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A Study on the Biodiversity of Invertebrates and Seagrasses from Silaqui Island, Bolinao, Pangasinan. Tan, Eugene Francis U. 1, Tuazon, Maria Felicia D. 1, Valenzuela, Kim Patricia Nicole P. 1, Villaseran, Janina Myka G.1, & Vivas, Angelli Mutya L.1 GRP 8- 4BIO4 1
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS ESPAÑA, MANILA 1508
Abstract
Pangasinan has been exposed to many natural hazards such as earthquakes, floods, and storm surges due to its geographical location, topography and the presence of vast rivers that greatly affect those living in the low lying areas. In order to conserve biodiversity, estimations was done to evaluate Pangasinan’s biodiversity. The aim this study is to determine level of biodiversity of invertebrates and seagrasses in the coastal region of Silaqui islands, Bolinao, Pangasinan using statistical methods. In addition, this study also aims to identify species of invertebrates and seagrasses in the mentioned location. Random sampling was done on 3 sites in the coasts of Salaqui island, Pangasinan . The sites to be sampled are three 5 to 10-1x1 meter quadrats from the shore, as the starting point, moving towards the sea, as the end point. Species richness was calculated using the the Shannon-Weiner diversity index and the species evenness was investigated through the Simpson’s index. Upon deliberation of results, the data was treated using Kruskal-Wallis test. From the results of the Shannon-Weiner index can be deduced that the individuals in the population is distributed evenly. With an H value lesser than the critical value, it is then proved that at least for the sites studied the diversity is the same throughout.
Silaqui island, Pangasinan, Thallasia hemprichii, Shannon-Weiner, Simpson’s Index, Kruskal-Wallis test
Introduction
in northwestern Luzon, bounded in the north by La Union province, in the east by Nueva Ecija
The Philippines is the most biodiverse tropical
province, in the south by Tarlac province, and in
country located on the southeastern part of Asia.
the west by Zambales province. The province’s
It is an archipelago composed of 7,107 islands. It
coastal area is endowed with productive coastal
is one of the 17 mega-diversity countries, which
ecosystems, such as seagrass, coral reefs and
between themselves contain 70 to 80 percent of
mangroves that provide fishing grounds.
global biodiversity. The country’s marine waters cover 2,210,000 km2 with a coastline of 22,450
Aside from these natural calamities,
km and an estimated 27,000 km2 of coral reefs
current trends in coastal migration and the
(Ong et al.). Pangasinan is one of the largest
increasing human activities on land, coasts and
provinces in Region I and an d in the country located
seas have exerted pressure on the sustaining
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capacity of coastal and marine areas (Ong, et al.).
some of the few issues being faced by coast of
These also amplify the risks of environmental
Pangasinan. In order to conserve biodiversity,
degradation, destruction of vital coastal habitats,
estimations
loss
Pangasinan’s
of
marine
biological
diversity
and
must
be
done
biodiversity.
to
evaluate
Therefore,
the
deterioration of near shore water quality. Coral
objective of this study is to determine level of
reefs have experienced dramatic degradation and
biodiversity of invertebrates and seagrasses in
decline due to natural calamities, climate change
the coastal region of Silaqui islands, Bolinao,
impacts like coral bleaching and unabated human
Pangasinan using statistical methods. In addition,
pressures like overfishing, sedimentation and
this study also aims to identify species of
domestic pollution. Most seagrass beds are
invertebrates and seagrasses in the mentioned
moderately degraded and destroyed due to
location.
erosion and mine tailings. Methodology
Philippines is the largest contributor to the high biodiversity of the Indo-Pacific center
Research design. Random sampling was done on
(Carpteter & Springer, 2005). Biodiversity plays
3 sites in the coasts of Silaqui island, Pangasinan
a big role in the economy. Its’ vast flora and
(map shown, Figure 1-A,B). The sites to be
fauna are the main source of livelihood and
sampled are three 5 to 10-1x1 meter quadrats
income in coastal areas. One of the known sites
from the shore, as the starting point, moving
for fisheries in the country is in Pangasinan
towards the sea, as the end point. The rationale
where corals and commercial fishes dominate the
of this design is to compare presence of various
seafloors.
biodiversity,
species in 3 sites and to ensure variety of flora
Philippines is also at risk for marine danger and
and fauna in order to evaluate the overall
efforts have been made to conserve marine life.
biodiversity of the area.
Despite
its’
vast
Marine extinction and coral bleaching are just
!"#$%&'#() +, -."(+ /+0.' 7+44%5% +, -6#%"6%
1%2.&(0%"( +, 3#+4+5#6.4 -6#%"6%' 389:;<= >?@? :;ABC:;AD
B
A
C
Figure 1: (A) Philippine map, marked with a red star symbolizing Silaqui island, (B) Silaqui island with a red line marking site A, blue line marking site B and green line marking site C, C uadrat used in the field.
Research instrument. A experiment utilized a
where the species lay were also noted estimating
one 20-meter rope/string marked every meter, a
its mineral composition.
1x1 meter plastic quarter grid embedded with stable ropes (Figure 1-C) swimming equipment,
Statistical
treatment.
underwater camera, and field notebook for note
results, the data was treated using Kruskal-Wallis
taking.
test. This non-parametric statistical analysis
Upon
deliberation
of
enabled the analysis of data in between ranks and Research sampling. The 20-meter line will be
medians. This method enabled the test for
laid from the shore towards the sea. At every 1-2
overlap attribute, diversity, maximum diversity,
meter interval, a quadrat grid was placed.
evenness and dominance indexes comparisons. It
Presence of invertebrates and seagrasses were
also determined the difference between sites and
counted per selected quadrat and pictures were
percent cover and density of seagrasses species
taken for documentary purposes. The substrate
were studied.
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Results and Discussion
Site A
From the selected quadrats within the first 5
species. While the selected quadrats within 5-10
meters show a total of 53 Littorina littorea, 1
meters from the shore contain 1 Ulva lactuca and
Ulva lactuca and 12 Thalassia hemprichii
41 Thalassia hemprichii species.
An estimate of 49% of site A consists of
first five meters of the site is seen to have a 90%
Thalassia hemprichii species and an equal 49%
dead coral and 10% fine sand substrate while the
of Littorina littorea, while a meager 2 % belongs
next 5-10 meter are observed to be 80% fine
to Ulva lactuca species as seen in Figure 2. The
sand and 20% dead coral substrate.
A transect line from site A shows a distribution wherein majority (48%) of the
Littorina littorea with 28% and lease populated
by Ulva lactuca with 24% as seen in Figure 3.
species are Thalassia hemprichii followed by
%&#
!"#
!"#
%#
Littorina littorea
!&#
Littorina littorea
Ulva lactuca
Ulva lactuca
Thalassia hemprichii
Thalassia hemprichii %!#
Figure 2:Estimate of the distribution of organisms at site A from the average of the quadrat data.
Figure 3:Estimate of the distribution of organisms at site A from the average of the transect line data.
!"#$%&'#() +, -."(+ /+0.' 7+44%5% +, -6#%"6%
1%2.&(0%"( +, 3#+4+5#6.4 -6#%"6%' 389:;<= >?@? :;ABC:;AD
lactuca species as seen in Figure 4. The first five
meters of the site is seen to have a 100% dead
Site B
coral substrate while the next 5-10 meter are From the selected quadrats within the
first 5 meters show a total of 84 Littorina littorea, 1
Ulva lactuca and
observed to be 30% fine sand and 70% dead coral substrate.
5 Thalassia
hemprichii species. While the selected quadrats
within 5-10 meters from the shore contain 14 Littorina littorea and 41 Thalassia hemprichii species. An estimate of 67% of site B consists of Littorina littorea species followed by 32% of
A transect line from site B shows a distribution wherein majority (52%) of the species are Thalassia hemprichii followed by Littorina littorea with 41% and lease populated
by Ulva lactuca with 7% as seen in Figure 5.
Thalassia hemprichii, while 1 % belongs to Ulva
!)#
*%#
Littorina littorea '(#
Ulva lactuca
Littorina littorea +%#
Ulva lactuca
)#
Thalassia hemprichii
Figure 4:Estimate of the distribution of organisms at site B from the average of the quadrat.
(#
Thalassia hemprichii
Figure 5:Estimate of the distribution of organisms at site B from the average of the transect line data.
Ulva lactuca and 194 Thalassia hemprichii Site C
species. An estimate of 89% of site A consists of
From the selected quadrats within the
Thalassia hemprichii species followed by 7% of
first 5 meters show a total of 13 Littorina
Ulva lactuca, while 1 % belongs to Littorina
littorea, 14 Ulva lactuca and 125 Thalassia
littorea species as seen in Figure 6. The first five
hemprichii species. While the selected quadrats
meters of the site is seen to have a 100% dead
within 5-10 meters from the shore contain 12
coral substrate while the next 5-10 meters are
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observed to be 60% fine sand and 40% dead
pointed shell (Raynor & Rundle, 2015). These
coral substrate.
are small edible sea snails attached to the rocky ocean floors of Pangasinan. Ulva lactuca is
!#
characterized by leafy appearance, hence its
(#
Littorina littorea
common name sea lettuce (van der Wal et al.,2013: Djop et al., 2016). Lastly, Thalassia
Ulva lactuca
&"#
hemprichii also known as the sea grass is also
common to coastal regions of the country and
Thalassia hemprichii
dominates majority of the seafloor of Pangasinan (Suphapon et al., 2013: Tanaka et al.,2014).
Figure 6:Estimate of the distribution of organisms at site C from the average of the quadrat.
Species Evenness
Species evenness refers to how close
A transect line from site C shows a distribution wherein majority (84%) of the species are Thalassia hemprichii followed by Littorina littorea with 10% and lease populated
each individual in a population is therefore quantifying the equal the distribution of each individual. The evenness in the given population can be represented by the Shannon-Weiner
by Ulva lactuca with 6% as seen in Figure 7.
diversity index (H). ),#
'#
Table 1: Values used and generated for the Shannon-Weiner diversity index.
Littorina littorea Ulva lactuca
&!#
Thalassia hemprichii Figure 7:Estimate of the distribution of organisms at site C from the average of the transect line data.
n
Pi (n/N)
ln(pi)
(pi)*(ln(p i))
10
0.2222
-1.5042
-0.3342
5
0.1111
-2.1973
-0.2441
30
0.6667
-0.4054
-0.2703
Sum=
H = 0.8486
45
Species Identification
The variable pi (abundance) denotes the
Collected species of invertebrates and seagrasses were identified to be the following:
portion
Littorina littorea, Ulva lactuca, and Thalassia
population. Variable H then signifies true
hemprichii. Species were confirmed by their
diversity among the population. The value of H
morphological characteristics. Littorina littorea
ranges from 0-1, if the value generated fails to
also
is
nest within the range, it is assumed that the
characterized by broadly ovate, thick and sharply
species is not evenly distributed within the
known
as
common
periwinkle
of
individuals counted
from the
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1%2.&(0%"( +, 3#+4+5#6.4 -6#%"6%' 389:;<= >?@? :;ABC:;AD
population. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index
2.0408, where a higher value denotes greater
computed is 0.8486 therefore it can be deduced
diversity.
that the individuals in the population is not evenly distributed
Kruskal-Wallis Statistical test
The kruskal-wallis test is a non parametric test on ranks (which is the equivalent
Species Richness
of the one-way anova). This compares two or The Shannon-Weiner index increases
more groups of the same or equal size
richness and evenness of the total population.
independent of each other (Lane et al. 2013).
Researchers prefer to measure the species’
This test identifies whether there is a dominant
dominance since evenness and richness are
species and whether this dominance is the same
complimentary. To measure dominance,
in all the sites sampled. Using the values from
Simpson’s index (D) is needed.
the transect line, the data was subjected to the Kruskal –Wallis test and yielded an H value (H=
Table 2: Values used and generated for the Simpson’s index.
Species
(n)
0.088) less than the critical value or P value (5.99) as seen in Table 3. Given this we have
n(n-1)
accepted our null hypothesis, which implies that
L. littorea
10
90
for the three sites there is common dominant
U. lactuca
5
20
specie and the distribution is somewhat same
T. hemprichii
30
870
Total (N)
45
980
throughout. Table 3: Values used and generated for the Kruskal-Wallis test.
Simpson’s index (D) is the measure wherein the probability of 2 individuals take at random will
!"#$ &
belong to the same group of species. The values
!
!
#
#
$
$
obtained in chart gives weight to the species with
%
%
&!
&
'
'
most abundance. Simpson’s index of diversity
&$
(
($
)
)#
*
calculated is equal to 0.49. D value ranges from
*+
#%
*+
#(
*+
#!
0-1, which denotes that the greater the value the
, -./01 + %,**
2 + -,-))
lesser the diversity. On the other hand,
34 + $
5 + -,-%
Simpson’s reciprocal index ranges from 1 as the minimum value and the number of total samples as the maximum value. The obtained value is
!"#$ '
!"#$ (
!"#$%&'#() +, -."(+ /+0.' 7+44%5% +, -6#%"6%
1%2.&(0%"( +, 3#+4+5#6.4 -6#%"6%' 389:;<= >?@? :;ABC:;AD
In an instance wherein the H value was
(H) species richness was determined which was
seen greater than the critical value, and the null
calculated to be 0.28. It can be deduced that the
hypothesis was rejected, a post hoc in the form
individuals in the population is not distributed
of the Mann-Whitney must be done to compare
evenly. On the other hand, species evenness was
the diversity of the sites.
calculated using Simpson’s index (D). Simpson’s index of diversity is equal to 0.49, and from index (D), reciprocal of Simpson’s index can be
Conclusion
Sampling was conducted in 3 different
determined and calculated to be 2.0408. A higher
sites of Silaqui island in Pangasinan. Collected
value of reciprocal signifies a higher level of
samples were identified using morphological
diversity. The kruskal-wallis test was done to
comparisons
Using
evaluate if the diversity of species was the same
combined transect and quadrat method, species
in all three sites. With an H value lesser than the
evenness and species richness were determined.
critical value, it is then proved that at least for
The calculated value for Shannon-Weiner
the sites studied the diversity is the same
diversity index (H) is 0.308, and from the index
throughout.
of
its
characteristics.
References:
Abreo, N. A. S., Macusi, E. D., Cuenca, G. C., Ranara, C. T. B., Andam, M. B., Cardona, L. C., & Arabejo, G. F. P. (2015). Nutrient Enrichment, Sedimentation, Heavy Metals and Plastic Pollution in the Marine Environment and its Implications on Philippine Marine Biodiversity: A Review. IAMURE International Journal of Ecology and Conservation, 15, 111. Diop, M., Howsam, M., Diop, C., Goossens, J. F., Diouf, A., & Amara, R. (2016). Assessment of trace element contamination and bioaccumulation in algae (Ulva lactuca), mussels (Perna perna), shrimp (Penaeus kerathurus), and fish (Mugil cephalus, Saratherondon melanotheron) along the Senegalese coast. Marine pollution bulletin. Dizon, R. M., and Yap, H. T. (1999). Short-term responses of coral microphytobenthic communities to inorganic nutrient loading. American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc. Fortes, M. D. (2012). Historical review of seagrass research in the Philippines.
!"#$%&'#() +, -."(+ /+0.' 7+44%5% +, -6#%"6%
1%2.&(0%"( +, 3#+4+5#6.4 -6#%"6%' 389:;<= >?@? :;ABC:;AD
Gaither, M. R., & Rocha, L. A. (2013). Origins of species richness in the Indo Malay Philippine biodiversity hotspot: evidence for the centre of overlap hypothesis. Journal of Biogeography, 40(9), 1638-1648.
von der Heyden, S., Beger, M., Toonen, R. J., van Herwerden, L., Juinio-Meñez, M. A., Ravago-Gotanco, R., ... & Bernardi, G. (2014). The application of genetics to marine management and conservation: examples from the Indo-Pacific. Bulletin of Marine Science, 90(1), 123-158. Horigue, V., Aliño, P. M., White, A. T., & Pressey, R. L. (2012). Marine protected area networks in the Philippines: Trends and challenges for establishment and governance. Ocean & Coastal Management , 64, 15-26.
Lane, B. R., Campbell, S. C., & Gill, I. S. (2013). 10-year oncologic outcomes after laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomy. The Journal of urology,190(1), 44-49. Matias, A. M. A., Anticamara, J. A., & Quilang, J. P. (2013). High gene flow in reef fishes and its implications for ad-hoc no-take marine reserves. Mitochondrial DNA, 24(5), 584-595. Kneer, D., Priosambodo, D., & Asmus, H. (2014). Dynamics of seagrasses in a heterogeneous tropical reef ecosystem. Ong, P. S., Afuang, L. E., and Rosell-Ambal, R. G. (eds.) (in press). The Philippine
Biodiversity
Conservation Priorities: A second iteration of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. Conservation International, Manila, Philippines. Phillips, R. C., & McRoy, C. P. (1980). Handbook of seagrass biology: an ecosystem perspective. Garland STPM Press. Raynor, J., & Rundle, S. (2015). Exposure to predator kairomones influences egg number and size in Littorina littorea. The Plymouth Student Scientist ,8(2), 258-268. Supaphon, P., Phongpaichit, S., Rukachaisirikul, V., & Sakayaroj, J. (2013). Antimicrobial potential of endophytic fungi derived from three seagrass species: Cymodocea serrulata, Halophila ovalis and Thalassia hemprichii. PloS one, 8(8), e72520.
!"#$%&'#() +, -."(+ /+0.' 7+44%5% +, -6#%"6%
1%2.&(0%"( +, 3#+4+5#6.4 -6#%"6%' 389:;<= >?@? :;ABC:;AD
Tanaka, Y., Go, G. A., Watanabe, A., Miyajima, T., Nakaoka, M., Uy, W. H., ... & Fortes, M. D. (2014). 17-year change in species composition of mixed seagrass beds around Santiago Island, Bolinao, the northwestern Philippines. Marine pollution bulletin, 88(1), 81-85. Thayer, G. W., Bjorndal, K. A., Ogden, J. C., Williams, S. L., & Zieman, J. C. (1984). Role of larger herbvores in seagrass communities. Estuaries, 7(4), 351-376. van der Wal, H., Sperber, B. L., Houweling-Tan, B., Bakker, R. R., Brandenburg, W., & LópezContreras, A. M. (2013). Production of acetone, butanol, and ethanol from biomass of the green seaweed Ulva lactuca. Bioresource technology, 128, 431-437. Waycott, M., Duarte, C. M., Carruthers, T. J., Orth, R. J., Dennison, W. C., Olyarnik, S., ... & Kendrick, G. A. (2009). Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106 (30), 12377-12381. Wheeler, D. (2013). Statistical techniques in geographical analysis. Routledge. Worm, B., Barbier, E. B., Beaumont, N., Duffy, J. E., Folke, C., Halpern, B. S., ... & Sala, E. (2006). Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science, 314(5800), 787-790.
!"#$%&'#() +, -."(+ /+0.' 7+44%5% +, -6#%"6%
1%2.&(0%"( +, 3#+4+5#6.4 -6#%"6%' 389:;<= >?@? :;ABC:;AD
APPENDIX I - Organisms found in 5 random quadrats within the first five (1-5) meters from shore at site A
Quadrat
Littorina littorea
Ulva lactuca
Thalassia hemprichii
1. 2
4
-
-
2. 24
25
1
5
3. 13
9
-
-
4. 19
1
-
7
5. 10
5
-
-
53
1
12
TOTAL
APPENDIX II: Organisms found in 5 random quadrats within five to ten (5-10) meters from shore at site A
Quadrat
Littorina littorea
Ulva lactuca
Thalassia hemprichii
1. 7
-
-
14
2. 9
-
-
5
3. 12
-
1
7
4. 19
-
-
2
5. 23
-
-
13
0
1
41
TOTAL
APPENDIX III: Organisms found within the 10 meter transect line from the shore of site A
Organisms
Count
1. Littorina littorea
8
2. Ulva lactuca
7
3. Thalassia hemprichii
14
!"#$%&'#() +, -."(+ /+0.' 7+44%5% +, -6#%"6%
1%2.&(0%"( +, 3#+4+5#6.4 -6#%"6%' 389:;<= >?@? :;ABC:;AD
APPENDIX IV: Organisms found in 5 random quadrats within the first five (5) meters from the shore at site B.
Quadrat
Littorina littorea
Ulva lactuca
Thalassia hemprichii
1. 3
21
-
-
2. 7
12
-
3
3. 11
-
-
-
4. 5
50
1
2
5. 19
1
-
-
84
1
5
TOTAL
APPENDIX V: Organisms found in 5 random quadrats within five to ten (5-10) meters from shore at site B.
Quadrat
Littorina littorea
Ulva lactuca
Thalassia hemprichii
1. 3
-
-
9
2. 7
4
-
7
3. 11
10
-
5
4. 5
-
-
11
5. 19
-
-
9
14
0
41
TOTAL
APPENDIX VI: Organisms found within the 10 meter transect line from the shore of site B
Organisms
Count
1. Littorina littorea
17
2. Ulva lactuca
3
3. Thalassia hemprichii
24
!"#$%&'#() +, -."(+ /+0.' 7+44%5% +, -6#%"6%
1%2.&(0%"( +, 3#+4+5#6.4 -6#%"6%' 389:;<= >?@? :;ABC:;AD
APPENDIX VII: Organisms found in 5 random quadrats within the first five (5) meters from the shore at site C.
Quadrat
Thalassia
Littorina littorea
Ulva lactuca
1. 1
10
-
23
2. 5
3
5
12
3. 13
-
3
30
4. 22
-
4
25
5. 25
-
2
35
13
14
125
TOTAL
hemprichii
APPENDIX VIII: Organisms found in 5 random quadrats within five to ten (5-10) meters from shore at site C.
Quadrat
Littorina littorea
Ulva lactuca
Thalassia hemprichii
1. 3
-
-
29
2. 14
-
9
45
3. 16
-
3
30
4. 20
-
-
41
5. 21
-
-
49
0
12
194
TOTAL
APPENDIX IX: Organisms found within the 10 meter transect line from the shore of site C
Organisms
Count
1. Littorina littorea
6
2. Ulva lactuca
4
3. Thalassia hemprichii
53
!"#$%&'#() +, -."(+ /+0.' 7+44%5% +, -6#%"6%
1%2.&(0%"( +, 3#+4+5#6.4 -6#%"6%' 389:;<= >?@? :;ABC:;AD
APPENDIX X: Computation for the Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index
!"#$ !
!
!
!" !
!" !
!! !"#$
!"#$$#%%
!
!
!
!
!! !"!# !! !!"#
!"#$
!! !"#$ !
!! !!
APPENDIX XI: Computation for the Simpson’s Index
!
!
!
! ! !!
! !
!!!
! !!
!"# !
!
!"#$%&! !
!"#$%&!
!
!
!
!"!!!!
!"#$% !!!
!
!"#$%&'#() !"#
%$!! !" ! !
!
!! !"!#
!"#$%&'#() +, -."(+ /+0.' 7+44%5% +, -6#%"6%
1%2.&(0%"( +, 3#+4+5#6.4 -6#%"6%' 389:;<= >?@? :;ABC:;AD
APPENDIX XI: Computation for the Kruskal Wallis Test
!
!
!
!!
! !! ! !!
! !! ! !!
!
!!
!
!
! ! !! ! !!
!
!" ! !" ! !"
!" !
!
!"
!
!
!
!
! ! !! ! !!
!! !!
Ho: All three sites are similar in terms of dominant species and general biodiversity. Ha: One or two of the three sites are dissimilar in terms of dominant species and general biodiversity.
Crit value = 5.99 = 0.05
!
df = 3-1 = 2 H< Crit value
Since H < Crit value, ACCEPT HO
