Advertising Class Notes

University of Development Alternative (UODA)

Advertising and Promotion Management

Reza Fakhruzzaman, Course Teacher Table of contents 1. I NTRODUCTION : I NTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATION ..................................................................................................2 2. PROMOTIONAL MIX: THE TOOLS FOR IMC..........................................................................................................................4 3. PROMOTION - ADVERTISING : I NTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................9 4. SOURCE, MESSAGE, AND CHANNEL FACTORS :...................................................................................................................13 5. ADVERTISING - SETTING THE ADVERTISING BUDGET..........................................................................................................19 6. ADVERTISING - EFFECTIVENESS?......................................................................................................................................21 7. ADVERTISING - MEDIA....................................................................................................................................................22 8. ADVERTISING - WHY AND WHAT?...................................................................................................................................23 9. PROMOTION - DIRECT MARKETING ..................................................................................................................................25 11. PROMOTION - PERSONAL SELLING ..................................................................................................................................29 12. PROMOTION - PUBLIC R ELATIONS ELATIONS ..................................................................................................................................31 13. PROMOTION - PUSH AND PULL STRATEGIES ......................................................................................................................34 14. PROMOTION - SALES PROMOTION ...................................................................................................................................36 15. PROMOTION - SPONSORSHIP...........................................................................................................................................38

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1. Introduction: Integrated Marketing Communication The global market place consists of an increasingly complex arena of competitors within a rapidly changi changing ng enviro environme nment. nt. New compan companies ies are formed formed on a daily daily basis, basis, from from small small busin business ess to internet-based operations, to expanding global conglomerates originating from major takeovers and mergers. At the same time big market leaders invest a lot in marketing activities. From approaches as simple as using billboards to methods as complex as established global websites, the number a nd ways to reach out to customers continually increases.

In the face of these sophisticated and cluttered market conditions, firms try to be heard. They attempt to speak with clear voice about the natures of their operations and the benefits associated with with the the firm’ firm’ss good goodss and and serv service ices. s. With With so many many choi choice cess avail availab able, le, and and so many many medi mediaa bombarding potentials customers with messages, it is vital that what should be communicated is reaching buyers in a clear and consistent manner.

Integrated Integrated Marketing Communications

An Integrated Marketing Communications program is based on the foundation provided by the communication model. IMC programs have been described in several ways; the consensus is to define define them them as follow follows: s: Integra Integrated ted Marketi Marketing ng Communic Communicatio ation n (IMC) (IMC) is the coordina coordinatio tion n and

integration of all marketing communication tools, avenues, and sources within a company into a seamless program that maximizes the impact on consumers and other end users at a minimal cost. This integration integration affects all firm’s business-t business-to-bu o-busines siness, s, marketing marketing channel, channel, customer-foc customer-focused, used, internally directed communications.

Anothe Anotherr defini definitio tion n from from the Americ American an Associ Associati ation on and of Advert Advertisi ising ng Agenci Agencies es (4As) (4As) ; “ a

conc concep epts ts of mark market etin ing g comm commun unic icat atio ions ns plan planni ning ng that that reco recogn gniz izes es the the adde added d valu valuee of a comprehensive plan that evaluates the strategic roles of a variety of communication disciplines— for example example,, general general adverti advertising sing,, direct direct response response,, sales sales promotio promotion, n, and public public relatio relations—a ns—and nd combines these disciplines to provide clarity, consistency, and maximum communications impact.”

Integrated Integrated Marketing Communication Communication (IMC) is the coordinati coordination on and integration integration of all marketing marketing commun communicat ication ion tools, tools, avenue avenues, s, and source sourcess within within a compan company y into into a seamless progra program m that that maximizes the impact on consumers and other end users at a minimal cost .

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Reasons for the Growing Importance of IMC,

The move towards integrated marketing communications is one of the most significant marketing developments that occurred during the 1990s, and the shift toward this approach is continuing as we begin the new country. The IMC approach to marketing communications planning and strategy is being adopted by both large and small companies as business-to-business marketers. There are a number of reasons why marketers are adopting IMC approach.

The IMC approach approach to marketing marketing communications communications planning planning and strategy is being adopted by both large and small companies as business-to-business marketers. There are a number of reasons why marketers are adopting IMC approach.

A fundamental fundamental reason is that they understand understand the value of strategically strategically integrating integrating the various various communications functions rather than having them operates autonomously. The move to integrated integrated marketing communicati communications ons also reflects an adaptation by marketers to a changing environment, particularly with respect to consumers, technology, and media.

Major characteristics of this marketing revolution include: 

A shifting of marketing dollars from media advertising to other forms of promotions.

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A movement away from relying on advertising-focused approaches, which emphasize mass media such as network television and national magazines, to solve communication problem.

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The Web alone cannot be used to build brands; brand awareness potential is limited

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Best bet is to wed traditional branding efforts with the interactivity and service capabilities of online communications

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Web efforts can enhance relationships

Using IMC, the company carefully integrates and coordinates its many communication channels to deliver a clear, consistent, and compelling message about the organization and its brands

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2. Promotional Mix: the tools for IMC It is not enough to have good products sold at attractive prices. To generate sales and profits, the benefits of products have to be communicated to customers. Promotion is all about companies communicating with customers.

A business' total marketing communications program is called the "promotional mix" and consists of a blend of advertising, personal selling, sales promotion and public relations tools. In this revision note, we describe the four key elements of the promotional mix in more detail. It is helpful to define the four main elements of the promotional mix before considering their strengths and limitations.

A business' total marketing communications program is called the promotional mix and consists of a blend of: •

Advertising

•

Direct marketing

•

Internet/interactive marketing

•

Personal selling

•

Sales promotion

•

Public relations tools

Promotion has several possible objectives and many pieces of marketing promotion aim to achieve several of the following objectives at the same time: Inform

Management may need to make their audience aware that their product exists, and to explain exactly what it does. This is a particularly important objective for new products Persuade

An important stage in creating favorable attitudes towards the business and its brands. Through persuasive promotion, management will seek to persuade customers and the trade that their brand has benefits that are superior to competitors Image creation

Sometimes, promoting a brand image is the only way to create differentiation in the mind of the consumer (e.g. lager advertising) Reassurance

Much promotion promotion (particularly (particularly advertising) advertising) is about about reassuring reassuring customers customers that they have made the right choice and encouraging them to stay loyal to a brand.

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There are a large and growing number of promotional methods that businesses can use. The main instruments - advertising, direct response mailing, sales promotion, public relations and direct selling, are often mixed together as part of the promotional mix. Each has different strengths. What is important is that the promotional mix is carefully planned and the results monitored to ensure that the total promotional cost is controlled.

Advertising

Any paid form of nonpersonal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services by an identified sponsor. 

Can reach masses of geographically dispersed buyers.



Can repeat a message many times.

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Is impersonal, one-way communication.

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Can be very costly for some media types.

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Reaches large, geographically dispersed audiences, often with high frequency

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Low cost per exposure, though overall costs are high

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Consumers perceive advertised goods as more legitimate



Dramatizes company/brand



Builds brand image; may stimulate short-term sales

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Impersonal; one-way communication

Direct Marketing-DM

In direct direct market marketing ing organi organizati zations ons commun communicat icatee direct directly ly with with target target custom customers ers to genera generate te a response and/or a transaction. One of the major tools of DM is direct response advertising, whereby a product is



promo promoted ted throug through h an ad that that encour encourage agess the consum consumer er to purcha purchase se direct directly ly from from the manufacturer. DM tools and techniques are also being used by companies that distribute their



products through traditional distribution channels or have their own sales force. 

Many forms: Telephone marketing, direct mail, online marketing, etc.



Four characteristics: o

Nonpublic

o

Immediate

o

Customized

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University of Development Alternative (UODA) o

Interactive Well-suited to highly targeted marketing efforts



Interactive/Internet Marketing

Interactive Interactive media allow for a back-and-for back-and-forth th flow of information information whereby whereby users can participate in and modify the form and content of the information they receive in real time. Unlike traditional forms of marketing communications such as advertising, which are one-way in nature, the new media media allow allow users users to perfor perform m a variety variety of functi functions ons such as receive receive and alter inform informati ation on and images, make inquires, respond to questions, and, of course, make purchase.

Sales Promotion

Sales promotion consists of short-term incentives to encourage the purchase or sales of a product or service. The idea behind sales promotion is to generate immediate sales.

Sales Promotions are defined as those marketing activities that provide extra value to the sales force, the distributors, or the ultimate consumers and can stimulate immediate sales. 

May be targeted at the trade or ultimate consumer



Makes use of a variety of formats: premiums, coupons, contests, etc.

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Attracts Attracts attention, attention, offers strong strong purchase purchase incentives, incentives, dramatizes offers, boosts boosts sagging sagging sales

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Stimulates quick response

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Short-lived

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Not effective at building long-term brand preferences

Sales Promotion Sales promotion is generally broken into two major categories: 

Consumer-oriented sales promotion:

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Trade-oriented sales promotion:

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Sales Force promotion:

Important note: Promotion and sales promotion are two terms that often create confusion in the adve adverti rtisi sing ng and and mark market etin ing g field fields. s. Prom Promot otio ion n is an elem element ent of mark market etin ing g by whic which h firm firmss communicate with their customers; it includes all the promotional-mix elements. In this course PROMOTION is used in broader sense to refer the various marketing communications activities.

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Publicity/Public Relations

Publicity refers to nonpersonal communications regarding an organization, product, service, or idea not directly paid for or run under identified sponsorship.

building ng good good relatio relations ns with with the compan company’s y’s variou variouss publics publics by obtain obtaining ing Public relation relation is buildi favorable publicity, building up a good corporate image, and handling or heading off unfavorable rumors, stories, and events. 

Highly credible



Many forms: news stories, news features, events and sponsorships, etc.

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Reaches many prospects missed via other forms of promotion

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Dramatizes company or benefits

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Often the most underused element in the promotional mix

Personal selling

Personal selling defines as the form of person-to-person communication in which a seller attempts to assist and/or persuade prospective buyers to purchase the company’s product or service or to act on an idea. This face to face interaction gives the marketer communication flexibility; the seller can see or hear the potential buyer’s reactions and modify message accordingly. 

Most effective tool for building buyers’ preferences, convictions, and actions

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Personal interaction allows for feedback and adjustments

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Relationship-oriented

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Buyers are more attentive

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Sales force represents a long-term commitment

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Most expensive of the promotional tools

Promotional Management Management

In develo developin ping g an integr integrate ated d market marketing ing commun communicat ication ionss strateg strategy, y, a compan company y combin combines es the promotional-mix elements, balancing the strengths and weaknesses of each, to produce an effective promotion promotional al campaign. campaign. Promotional Management involves coordinati coordinating ng the promotional promotional-mix -mix Management involves elements to develop a controlled, integrated program of effective marketing communications.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Each Element of the Promotional Mix Mix Element

Advantages

Disadvantages

Good

Advertising

for

building

•

awareness

Impersonal - cannot answer

Effective Effective at reaching reaching a wide audience of

main ain

Not good at getting customers to make a

bra brand nd and and prod produc uctt posi positi tion onin ing g help helpss

final

build customer trust

decision

High Highly ly inte intera ract ctiv ivee

Personal Selling

-

a

customer's questions •

Repe Repeti titi tio on

all

•

purcha chasing

Costly Costly - employ employing ing

lots of communication between the buyer

a sales force rce has

and seller

many many hidd hidden en cost costss Excellent

com communi munica cati tin ng

comp comple lex x

for /

detai etaile led d

in addition to wages •

product information and features

Not suitable if there are

Relati Relations onship hipss can be

thousands

of

important buyers

built up - important if closing the sale make take a long time Can Can stim stimul ulat atee quick quick

Sales Promotion

increases

in

pro promo moti tion onal al

sales incen incenti tive vess

by on

•

If

used

over

the

targeting

long-term,

part partic icul ular ar

cust custom omers ers may may get get

products

used to the effect Good

short

term

•

tactical tool

Too

much

promotion

may

dama damage ge the the bran brand d image Ofte Often n seen seen as more more

Public Relations

•

Risk

of

losing

-

cannot

"credible" - since the message seems to

control

be be com coming ing from from a thir third d part party y (e. (e.g.

always control what

magazine, newspaper)

othe otherr peop people le writ writee

Cheap reac eaching

many

way

customers -

of if

the

or say say abou aboutt your your product

publi publicit city y is achiev achieved ed throug through h the right right media

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3. Promotion - Advertising: Introduction

The Institute of Practitioners in Advertising (IPA), the body which represents advertising agencies, defines advertising as: "The means of providing the most persuasive possible selling message to the right prospects at the lowest possible cost".

Kotler and Armstrong provide an alternative definition: "Advertising is any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and services through mass media such as newspapers, magazines, television or radio by an identified sponsor".

The Five Ms of Advertising

or Major Decisions in Advertising

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There are five main stages in a well-managed advertising campaign: Stage 1: Set Advertising Objectives

An advertising objective is a specific communication task to be achieved with a specific target audience during a specified period of time. Advertising objectives fall into three main categories: (a) To inform - e.g. tell customers about a new product (b) To persuade - e.g. encourage customers to switch to a different brand (c) To remind - e.g. remind buyers where to find a product Stage 2: Set the Advertising Budget

Marketers should remember that the role of advertising is to create demand for a product. The amount spent on advertising should be relevant to the potential sales impact of the campaign. This, in turn will reflect the characteristics of the product being advertised.

Factors considered when budget-setting: 

Stage of product life cycle

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Market share and consumer base

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Competition and clutter

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Advertising frequency

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Product substitutability

For example, new products tend to need a larger advertising budget to help build awareness and to encourage consumers to trial the product. A product that is highly differentiated may also need more advertising to help set it apart from the competition - emphasizing the points of difference. Setting the advertising budget is not easy - how can a business predict the right amount to spend. Which parts of the advertising campaign will work best and which will have relatively little effect? Often businesses use "rules-of-thumb" (e.g. advertising/sales ratio) as a guide to set the budget. Stage 3: Determine the key Advertising Messages Messages

Spending a lot on advertising does not guarantee success (witness the infamous John Cleese campaign for Sainsbury). Research suggests that the clarity of the advertising message is often more important than the amount spent.

Factors considered when choosing the advertising message: 

Message generation



Message evaluation and selection

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Message execution

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Social responsibility review

The advertising message must be carefully targeted to impact the target customer audience. A successful advertising message should have the following characteristics: 10


(a) Meaningful - customers should find the message relevant (b) Distinctive - capture the customer's attention (c) Believable - a difficult task, since research suggests most consumers doubt the truth of advertising in general Stage 4: Decide which Advertising Media to Use

There are a variety of advertising advertising media from which to choose. choose. A campaign campaign may use one or more of the media alternatives. The key factors in choosing the right media include: (a) Reach - what proportion of the target customers will be exposed to the advertising? (b) Frequency - how many times will the target customer be exposed to the advertising message? (c) Media Impact - where, if the target customer sees the message - will it have most impact? (d) Choosing Media Type; Factors to consider: •

•

Media habits of target consumers Nature of the product

•

Type of message

•

Cost

•

Media vehicles 

Specific media within each general media type

(e) Determining media timing: Must decide how to schedule the advertising over the course of a year.

•

•

Follow seasonal pattern

•

Oppose seasonal pattern

•

Same coverage all year

Choose the pattern of the ads •

Continuity

•

Pulsing

(f) Deciding on geographical media allocation For example does an advert promoting holidays for elderly people have more impact on Television (if so, when and which channels) or in a national newspaper or perhaps a magazine focused on this segment of the population? Another key decision in relation to advertising media relates to the timing of the campaign. Some products products are particularly particularly suited to seasonal seasonal campaigns on television television (e.g. Christmas Christmas hampers) whereas for other products, a regular advertising campaign throughout the year in media such as news newspa pape pers rs and and spec specia iali list st maga magazi zine ness (e.g. (e.g. cott cottag agee holi holida days ys in the the Lake Lake Dist Distri rict ct)) is more more appropriate. Stage 5: Evaluate the results of the Advertising Campaign

The evaluation of an advertising campaign should focus on two key areas: (1) The Communication Effects - is the intended message being communicated effectively and to the intended audience?

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(2) The Sales Effects - has the campaign generated the intended sales growth. This second area is much more difficult to measure.

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4. Source, Message, and Channel Factors:

To develop an effective advertisement and promotion campaign, a firm must select the right spokesperson to deliver a compelling message through appropriate channels or media. Source, controlla llable ble elements elements in the commun communicat ication ion model. model. The message, message, and channels channels factors factors are contro helps market marketer er to see how each contro controlla llable ble elemen elements ts intera interacts cts with with the persuasion matrix helps consumer’s response process. Dependent variables are the steps a receiver goes through in being persuaded. Marketers can choose the person or source who delivers the message, the type of message appeal used, and the channel medium. Promotional planners need to know how decisions about each independent variables influence the stage of the response hierarchy so that they don’t enhance one stage at the expense of another. The following examples, which correspond to the numbers in the figure, illustrate decisions that can be evaluated with the persuasion Independent Variables: The communication components Dependent Variables: Steps in being persuaded Message

Source

Message

Receiver

Destination

2

Presentation Attention Comprehension Yielding Retention Behavior

Channel

4 1 3

1. Rec Receiv eiver/ er/com compre prehen hensio sion: n: Can the receiv receiver er compre comprehen hend d the ad? Marketers must know

their target market to make their message clear and understandable. A less educated person may have more difficulty interpreting a complicated message. 2. Channe Channel/p l/pres resent entati ation: on: Which Which me media dia will will increa increase se presen presentat tation ion? ? Marketer should think

about the media where the advertisement will be presented. 3. Me Messa ssage ge yieldin yielding: g: Wh What at type type of message message will create create favorabl favorablee attitu attitudes des or feeli feelings? ngs?

Marketers generally try to create agreeable message that lead to positive feelings toward the product or service. large 4. Sour Source ce Atte Attent ntio ion: n: Wh Who o will will be effe effect ctiv ivee in gett gettin ing g cons consum umer ers’ s’ atte attent ntio ion? n? The large number of ads we are bombarded with everyday makes it difficult for advertisers to break through the clutter. Marketers deals with this problem by using sources who will attract the audience’s attention—actors, athletes, rock stars, or attractive models.

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Source Factor: Source Credibility, Source Attractiveness and Source Power, 

Personal Persona l source may be influential influe ntial



Word-of-mouth



Direct source : is a spokesperson who delivers message or demonstrate a product or services.

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Indirect source : is a model who doesn’t actually the message but draws attention to enhance the ad.

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Some ads use neither direct nor an indirect source; the source is the organization with the message to communicate.

Herbert Herbert Kelman developed developed three basic categories categories of source source attributes: attributes: credibility, credibility, attractivenes attractiveness, s, and power. Each influences the recipient’s attitude or behavior through a different process. Source Attribute

Process

Credibility

Internationalization

Attractiveness

Identification

Power

Compliance

Source Credibility Credibility is the extent to which the recipient sees the source as having relevant knowledge, skill, or experience and trusts the source gives unbiased objective information. Information from a credible source influences beliefs, opinions, attitudes, or behavior through a process known as internalization, which occurs when a receiver adopts the opinion of the credible source is accurate. Two dimensions to credibility, expertise and trustworthiness. Applying expertise 

Companies use a variety of techniques to convey source expertise.



Sales personnel are trained in the product line, which increases customers’ perception.

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Marketers of highly technical products recruit sales rep with technical background.

Applying trustworthiness 

While expertise is important, the target audience must also find the source believable. Finding celebrities with a trustworthy image is often difficult.

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University of Development Alternative (UODA) 

Many Many trustw trustwort orthy hy public public figure figuress hesita hesitate te to endors endorsee produc products ts becaus becausee of the potent potential ial impact on their reputation.

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Overheard-conversation technique to enhance trustworthiness.



By using other IMC tools such as publicity, trustworthiness can be increased.



Using corporate leaders as spokespeople

Limitations of credible source 

High and low-credibility sources are equally effective when they are arguing for a position opposing their best interest.

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Very credible source is more effective when message recipients are not in favor of the position advocated in the message.

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Very credible source is less effective when the audience has a neutral position.

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Another reason a low-credibility source may be as effective as a high-credibility source is the sleeper effect , whereby the persuasiveness of a message increases with the passage of time.

Source Attractiveness 

A source characteristics frequently used by advertisers is attractiveness, which encompasses similarity, familiarity, and likability.

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Similarity is a supposed resemblance between the source and the receiver of the message, while familiarity refers to knowledge of the source through exposure.

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Source Source attract attractive ivenes nesss leads leads to persua persuasio sion n throug through h a proces processs of identification, whereby the receiver is motivated to seek some type of relationship with the source and thus adopts similar beliefs, attitudes, preferences, or behavior. Applying Similarity

Marketers recognize that people are more likely to be influenced by a message coming form someone with whom they feel to have similarity. Applying Likability: using celebrities

Advertisers recognize the value of using spokespeople who are admired: TV and movie stars, athletes, athletes, musicians, musicians, and other popular public figures. They think celebrities celebrities have stopping is; they they draw draw atte attent ntio ion n to adve advert rtis isin ing g mess messag agee in a very very clut clutte tere red d medi mediaa power power that that is; environment. A numb number er of fact factor orss must must be cons consid ider ered ed when when a comp compan any y deci decide dess to use use a cele celebr brit ity y spokesperson, including the dangers of – 

Overshadowing the product

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Overexposure



Target audiences’ receptivity

Risk to the advertisers 

Celebrities’ personal life problem…..

Applying Likability: decorative models

Advertisers often draw attention to their ads by featuring a physically attractive person who serves as a passive or decorative model rather than as an active communicator. Research suggests that physically attractive communicators generally have a positive impact and generate more favorable evaluations of both ads and products than less attractive models.

Source Power 

The final characteristics in Kelman’s classification scheme is source power.

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A source has power when he or she can actually administer rewards and punishments to the receiver.



The power of source depends on several factors. The source must be perceived as being able to administer positive or negative sanctions to the receiver (perceived control) and the receiver must think the source cares about whether or not the receiver conforms (perceived concern) the receiver’s estimate of the source’s ability to observe conformity is also important ( perceived scrutiny).



When a receiver perceives a source as having power, the influence process occurs through a process known as compliance

Message Factors: Message Structure, and Message Appeals The The way mark market etin ing g comm commun unica icati tion onss are are pres presen ente ted d is very very impo importa rtant nt in deter determi mini ning ng thei their r effecti effectiven veness ess.. Promot Promotion ional al manage managers rs must must consid consider er not only only the conten contentt of their their persua persuasiv sivee message but also how this information will be structured for presentation and what type of message appeal will be used.

Message Structure 

Marketing communications usually consists of number of message points that the

communicator wants to get across. An important aspect of message strategy is knowing the best way to communicate these points and overcome any opposing viewpoints audience members may hold.

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Extensive research has been conducted on how the structure of a persuasive message

can can infl influe uenc ncee its effec effecti tive vene ness ss,, incl includ udin ing g orde orderr of pres presen enta tati tion, on, conc conclu lusi sion on drawi drawing ng,, message sidedness, refutation, and verbal versus visual message characteristics. Order presentation:

Research on learning and memory generally indicates that items presented first and last are remembered better than those presented in the middle. 

Presenting Presenting the strongest strongest arguments arguments at the beginning beginning of the message assume a primacy

effect is operating, whereby information presented first is most effective. 

Putting the strongest argument at the end assumes a recency effect , whereby the last arguments presented are most persuasive.

Conclusion drawing:

Marketing communication must decide whether their message should explicitly draw a firm conclusion or allow receivers to draw their own conclusions. Research suggests that, in general, messag messagee with with explici explicitt conclu conclusio sion n are more more easily easily unders understoo tood d and effecti effective ve in influe influenci ncing ng attitudes. However, other studies have shown that the effectiveness of conclusion drawing may depend on the target audience, the types of issue or topic, and nature of the situation. Message Sidedness:

Another message structure decision facing the marketer involves message sidedness. 

mentions ns only only positi positive ve attribu attributes tes or benefi benefits. ts. One sided sided A one-side one-sided d message message mentio message are most effective when the target audience are already got a favorable opinion about the topic.



presents both good or bad points. points. It is more effective when the Two sided message presents target audience audience holds an opposing opposing opinion opinion or is highly highly educated. educated. Two sided message message may enhance the credibility of the source.

Refutation:

In a special type of two sided message known as a refutational appeal, the communicator presents both sides of an issue then refutes the opposing viewpoint. Verbal versus visual message:

The nonverbal, visual elements of an ad are also very important. Both verbal and visual portions of an ad influence the way the advertising message is processed. Consumers may develop images or impressions based on visual elements.

Message Appeals 17


One of the advert advertise isers’ rs’ most most import important ant creativ creativee strate strategy gy decisi decision onss involv involves es the choice choice of an appr approp opria riate te appe appeal. al. Some Some ads ads are desi design gned ed to appe appeal al to the the ratio rationa nal, l, logi logical cal aspe aspect ct of the the consum consumer’ er’ss decisi decision on making making proces process; s; others others appeal appeal to feeling feelingss in an attemp attemptt to evoke evoke some some emotional reaction. Many believe that effective advertising combines the practical reasons for purchasing a product with emotional values. Comparative advertising

It is the practice either directly or indirectly naming competitors in an ad and comparing one or more specific attributes. attributes. This may be particularly particularly useful for new brands, brands, since it allows allows a new market entrant to position itself directly against the more established brands and to promote its distinctive advantages. Fear Appeals:

Fear is an emotional response to a threat that expresses, or at least implies, some sort of danger. Ads sometimes use fear appeals to evoke this emotional response and arouse individuals to take steps to remove the threat. eg. Drug ads, Humor Appeals:

Humorous ads are often the best known and best remembered of all advertising message. Humoro Humorous us is usuall usually y presen presented ted throug through h radio radio and TV commer commercial cialss as these these media media lend lend themselves to the execution of humorous message.

Channel Factor: Personal Vs. Nonpersonal Channel, Channel Effectiveness. The final controllable variable of the communication process is the channel, or medium, used to deliver the message to the target audience. Personal Vs. Nonpersonal Channel

There are a number of basic differences between personal and nonpersonal communications channels. Information received from personal influence channel is generally more persuasive than information received via mass media. Effects of alternative mass media 

Differences of information processing

Effects of context and environment environment Clutter

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5. Advertising - Setting the Advertising Budget Introduction

A famous comment usually attributed to Lord Leverhulme goes: “I know that half of my advertising budget is wasted, but I’m not sure which half”

It is notoriously difficult to measure the effect of advertising on a business’ sales. Advertising is just one of the variables that might affect sales in a particular period. These include: •

• Consumer and business confidence

•

• Levels of disposable income

•

• Availability of product (e.g. does the retailer actually have stock to sell?)

•

• Availability of competing products

•

• The weather (often blamed by retailers for poor sales!)

How can a business know whether a specific advertising campaign was effective? As a percentage of sales, advertising expenditure varies enormously from business to business, from market to market. For example, the leading pharmaceutical companies spend around 20% of sales on advertising, whilst business such as Ford and Toyota spend less than 1%. An average for fast-moving consumer goods markets (“FMCG”) is around 8-10% of sales. In practice, the following approaches are used for setting the advertising budget: Approaches to setting the advertising budget Method (1) Fixed percentage of sales

In markets with a stable, predictable sales pattern, some companies set their advertising spend cons consis isten tentl tly y at a fixe fixed d perce percent ntag agee of sales sales.. This This poli policy cy has has the the adva advant ntag agee of avoi avoidi ding ng an “advertising war” which could be bad news for profits. However, there are some disadvantages with this approach. This approach assumes that sales are directly related to advertising. Clearly this will not entirely be the case, since other elements of the promotional mix will also affect sales. If the rule is applied when sales are declining, the result will be a reduction in advertising just when greater sales promotion is required! Method (2) Same level as competitors

This This approa approach ch has widesp widesprea read d use use when when produ products cts are well-es well-estab tablis lished hed with with predic predictabl tablee sales sales patterns. It is based on the assumption that there is an “industry average” spend that works well for all major players in a market. A major problem with this approach (in addition to the disadvantages set out for the example above) is that it encourages businesses to ignore the effectiveness of their advertising spend – it makes them “lazy”. It could also prevent a business business with competitive competitive advantages advantages from increasing increasing market share by spending more than average. Method (3) Task

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The task approach approach involves setting marketing marketing objectives objectives based on the “tasks” that the advertising advertising has to complete. These These tasks could be financial in nature nature (e.g. achieve achieve a certain increase increase in sales, profits) or related to the marketing activity that is generated by the campaigns. For example: • Numbers of enquiries received quoting the source code on the advertisement • Increase in customer recognition / awareness of the product or brand (which can be measured) • Number of viewers, listeners or readers reached by the campaign Method (4) Residual

The residual approach, which is perhaps the worst of all, is to base the advertising budget on what the business can afford – after all other expenditure. There is no attempt to associate marketing objectives with levels of advertising. In a good year large amounts of money could be wasted; in a bad year, the low advertising budget could guarantee a further low year for sales.

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6. Advertising - Effectiveness? Judging the effectiveness of advertising

How can the effectiveness of an advert be judged? The answer depends on what objectives or tasks were set for the advert. The table below sets out some possible objectives/tasks and how the effectiveness of the advert might be measured: Advertising objective Stimulate an increase in sales

How success can be measured

- Number of enquiries from advert - Number of enquiries converted into sales -

the

Remind customers of the existence of a product

Inform customers

Test Test cust custom omer er awar awaren enes esss both both befor beforee and and after after

-

adverti rtising cam campaign

-

- Nu Number of en enquiries

- Test customer awareness - Number of requests for further information -Sales

Build a brand image

-Test -Test custom customer er awarene awareness ss of brand brand recogn recogniti ition on and perceived values

Build customer loyalty and relationship

- Levels of repeat purchase - Levels of customer retention - Measure demographic profile of purchases

Change customer attitudes

- Measure type of goods ordered by new purchasers - Compare with previous data

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7. Advertising- Media Advertising media

There is a huge variety of media available through which a business can conduct an advertising campaign. What are the main types of media and what considerations should a business make in choosing between them? The starting point in the selection of appropriate advertising media is a “media analysis”. This can be defined as: "An investigation investigation into the relative effective effectiveness ness and the relative relative costs costs of using the various advertising media in an advertising campaign"

Before committing an advertising budget it is necessary to carry out marketing research on: - Potential customers - Their reading habits, television-watching habits - How many times the advertisers wish the potential customers to see an advertisement - How great a percentage of the market they wish to reach, etc. These elements all need to be considered and balanced to plan a campaign that will effectively reach its target audience at a reasonable cost. A useful distinction can be made between “published media” and “visual/aural media”. Published or print media include: 

• National daily newspapers



• Sunday newspapers



• Local and regional newspapers



• Consumer magazines



• Specialist magazines



• Trade and professional press



• Internet

Visual and aural media include: 

• Television (terrestrial and digital)



• Radio



• Cinema



• Billboards



• Transport



• Direct mailing

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8. Advertising- Why and What? Why and what should a business advertise? advertise?

Befo Before re unde undert rtak akin ing g an adve advert rtis isin ing g camp campaig aign, n, mark market eters ers shou should ld be able able to answ answer er two two key key questions: (1) Why are we advertising? (2) What are we advertising?

On the face of it these seem like two fairly obvious questions. But they are significant. Advertising can be a very expensive promotional tool. It is widely believed that much advertising spend is wasted. So careful consideration about “Why” and “What” can pay dividends. Why advertise?

The following may be good reasons why a business is advertising: 

• To create awareness, customer interest or desire



• To boost sales (moving the demand curve to the right)



• To build brand loyalty (or to maintain it at the existing level)



• To launch a new product



• To change change customer customer attitudes – perhaps perhaps trying to move a product product more “upmarket” “upmarket” or to dispel some widely held perceptions about the product



• To support the activities of the distribution channel (e.g. supporting a “pull” strategy)



• To build the company or brand image



• To reminds and reassure customers



• To offset competitor advertising – businesses may defend market share by responding to competitors’ campaigns with their own advertising



• To boost public standing: companies can boost their public standing with advertisements that link them with generally approved campaigns such as care for the environment



• To support the sales force – advertising can make the job of the sales force easier and more effective by attracting attracting leads from potential potential customers customers and perhaps perhaps motivate them by boosting the profile of the business

Take a look through through any magazine and select a sample sample of adverts. adverts. Which of the above reasons do you think are behind the adverts you choose? Don’t forget that some adverts aim to achieve multiple objectives. What to advertise?

Factors that help answer the “what are we advertising”? focus on what the advertising message should be. In general, there are really only two kinds of effective advertising message: Firstly, does the business/product have a Unique Selling Proposition (“USP”) A unique selling proposition is a customer benefit that no other product can claim

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In reality these are rare, although that does not stop marketers from claiming them for their products. Secondly, does the thing that is being advertised “add value” and if so, how? For exampl example, e, adverti advertisin sing g for washin washing g powde powders rs will will focus focus on the “added “added value” value” created created by whitening agents or the fact that a particular formulation will last longer than the competition (take a look at the Fairy web site to see if you can spot the other “added value” features claimed for its products) Whatever is advertised, it is important that the message is: 

• Seen



• Read



• Believed



• Remembered



• Action upon by target customers

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9. Promotion - Direct Marketing Introduction

Direct marketing is concerned with establishing an individual relationship between the business offering a product or service and the final customer. Direct marketing has been defined by the Institute of Direct Marketing as: The planned recording, analysis and tracking of customer behavior to develop a relational marketing strategies

The process of direct marketing covers a wide range of promotional activities you may be familiar with. These include: 

• Direct-response adverts on television and radio



• Mail order catalogues



• E-commerce (you bought this marketing companion following tutor2u’s direct marketing campaign!)



• Magazine inserts



• Direct mail (sometimes also referred to as “junk mail”)



• Telemarketing

Direct mail

Of the above direct marketing techniques, the one in most widespread use is direct mail. Direct mail is widely thought of as the most effective medium to achieve a customer sales response. Why? 

• The advertiser can target a promotional message down to an individual level, and where possible personalize the message. There are a large number of mailing databases available that allow businesses to send direct mailing to potential customers based on household income, interests, occupation and other variables



• Businesses can first test the responsiveness of direct mailing (by sending out a test mailing to a small, representative sample) before committing to the more significant cost of a larger campaign



• Direct mailing campaigns are less visible to competitors – it is therefore possible to be more creative, for longer



However, direct mail has several weaknesses:



• A piece of direct mail is less “interactive” than a television or radio advert, although creative packaging can still stimulate customer response



• Lead times to produce direct mailing campaigns can be quite long



• There is increasing customer concern with “junk mail” – the receipt of unsolicited mail which often suggests that the right to individual privacy has been breached.

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The Direct marketing database

Direct mailing is based on the “mailing list” – a critical part in the direct marketing process. The mailing list is a database which collects together details of past, current and potential customers. A properly managed mailing database enables a business to: 

• Focus on the best prospective customers



• Cross-sell related products



• Launch new products to existing customers

How is the mailing database compiled? The starting point is the existing information the business keeps on its customers. All forms of communication between a customer and the business need to be recorded so that a detailed, up-todate profile can be maintained. It is also possible to “buy” mailing lists from elsewhere. There are numerous mailing list owners and brokers who sell lists of names. The Internet, directories, associations and other sources are good sources.

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10. Factors Influencing Choice of Promotional Tool Promotional mix

It is helpful to define the five main elements of the promotional mix before considering their strengths and limitations. Advertising

Advertising is any paid form of non-personal communication of ideas or products in the "prime media": i.e. television, newspapers, magazines, billboard posters, radio, cinema etc. Advertising is intended to persuade and to inform. The two basic aspects of advertising are the message (what you want your communication to say) and the medium (how you get your message across) Direct marketing

Direct Direct market marketing ing creates creates a direct direct relatio relationsh nship ip betwee between n the custom customer er and the busine business ss on an individual basis. Personal Selling

Personal selling refers to oral communication with potential buyers of a product with the intention of making a sale. The personal selling may focus initially on developing a relationship with the potential buyer, but will always ultimately end with an attempt to "close the sale". Sales Promotion

Sales promotion refers to the provision of incentives to customers or to the distribution channel to stimulate demand for a product. Public Relations

Public relations is the communication of a product, brand or business by placing information about it in the media without paying for the time or media space directly Factors that determine the type of promotional tools used

Each of the above components of the promotional mix has strengths and weaknesses. There are several factors that should be taken into account in deciding which, and how much of each tool to use in a promotional marketing campaign: (1) Resource availability and the cost of each promotional tool

Advertising (particularly on television and in the national newspapers can be very expensive). The overall resource budget for the promotional campaign will often determine which tools the business can afford to use. (2) Market size and concentration

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If a market size is small and the number of potential buyers is small, then personal selling may be the most cost-effective promotional tool. A good example of this would be businesses selling software systems designed for supermarket retaile retailers. rs. On the other other hand, hand, where where market marketss are geogra geographi phicall cally y disper disperse se or, where where there there are substantial numbers of potential customers, advertising is usually the most effective. (3) Customer information needs

Some potential customers need to be provided with detailed, complex information to help them evalua evaluate te a purcha purchase se (e.g. (e.g. buyers buyers of equipm equipment ent for nuclea nuclearr power power statio stations, ns, or health health servic servicee managers investing in the latest medical technology). In this situation, personal selling is almost always required - often using selling teams rather than just one individual. By contrast, few consumers need much information about products such as baked beans or bread. Promotional tools such as brand advertising and sales promotion are much more effective in this case.

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11. Promotion - Personal Selling Introduction

Personal selling can be defined as follows:

Personal selling is oral communication with potential buyers of a product with the intention of making a sale. The personal selling may focus initially on developing a relationship with the potential buyer, but will always ultimately end with an attempt to "close the sale" Personal selling is one of the oldest forms of promotion. It involves the use of a sales force to support a push strategy (encouraging intermediaries to buy the product) or a pull strategy (where the role of the sales force may be limited to supporting retailers and providing after-sales service). What are the main roles of the sales force?

Kotler describes six main activities of a sales force: (1) Prospecting - trying to find new customers (2) Communicating - with existing and potential customers about the product range (3) Selling - contact with the customer, answering questions and trying to close the sale (4) Servicing - providing support and service to the customer in the period up to delivery

and also post-sale (5) Information gathering - obtaining information about the market to feedback into the

marketing planning process (6) Allocating - in times of product shortage, the sales force may have the power to decide

how available stocks are allocated What are the advantages of using personal selling as a means of promotion? 

• Personal selling is a face-to-face activity; customers therefore obtain a relatively high degree of personal attention



• The sales message can be customized to meet the needs of the customer



• The two-way nature of the sales process allows the sales team to respond directly and promptly to customer questions and concerns



• Personal selling is a good way of getting across large amounts of technical or other complex product information



• The face-to-face sales meeting gives the sales force chance to demonstrate the product



• Frequent meetings between sales force and customer provide an opportunity to build good long-term relationships

Given that there are many advantages advantages to personal personal selling, why do more businesses businesses not maintain a direct sales force? Main disadvantages of using personal selling

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The main disadvantage of personal selling is the cost of employing a sales force. Sales people are expensive. In addition to the basic pay package, a business needs to provide incentives to achieve sales (typically this is based on commission and/or bonus arrangements) and the equipment to make sales calls (car, travel and subsistence costs, mobile phone etc). In addition, a sales person can only call on one customer at a time. This is not a cost-effective way of reaching a large audience.

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12. Promotion - Public Relations Introduction

The Institute of Public Relations defines public relations as follows: “The planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain goodwill and mutual understanding between an organization and its publics”

What is meant by the term “publics” in the above definition? A business may have many “publics” with which it needs to maintain good relations and build goodwill. For example, consider the relevant “publics” for a publicly-quoted business engaged in medical research: 

• Employees



• Shareholders



• Trade unions



• Members of the “general public”



• Customers (past and present)



• Pressure groups



• The medical profession



• Charities funding medical research



• Professional research bodies and policy-forming organizations



• The media



• Government and politicians



The role of public relations is to:



• Identify the relevant publics



• Influence the opinions of those publics by: o Reinforcing favorable opinions o Transforming perhaps neutral opinions into positive ones o Changing or neutralizing hostile opinions

Public relations techniques

There There are many many techni technique quess availa available ble to influe influence nce public public opinio opinion, n, some some of which which are more more appropriate in certain circumstances than others: Consumer communication 

Customer press releases



Trade press releases



Promotional videos



Consumer exhibitions 31


Competitions and prizes



Product launch events



Celebrity endorsements



Web sites

Business communication 

Corporate identity design



Company and product videos



Direct mailings



Web site



Trade exhibitions

Internal / employee communication 

In-house newsletters and magazines



Intranet



Notice boards



Employee conferences



Email

External corporate communication 

Company literature (brochures, videos etc.)



Community involvement programs



Trade, local, national and international media relations

Financial communication 

Financial media relations



Annual report and accounts



Meetings with stock market analysts, fund managers etc



Shareholder meetings (including the annual general meeting)

Given the wide range of techniques used in public relations, how is it possible to measure the effectiveness of public relations? It is actually quite difficult to measure whether the key messages have been communicated to the target public. In any event, this could be quite costly since it would involve a large amount of regular regular research. research. Instead, the main measures of effectivenes effectivenesss concentrate concentrate on the process of public public relations, and include:

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• Monitoring the amount of media coverage obtained (press cuttings agencies play a role in keeping businesses informed of this)



• Measuring attendance at meetings, conferences



• Measuring the number of enquiries or orders received in response to specific public relations efforts.

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13. Promotion- Push and Pull Strategies "Push or Pull"?

Marketing theory distinguishes between two main kinds of promotional strategy - "push" and "pull".

Push

A “push” promotional strategy makes use of a company's sales force and trade promotion activities to create consumer demand for a product. The producer promotes the product to wholesalers, the wholesalers promote it to retailers, and the retailers promote it to consumers. A good example of "push" selling is mobile phones, where the major handset manufacturers such as Nokia promote their products via retailers such as Grameenphone. Personal selling and trade promotions are often the most effective promotional tools for companies such as Nokia - for example offering subsidies on the handsets to encourage retailers to sell higher volumes. A "push" strategy tries to sell directly to the consumer, bypassing other distribution channels (e.g. sellin selling g insura insurance nce or holida holidays ys direct directly) ly).. With With this this type type of strate strategy, gy, consum consumer er promot promotion ionss and advertising are the most likely promotional tools. Pull

A “pull” selling strategy is one that requires high spending on advertising and consumer promotion to build up consumer demand for a product. If the strategy is successful, consumers will ask their retailers for the product, the retailers will ask the wholesalers, and the wholesalers will ask the producers.

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A good example of a pull is the heavy advertising and promotion of children's’ toys – mainly on television. Consider the recent BBC promotional campaign for its new pre-school program – the Fimbles. Aimed at two to four-year-olds, 130 episodes of Fimbles have been made and are featured everyday on digital children's channel CBeebies and BBC2. As part of the promotional campaign, the BBC has agreed a deal with toy maker Fisher-Price to market products based on the show, which it hopes will emulate the popularity of the Tweenies. Under the terms of the deal, Fisher-Price will develop, manufacture and distribute a range of Fimbles products including soft, plastic and electronic learning toys for the UK and Ireland. In 2001, BBC Worldwide (the commercial division of the BBC) achieved sales of £90m from its children's brands and properties last year. The demand created from broadcasting of the Fimbles and a major advertising campaign is likely to “pull” demand from children and encourage retailers to stock Fimbles toys in the stores for Christmas 2002.

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14. Promotion - Sales Promotion Introduction

A good definition of sales promotion would be as follows:

“An activity designed to boost the sales of a product or service. It may include an advertising campaign, increased PR activity, a free-sample campaign, offering free gifts or trading stamps, arranging demonstrations demonstrations or exhibitions, exhibitions, setting up competitions competitions with attractive attractive prizes, temporary price reductions, door-to-door calling, telemarketing, personal letters on other methods”. More than any other element of the promotional mix, sales promotion is about “action”. It is about stimulating customers to buy a product. It is not designed to be informative – a role which advertising is much better suited to. Sales promotion is commonly referred to as “Below the Line” promotion. Sales promotion can be directed at: 

• The ultimate consumer (a “pull strategy” encouraging purchase)



• The distri distribut bution ion channe channell (a “push strategy” encour encouragi aging ng the channe channels ls to stock stock the product). This is usually known as “selling into the trade”

Methods of sales promotion

There are many consumer sales promotional techniques available, summarized in the table below: Price promotions

Price promotions are also commonly known as” price discounting” These offer either (1) a discount to the normal selling price of a product, or (2) more of the product at the normal price. Increased sales gained from price promotions are at the expense of a loss in profit – so these promotions must be used with care. A producer must also guard against the possible negative effect of discounting on a brand’s reputation Coupons

Coupons are another, very versatile, way of offering a discount. Consider the following examples of the use of coupons: - On a pack to encourage repeat purchase - In coupon books sent out in newspapers allowing customers to redeem the coupon at a retailer - A cut-out coupon as part of an advert - On the back of till receipts The key objective with a coupon promotion is to maximize the redemption rate – this is the proportion of customers actually using the coupon.

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One problem with coupons is that they may simply encourage customers to buy what they would have bought anyway. Another problem occurs when retailers do not hold sufficient stocks of the promoted product – causing c ausing customer disappointment. Use of coupon promotions is, therefore, often best for new products or perhaps to encourage sales of existing products that are slowing down. Gift with purchase

The “gift with purchase” is a very common promotional technique. It is also known as a “premium promotion” in that the customer gets something in addition to the main purchase. This type of promotion is widely used for: - Subscription-based products (e.g. magazines) - Consumer luxuries (e.g. perfumes) Competitions and prizes

Anot Anothe herr popu popular lar prom promot otio ion n tool tool with with many many vari varian ants ts.. Most Most comp compet etiti ition on and and prize prize promotions are subject to legal restrictions. Money refunds

Here, a customer receives a money refund after submitting a proof of purchase to the manufacturer. These schemes are often viewed with some suspicion by customers – particularly if the method of obtaining a refund looks unusual or onerous. Frequent user / loyalty incentives

Repeat purchases may be stimulated by frequent user incentives. Perhaps the best examples of this are the many frequent flyer or user schemes used by airlines, train companies, car hire companies etc. Point-of-sale Point-of-sale displays

Rese Researc arch h into into cust custom omer er buyi buying ng beha behavi vior or in retai retaill stor stores es sugg sugges ests ts that that a sign signif ifica icant nt proportion of purchases results from promotions that customers see in the store. Attractive, informative and well-positioned point-of-sale displays are, therefore, very important part of the sales promotional activity in retail outlets.

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15. Promotion - Sponsorship Introduction

An increasingly common form of promotional activity is sponsorship. What is sponsorship? Sponsorship can be defined as follows: Supporting an event, activity or organization by providing money or other resources that is of value to the sponsored event. This is usually in return for advertising space at the event or as part of the publicity for the event.

There are many kinds of sponsorship: 

sponsor broadcasts broadcasts of • Televisio Television n and radio radio program program sponsors sponsorship hip (e.g. Cadbury’s sponsor Corona Coronatio tion n Street Street). ). The increas increasing ing fragmen fragmentat tation ion of televi televisio sion n in the UK throug through h new digital channels is providing many more opportunities for sponsorship of this kind



• Sports sponsorship: major sporting events have the advantage of being attended and

(more importantly) watched by large numbers of people. They also attract significant media coverage. 

• Arts sponsorship; arts events or organizations are not as well attended as sports events

but are often regarded as more “worthy” and more in keeping with the image of certain businesses and brands. 

• Educational sponsorship; this can take several forms from the sponsoring of individual

students at college through to the provision of books and computers nationwide using the redemption of product or store-related vouchers (e.g. Tesco’s Computers for Schools) What is involved in developing a sponsorship promotion?

Smith suggests a six-stage process to decide what and how to sponsor: (1) Analyze the current situation: look at which other businesses are sponsoring in the target area. Are competitors already doing this and is it providing them with an advantage? (2) Define the sponsorship objectives: e.g. raise awareness of the brand; build an image; promote a new product (3) Agree the strategy: how does the sponsorship fit in with any other promotional activity? (4) Develop the tactics: agree the details of what to sponsor, price, timing etc (5) Define the target audience (6) Consider what resources are needed to make the sponsorship a success.

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Advertising Class Notes

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