metal with o!ygen in the process fluid. ,icrobiologically induced corrosion 0 $acteria that induces corrosion particularly within <4# rosion (+brasion) corrosion 0 *orrosion due to the fluid flow and velocity within the pipe environments. *orrosion (!ternal) Threats in the facilities 0 !ternal atmospheric corrosion on above ground lines and corrosion due to soil for buried lines. *orrosion Bnder Insulation 0 !ternal corrosion due to water ingress und er the insulating materials.
Material Selection Process: • • • • • • • •
Identify corrosion threats 'efine the corrosion circuits *alculate the corrosion rate per year *alculate the #ervice "ife *orrosion (#"*) based on design life *onsider the materials options *arry out the "ife *ycle *osting ("**) 0 *ape! / &pe! / Install 9eview the materials selection w.r.t design / operating / constructability Finally select the choice materials
*# with internally coated F$ *# with internal P lining *9+ clad / lined materials
5on ,etals: • •
%lass 9einforced po!y (%9) Polyethylene (<'P)
Ad+anta$es & ,isad+anta$es of Material Options #Fi$% -':
Fi$% -: Ad+anta$es and ,isad+anta$es of materials "orrosion "ontrol in Oil & Gas Pipeline "hemical In.ections
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Purpose of injection
*orrosion inhibitor: $asically meant for *# pipelinesD forms a layer of film on the surface and protects the core pipe from corrosion attack. $atch injection or continuous #cale Inhibitor: Prevents scale formation in the pipelines by dissolving scale forming salts ?a! inhibitor : 'issolves the wa! within the crude &!ygen #cavenger : 9eacts and removes o!ygen in the fluid $iocide: 'estroys the bacteria D algae and fungi in the process fluid. *oagulant / +nti foam: 5ormally mi!ed in the separators to improve mi!ing and reducing the foam 'emulsifier: Prevents emulsion in the multiphase system 'ehydration agents: 9emoves moisture in the gas normally %lycol injection
