1537 R
The Supreme Court of India New Delhi, India The 2015 Amit !oot Court Competition
Ci"il Appeal No# $$$$2015 %Se&tion 135 of the Trademar'( A&t, 1))) read with Se&tion 3* of the Spe&ifi& Relief A&t, 1)+3
Arno- !ur.wala
Appellant
"# Arna- !ur.awala and /oole m
Re(pondent(
Ci"il Appeal No# $$$$2015 (Se&tion 53T of the Competition A&t, 2002
Arno- !ur.wala
Appellant
"# /oole m
Re(pondent
!emorial for the re(pondent(, 2015#
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Table of Contents Inde of Authoritie(################################## Authoritie(######################################################### ############################################## ############################################## ####################################3 #############3 Statement of 6uri(di&tion###################### 6uri(di&tion############################################# ############################################## ############################################################### ######################################## + Statement of a&t(############################################# a&t(#################################################################### ############################################## ################################################## ########################### 7 I((ue( In"ol"ed#################################### In"ol"ed########################################################### ############################################## ############################################## #######################################10 ################10 Summar of Ar.ument(#################### Ar.ument(########################################### ############################################## ############################################### ##########################################11 ##################11 Ar.ument( Ad"an&ed########################### Ad"an&ed################################################## ############################################## #############################################################18 ######################################18 I#
9(e of the the impu.ne impu.ned d 'ewor 'eword( d( doe( doe( not amount amount to the the tort of pa((in pa((in. . off### off###### ###### ####### ######## ########1 ####18 8 A#
Arna-: Arna-:(( u(e u(e of the the 'ewor 'eword( d( wa( wa( not done done with with an an intent intent to to de&ei" de&ei"e### e###### ###### ####### ######## ######## ######18 ##18
#
The The defend defendant ant i( not not tri trin. n. to to o-tain o-tain an undue undue e&on e&onomi omi&& -enef -enefit## it###### ######## ######## ######## ######## ########15 ####15
C#
No mi(r mi(rep epre re(en (enta tati tion on ha( ha( -ee -een n made made - the the re(po re(pond nden entt to pro pro(p (pe&t e&ti" i"ee &u(tomer(##15
D# 9(e of the AdVerba AdVerba (&heme doe( not dama.e the -u(ine(( or .oodwill of the appellant############################################ appellant################################################################### ############################################## ############################################################1+ #####################################1+ II#
There i( no infrin.ement infrin.ement of trademar'## trademar'####### ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ##########17 #####17 A#
The The u(e wa( not in the &our(e &our(e of trade### trade###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ####### ######## ######## ######## ######## ######## ######## #######17 ###17
#
;"en ;"en if the u(e u(e wa( wa( in the the &our &our(e (e of trade, trade, Se&ti Se&tion on 30 30 i( appl appli&ai&a-le## le##### ####### ######## ######## ######## ########1 ####1* *
C#
ArnaArna- onl u(ed part( part( of the trademar'# trademar'#### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ####### ######## ######## ######## ######## ######## ######## #######20 ###20 a
ArnaArna- i( onl u(in. u(in. a part of the tradem trademar' ar'### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### #####20 ##20
-
;"en if ArnaArna- i( not u(in. onl a part of the trademar', it i( (till not a "iolation# 21
D#
The The de(&rip de(&riptio tion n doe( not refer refer to !C## !C##### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ####### ######## ######## ######## ######## ######## ######## #######22 ###22
& The de(&rip de(&riptio tion n wa( wa( onl onl a trad tradee mar' mar' parod parod,, not drawin drawin. . an an &onne& &onne&tio tion n -etween the re(pondent and the appellant################################## appellant######################################################### ######################################22 ###############22 d The u(e of the the de(&r de(&ript iption ion i( in in &onfo &onformi rmit t with with the pro"i( pro"i(ion ion(( of the Tradem Trademar' ar' A&t, 1)))################################### 1)))########################################################## ############################################## ############################################## ######################################### ################## 25 A#
The The impu.n impu.ned ed 'ewor 'eword( d( on a&&o a&&ount unt of of -ein. -ein. de(&ri de(&ripti" pti"e, e, .eneri .eneri&& and### and###### ###### ###### ###### ####### #####25 #25 a The indi"i indi"idua duall part part(( of the appella appellant: nt:(( trad tradee mar' mar' are in "iolati "iolation on of (e&ti (e&tion on ) when read alon. with (e&tion( 15 and 17 of the Trade !ar'( A&t,1)))#########################25
- The re(pondent i( entitled to the u(e of (u&h impu.ned impu.ned 'eword( under (e&tion 35 of the Trade !ar'( A&t,1)))####################### A&t,1)))############################################## ############################################## ##############################################2* #######################2* & Se&tio Se&tion( n( 31%2 31%2, , 32 and the pro"i( pro"i(o o &onta &ontaine ined d in Se&tio Se&tion n ) doe( doe( not not appl appl to to the the appellant########################################### appellant################################################################## ############################################## ######################################################### ################################## 30 d ;#
The re.i(te re.i(tered red trade trade mar' mar' of the appella appellant nt doe(n: doe(n:tt &ont &ontain ain an in"ent in"ented ed word####31 word####31 /oole /oole i( not lia-le lia-le for trademar' trademar' infrin. infrin.eme ement## nt##### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ####### ######## #####32 #32
a
/oole /oole i( an intermediar intermediar##### ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ############## ################## ################### #############32 ###32
-
/oole ha( not "oided an intermediar:( intermediar:( eemption from lia-ilit#######################33
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# ;<;N I T; T; TRAD;! TRAD;!AR= AR= AS AS ;;N ;;N 9S;D 9S;D IN T; T; C>9RS; C>9RS; > > TRAD;, TRAD;, IT ?I@@ N>T CA9S; C>N9SI>N >R CA9S; T; C>NS9!;R T> ;@I;<; TAT T;R; IS AN ASS>CIATI> ASS>CIATI>N N ?IT T; R;IST;R;D TRAD;!AR=################### 35 III# An a.reem a.reement ent entere entered d into unde underr the Ad< Ad
There There i( no (imilar (imilarit it in pro"i(i pro"i(ion on of (er"i&e(# (er"i&e(#### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ####### ######3* ##3*
-
No ne&e((ar ad"er(e effe&t on &ompetition###################################### &ompetition##########################################################3* ####################3*
#
The The A.reem A.reement ent doe( doe( not not &au(e &au(e an an appr appre&ia e&ia-le -le ad"er(e ad"er(e effe&t effe&t on &ompet &ompetitio ition#########3) n#########3) a
A..ra"atin. A..ra"atin. a&tor(#### a&tor(######### ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ###########80 ######80
-
Amelioratin. a&tor(########################################### a&tor(################################################################## ####################################### ########################### ###########80 80
I<# I<#
?hethe ?hetherr /oole /oole a-u(ed a-u(ed it( domin dominant ant po(iti po(ition on in the rele"a rele"ant nt mar'et# mar'et#### ###### ###### ####### ######## ######## ########8 ####81 1
A#
?hethe ?hetherr /oole /oole ha( ha( a domin dominant ant po(i po(itio tion n in the the rele"an rele"antt mar'et# mar'et#### ###### ###### ####### ######## ######## ######## ########8 ####81 1 a#
Rele"ant Rele"ant eo.raphi& eo.raphi&al al !ar'et###### !ar'et########### ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ########## ############# ###########81 ###81
-#
Rele"ant 4rodu&t !ar'et######################################### !ar'et################################################################ ##################################### #######################82 #########82
#
?hethe ?hetherr /ool /oolee a-u(e a-u(ed d it( it( domin dominant ant po(iti po(ition on in in the the rele"a rele"ant nt mar'e mar'et### t####### ######## ######## ########## #######82 #82 a
>nline >nline (ear&h (ear&h ad"erti ad"erti(in (in. . mar'et mar'et### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ###### ####### ######## ######## ######## ######## ######## ######## #####83 #83
-
Denial of mar'et a&&e((#################################################### a&&e((#########################################################################################83 #####################################83
3|4a.e
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
Ca(e( Cited 1# 1*00 Conta&t( Conta&t( In&# "# "# @en(#&om @en(#&om In&# 722 722 #3 #3d d 122) 122) %10 th Cir# 2013# 2# 3# 8# 5# +# 7# *# )#
Alan =enneth =enneth !&'enie !&'enie Clar' Clar' "# A((o&iated A((o&iated New(pape New(paper( r( @td, B1))* B1))* R4C 2+1 2+1 Ara"ind Ara"ind @a-oratorie( @a-oratorie( " <# <#A# Sami Chemi&al Chemi&al ?or ?or'(, '(, A#I#R# A#I#R# 1)*7 1)*7 !ad 2+5 #C#?#C#S# #C#?#C#S# %4 @td "# "# I#C#?# I#C#?# Coop So&iet @td, %1))) %1))) 1 =@T =@T 322 etter @i"in., In&# et al#, 58 #T #T#C# #C# +8* %1)57, affd, 25) #2d #2d 271 %3rd Cir# Cir# 1)5* 1)5* C23+E0* C23+E0* to C23*E0* C23*E0*,, oo.le oo.le In&# @oui( @oui(
ther(, >ther(, 2010 ;#C#R# ;#C#R# I28+7 I28+7 Cadila ealth&are ealth&are @td @td "# u6arat u6arat Cooperati"e Cooperati"e !il' !il' !ar'etin. !ar'etin. ederation ederation @td, @td, %200) %200)
81 4TC 33+ 10# Cadilla ealth&are @td "# Cadilla 4harma&euti&al( @td , A#I#R# A#I#R# 2001 SC 11# Cellular Clothin. Co# @td# "# !aton F !urra, B1*)) B1*)) A#C# A#C# 32+ 12# C>!4E! C>!4E!572 5727 7 !i&ro(o !i&ro(oftEG ftEGaahooH hooH %2010 %2010 C>!4 C>!4 E!8731 E!8731oo oo.le .leEDo EDouu-le le Cli&' Cli&' %200*# 13# Con(im Info 4"t @td# "# "# oo.le India India 4"t @td#, %2012 Indlaw 2+21## 2+21## 18# ilipino Gellow Gellow 4a.e(, In&# "# A(ian A(ian Journal 4u-li&ation(, In&#, 1)* #3d #3d 1183 15# Google Inc. v# Australian Competition and Consumer Commission %2013 Commission %2013 28) C@R 835# 1+# arrod( @td "# arrodian S&hool @td, B1))+ B1))+ R4C +)7 17# aw'in( Coo'er( @imited "# "# !uru.an ;nterpri(e(, %200* 3+ 4TC 2)0 1*# In !ari&o @imited "# A.ro Te&h Te&h ood( @imited, %2010 88 4TC 73+ 73+ 1)# J# F 4# 4# Coat( @td " Chadha Chadha F Co#, A#I#R# 1)+7 1)+7 Del 81 20# J#R# =apoor "# "# !i&roni India, %1))8 %1))8 Supp %3 SCC 215 215 21# Jupiter amin. Solution( 4ri"ate @imited "# o"ernment of oa and Another, Another, %2011 %2011 Indlaw 22# 22# =apoor =apoor la(( 4ri"ate 4ri"ate @imited "# S&hott S&hott la(( India 4ri"ate @imited, %2010 %2010 Indlaw 22# 23# Laugh 23# Laugh it Off Promotions Promotions CC v. v. Freedom Freedom of Epression Epression In(titute 200+ %1 SA %CC 188 %S# Afr# 28# @oui( ther(, %2010 Indlaw 2*# 2)# Ne(tle:( 4rodu&t( %India @td "# 4# 4# Than'ara6a, Than'ara6a, A#I#R# 1)7* !ad 33+ 30# Networ' Networ' Automation, Automation, In&#, "# Ad"an& Ad"an&ed ed S(tem( S(tem( Con&ept( Con&ept( In&# No#, +3* #3d #3d 1137 1137 %)th Cir# 2011# 31# 4an'a6 a( Clinder( Clinder( @imited "# "# Indian Indian >il Corporation Corporation @imited %2011 Indlaw 27# 32# 4ep(i Co#, In&# "# "# indu(tan indu(tan Co&a Cola @td, %2003 27 4TC 305 4|4a.e
33# 4la-o ;nterpri(e(, In&# "# Net(&ape Communi&ation( Communi&ation( Corporation, 358 #3d #3d 1020 38# 4ra"ahan !ohant "# DC an' @imited, Chennai and Another, Another, %2011 %2011 Indlaw 1)# 35# Ra6'umar Dein. and 4rintin. ?or'( ?or'( 4ri"ate @imited "# "# Competition Commi((ion Commi((ion of India ?#4# %C 5)87E2018# 3+# Ri&h 4rodu&t( Corporation "# "# Indo Indo Nippon ood @td, @td, %2010 82 4TC %Del 37# Sham(her Sham(her =ataria " onda Siel Car( India India @imited and other(, other(, %2018 %2018 Indlaw 50 ! 20#+#11# 3*# Son( @imited "# reenpea&e International , %2011 85 4TC 4TC 275 3)# ThreeN4rodu&t( 4ri"ate @imited " ;mami @imited %200) 81 4TC +*) 80# 9nited Iron F Steel ?or'( ?or'( "# o"t# o"t# of India, A#I#R# 1)+7 4F 4F 81# ?a ?ander nder @td "# Anto India 4"t# @td, %1))0 Supp %1 SCC SCC 727 82# Ga(hoda Ga(hoda o(pital and Re(ear&h Centre @imited, 9ttar 4rade(h "# India-ull( India-ull( inan&ial Ser"i&e( @imited %IS@, New Delhi, %2011 Indlaw 5 83# Anand rother( rother( 4ri"ate @imited @imited Throu.h Throu.h !#D# " 9nion of India and other(, %2018 %2018 SC 5** Indlaw# 88# Con(im Con(im Info Info 4ri"ate 4ri"ate @imited, @imited, Repre(e Repre(ente nted d - it( Dire&to Dire&torr and Chief ;e&ut ;e&uti"e i"e " oo.le India 4ri"ate @imited and other(, %2010 !AD 288) Indlaw# 85# Da(hrath Rup(in.h Rathod " State State of !ahara(htra and another, %2018 SC SC 8)8 Indlaw 8+# ilipino Gellow Gellow 4a.e(, In&# "# A(ian Journal 4u-li&ation( In&#, 1)* #3d 1183, 1183, 118+87 %)th Cir# 1)))# 87# ein Italia S#R#@# S#R#@# and Another Another " Da-ur India @imited @imited and >ther(, %200* CA@ 51 Indlaw# 8*# der Con(ultin. %9= @imited " o"ernor, o"ernor, State of >ri((a Throu.h Throu.h Chief ;n.ineer, %2018 SC 7)) Indlaw# 8)# =amal6it Sin.h " Sara-6it Sara-6it Sin.h, %2018 SC 577 Indlaw Indlaw 50# !ari&o @td# "# A.ro A.ro Te&h Te&h ood, %2010 D;@ 1*8) Indlaw# 51# !urlid !urlidhar har Shi"ram Shi"ram 4ate'ar 4ate'ar and another another " State State of !ahara !ahara(ht (htra, ra, %2018 %2018 SC +8) Indlaw# 52# Neel ;le&tro Te&hniK Te&hniKue( ue( and other( other( " Neel'anth 4ower Solution Solution and another, another, %2018 !9! +87 Indlaw# 53# New(wee' In&# " riti(h road&a(tin. Corporation, Corporation, %1)7) R#4# R#4#C# 881 %C#A## 58# 4t& India @td# " Central ;le&tri&it Re.ulator Commi((ion, Thr# Thr# It( Se&retar, %200) SC 308 Indlaw# 55# Sto&' ;&han.e, om-a " <# <# S# =andal.aon'ar and other(, %2018 SC ++) Indlaw# 5+# Sto'el ther(, %200* D;@ 10)2 Indlaw#
5|4a.e
5)# Ga(ha Ga(ha >"er(ea( and >ther( " Commi((ioner of Sale( Ta and >ther(, %200* SC 1283 Indlaw @e.i(lation 1# The Compet Competiti ition on A&t, A&t, No# No# 12 of 2003 2003 2# The The Indian Indian 4en 4enal al Code Code,, 1*+0 1*+0## 3# The Informat Information ion Te&h Te&hnolo nolo. . %Amendmen %Amendment t A&t, A&t, 200*# 200*# 8# The The Trad Tradee !ar'( !ar'( A&t, 1)) 1)))# )#
oo'( 1# A NANT 4AD!ANAAN , I NT;@@;CT9A@ 4R>4;RTG R ITS ITSL I NRIN;!;NT AND R ;!;DI;S ;!;DI;S %1(t ed# 200+ 2# 4# NARAGANAN, @A? > TRAD; !AR=S AND 4ASSIN > %+th ed# 2008 3# la&': la&':(( @aw @aw Di&tion Di&tionar ar 352 352 %+th %+th ed# ed# 1))0 1))0 8# J# !&CA !&CAR RTG, G, TRAD;!AR=S AND 9 NAIR NAIR C C>!4;TITI>N 1)23, %Clar' oardman Calla.han %1)** %8 th ;dn# 1)** 5# !erriam? !erriam?ee-(ter (ter Di&tion Di&tionar ar 7*2 7*2 %11 %11th th ed# ed# 2003 2003
OF JURISDICTION ON STATEMENT OF JURISDICTI
I. Civil Appeal No. ____2015 ____ 2015
The Appellant has approached this Honourable Court under Section 135 of the Trademarks Act, 1999 read with Section 38 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963. The Respondents humbly submit to the jurisdiction of this Honourable Court. II. Civil Appeal No. ____/2015
The Appellant has approached this Honourable Court under Section 53T of the Competition Act, 2002. The Respondents Respondents humbly submit to the jurisdiction of this Honourable Honourable Court.
6|4a.e
STATEMENT OF FACTS
BACKGROUND
/>>/@; ! /oole m i( a multinational &ompan headKuartered in erlin that operate( an internet (ear&h en.ine MhttpLEEwww#oole#&om# The we-(ite i( u(ed - more than *0O of Indian internet u(er( on a dail -a(i(, and i( a&&e((ed - +0O of internet u(er( worldwide# The we-(ite wor'( - automati&all .eneratin. an or.ani& (ear&h li(t on the -a(i( of Kuerie( entered into the (ear&h tool-o - u(er(# There i( no human interfa&e in the .eneration of the(e (ear&h re(ult(, whi&h are arran.ed in order of rele"an&e -a(ed on an al.orithm# T; R ;STA9RANTS ;STA9RANTS !ur.wala:( e(t utter Chi&'en %!C wa( e(ta-li(hed - !r# Ar"ind =e6ru !ur.wala in Delhi in 1)5)# In 1)**, !r# Ar"ind =e6ru !ur.wala pa((ed awa and left all hi( propert to hi( (on( !r# Arno- !ur.wala and !r# Arna- !ur.wala# The ami&a-le di"i(ion of propert (aw !r# !r# ArnoArno- !ur.wala !ur.wala ta'in. ta'in. &ontro &ontroll of the re(taura re(taurant nt -u(ine -u(ine((# ((# It( tradema trademar' r' wa( re.i(tered in 1))3, althou.h it had -een in u(e (in&e 1)5)# !r# Arno- al(o &reated a we-(ite for !C Mwww#-e(t-utter&hi&'en#&om whi&h allowed pro(pe&ti"e &on(umer( to pla&e online order( for home deli"er# !r# Arna- !ur.wala founded the re(taurant MArna-:( utter Chi&'en
%AC
in
the
ear
1))0
in
=ol'ata,
&reatin.
the
we-(ite
Mwww#ar Mwww#arna--u na--utter&hi tter&hi&'en#& &'en#&om# om# It too allow( allow( &u(tomer( &u(tomer( to pla&e order( for home deli"er# deli"er# !r# Arna- opened an outlet of AC in Delhi in 2007# e re.i(tered the trademar' u(ed - AC in the ear 2000# THE DISPUTE
AD<;RA SC;!; /oole de"eloped a (&heme of online ad"erti(in. in the ear 2011 for -u(ine((e( or per(on(, &alled MAdne of the term( of thi( a.reement wa( that tha t trademar'( &annot 7|4a.e
-e u(ed a( 'eword( and that an (u&h u(e would, pur(uant to an in"e(ti.ation re(ult in (u(pen(ion of that 'eword# A@@;;D TRAD;!AR= INRIN;!;NT TRAD;!AR= INRIN;!;NT !r# Arna- entered into an a.reement with /oole under it( Ad
4;TITI>N T> T; I C>9RT !r# Arno- (u-(eKuentl filed a (uit in the Delhi i.h Court (ee'in. permanent in6un&tion re(trainin. /oole m from u(in. the word( &ontained in hi( trademar' a( 'eword(, and &laimin. infrin.ement of hi( trademar' and a&tion for pa((in. off# e al(o &laimed that the mar' M!ur.wala and the .oodwill a((o&iated with it -elon.ed e&lu(i"el to him, with the a&tion( of !r# Arna- amounted to an infrin.ement of hi( trademar'# In re(pon(e, !r# Arna&laimed that the impu.ned 'eword( ou.ht not to ha"e -een re.i(tered in the fir(t pla&e a( the were merel de(&ripti"e and &ounter (ued for re"o&ation of the mar'# The Delhi i.h Court &lu--ed the two &a(e( filed to.ether and in Januar 2018, found in fa"our of !r# Arnathrou.h a &ommon 6ud.ement# !r# Arno-:( appeal -efore the Di"i(ion en&h of the i.h Court wa( di(mi((ed at the admi((ion (ta.e it(elf# C>!4;TITI>N C>!!ISSI>N In No"em-er 2012, !r# Arno- al(o filed an information in the Competition Commi((ion of India, alle.in. that the Ad
the CCI found that there wa( no &ontra"ention of the Competition A&t and dire&ted the matter to -e &lo( &lo(ed ed unde underr Se&t Se&tio ion n 2+%+ 2+%+ of the the A&t# In an appe appeal al - !r# !r# ArnoArno- -efo -efore re the the Competition Appellate Tri-unal %C>!4A %C>!4AT, the de&i(ion of the CCI wa( affirmed# !r# ArnoArno- appealed the de&i(ion of the i.h Court -efore the Supreme Court of India, India, and preferred to file a Statutor Appeal a.ain(t the order of the C>!4A C>!4AT a( well# The two appeal( were &lu--ed to.ether and ha"e -een admitted# The ha"e -een li(ted for final hearin.# en&e the &urrent appeal#
9|4a.e
ISSUES INVOLVED
I
?hether the u(e of the impu.ned 'eword( - Arna- under the AdV the AdVerba erba ad"erti(in. (&heme amount to the tort of pa((in. offP II
?hether the de(&ription Metter than the e(t utter Chi&'en u(ed - the re(pondent in hi( ad"erti(ement &on(titute( infrin.ement of the appellant:( trademar'P III
?hether the impu.ned 'eword( on a&&ount of -ein. de(&ripti"e, .eneri& and laudator ou.ht not to ha"e -een re.i(teredP I! I!
?hether Arna- and /oole throu.h the u(e of the AdVerba AdVerba (&heme ha"e infrin.ed the re.i(tered trade mar' of the appellantP !
?hether the a.reement entered into under the AdV the AdVerba erba (&heme ha( an appre&ia-le ad"er(e effe&t on &ompetitionP !I
?hether /oole a-u(ed it( dominant po(ition in the rele"ant mar'etP
1" | 4 a . e
SUMMARY OF ARGUMENTS
I#
9S; > T; I!49N;D =;G?>RDS D>;S N>T D>;S N>T A!>9NT T> T; T>RT > 4ASSIN >
or the tort of pa((in. off four thin.( need to -e e(ta-li(hed, %i intention to de&ei"e, %ii attempt to o-tain undue e&onomi& -enefit and %iii a mi(repre(entation whi&h %i" dama.e( the .oodwill of the plaintiff# The re(pondent i( entitled to the u(e of all the part( of the re.i(te re.i(tered red trade trade mar' mar' of the appellant appellant (in&e it &ontain &ontain(( hi( (urname (urname or .eneri& .eneri& word(# word(# Therefo Therefore, re, he ha( made u(e of the AdVerba AdVerba ad"erti(in. (&heme (impl to .et hi( (er"i&e( ad"erti(ed in a new mar'et and without an intention to de&ei"e &on(umer( re.ardin. the ori.in of (u&h (er"i&e(# There ei(t( no po((i-ilit of &onfu(ion in the mind( of the &on(umer( a( the lin' to the re(pondent:( we-(ite i( (hown in a different manner a( &ompared to the or.ani& (ear&h re(ult(# In the a-(en&e of an of the e((ential &ondition( -ein. fulfilled, the re(pondent ha( not re(orted to the tort of pa((in. off# II# T; 9S; > T; I!49N;D =;G?>RDS G T; R;S4>ND;NT D>;S N>T A!>9NT T> TRAD;!AR= INRIN;!;NT TRAD;!AR= INRIN;!;NT
A# The u(e u(e wa( not not in the the &our(e &our(e of trade trade The u(e wa( not in the &our(e &our(e of trade, a( online online ad"erti(in. throu.h throu.h 'eword( 'eword( doe( not et &on(titute (omethin. &ommon or &u(tomar enou.h to -e &on(idered to -e in the &our(e of trade# # ;"en if the the u(e wa( wa( in the &our(e &our(e of trade, trade, Se&tion Se&tion 30 i( appli&a-le appli&a-le Se&tion 30 (a( that trademar' infrin.ement &annot -e (aid to ha"e o&&urred when the u(e in relation relation to .ood( indi&ate( the 'ind, 'ind, Kualit, Kualit, or other &hara&teri(ti&( &hara&teri(ti&( of .ood( .ood( or (er"i&e(# In thi( &a(e, the word( indi&ate the 'ind and Kualit of the .ood(# Therefore, Se&tion 30 i( appli&a-le# C# ArnaArna- onl onl u(ed u(ed part( part( of the the tradema trademar' r' Arno- doe( not ha"e e&lu(i"e ri.ht o"er the part( of hi( trademar', and Arna- onl u(ed part(# The ar.ument that the part( of the trademar' had attained att ained a nondi(tin&ti"e (tatu( i( not (olid, a( the ha"e in fa&t not attained (u&h a (tatu(# D# The de(&rip de(&ription tion doe( doe( not not refer to !C !C
11 | 4 a . e
The de(&ription doe( not refer to !C at all# The epre((ion Metter than the e(t utter Chi&'en i( 6u(t a (uperlati"e phra(e intended to portra the re(pondent:( (er"i&e( in a po(iti"e li.ht# The re(pondent ha( (impl re(orted to puffer, whi&h i( le.al# ;"en if we &on&ede &on&ede that the epre((ion refer( to !C then al(o it doe( not &on(titute &on(titute infrin.ement infrin.ement of the appellant:( re.i(tered trade mar' a( the epre((ion i( 6u(t a trade mar' parod# Su&h parodie( do not &on(titute Qu(e in the &our(e of trade: a( i( reKuired - (e&tion 2) of the Trademar' A&t 1))) to pro"e infrin.ement (in&e it i( not u(ed to draw a trade &onne&tion -etween the plaintiff and the defendant# ;# The impu.ned impu.ned 'eword( 'eword( on a&&ount a&&ount of -ein. -ein. de(&ripti"e, de(&ripti"e, .eneri& .eneri& and laudator laudator ou.ht ou.ht not to ha"e -een re.i(tered Se&tion ) of the Trade !ar'( A&t, 1))), whi&h la( down the a-(olute .round( for refu(al of re.i(tration (tate( that mar'( de"oid of an di(tin&ti"e &hara&ter, or intended to de(i.nate the 'ind, Kualit and intended purpo(e of the produ&t or ha"e -e&ome &u(tomar in the &urrent lan.ua.e (hould not -e re.i(tered# The word( M-e(t -utter &hi&'en are de(&ripti"e in nature and indi&ate the Kualit of the .ood(# The re(pondent i( entitled to u(e (u&h word( under (e&tion 35 of the a&t# Thi( (e&tion al(o &onfer( on the re(pondent the ri.ht to hi( name %whi&h in&lude( (urname, and therefore the re(pondent &an ma'e u(e of the word Q!ur.wala:# # /oole /oole i( not not lia-le lia-le for tradem trademar' ar' infri infrin.e n.emen mentt /oo /oole le,, -ein -ein. . a (ear&h (ear&h en.i en.ine ne,, &ome &ome(( unde underr the the defi defini niti tion on of an inte interm rmed ediar iar # An intermediar (hall not -e lia-le for an third part information, data, or &ommuni&ation lin' ho(ted - him a&&ordin. to the IT A&t# !oreo"er, /oole ha( not "oided it( eemption from lia-ilit under an (u-(e&tion of the IT A&t# # ;"en if the trademar' trademar' ha( -een u(ed u(ed in the &our(e of trade, trade, it will not &au(e &onfu(io &onfu(ion n or &au(e the &on(umer to -elie"e that there i( an a((o&iation with the re.i(tered trademar' The mar' of Arna- i( not (imilar to the re.i(tered trade mar' of Arno- and the identit or (imilarit of the .ood( or (er"i&e( &o"ered - (u&h re.i(tered trade mar' i( not li'el to &au(e &onfu(ion on the part of the pu-li&, or whi&h i( li'el to ha"e an a((o&iation with the re.i(tered trade mar'#
12 | 4 a . e
III III# A N AR;;!;NT ;NT;R;D INT> 9ND;R T; AD<;RA SC;!; D>;S N>T A<; AN A44R;CIA@; AD<;RS; ;;CT >N C>!4;TITI>N It i( (u-mitted that /oole doe( not enter into an a.reement( that ma -e pre(umed to -e anti&ompetiti"e, and that the(e a.reement( do not ad"er(el affe&t &ompetition a( per the Competition Competition A&t# Firstl"# /oole doe( not pro"ide (imilar (er"i&e( a( the &ompanie( that it enter( enter( into into an a.reeme a.reement nt with with under under the Ad>/@; DID N>T DID N>T A9S; ITS D>!INANT 4>SITI>N IN T; R;@;
13 | 4 a . e
ARGUMENTS ADVANCED I. USE OF THE IMUGNED !EY"ORDS DOES NOT AMOUNT TO THE TORT OF ASSING OFF
4a((in. off i( a &ommon law tort, remed for whi&h i( a"aila-le to -oth re.i(tered a( well a( unre.i(tered unre.i(tered trademar'( trademar'(,,1 aimed at prote&tin. the -u(ine(( reputation or .oodwill of the -u(ine((#2 A( held - the Supreme Court of India in the &a(e of ?ander @td "# Anto India 4"t# @td3 a pa((in. off a&tion i( a.ain(t the &ondu&t of the defendant whi&h BA lend( to or i( intended or &al&ulated to lead to de&eption# The defendant throu.h de&eption B attempt( to o-tain an e&onomi& -enefit of the reputation whi&h the plaintiff ha( e(ta-li(hed for him(elf in a parti&ular trade or -u(ine((# It in"ol"e( BC a mi(repre(entation made - a trader to hi( pro(pe&ti"e &u(tomer( &al&ulated to in6ure, a( a rea(ona-l fore(eea-le &on(eKuen&e, the -u(ine(( or .oodwill of another BD whi&h a&tuall or pro-a-l pro-a-l &au(e( dama.e to the -u(ine(( or .oodwill of the other trader# It i( here- (u-mitted that none of the(e e((ential element( reKuired to pro"e pa((in. off ha"e -een (ati(fied in the re(pondent:( u(e of /oole:( AdV /oole:( AdVerba erba ad"erti(in. (&heme# A. ARNAB’S USE OF THE OF THE KEYWORDS WAS NOT DONE WITH AN INTENT TO INTENT TO DECEIVE
In the ear 2012 the re(pondent had -ou.ht around fift 'eword( 8 in&ludin. (ome whi&h the appellant &laim( to ha"e -een done with an intention to pa(( off hi( (er"i&e( a( tho(e of the appellant# The &ourt ha( to eamine whether the adoption of the alle.edl infrin.in. mar' wa(
done
with
an
intention
of
eploitin.
the
.oodwill
of
the
u(er# 5
It i( (u-mitted that the u(e of (u&h 'eword( - the defendant wa( not done with an intention to de&ei"e &on(umer( re.ardin. the ori.in of (er"i&e(, nor to (u..e(t an a((o&iation -etween
the
two
partie(,
-ut
rather
to
promote
hi(
own
1A NANT 4AD!ANAAN , I NT;@@;CT9A@ NT;@@;CT9A@ 4R>4;RTG R ITS ITSL I NRIN;!;NT AND R ;!;DI;S ;!;DI;S 5+%1(t ed# 200+# 2 Id. 3?ander @td "# Anto India 4"t# @td, %1))0 Supp %1 SCC 727# 8a&t(heet + line 2# 5N#R# Don.re "# ?hirlpool Corpn#, %1))+ 5 SCC 718# 14 | 4 a . e
intere(t(#
An &on(umer while (ear&hin. for a fa(t food re(taurant i( -ound to enter into the (ear&h tool-o word( li'e Q-e(t:, Q-utter: and Q&hi&'en:, without (pe&ifi&all referrin. to !C# The word Q!ur.wala: al(o ha(n:t -een u(ed in order to de&ei"e the &on(umer( re.ardin. the ori.in of (er"i&e( -e&au(e it i( al(o the (urname of the defendant, and a pro(pe&ti"e &on(umer while loo'in. for the defendant:( re(taurant:( we-(ite ma u(e the (urname of the proprietor# The word QArno-: ha( -een u(ed -e&au(e a &on(umer mi.ht mi((pell the name of the defendant and not in order to &onfu(e the &on(umer with re(pe&t to the ori.in of (er"i&e(# >n&e a &ommon phra(e in the ;n.li(h lan.ua.e whi&h dire&tl de(&ri-e( the produ&t i( adopted - an -u(ine(( enterpri(e, (u&h adoption naturall entail( the ri(' that other( in the field would al(o -e entitled to u(e (u&h phra(e(, pro"ided no attempt i( made to ride on the -andwa.on of (u&h enterpri(e:( produ&t# + Therefore the word( Qe(t utter Chi&'en: form a &ommon phra(e in the ;n.li(h lan.ua.e whi&h ha( -een u(ed - the re(pondent in order to refle&t hi( own (er"i&e( in a po(iti"e li.ht and not a( a referen&e to !C# B. THE DEFENDANT IS NOT TRYI NOT TRYING NG TO TO OBTAIN ANY UNDUE ECONOMIC BENEFIT
The u(e of /oole:( AdV /oole:( AdVerba erba (&heme wa( underta'en - the re(pondent onl for the purpo(e of ad"erti(in. hi( own (er"i&e( and not to o-tain an undue e&onomi& -enefit -a(ed on the reputation of the appellant# The u(e of the 'eword( 'eword( - the re(pondent wa( not done with an intention to de&ei"e an &on(umer re.ardin. the ori.in of (er"i&e(, -ut with an hone(t intention to .et hi( own (er"i&e( pu-li&ied in a new mar'et# en&e there ari(e( no Kue(tion of the re(pondent trin. to o-tain an e&onomi& -enefit - ridin. on the reputation of the appellant:( -u(ine((# There i( no attempt to di"ert &u(tomer( awa from the appellant:( -u(ine((, -ut rather an attempt to .et &u(tomer( to hi( own (tore throu.h (u&h ad"erti(ement(# C. NO MISREPRESENTATION HAS BEEN MADE BY THE RESPONDENT TO PROSPECTIVE CUSTOMERS
A mi(repre(entation would -e pre(ent if the u(e of the AdVerba AdVerba ad"erti(in. (&heme - the re(pondent( wa( of (u&h a nature that would &reate &onfu(ion in the mind( of the &on(umer( that the (er"i&e( of the re(pondent -elon. to or are a((o&iated with the (er"i&e( of the appellant#
+ Cadilla ealth&are @td "# Cadilla 4harma&euti&al( @td , A#I#R# 2001 SC 1)52# 15 | 4 a . e
A( oppo(ed to infrin.ement where mere imitation or (imilarit -etween two trademar'( i( (uffi&ient to e(ta-li(h that the plaintiff:( ri.ht( were "iolated, 7 in pa((in. off the defendant won:t -e lia-le a( lon. a( the (urroundin. &ir&um(tan&e( &onne&ted with the u(e of the mar' wa( (uffi&ient to di(tin.ui(h di(tin.ui(h the .ood( from tho(e of the plaintiff# plaintiff#* It i( (u-mitted that there would -e no li'elihood of &onfu(ion on part of the &on(umer( when (ome (ele&ted 'eword( are entered - a per(on into /oole:( (ear&h tool-o whi&h tri..er the di(pla of di(pla the we-(ite lin'( of -oth the appellant:( and re(pondent:( -u(ine((# Thi( i( -e&au(e the lin' to the appellant:( we-(ite would &ome under the or.ani& (ear&h li(t of hperlin'(, ) wherea( the re(pondent: re(pondent:(( lin', -ein. ad"erti(ed ad"erti(ed throu.h the AdVerba AdVerba (&heme would appear a-o"e the or.ani& (ear&h li(t10 and i( di(tin.ui(ha-le from it (in&e the are (haded in a li.ht ellow &olour 11 and the word( MSpon(ored Ad( would appear alon.(ide them# 12 >ther than all the(e element element(( whi&h whi&h help help di(tin. di(tin.ui( ui(h h the re(pond re(pondent ent:( :( we-(ite we-(ite from from that that of the appell appellant ant,, a de(&ription of the re(pondent:( we-(ite i( al(o added under hi( lin' 13, an option whi&h i( not a"aila-le to we-(ite( whi&h appear a( or.ani& (ear&h re(ult(# en&e there i( no &han&e of the re(pondent:( (er"i&e( -ein. mi(repre(ented a( tho(e of the appellant a( no &u(tomer would de&ipher a &ommer&ial &onne&tion -etween the appellant and re(pondent (impl -e&au(e the lin'( of their we-(ite( ma appear alon.(ide ea&h other# D. USE OF THE ADV ERBA ERBA SCHEME DOES NOT DAMAGE THE BUSINESS OR GOODWILL OF THE OF THE APPELLANT
7J# F 4# 4# Coat( @td " Chadha F Co#, A#I#R# 1)+7 Del 81# *ThreeN4rodu&t( 4ri"ate @imited " ;mami @imited %200) 81 4TC +*) National Sewin. Thread F Co "# Jame( Chadwi&', A#I#R# 1)53 SC 357# )a&t(heet 1 line 8# 10a&t(heet 2 line 13# 11a&t(heet 2 line 18# 12a&t(heet 2 line 15# 13a&t(heet + line )# 16 | 4 a . e
4a((i 4a((in. n. off off &ann &annot ot -e e(tae(ta-li li(h (hed ed merel merel -e&au -e&au(e (e a (imila (imilarr name name wa( wa( adop adopte ted d - the the re(pondent, a( the final out&ome would depend on the impa&t that (u&h adoption adoption would ha"e on the .oodwill of the trade mar' of the appellant# 18 A( (hown, the u(e of &ertain 'eword( whi&h the appellant &laim( amount( to the tort of pa((in. off, ha( in fa&t -een u(ed - the re(pondent (olel for the purpo(e of ad"erti(in. hi( own (er"i&e( without an intention to dama.e the .oodwill of the appellant# In the a-(en&e of an intent to de&ei"e, an undue e&onomi& -enefit and mi(repre(entation, the Kue(tion of the .oodwill of the appellant -ein. in6ured on a&&ount of the re(pondent:( a&tion doe( not ari(e# To (how a&tual dama.e the appellant ha( to let in e"iden&e a( to the dama.e (uffered - him on a&&ount of the re(pondent# 15 There i( no e"iden&e with the appellant to (how an dama.e that ha( alread a&&rued to him# Al(o, Al(o, no pro-a-le dama.e &an o&&ur -e&au(e of the a&tion( of the re(pondent a( he ha( onl done thi( with the -ona fide intention of promotin. hi( (er"i&e(, and not to ad"er(el affe&t the .oodwill of hi( &ompetitor#
II. THERE IS NO INFRINGEMENT OF TRADEMAR!
The Trademar' A&t (a( 1+ that a re.i(tered trademar' i( infrin.ed - a per(on who, not -e -ein. a re.i(tered re.i(te red proprietor or a per(on u(in. - wa of permitted u(e, u(e( in the &our(e of trade a mar' whi&h -e&au(e of it( (imilarit to the re.i(tered trade mar' and the identit or (imilarit of the .ood( or (er"i&e( &o"ered - (u&h re.i(tered trade mar' i( li'el to &au(e &onfu(ion on the part of the pu-i&, or whi&h i( li'el to ha"e an a((o&iation with the re.i(tered trade mar'# !oreo"er, infrin.ement al(o o&&ur( when a per(on u(e( a re.i(tered trademar'#
18arrod( @td "# arrodian S&hool @td, B1))+ R4C +)7# 15Ara"ind @a-oratorie( " <#A# Sami Chemi&al ?or'(, A#I#R# 1)*7 !ad 2+5# 1+ The Trade !ar'( A&t, No# 87 of 1))), 2)%2%- %1)))# 17 | 4 a . e
Su-(e&tion %5 17 and %+ 1* (pea' of infrin.ement - u(in. a re.i(tered trademar'# A re.i(tered trademar' i( infrin.ed - a per(on if he u(e( (u&h re.i(tered trade mar', a( hi( trade name or part of hi( trade name, or name of hi( -u(ine(( &on&ern or part of the name of hi( -u(ine(( &on&ern dealin. in .ood( or (er"i&e( in re(pe&t of whi&h the trade mar' i( re.i(tered# + %d define( define( u(in. a re.i(tered re.i(tered trademar' a( u(e( the re.i(tered trade mar' on -u(ine(( -u(ine(( paper( or in ad"erti(in.# A. THE USE WAS NOT IN THE IN THE COURSE OF TRADE OF TRADE
In the a-(en&e of a definition of &our(e of trade -ein. .i"en in the a&t, the appellant (u-mit( that the Court (hould refer to the definition of the word .i"en in la&':( @aw Di&tionar# There ei(t( pa(t pre&eden&e on wh la&':( @aw Di&tionar (hould -e referred to in the &a(e of %"der Consulting &'() Limited v Governor# Governor# $tate of Orissa *hrough *hrough Chief Engineer +,, the Supreme Court referred to la&':( @aw Di&tionar for &larifi&ation when the Ar-itration and Con&iliation A&t, 1))+, wa( (ilent a( to the meanin. of the term( (um and inter intere( e(t# t# Simi Similar larl l,, the the Supr Suprem emee Cour Courtt ha( ha( al(o al(o turne turned d to la&' la&':( :( @aw @aw Di&ti Di&tion onar ar to under(tand the meanin. of term( li'e Qfindin.: 20, Qpreponderan&e of e"iden&e: 21, Q(tatutor lien:22, and (o on for "ariou( other term( the meanin. of whi&h i( either not &larified in the .i"en (tatute or to appre&iate the meanin. of whi&h a &ontetual under(tand i( reKuired 23# 17 The Trade !ar'( A&t, No# 87 of 1))), 2)%5 %1)))# 1* The Trade !ar'( A&t, No# 87 of 1))), 2)%+ %1)))# 1) der Con(ultin. %9= @imited " o"ernor, State of >ri((a Throu.h Chief ;n.ineer, %2018 SC 7)) Indlaw# 20 Anand rother( 4ri"ate @imited Throu.h !#D# " 9nion of India and other(, %2018 SC 5** Indlaw# 21 !urlidhar Shi"ram 4ate'ar and another " State of !ahara(htra, %2018 SC +8) Indlaw# 22 Sto&' ;&han.e, om-a " <# S# =andal.aon'ar and other(, %2018 SC ++) Indlaw# 23 =amal6it Sin.h " Sara-6it Sin.h, %2018 SC 577 Indlaw Ga(ha Ga(ha >"er(ea( and >ther( " Commi((ioner of Sale( Ta and >ther(, %200* SC 1283 Indlaw Da(hrath Rup(in.h Rathod " State of !ahara(htra and another, %2018 SC 8)8 Indlaw 4t& India @td# " Central ;le&tri&it Re.ulator Commi((ion, Thr# It( Se&retar, %200) SC 308 Indlaw# 18 | 4 a . e
Therefore the &our(e of trade &an now -e defined a( Qwhat i( &u(tomaril or ordinaril done in the mana.ement of trade or -u(ine((: 28# It i( the re(pondent:( (u-mi((ion that thi( definition implie( that the pur&ha(e of 'eword( doe( not &on(titute &our(e of trade# The rationale -ehind thi( i( (imple for (omethin. to -e in the &our(e of trade, it mu(t -e ordinaril done in the mana.ement of trade# ?hat thi( mean( i( that it mu(t -e a part of the main(tream, an epe&ted, ne&e((ar and o-"iou( part of runnin. a -u(ine((# It i( not the re(pondent:( &ontention that ad"erti(in. i( not a part of the &our(e of trade# In(tead, the &ontention i( that online ad"erti(in. (pe&ifi&all i( not et a part of the &our(e of trade a( it i( not (omethin. whi&h i( a( of now &u(tomaril done in the &our(e of trade# A (tud (tud done done - o(ton 9ni"er(it 9ni"er(it ha( (hown that onl three per &ent of the total ad"e ad"erti rti(in (in. . epe epend nditu iture re &arri &arried ed out out - (mal (malll -u(i -u(ine ne((e ((e(( i( -ein -ein. . u(ed u(ed onli online ne25# Thi( Thi( per&enta.e i( (o low a( to -e almo(t ne.li.i-le# !oreo"er, thi( i( loo'in. at online ad"erti(in. in totalit# If one were to eamine in i(olation the the -u(in -u(ine(( e(( epe epend ndit itur uree of an a"er a"era. a.ee enter enterpr pri(e i(e on the the pur&h pur&ha(e a(e of 'ew 'ewor ord( d( a( a per&enta.e of total ad"erti(in. ependiture, it would -e a fra&tion of thi( three per &ent# It i( the re(pondent:( (u-mi((ion that online ad"erti(in. throu.h 'eword( doe( not et &on(titute (omethin. &ommon or &u(tomar enou.h to -e &on(idered to -e in the &our(e of trade# B. EVEN IF THE IF THE USE WAS IN THE IN THE COURSE OF TRADE OF TRADE, SECTION 30 IS APPLICABLE
It i( the (u-mi((ion of the re(pondent that thi( doe( not &on(titute the &our(e of trade# In(tead of -ein. u(ed in the &our(e of trade, the u(e of the(e word( wa( merel in a de(&ripti"e (en(e# It i( imperati"e here that the Court al(o &on(ider the fa&t that the onl wa Arna-:( utter Chi&'en &an ad"erti(e at all would -e to de(&ri-e the nature of the (er"i&e( it render( or the nature of the &ommodit it (ell(# A&&ordin. to Se&tion 30%2%a 2+, trademar' infrin.ement 28 la&':( @aw Di&tionar 352 %+th ed# 1))0# 25 9 N@>C=IN T; DIITA@!AR=;TIN 4>T;NTIA@ > S!A@@ 9SIN;SS;S, http(LEEwww#-&.per(pe&ti"e(#&omE&ontentEarti&le(Edi.ital$e&onom$mar'etin.$(ale($unlo&'i n.$di.ital$mar'etin.$(mall$-u(ine((e(E %la(t "i(ited Jan# 21, 2015# 2+ The Trade !ar'( A&t, No# 87 of 1))), 30%2%a %1)))# 19 | 4 a . e
&annot -e (aid to ha"e o&&urred when the u(e in relation to .ood( or (er"i&e( indi&ate( the 'ind, Kualit, Kuantit, Kuantit, intended purpo(e, "alue, .eo.raphi&al ori.in, the time of produ&tion of .ood( or of renderin. of (er"i&e( or other &hara&teri(ti&( of .ood( or (er"i&e(# In thi( &a(e, the word( -ein. u(ed are word( li'e -e(t, -utter, and &hi&'en# It i( therefore the re(pondent:( (u-mi((ion that the(e word( indi&ate the 'ind and the Kualit of the .ood( in Kue(tion# !oreo"er, it mu(t al(o -e &on(idered that there i( no alternati"e wa of di(&u((in. the(e (er"i&e( and their nature# Therefore, if the Court were to rule in the fa"our of the appellant, it would -e &ripplin. the plaintiff immea(ura-l and en(urin. that he &annot in all fairne(( ad"erti(e hi( produ&t# It wa( held in the &a(e of !ari&o @td# "# A.ro Te&h ood 27, where the &lau(e of &ontention wa( Qlow a-(or- te&hnolo.: that Qnot onl the plaintiff ha( no e&lu(i"e ri.ht( what(oe"er to the trademar'( trademar'( -e&au(e the are (u&h whi&h fall within within the mi(&hief mi(&hief of Se&tion Se&tion 30%2%a, the re(pondentEdefendant i( alwa( full 6u(tified and entitled to u(e the de(&ripti"e word( in an and e"er manner that it (o &hoo(e( and plea(e( to do# If there are no ri.ht( of the plaintiff to e&lu(i"e u(er of the trademar' then where doe( ari(e the Kue(tion of di(entitlement of a defendant to u(e the trademar' of the appellant ina(mu&h a( an per(on who adopt( a de(&ripti"e word mar' doe( (o at it( own peril in that an other per(on will al(o -e full entitled to u(e the (ame in "iew of a (pe&ifi& (tatutor ri.ht( thereto, and there are "ariou( other (tatutor ri.ht( in&ludin. that under Se&tion 30%2 %a#: In the &a(e of Sto'el n&e one were to &ome to the &on&lu(ion that the epre((ion URehdrate Repl Replen eni( i(h h Refu Refuel elUU are &ommo &ommonl nl u(ed u(ed in the the trad tradee whi& whi&h h relat relate( e( to ener ener. . drin drin'( '( or (upplement( then it matter( little where it i( di(plaed on the produ&t a( it prima fa&ie e(ta-li(he( that the (aid word(Eepre((ion( are &ommonl u(ed in the trade to de(&ri-e the &hara&teri(ti& of the .ood( in i((ue#: Due to thi( rea(on he ruled that there &ould -e no "iolation -e&au(e of the pro"i(ion( of Se&tion 30%2%a a( lon. a( it &ould -e e(ta-li(hed that the word( in Kue(tion are &ommonl u(ed in the trade#
27 !ari&o @td# "# A.ro Te&h ood, %2010 D;@ 1*8) Indlaw# 2* Sto'el
In ilipino Gellow 4a.e(, In&# "(# A(ian Journal 4u-li&ation(, In&# 2), the Court de&ided on a te(t for fi.urin. out whether or not a term i( .eneri&#MIn determinin. whether a term i( .eneri&, we ha"e often relied upon the UwhoareouEwhatareouU te(tL UA mar' an(wer( the -uer( Kue(tion( U?ho are ouP ?here do ou &ome fromP ?ho "ou&he( "ou&he( for ouP ut the .eneri& name of the produ&t an(wer( the Kue(tion ?hat are ouP U# 9nder thi( te(t, Uif the primar (i.nifi&an&e of the trademar' i( to de(&ri-e the tpe of produ&t rather than the produ&er, the trademar' i( a .eneri& term ter m and &annot -e a "alid trademar'# ?ord( ?ord( li'e -e(t, -utter, and &hi&'en fit thi( perfe&tl the de(&ri-e the tpe of produ&t, rather than the produ&er and hen&e are not prote&ted# In fa&t, in the &a(e of ein Italia S#R#@# and Another " Da-ur India @imited and >ther( 30, the Court e"en held that the word lu&o(e D &ould not -e prote&ted prote&ted de(pite it( fairl di(tin&ti"e di(tin&ti"e &hara&ter a( lu&o(e D i( a .eneti& mar' and the re(pondent ha( le.itimate and (tatutor ri.ht to u(e thereof permitted - Se&tion 30%2%a# In &ompari(on, word( li'e -e(t, -utter, and &hi&'en are (o .eneri& that the idea of .i"in. them prote&tion i( "er nearl lau.ha-le# Due to thi( rea(on, the fall (Kuarel within the am-it of Se&tion 30%2%a, and hen&e &annot -e (aid to &on(titute infrin.ement# C. ARNAB ONLY USED PARTS OF THE OF THE TRADEMA TRADEMARK RK a) Ara! Ara! "# $%& '#"( a ar* ar* $+ *- *ra-/ar *ra-/ar
A&&ordin. to Se&tion 17%1 31, when a trade mar' &on(i(t( of (e"eral matter(, it( re.i(tration (hall &onfer on the proprietor e&lu(i"e ri.ht to the u(e of the trade mar' ta'en a( a whole# Su-(e&tion 232 of the (ame (e&tion epound( on that - (ain. that when a trademar' &ontain( an part whi&h i( not the (u-6e&t of a (eparate appli&ation - the proprietor for re.i(tration a( a trade mar' or whi&h i( not (eparatel re.i(tered - the proprietor a( a trade mar' or whi&h 2) ilipino Gellow 4a.e(, In&# "# A(ian Journal 4u-li&ation( In&#, 1)* #3d 1183, 118+87 %)th Cir# 1)))# 30 ein Italia S#R#@# and Another Another " Da-ur India @imited and >ther(, % 200* CA@ 51 Indlaw# 31 The Trade !ar'( A&t, No# 87 of 1))), 17%1 %1)))# 32 The Trade !ar'( A&t, No# 87 of 1))), 17%2 %1)))# 21 | 4 a . e
&ontain( an matter whi&h i( &ommon to the trade or i( otherwi(e of a non di(tin&ti"e &hara&ter %a &ontain( an part %i whi&h i( not the (u-6e&t of a (eparate appli&ation - the proprietor for re.i(tration a( a trade mar'L or %ii whi&h i( not (eparatel re.i(tered - the proprietor a( a trade mar' or %- Contain an matter whi&h i( &ommon to the trade or i( otherwi(e of a non di(tin&ti"e &hara&ter the re.i(tration thereof (hall not &onfer an e&lu(i"e ri.ht in the matter formin. onl a part of the whole of the trade mar' (o re.i(tered# The re(pondent (u-mit( that -e&au(e of the followin. &ondition(, he &annot -e held for infrin.ement a( the appellant ha( no e&lu(i"e ri.ht o"er u(e of part of hi( trademar'# The re(pondent ha( at no point u(ed the trademar' a( a whole# e onl pur&ha(ed fift indi"idual word( a( 'eword( 33# The(e 'eword( in&luded .eneri& 'eword( (u&h a( -e(t, -utter, and &hi&'en# In fa&t, the onl non.eneri& 'eword( that thi( li(t of fift word( &ontain &ontained ed %-e(id %-e(ide( e( mi((pe mi((pellin llin.( .( of .eneri .eneri&& word( word( were were the word( word( ArnaArna- %and %and it( mi( mi( (pellin. Arno- and !ur.wala# It i( (tated in the Trademar' A&t it(elf that nothin. in the A&t (hall entitle the proprietor or a re.i(tered u(er of a re.i(tered trade mar' to interfa&e with an -ona fide u(e - a per(on of hi( own name 38# If he were to -e re(trained from u(in. u(in. hi( own name, that would .o a.ain(t (tatute -latantl# Therefore, that &annot -e done# !oreo" !oreo"er, er, the pro-le pro-lem m onl onl (pea'( (pea'( of the po((i-ilit po((i-ilit of Man three of the(e the(e word( word( in &om-ination into the /oole (ear&h -ar, the (ear&h re(ult pa.e would &ontain a (u..e(ted po(t35# The trademar' &on(i(t( of a total of four word( the pro-lem onl (pea'( of pur&ha(ed re(ult( when a &om-ination of an three of the fift word( are tped in &om-in &om-inatio ation# n# It doe( doe( not mention mention at all that a &om-in &om-inatio ation n of four four word( word( &ould &au(e infrin.ement# The re(pondent re(pondent (u-mit( that (in&e there ei(t( no prote&tion for a partial trademar', trademar', and the (pon(ored re(ult( in Kue(tion onl (how up in &a(e( of three word( -ein. entered %there i( no rea(on what(oe"er to -elie"e that that enterin. all four word( i#e# !ur.awala:( e(t utter 33 a&t(heet + line 2# 38 The Trade !ar'( A&t, No# 87 of 1))), 35 %1)))# 35 a&t(heet + line +# 22 | 4 a . e
Chi&'en would .i"e a re(ult for Arna-:( &ompan, thi( render( impo((i-le the &han&e of the trademar' -ein. infrin.ed# !) E1- E1- "+ Ara! Ara! "# $* '#"( '#"( $%& $%& a ar* ar* $+ *- *ra-/ar, *ra-/ar, "* "# #*"%% #*"%% $* a 1"$%a*"$
An ar.ument ar.ument &an -e made that the appellant appellant po((e((e( an e&lu(i"e ri.ht o"er the part( of a trademar' a( well# Thi( i( a&&ordin. to (u-(e&tion 2 of (e&tion 17 3+ (a( that when a trade tradema mar' r' &ont &ontai ain( n( an an part part whi&h whi&h i( not not the the (u-6 (u-6e& e&tt of a (epara (eparate te appl appli&a i&ati tion on - the the proprietor for re.i(tration a( a trade mar' or whi&h i( not (eparatel re.i(tered - the proprietor a( a trade mar' or whi&h &ontain( an matter matte r whi&h i( &ommon to the trade or i( otherwi(e of a non di(tin&ti"e &hara&ter then that the trademar' holder doe( not po((e(( an 'ind of e&lu(i"e ri.ht o"er that part of a trademar'# Thi( implie( dire&tl the fa&t that if the part( of a trademar' are of a di(tin&ti"e &hara&ter, &hara& ter, then in that &a(e the trademar' holder doe( po((e(( ri.ht( o"er them (pe&ifi&all a( well# owe"er, that doe( not hold true in our &a(e# The trademar' in Kue(tion i( Q!ur.wala:( e(t utter Chi&'en:# ?ith the e&eption of the word !ur.wala, the other three word( are .eneri&# The &annot -e (aid to hold an 'ind of di(tin&ti"e &hara&ter# &hara&te r# D. THE DESCRIPTION DOES NOT REFER TO REFER TO MBBC
The re(pondent i( a proprietor of a re(taurant whi&h al(o offer( home deli"er (er"i&e(# ein. a new entrant into the .eo.raphi&al mar'et of Delhi the re(pondent (ou.ht to ad"erti(e thi( throu. throu.h h the u(e of /oole: /oole:(( AdVerba AdVerba ad"erti(in. (&heme whi&h offer( the option to the ad"erti rti(er (er
to add a
(hort de(&r (&ripti ption alon. with the
lin' to hi(
we-(it (ite# 37
ein. a new "endor and needin. to &reate a ni&he for him(elf in a flooded mar'et, it i( Kuite natu natural ral for for Arnarna- to re(or re(ortt to a..r a..re( e((i" (i"ee mar' mar'eti etin. n. and and a tar.e tar.ete ted d (ale( (ale( (trate (trate. .## To a&&ompli(h thi(, he re(orted to puffer, whi&h i( defined a( a term freKuentl u(ed to denote the ea..eration( rea(ona-l to -e epe&ted of a (eller a( to the de.ree of Kualit of hi( produ&t# 4uffer i( le.al#3*
3+ The Trade !ar'( A&t, No# 87 of 1))), 17%2 %1)))# 37a&t(heet 2 line 12# 23 | 4 a . e
The -e(t -utter &hi&'en i( a (uperlati"e phra(e it i( .rammati&all impo((i-le for anthin. to -e M-etter than the -e(t -utter &hi&'en# Thu( the fa&t remain( that thi( wa( an a n ea..eration e a..eration rea(ona-l to -e epe&ted a( to the de.ree of Kualit of hi( produ&t# There i( no proof a( to the fa&t that Arna- intended for the phra(e to -e u(ed a( a &omparati"e in an wa, and a-(olutel no proof a( to (how that Arna- wa( trin. to pa(( off hi( produ&t a( that of Arno-:(# 2) T- -#2r -#2r" "*" *"$ $ a# a# $%& $%& a *ra *ra- /ar /ar ar ar$& $&, $* $* ra ra" "( ( a& a& 2$-2*"$ !-*-- *- r-#$-* a *- a-%%a*
The re(pondent (u-mit( that e"en if we were to a((ume for a moment that the Court i( to hold Arna Arna-: -:(( prod produ& u&t: t:(( de(&r de(&rip ipti tion on to -e refer referrin rin. . to !C !C,, it woul would d (till (till not not &on( &on(ti titu tute te infrin.ement, -e&au(e thi( i( a trademar' parod# Trade !ar' parodie(, (u&h a( the one u(ed - the re(pondent do not &on(titute Qu(e in the &our(e of trade:3) a( i( reKuired - (e&tion 2) of the Trademar' A&t A&t 1)))# Thi( i( -e&au(e in a trade mar' parod the mar' of the plaintiff i( not u(ed in order to draw an trade &onne&tion -etween the plaintiff and the defendant,80 -ut for Kuite the oppo(ite rea(on, i.e. to di(tin.ui(h -etween them# It i( u(ed to draw a &lear (eparation ( eparation -etween the plaintiff:( .ood( or (er"i&e( ( er"i&e( and tho(e of the defendant# In the &a(e of trade mar' parodie( there i( a referen&e made to the &ompetitor:( trade mar', howe howe"e "err it i( done done to &on" &on"in in&e &e &u(t &u(tom omer( er( that that their their prod produ& u&tt or (er"i (er"i&e &e ha( ha( "ari "ariou ou(( &omparati"e ad"anta.e( o"er the produ&t( or (er"i&e( of their ri"al(# It i( o-"iou( that (u&h &ompari(on &annot o&&ur without drawin. in a referen&e to the ri"al:( produ&t or -rand name#81 The referen&e to the plaintiff:( mar' i( onl nominati"e in &hara&ter, i.e. to identif the plaintiff:( mar' a( it i(, without (ee'in. to deri"e an &onne&tion -etween thi( mar' and the defendant#
3*etter 3*etter @i"in., In&# et al#, 58 #T#C# +8* %1)57, affd, 25) #2d 271 %3rd Cir# 1)5*# 3)4admana-han, supra 3)4admana-han, supra note 1, at 71# 804admana-han, supra 804admana-han, supra note 1, at 71# 814admana-han, supra 814admana-han, supra note 1, at 72# 24 | 4 a . e
In 4ep(i Co#, In&# "# indu(tan Co&a Cola @td 82 the Delhi i.h Court Court held that u(a.e of the plaintiff:( mar' - the defendant in the &our(e of trade ha( to -e in relation to the .ood( of the appellant and in (u&h manner renderin. (u&h u(e li'el to -e &on(trued a( -ein. u(ed a( a trade mar' - the re(pondent# The &ourt (aid that if a trader were to &ompare hi( .ood( with the .ood( of a ri"al without in an wa ad"erti(in. that the ri"al:( trade mar' wa( u(ed in relation to hi( .ood(, there wa( prima fa&ie no infrin.ement# The &ourt &on&luded that the u(e of the phra(e in the defendant:( ad"erti(ement &ould at -e(t -e &on(trued a( mo&'in. or parodin. in the &ontet in whi&h it i( u(ed and would not amount to infrin.ement of the plaintiff:( trade mar'# Similarl, the de(&ription Metter than the e(t utter Chi&'en ha( -een added - the re(pondent onl for the purpo(e( of ad"erti(in. hi( own (er"i&e( and it( u(e &annot -e &on(trued to -e u(ed a( a trademar'# The re(pondent wa( (impl &omparin. hi( (er"i&e( to tho(e of the plaintiff without, in an wa, ad"erti(in. that Arno-:( trademar' wa( -ein. u(ed in relation to hi( (er"i&e(# The u(e wa( onl nominati"e in &hara&ter, to identif the re(pondent:( (er"i&e( in a more po(iti"e li.ht without (ee'in. to deri"e an &onne&tion with the appellant: appellant:(( -u(ine((# A( oppo(ed to the aforementioned aforementioned Delhi i.h &ourt &a(e, the u(e of (u&h a de(&ription - the re(pondent doe(n:t e"en amount to Qparodin. or mo&'in.: of the appellant:( trade mar', (in&e the re(pondent i( (impl ma'in. an ad"erti(in. &laim that hi( (er"i&e( (er"i&e( are -etter -etter than than tho(e tho(e of the plaint plaintiff iff## In Tata ata Son( Son( @imite @imited d "# reenp reenpea&e ea&e International83 the the &our &ourtt o-(er o-(er"e "ed d that that Mthe Mthe defen defenda dant nt::( ar.u ar.ume ment nt that that the the &an &an ma'e ma'e rea(ona-le &omment, ridi&ule, and parod of the re.i(tered trade mar'(, i( per(ua(i"e# In @oui(
824ep(i Co#, In&# "# indu(tan Co&a Cola @td, %2003 27 4TC 305# 83Son( @imited "# reenpea&e International , %2011 85 4TC 275# 88@oui(
Al(o, the fa&t that the me((a.e &ould ha"e -een &on"eed - mean( other than parod would not -e de&i(i"e or e"en (i.nifi&ant# 85 Therefore an ar.ument that (u&h a de(&ription &ould ha"e -een ad"erti(ed throu.h an other mode -ut AdV -ut AdVerba erba i( al(o not "alid# In Alan =enneth !&'enie Clar' "# A((o&iated New(paper( @td 8+ the &ourt &on&luded that the defendant had to e(ta-li(h two thin.(# ir(tl, that (u&h repre(entation %epre(( or implied hadn:t -een authored - the plaintiff and (e&ondl, that a (u-(tantial -od of reader( would not -e mi(led# Thu(, a parod whi&h o&&a(ioned onl a momentar and in&on(eKuential de&eption wa( -oth (u&&e((ful and permi((i-le, -ut a parod whi&h o&&a(ioned an endurin. de&eption wa( held to -e neither#87 In the de(&ription de(&ription u(ed - the re(pondent re(pondent there &an -e no &onfu(ion, either epre(( or implied, that it ha( -een authored in an wa - the appellant# The word( Metter than the e(t utter Chi&'en "er &learl di(tin.ui(he( the (er"i&e( of the re(pondent re(pondent from that of the appellant appellant and hen&e no rea(on that the &on(umer( &on(umer( &an -e mi(led re.ardin. the ori.in of (er"i&e(# In aw'in( Coo'er( @imited "# !uru.an ;nterpri(e( 8* the Delhi i.h Court held that the defendant had fulfilled the &ondition of Qhone(t u(e: (in&e no &u(tomer &ould de&ipher a &ommer&ial &onne&tion -etween the plaintiff and the defendant# The u(e wa( more in the nature of indi&atin. the intended purpo(e of the produ&t mar'eted - the defendant, and not one that re(ulted in the dilution of the "alue of the plaintiff:( trade mar' - ta'in. an unfair ad"anta.e ad"anta.e of it( di(tin&ti"e di(tin&ti"e &hara&ter &hara&ter or repute# The re(pondent:( re(pondent:( u(e of the de(&ription de(&ription wa( al(o done with a -ona fide intention not intendin. to draw an 'ind of &ommer&ial &onne&tion -etween him(elf and the appellant# It wa( done (olel with the intention to indi&ate the purpo(e of hi( (er"i&e(, (er"i&e( , that the are a re of a hi.h Kualit, and doe( not dimini(h the "alue of the appellant:( trademar' - ta'in. an undue ad"anta.e of it( repute# ) T- '#- $+ *- -#2r"* -#2r"*"$ "$ "# " 2$+$r/"* 2$+$r/"*& & "* *- r$1"# r$1"#"$ "$# # $+ * Tra-/ar Tra-/ar A2*, 4555
85 Laugh it Off Promotions Promotions CC v. Freedom of Epression Epression In(titute 200+ %1 SA %CC 188 %S# Afr## 8+Alan =enneth !&'enie Clar' "# A((o&iated A((o&iated New(paper( @td, B1))* R4C 2+1# 874admana-han, supra 874admana-han, supra note 1, at 75# 8*aw'in( Coo'er( @imited "# !uru.an ;nterpri(e(, %200* 3+ 4TC 2)0# 26 | 4 a . e
Se&tion 30 of the Trademar' A&t, A&t, 1))) la( down &ertain e&eption( whi&h will not &on(titute infrin.ement
of
a
trademar'
a(
(pe&ified
in
Se&tion
2)#
A( lon. a( the u(e of the re.i(tered trademar' i( done in a&&ordan&e with hone(t pra&ti&e( in indu(trial or &ommer&ial matter( and i( not (u&h a( to ta'e unfair ad"anta.e of the trademar' it will not -e held a( infrin.ement# 8) The u(e of the de(&ription - the re(pondent i( an hone(t pra&ti&e &ommon in "ariou( &ommer&ial matter( where &ompanie( ma'e u(e of &omparati"e ad"erti ad"erti(in (in. . in order order to &on"in &on"in&e &e pro(pe pro(pe&ti &ti"e "e &u(tom &u(tomer( er( a-out a-out "ariou "ariou(( ad"ant ad"anta.e a.e(( their their produ&t ha( o"er tho(e of their &ompetitor(# It i( o-"iou( that (u&h &ompari(on i( not po((i-le without
a
referen&e
to
the
&ompetitor:(
produ&t
or
-rand
name#
A trademar' i( not infrin.ed where it i( u(ed in relation to .ood( or (er"i&e( in order to indi&ate the 'ind and Kualit of renderin. of (er"i&e(# 50 The u(e of the de(&ription in the (uperlati"e form (u..e(t( the hi.h Kualit of (er"i&e( that the re(pondent i( promi(in. hi( pro(pe&ti"e &u(tomer( throu.h (u&h a, ad"erti(in. (trate.# (trate.# A# T; I!49N;D =;G?>RDS >N ACC>9NT > ;IN D;SCRI4TI<;, ;N;RIC AND @A9DAT>RG >9T N>T >9T N>T T> A<; ;;N R;IST;R;D
Common word( and word( of a de(&ripti"e &hara&ter are entitled to le((er prote&tion under trade mar' law# Thi( i( -e&au(e the (tren.th of a mar' i( &on(idera-l redu&ed when word( &ommonl found in the di&tionar or &ommonl u(ed in &on"er(ation fi.ure a( a part of the trademar', that too in a de(&ripti"e &ontet# &ontet #51 a) T- ""1" ""1"'a% 'a% ar*# ar*# $+ *- a-%%a a-%%a*’ *’# # *ra- /ar ar- " 1"$%a* 1"$%a*"$ "$ $+ #-2*"$ 5 - r-a a%$( "* #-2*"$# 46 a 47 $+ *- Tra- Mar# A2*,4555
A&&ordin. to (e&tion 15%1 of the Trade !ar'( A&t, 1))) if a proprietor want( to -e entitled to the e&lu(i"e u(e of an part of the trademar', he ha( to appl to the re.i(ter the whole and the part a( (eparate trademar'(# ;a&h (eparate trademar' ha( to (ati(f all the &ondition( applin. to, and ha"e the in&ident( of, an independent trademar'# 52 It i( (u-mitted that the (eparate part( of the appellant:( re.i(tered trade mar' are in "iolation of (e&tion ) of the 8)The Trade !ar'( A&t, No# 87 of 1))), 30%1 %1)))# 50The Trade !ar'( A&t, No# 87 of 1))), 30%2%a %1)))# 514admana-han, supra 514admana-han, supra note 1, at 1+5# 27 | 4 a . e
Trade !ar'( A&t, whi&h la( down the a-(olute .round( for refu(al of re.i(tration, (in&e the are %i de"oid of an di(tin&ti"e &hara&ter,53 %ii the (er"e in trade to de(i.nate the 'ind, Kualit and intended purpo(e of the .ood( or (er"i&e( 58 and %iii and ha"e -e&ome &u(tomar in the &urrent lan.ua.e and in the -ona fide and e(ta-li(hed pra&ti&e( of the trade# 55 If a re.i(tered trade mar' &on(i(t( of (e"eral matter(, it( re.i(tration &onfer( e&lu(i"e ri.ht to the proprietor onl to the u(e of the trade mar' ta'en a( a whole# 5+ In addition, if a trade mar' &on(i(t( of an part whi&h ha(n:t -een (eparatel re.i(tered - the proprietor for re.i(tration a( a trade mar' 57 or &ontain( anthin. whi&h i( &ommon to the trade or otherwi(e of a non di(tin&ti"e &hara&ter ,5* the re.i(tration doe( not &onfer an e&lu(i"e ri.ht to (u&h part# Therefore if it i( (hown that the appellant did not re.i(ter the part( of hi( re.i(tered trade mar' (eparatel or if (u&h part( were of a nondi(tin&ti"e &hara&ter, then the appellant &annot &onte(t the re(pondent:( ri.ht to the u(e of the(e indi"idual word( whi&h form part( of hi( trade mar'# The appellant appellant re.i(tered the trade mar' of !C onl a( a whole whole and not a( (eparate part(, in the ear 1)5)# 5) It i( (u-mitted that no indi"idual part of the trademar' (ati(fie( the &ondition( applin. to an independent trade mar'# !&Carth:( De(' ;n&&lopedia of Intelle&tual 4ropert whi&h the 6ud.e relied on in the &a(e of Con(im Info 4"t @td " oo.le India 4"t @td +0 define( a de(&ripti"e mar' a( Ma word, pi&ture or other (m-ol that dire&tl de(&ri-e( (omethin. a-out the .ood( or (er"i&e( in 52The Trade !ar'( A&t, No# 87 of 1))), 15%2 %1)))# 53The Trade !ar'( A&t, No# 87 of 1))), )%1%a %1)))# 58The Trade !ar'( A&t, No# 87 of 1))), )%1%- %1)))# 55The Trade !ar'( A&t, No# 87 of 1))), )%1%& %1)))# 5+The Trade !ar'( A&t, No# 87 of 1))), 17%1 %1)))# 57The Trade !ar'( A&t, No# 87 of 1))), 17%2%a%ii %1)))# 5*The Trade !ar'( A&t, No# 87 of 1))), 17%2%- %1)))# 5) a&t(heet 3 line 17# 28 | 4 a . e
&onne&tion with whi&h it i( u(ed a( a mar'# Su&h a term ma -e de(&ripti"e of a de(ira-le &hara&teri(ti& of the .ood( the intended purpo(e, fun&tion or u(e of the .ood(V#the i((ue of de(&ripti"ene(( i( u(uall te(ted from the "iew point of the hpotheti&al &u(tomer, who ha( the -a(i& amount of 'nowled.e a-out the produ&t, whi&h i( &on"eed - ad"erti(in. and promotion &urrentl a"aila-le in the mar'et pla&e# In ilipino Gellow 4a.e(, In&# "# A(ian Journal 4u-li&ation(, In&# +1 the &ourt laid down a te(t to determine determine would -e &alled a .eneri& .eneri& term# It (aid that Uif the primar (i.nifi&an&e of the trademar' i( to de(&ri-e the tpe of produ&t rather than the produ&er, the trademar' i( a .eneri& term and &annot -e a "alid trademar'#U It i( (u-mitted that the word( M-e(t -utter &hi&'en are al(o de(&ripti"e mar'(# Thi( i( -e&au(e the ha"e -een u(ed - the re(pondent in order to de(&ri-e hi( .ood( a( -ein. of a de(ira-l hi.h Kualit# The ha"e -een u(ed to de(i.nate the Kualit %a( indi&ated - the word( Q-e(t:, 'ind 'ind and intend intended ed purpo purpo(e (e %a( indi&a indi&ated ted - the word( word( Q-utte Q-utterr &hi&'e &hi&'en: n: of the (er"i&e( (er"i&e( rendered - him# +2 Al(o the(e three word( ha"e -e&ome &u(tomar in the &urrent lan.ua.e, +3 a( the ha"e -e&ome etremel &ommon in the ;n.li(h lan.ua.e In Cadila Cadila ealth& ealth&are are @td "# u6arat u6arat Coope Cooperati rati"e "e !il' !ar'et !ar'etin. in. ederat ederation ion @td+8 the plaintiff (ou.ht monopol o"er the epre((ion M(u.ar free whi&h it &laimed had a&Kuired e&lu(i"it a( a trademar' in relation to the "ariou( produ&t( manufa&tured - it# The &ourt held that the defendant wa( not u(in. the word( M(u.ar free in a trademar' (en(e of (ee'in. to di(tin.ui(h the .ood( of the defendant from (imilar .ood( of other trader(, -ut in a de(&ripti"e (en(e# en&e (u&h u(e neither amounted to mi(repre(entation nor wa( there an li'elihood of de&eption# The ad6e&ti"e M(u.ar free i( a true de(&ription of the .ood( of the defendant and wa( intended to &on"e (u&h a me((a.e to the pur&ha(in. pu-li&# No ordinar (en(i-le mem-er of the pu-li& would -e &onfu(ed and there wa( no e"iden&e to e(ta-li(h +0Con(im Info 4"t @td " oo.le India 4"t @td, %2010 + CTC *13# +1ilipino Gellow 4a.e(, In&# "# A(ian Journal 4u-li&ation(, In&#, 1)* #3d 1183# +2The Trade !ar'( A&t, No# 87 of 1))), )%2 %1)))# +3The Trade !ar'( A&t, No# 87 of 1))), )%3 %1)))# +8Cadila ealth&are @td "# u6arat u6arat Cooperati"e !il' !ar'etin. ederation @td, %200) 81 4TC 33+# 29 | 4 a . e
prima
fa&ie
that
(u&h
&onfu(ion
ha(
re(ulted
or
i(
li'el
to
re(ult#
Similarl, the word( M-e(t -utter &hi&'en ha"e -een u(ed - the re(pondent in a de(&ripti"e rather than a trade mar' (en(e# The ha"en:t -een u(ed to refer to either the appellant:( or re(pondent:( -u(ine(( and di(tin.ui(h -etween them, -ut (impl to indi&ate the Kualit and purpo(e of the re(pondent:( (er"i&e(# The epre((ion i( onl a de(&ription of the (er"i&e(, and wa( intended to &on"e (u&h a me((a.e to pro(pe&ti"e &u(tomer(# en&e there:( no li'elihood of de&eption or &onfu(ion on the part of the &u(tomer( re.ardin. the ori.in of (u&h (er"i&e( a( the epre((ion i( 6u(t a &om-ination of freKuentl u(ed ;n.li(h word(# The -en&h in Cadila ealth&are @td "# u6arat Cooperati"e !il' !ar'etin. ederation @td +5 held that on&e a &ommon phra(e in the ;n.li(h lan.ua.e whi&h dire&tl de(&ri-ed the produ&t wa( adopted - an -u(ine(( enterpri(e, enterpri(e, (u&h adoption adoption naturall entailed entailed the ri(' that other( in the field would al(o -e entitled to u(e (u&h phra(e( pro"ided no attempt wa( made to ride on the -andwa.on of (u&h enterpri(e:( produ&t# Therefore an trader who adopted (u&h mar' wa( a((umed to do (o with &lear 'nowled.e 'nowled.e of the po((i-ilit po((i-ilit of other trader( al(o u(in. the (aid mar' in a de(&ripti"e (en(e# The appellant( - adoptin. the epre((ion M-e(t -utter &hi&'en &hi&'en opened them(el"e( them(el"e( to the ri(' of other people u(in. the (ame or (imilar epre((ion a( part of their produ&t:( de(&ription# The appellant &an &laim a monopol o"er the u(e of &ommonl u(ed word(# In J#R# =apoor "# !i&roni India ++ the word M!i&ro wa( -ein. u(ed - -oth the appellant a( well a( the re(pondent# The Supreme Court (aid that anone produ&in. an produ&t would -e 6u(tified in u(in. the (aid word a( part of hi( trade name# Sin&e the word Mmi&ro wa( a &ommon or .eneral name de(&ripti"e of the produ&t( whi&h were (old the u(er( of (u&h produ&t( were unli'el to -e mi(.uided or &onfu(ed - the (aid word# Similarl word( li'e Q-utter &hi&'en: i( a .eneral name whi&h de(&ri-e( the produ&t -ein. (old - the re(pondent and u(er( are unli'el to -e mi(.uided - (aid word(# !) T- r-#$r-#$-* * "# -*"*%- -*"*%- *$ *- '#- $+ #'2 #'2 "/'(- "/'(- -&$r# -&$r# '-r '-r #-2*"$ 36 $+ *- Tra- Mar# A2*,4555
+5Cadila ealth&are @td "# u6arat u6arat Cooperati"e !il' !ar'etin. ederation @td, %200) 81 4TC 33+# ++ J#R# =apoor "# !i&roni India, %1))8 Supp %3 SCC 215# 3" | 4 a . e
Se&tion 35 entitle( the proprietor of a re.i(tered trade mar' the -ona fide u(e of hi( own name, of an of hi( prede&e((or( in -u(ine(( or an -ona fide de(&ription of the &hara&ter or Kualit of hi( .ood( or (er"i&e(# Althou.h it i( not (pe&ifi&all mentioned in the definition of a mar', the word name would in&lude (urname# +7 The u(e of the word M!ur.wala a( a 'eword i( therefore in line with (e&tion 35 a( it i( the (urname of the re(pondent a( well hi( prede&e((or, and al(o it i( a -ona fide de(&ription de( &ription of the Kualit Kualit of hi( .ood( and (er"i&e( a( (hown a-o"e# 4rima fa&ie the Kue(tion of a name -ein. a-le to di(tin.ui(h .ood( or (er"i&e( will depend on how &ommon the name i(# +* >ne al(o ha( to &on(ider the pro-a-ilit of (ome-od ha"in. the (ame name li'el to enter the (ame -u(ine(( -u(ine(( and the pro-a-ilit pro-a-ilit of &hoo(in. &hoo(in. hi( (urname or per(onal name a( a trade mar' for the (ame or (imilar .ood(#+) A word word whi&h a&&ordin. to it( ordi ordina nar r (i.ni (i.nifi& fi&ati ation on i( a (urn (urnam amee wa( wa( prim primaa fa&ie fa&ie not not di(ti di(tin& n&ti ti"e "e not not &apa &apa-l -lee of di(ti di(tin. n.ui ui(h (hin in. . unde underr (e&ti (e&tion on ) of the the Trade rade and and !er& !er&ha hand ndi( i(ee A&t 1)5* 1)5*## 70 >rdinar (i.nif (i.nifi&at i&ation ion mean( the ordinar ordinar meanin meanin. . of the word word to people people in India# India# 71 The The name name Q!ur.wala: i( made a &om-ination of two indi word( Q!ur.:, meanin. &hi&'en, and Q?ala: meanin. per(on# Therefore the ordinar (i.nifi&ation of the name Q!ur.wala: i( Qa per(on offerin. &hi&'en:# Therefore (u&h a name i( not entitled to e&lu(i"e u(a.e# Manta(ti& Sam:( a mar' wa( refu(ed re.i(tration in re(pe&t of hair dre((in. (er"i&e( -ein. a &om-ination of a laudator and a familiar Chri(tian name, &on(iderin. the &ommon pra&ti&e of hairdre((er( u(in. their Chri(tian name( a( a tradin. (tle# 72 Applin. the (ame rea(onin. a( held in the aforementioned &a(e, there ei(t( a "er hi.h po((i-ilit of a per(on ha"in. hi( (urname a( Q!ur.wala: and u(in. it a( a trade mar' for (er"i&e( related to food deli"er and re(taurant(# The appellant i( hen&e not -e entitled to an prote&tion# +7 4# Naraanan, @aw of Trade !ar'( and 4a((in. >ff 158 %+th ed# 2008# +* Naraanan, supra Naraanan, supra note +7, at 153# +) Naraanan, supra Naraanan, supra note +7, at 153# 70 Naraanan, supra Naraanan, supra note +7, at 153# 71 Naraanan, supra Naraanan, supra note +7, at 155# 72 anta(ti& Sam:( Ser"i&e !ar' B1))0 R4C 531# 31 | 4 a . e
In !ani(h S>R wa( not entitled to an prote&tion a( it wa( -a(i&all a minor "ariation of the de(&ription epre((ion M@>? AS>R whi&h i( not an unu(ual 6utapo(ition of the two word( M@>? M@>? and MAS>R# Similarl Similarl the &om-ination &om-ination of the two word( word( M!ur.: and M?ala: M?ala: i( not an unu(ual one (in&e to.ether the form a .rammati&all .rammati&a ll &orre&t word# The defendant( are in the (ame line of -u(ine(( a( that of the plaintiff, and therefore ha"e no alternati"e -ut to ad"erti(e their (er"i&e( in a manner de(&ripti"e of (u&h (er"i&e(# or in(tan&e, if a proprietor i( trin. to ad"erti(e hi( re(taurant whi&h (ell( -utter &hi&'en, he would ha"e no other alternati"e -ut to u(e the(e word(# Thou.h there are a few word( (non (nonmou mou(( with with &hi&'en &hi&'en,, he &annot &annot -e epe&te epe&ted d to u(e the word word Qpoult Qpoultr: r: in(tea in(tead d of &hi&'en, or Qmar.arine: in(tead of -utter# If we let, for eample, that an in6un&tion -e .ranted pre"entin. the re(pondent from u(in. (u&h word( in &om-ination, it would lead to the &on(eKuen&e &on(eKuen&e of redu&in. the &hoi&e of word( word( a"aila-le to the &ompetitor( &ompetitor( to a "er few and re(ultin. in the appellant monopoliin. (u&h word(, whi&h will -e "er di(a(trou(# Su&h a "iew wa( al(o upheld in Con(im Info 4"t @td " oo.le India 4"t @td# 73 !ani(h
75
The u(e of the
&om-ination of word( &an -e ta'en to -e ine"ita-le and una"oida-le, e"en if pre(umed to not -e a -ona fide de(&ription of the &hara&ter or Kualit of (e r"i&e(, (a"ed - (e&tion 35# ;"en in 4la-o 4la-o ;nterpri(e(, ;nterpri(e(, In&# "# Net(&ape Communi&at Communi&ation( ion( Corporation Corporation7+ that that a findi findin. n. of infrin.ement mi.ht re(ult in the lo(( of otherwi(e .eneri& word( from the ;n.li(h lan.ua.e at the &ompetitor:( need with the re(ult that the plaintiff would effe&ti"el monopoli(e tho(e word(# 2) S-2* S-2*"$ "$# # 3489), 3489), 39 a a **- r$1 r$1"# "#$ $ 2$* 2$*a" a"- - " S-2* S-2*"$ "$ 5 $-# $-# $* $* a%& *$ *- a-%%a*
It i( (u-mitted that at no point -efore or after re.i(tration or appli&ation for re.i(tration of the trade mar' of the appellant did it a&Kuire a di(tin&ti"e &hara&ter in relation to the (er"i&e( for whi&h it ha( -een re.i(tered# In Cellular Clothin. Co# @td# "# !aton F !urra 77 @ord Shand o-(er"ed that when the onl repre(e repre(entat ntation ion - the defend defendant ant &on(i(t &on(i(t(( of a term or term(, term(, whi&h whi&h aptl aptl and &orre&t &orre&tl l de(&ri-ed the .ood( offered for (ale, then the plaintiff ha( to pro"e that the(e term( no lon.er mean what the (a or no lon.er mean onl what the (a -ut ha"e a&Kuired the (e&ondar and further meanin. that the parti&ular .ood( or .ood made - the plaintiff# 9nle(( that i( pro"en there i( no room for a &har.e of "iolation of an ri.ht (in&e the defendant( are onl eer&i( eer&i(in. in. the ri.ht ri.ht whi&h whi&h the the po((e(( po((e(( a( mu&h mu&h a( the plaint plaintiff iff doe(# The The epre( epre((ion (ion Q!ur.wala:( e(t utter Chi&'en: a( (hown a-o"e &on(i(t( of term( whi&h are &ompletel de(&ripti"e in nature and de"oid of an di(tin&ti"ene((# The re(pondent - in&ludin. the(e word( in hi( repre(entation i( onl eer&i(in. hi( ri.ht to aptl and &orre&tl de(&ri-e hi( (er"i&e(# In #C#?#C#S# #C#?#C#S# %4 @td "# I#C#?# Coop So&iet @td 7* the =erala i.h Court held that MIndian Coffee ou(e wa( a .eneri& name u(ed - all &ooperati"e (o&ietie( of the eemploee( of the Coffee oard who fun&tioned independent of ea&h other# Thou.h it mi.ht -e true that the Indian Coffee ou(e mi.ht ha"e earned a name and .oodwill due to the (er"i&e( rendered - them in their &aterin. e(ta-li(hment(, e(ta-li(hment(, that - it(elf would not ena-le the plaintiff plaintiff to pre"ent pre"ent 7+4la-o ;nterpri(e(, In&# "# Net(&ape Communi&ation( Corporation, 358 #3d #3d 1020# 77Cellular Clothin. Co# @td# "# !aton F !urra, B1*)) A#C# A#C# 32+# 7*#C#?#C#S# %4 @td "# I#C#?# Coop So&iet @td, %1))) 1 =@T 322# 33 | 4 a . e
other eemploee( of the Coffee oard or an an other owner of a &aterin. e(ta-li(hment e(ta -li(hment to run their
e(ta-li(hment
under
the
name
MIndian
Coffee
ou(e#
In Ri&h 4rodu&t( Corporation "# Indo Nippon ood @td 7) the plaintiff &ontended that the epre((ion Mwhip toppin. u(ed a( a part of the plaintiff:( trademar' had a&Kuired (e&ondar meanin.# The &ourt re6e&ted thi( &ontention (ain. that the epre((ion Mwhip toppin. wa( u(ed &ommonl in the indu(tr in a de(&ripti"e (en(e# @i'ewi(e, the epre((ion Q-e(t -utter &hi&'en: &hi&'en: i( (omethin. (omethin. whi&h i( -ound -ound to -e u(ed &ommonl - a num-er num-er of re(taurant( re(taurant( in a de(&ripti"e (en(e# en&e the re.i(tered trade mar' of the appellant ha( not a&Kuired an di(tin&ti"ene((, and &oupled with it( .eneri& nature it i( not entitled to an prote&tion under the a&t# ) T- r-("#*-r r-("#*-r- - *ra- /ar $+ *- a-%%a a-%%a** $-#’* $-#’* 2$*a" 2$*a" a& "1-*- "1-*- $r
In"ented word( are entitled to a hi.her de.ree of prote&tion# *0 In 9nited Iron F Steel ?or'( "# o"t# of India *1 it wa( o-(er"ed that in"ented word( intended to (er"e a( trade mar'( are u(uall ea( to pronoun&e a( a &ommon man i( epe&ted to a((o&iate thin.( of a parti&ular manufa&turer with that parti&ular mar' whi&h, in the &a(e of an in"ented word, normall ha( phoneti& (i.nifi&an&e# To e(ta-li(h that a word i( an in"ented one, it not onl ha( to -e pro"ed that the word( in Kue(tion are not found in an di&tionar -ut it ha( al(o to -e (hown that the word i( e"en otherwi(e un'nown in the lan.ua.e( whi&h are &ommonl (po'en in the &ountr# The word mu(t not indi&ate an o-"iou( meanin.# *2 The three word( Q-e(t -utter &hi&'en: are widel u(ed word( and found in the ;n.li(h di&tionar# Al(o, a &on6un&tion of two .eneri& word( doe(n:t mean that the re(ultant word will -e &on(idered a( an in"ented word# In Ne(tle:( 4rodu&t( %India @td "# 4# Than'ara6a *3 the !adra( i.h Court held that the mar' MINST;A wa( not to -e &on(idered an in"ented word, 7)Ri&h 4rodu&t( Corporation "# Indo Nippon ood @td, %2010 82 4TC %Del ++0# *04admana-han, supra *04admana-han, supra note 1, at 171# *19nited Iron F Steel ?or'( ?or'( "# o"t# of India, A#I#R# 1)+7 4F +8# *24admana-han, supra *24admana-han, supra note 1, at 171# 34 | 4 a . e
a( it wa( 6u(t a &on6un&tion of the word( Qin(tant: and Qtea:# The word Q!ur.wala: &an:t -e &laimed - the appellant to -e an in"ented word a( it i( the &on6un&tion of two &ommon indi word(, a( (hown a-o"e#
E. :OO:LE IS NOT LIABLE FOR TRADEMA FOR TRADEMARK RK INFRINGEMENT INFRINGEMENT
ir(tl, it i( the re(pondent:( (u-mi((ion that /oole i( not lia-le a( it wa( merel a&tin. a( a dire&tor and an po((i-le infrin.ement wa( not in the &our(e of trade# A( ha( alread -een e(ta-li(hed, the &our(e of trade i( defined a( Qwhat i( &u(tomaril or ordinaril done in the mana.ement of trade or -u(ine((: *8# Ta'in. thi( into &on(ideration, it i( the re(pondent:( (u-mi((ion that the a&t of (ellin. of 'eword( did not amount to infrin.ement of trademar' a( thi( a&t wa( not in the &our(e of trade# It i( a welle(ta-li(hed fa&t that an under(tandin. of &our(e of trade i( arri"ed at - loo'in. at what i( &u(tomar in a .i"en trade# If one i( to loo' at the -u(ine(( of (ear&h en.ine(, out of an e(timated 2*0 or (o (ear&h en.ine( *5, there i( onl one with a 'nown pro.ramme for (ellin. 'eword( %.oo.le# >n that -a(i(, it &an -e (aid that (ellin. 'eword( with a "iew to earnin. profit( i( not &u(tomar in thi( -u(ine((, and thu( &annot -e (aid to -e in the &our(e of trade# a) :$$;%:$$;%- "# a "*-r/ "*-r/-"a -"ar& r&
/oole, -ein. a (ear&h en.ine, &ome( under the definition of an intermediar a&&ordin. to the IT A&t# The A&t defined an intermediar a( follow(L UIntermediarU with re(pe&t to an parti&ular ele&troni& re&ord(, mean( an per(on who on -ehalf of another per(on re&ei"e(, (tore( or tran(mit( that re&ord or pro"ide( an (er"i&e with re(pe&t to that re&ord and in&lude( tele&om (er"i&e pro"ider(, networ' (er"i&e pro"ider(, internet (er"i&e pro"ider(, we- ho(tin. *3Ne(tle:( 4rodu&t( %India @td "# 4# Than'ara6a, A#I#R# 1)7* !ad 33+# *8 la&':( @aw Di&tionar 352 %+th ed# 1))0# *5 C>!4R;;NSI<; @IST > S;ARC ;NIN;S, httpLEEwww#the(ear&hen.ineli(t#&omE %la(t "i(ited Jan# 21, 2015# 35 | 4 a . e
(er"i&e pro"ider(, (ear&h en.ine(, online pament (ite(, onlineau&tion (ite(, online mar'et pla&e( and &-er &afe(*+# The fa&t that /oole i( a (ear&h en.ine i( not in di(pute - either part# Therefore, a&&ordin. to the pro"i(ion( of the A&t it(elf, /oole i( an intermediar# Se&tion 7)%1 of the IT A&t (a( *7 that an intermediar intermediar (hall not -e lia-le for an third part information, data, or &ommuni&ation lin' ho(ted - him# Therefore, it i( the (u-mi((ion of the re(pondent that due to the fa&t that /oole ha( the le.al (tatu( of an intermediar, it &annot -e held lia-le for the data ho(ted - it# !) :$$;%:$$;%- a# $* 1$"- 1$"- a "*-r/-"ar& "*-r/-"ar&’# ’# -<-/*"$ -<-/*"$ +r$/ +r$/ %"a!"%"*& %"a!"%"*&
The IT A&t al(o (pe&ifie( &ertain &ondition( whi&h when fulfilled mean that an intermediar i( no lon.er "oid from lia-ilit# It i( the re(pondent:( (u-mi((ion that none of the(e &ondition( ha( -een fulfilled, and therefore /oole retain( the intermediar:( eemption from lia-ilit# Se&tion 7)%2%a (a( that ** the eemption from lia-ilit i( .ranted onl if the fun&tion of the inter interme medi diar ar i( limite limited d to pro" pro"id idin in. . a&&e(( a&&e(( to a &omm &ommun uni& i&ati ation on ((te ((tem m o"er o"er whi& whi&h h information made a"aila-le - third partie( i( tran(mitted or temporaril (tored# It i( the re(pondent: re(pondent:(( (u-mi((ion (u-mi((ion that thi( &lau(e &annot -e held to -e appli&a-le appli&a-le in thi( &a(e# Thi( i( -e&au(e /oole did onl pro"ide a&&e(( to a &ommuni&ation ((tem &on(i(tin. of information whi&h wa( made a"aila-le - third partie( *)# ;"en 'eword( 'eword( are pur&ha(ed pur&ha(ed - third partie(, not - /oole it(elf, therefore it i( (u-mitted that the ad"erti(ement( were (till -ein. made a"aila-le - a third part onl# Therefore, /oole i( not in -rea&h of it( lia-ilit under thi( &lau(e# It i( the (u-mi((ion of the re(pondent that /oole ha( not "oided it( eemption from lia-ilit under Se&tion 7)%2%%iii either# Thi( (u-(e&tion (pea'( of the fa&t that an intermediar (hall -e eempted from lia-ilit onl if it doe( not (ele&t or modif the information &ontained in the tran(mi((ion tran(mi((ion)0# The rea(on /oole i( not &ulpa-le in thi( &a(e i( -e&au(e it ha( at no pointed (ele&ted or modified the information &ontained in the tran(mi((ion# Sele&tion and *+ The Information Te&hnolo. %Amendment %Amendment A&t, No# 10 of 200), 2%1%w %200*# *7 The Information Te&hnolo. %Amendment %Amendment A&t, No# 10 of 200), 7)%1 %200*# ** The Information Te&hnolo. %Amendment %Amendment A&t, No# 10 of 200), 7)%2%a %200*# *) a&t(heet 2 line 7# 36 | 4 a . e
modifi&ation impl that &ertain information i( -ein. left out for other information# In thi( &a(e, howe"er, /oole (impl addin. &ertain other information )1 in the form of (pon(ored ad(# The a&tual information &ontained in the tran(mi((ion i#e# the or.ani& re(ult( i( not -ein. tampered with)2# Therefore, /oole ha( not "oided it( eemption from lia-ilit under thi( (e&tion# A&&ordin. to Se&tion 7)%3%a, the intermediar (hall not -e eempt from lia-ilit if it ha( &on(pired or a-etted or aided or indu&ed whether - threat( or promi(e or otherwi(e in the &ommi((ion &ommi((ion of the unlawful a&t )3# Se&tion 107 of the Indian 4enal Code (a( that one a-et( the doin. of a thin. if he intentionall intentionall aid(, aid(, - an a&t or ille.al omi((ion, omi((ion, the doin. of that thin.)8# To -e.in with, it i( the re(pondent:( (u-mi((ion that there ha( -een no ille.al a&t &ommit &ommitted ted in thi( thi( &a(e# &a(e# owe" owe"er, er, e"en if the &ourt were were to (a that infrin. infrin.eme ement nt ha( o&&urred, /oole i( not re(pon(i-le for a-ettin. it# Thi( i( -e&au(e /oole &an -e re(pon(i-le onl if one pro"e( intention# ?hile there wa( intention to (ell the 'eword( in Kue(tion, that i( not rele"ant# ?hat i( rele"ant i( that there need( to -e intention intention to aid an ille.al a&t i#e# in thi( &a(e there need( to -e intention to aid trademar' infrin.ement# There wa( definitel no (u&h (u&h inte intent ntio ion n in thi( thi( &a(e# &a(e# In fa&t fa&t,, when when made made aware aware that there there ma -e a dan. dan.er er of infrin.ement, /oole went out of it( wa to a(&ertain that infrin.ement had not happened )5# Therefore, there wa( no a-etment on the part of /oole to &ommit an ille.al a&t, and it ha( not "oided it( eemption from lia-ilit under Se&tion 7)%3%A# Se&tion 3%- (a( that if upon re&ei"in. a&tual 'nowled.e, or on -ein. notified - the appropriate o"ernment or it( a.en& that an information, data or &ommuni&ation lin' re(idin. in or &onne&ted to a &omputer re(our&e &ontrolled - the intermediar i( -ein. u(ed
)0 The Information Te&hnolo. %Amendment %Amendment A&t, No# 10 of 200), 7)%2%%iii %200*# )1 a&t(heet 2 line 12# )2 a&t(heet 2 line 13# )3 The Information Te&hnolo. %Amendment %Amendment A&t, No# 10 of 200), 7)%3%A %200*# )8 The Indian 4enal Code, No# 85 of 1*+0, 107 %1*+0# )5 a&t(heet * line 2# 37 | 4 a . e
to &ommit the unlawful unlawful a&t, the intermediar intermediar fail( to epeditiou(l epeditiou(l remo"e or di(a-le di(a-le a&&e(( to that material on that re(our&e without "itiatin. the e"iden&e in an manner, then the intermediar "oid( it( eemption from lia-ilit)+# To -e.in with, /oole wa( not notified - the appropriate o"ernment or it( a.en& of the fa&t that a re(our&e it &ontrolled wa( -ein. u(ed to &ommit the unlawful a&t# Therefore, that part of the (e&tion i( o-"iou(l not operati"e# Se&ondl, if we are to loo' at the other part of the (e&tion, whi&h impo(e( a dut upon /oole to a&t upon re&ei"in. a&tual 'nowled.e, /oole (till did not do anthin. wron.# Thi( i( -e&au(e of the pre(en&e of the phra(e a&tual a&tua l 'nowled.e# In the a-(en&e of a definition in the A&t, one will ha"e to depend upon a .eneral under(tandin. of the phra(e# The word real, a&&ordin. to !erriam?e-(ter di&tionar)7, refer( to (omethin. whi&h i( ei(tin. in fa&t 'nown to -e &orre&t or pre&i(e# The alle.ation - a trademar' holder that hi( trademar' ha( -een infrin.ed without a Court rulin. a( to the (ame i( 6u(t that an un(u-(tantiated alle.ation# It &annot -e (aid to &ompri(e a&tual 'nowled.e# Therefore, the re(pondent (u-mit( that /oole ha( not "oided it( eemption from lia-ilit under Se&tion 7)%3%# F. EV EVEN EN IF THE THE TRAD TRADEM EMAR ARK K HA HAS S BE BEEN EN USED USED IN THE THE COUR COURSE SE OF TRADE, IT WILL NOT CAUSE C AUSE CONFUSION OR CAUSE THE CONSUMER TO BELIEVE THAT THAT THERE IS AN ASSOCIATION ASSOCIATION WITH THE REGISTERED REGISTERED TRADEMARK
inall, it i( the re(pondent:( (u-mi((ion that in thi( &a(e the mar' of Arna- i( not (imilar to the trademar' of Arno- and the identit or (imilarit of the .ood( or (er"i&e( &o"ered - (u&h re.i(tered trade mar' i( not li'el to &au(e &onfu(ion on the part of the pu-li&, nor i( it li'el to indi&ate that there ei(t( (ome a((o&iation with the re.i(tered trademar'# There There i( no .old .old (tan (tanda dard rd for for the the unde under(t r(tan andi din. n. of trad tradem emar ar'( '( -ein -ein. . li'e li'el l to &au( &au(ee &onfu(ion# In thi( &a(e, it i( ne&e((ar to fall -a&' upon pa(t de&i(ion( whi&h ha"e -een made - thi( honoura-le Court and loo' loo' upon them a( pre&eden&e#
)+ The Information Te&hnolo. %Amendment %Amendment A&t, No# 10 of 200), 7)%3% %200*# )7 !erriam?e-(ter Di&tionar 7*2 %11th ed# 2003# 38 | 4 a . e
In the &a(e of Superfil Superfil 4rodu&t( @imited Repre(ented Repre(ented - it( !ana.in. Dire&tor S# Naraan, Chennai " Sreema Net( Repre(ented Repre( ented - it( 4artnerE4roprietor, Tamil Tamil Nadu and another )*, -oth the &ompanie( were (ellin. fi(hin. line(, and were therefore in an identi&al produ&t mar'et# The plaintiff with an intention to &reate a -rand identit for it( Kualit produ&t( amon. the tar.et &on(umer( a( well a( .eneral pu-li&, and further to (i.nif a patrona.e with it( reputed Trade Name Superfil, ha( &on&ei"ed, &on&eptualied, adopted and u(ed the trade mar' i#e, Superfil i(hin. @ine(, and the De"i&e of an ;lephant in appropriate &olour, font, (tle and laout, and ha( -een &ontinuou(l, uninterruptedl and eten(i"el u(in. the (aid Trademar' (in&e it( &ommen&ement of u(a.e in relation to fi(hin. line and other (aid produ&t(# The plaintiff found out that the defendant wa( u(in. a la-el &ompri(in. of two elephant( with the word( USuper SoftU and USuper Stron.U and the word( USreema @ine( i(hin. @ine(U# 9(e of the U;lephantU de"i&e and the word USuperU alon. with other word( (eemed to point toward( de&epti"e (imilarit, &onfu(ion and thu(, amount to infrin.ement# owe"er, the defendant( trade mar' &ompri(e( la-el de"i&e of two elephant( fa&in. ea&h other with the word( (uper (oft and (uper (tron. and the word Sreema @ine( i(hin. @ine( wherea( the plaintiff( trade mar' mar' la-e la-ell &omp &ompri ri(e( (e( a de"i de"i&e &e of a (in.l (in.lee eleph elephan antt and and the the (lo.a (lo.an n Soft Soft,, Stro Stron. n.,, and and Tran(parent# De(pite thi( etreme (imilarit, the &ourt ruled that the two were not de&epti"el (imilar# In our &a(e, the two -rand name( are etremel different# !oreo"er, the:re e"en u(in. different font( and (m-ol( ))# In &ompari(on, it i( etremel unli'el that thi( &a(e &an -e (aid to &on(titute li'elihood of &onfu(ion# In the &a(e of New(wee' In&# " riti(h road&a(tin. Corporation 100, the plaintiff( were pu-li(her( of the wee'l wee 'l new( ma.aine MNew(wee'# The defendant( propo(ed tran(mittin. 8 time( a wee' a pro.ramme entitled MNew(wee'# ?hen the plaintiff in thi( &a(e tried to .et an in6un&tion a.ain(t them, the Court held that de(pite the fa&t that there wa( a &ommon field of a&ti"it -etween the partie(, namel the pro"i(ion of a new( (er"i&e, an-od who went into e"en a little detail would reali(e that the two thin.( were not the (ame# A rational man would not &onfu(e the two# >nl a moron in a hurr would .et &onfu(ed, and on thi( point the )* Superfil 4rodu&t( @imited Repre(ented - it( !ana.in. Dire&tor S# Naraan, Chennai " Sreema Net( Repre(ented Repre(ente d - it( 4artnerE4roprietor, Tamil Tamil Nadu and another, %2015 !AD 3 Indlaw# )) a&t(heet Anneure I I Anneure II# 100 New(wee' In&# " riti(h road&a(tin. Corporation, Corporation, %1)7) R#4#C R#4#C## 881 %C#A## 39 | 4 a . e
&a(e wa( di(mi((ed# Similarl in thi( &a(e, the two -rand( ha"e entirel different name(, and lo.o(, and font( 101# >nl a moron in a hurr would .et &onfu(ed# en&e, there i( no .eneral li'elihood of &onfu(ion# In the &a(e of Neel ;le&tro Te&hniKue( and other( " Neel'anth 4ower Solution and another 102, the plaintiff (ou.ht an in6un&tion a.ain(t the defendant( from in an manner u(in., dire&tl or indire&tl, the mar' Neel or Neel'anth or an other mar', domain name, de"i&e, lo.o, la-el et&# whi&h wa( (imilarEde&epti"el (imilar to the re.i(tered mar' of the 4laintiff(, namel, Neel# owe"er, there wa( no relief .i"en, a( the two mar'( were not de&epti"el de&epti"e l (imilar, and therefore therefore the Court ruled a.ain(t a.ain(t the plaintiff# plaintiff# In thi( &a(e, there i( mu&h le(( (imilarit than in the Neel ;le&tro Te&hniKue( &a(e# Ta'in. into a&&ount the pre&eden&e e(ta-li(hed - that &a(e, it i( the re(pondent:( (u-mi((ion that the Court (hould hold that there i( no li'elihood of &onfu(ion and therefore there i( no trademar' infrin.ement in thi( parti&ular &a(e# It i( al(o the re(pondent:( (u-mi((ion that the do&trine of initial intere(t &onfu(ion mu(t not -e &on(idered - the Court# Initial intere(t &onfu(ion i( a Q-ait and (wit&h: ta&ti& that permit( per mit( a &ompetitor to lure &on(umer( awa from a (er"i&e pro"ider - pa((in. off (er"i&e( a( tho(e of the pro"id pro"ider, er, notwith notwith(tan (tandin din. . that that the &onfu(i &onfu(ion on i( di(pel di(pelled led - the time time of (ale103# owe"er, thi( do&trine ma'e( the -urden on the plaintiff too li.ht, a( pro"in. a mere po((i-ilit of initial &onfu(ion i( not what i( reKuired under Indian law, -ut the li'elihood of a &on(umer -ein. .enuinel mi(led# or thi( rea(on, the do&trine of initial intere(t &onfu(ion ha( -een re6e&ted repeatedl - Indian &ourt( and hen&e ha( no (tandin. in Indian law# Thi( do&trine ha( -een re6e&ted in the &a(e Con(im Info 4ri"ate @imited, Repre(ented - it( Dire&tor and Chief ;e&uti"e " oo.le India 4ri"ate @imited and other( 108 and in the &a(e of ?arner ro(# ;ntertainment In& and Another " arinder =ohli and >ther( 105# Therefore, the re(pondent (u-mit( that thi( do&trine -e wholl re6e&ted# 101 a&t(heet Anneure I Anneure II# 102 Neel ;le&tro Te&hniKue( and other( " Neel'anth 4ower Solution and a nother, %2018 !9! +87 Indlaw# 103 8 J# J # !&CARTG !&CA RTG,, TRAD;!AR=S AND 9 NAIR C>!4;TITI>N 1)23, %Clar' oardman NAIR C Calla.han %1)** %8 th ;dn# 1)**# 108 Con(im Info 4ri"ate @imited, Repre(ented - it( Dire&tor and Chief ;e&uti"e " oo.le India 4ri"ate @imited and other(, %2010 !AD 288) Indlaw# 4" | 4 a . e
III.AN AGREEMENT ENTERED INTO UNDER THE ADVER#A SCHEME DOES NOT HAVE AN ARECIA#LE ADVERSE EFFECT ON COMETITION
The The re(po re(pond nden entt (u-m (u-mit it(( that that /oo /oole le doe( doe( not not enter enter into into a.ree a.reeme ment nt(( that that ha"e ha"e an appre&ia-le ad"er(e effe&t on &ompetition under it( Ad
Se&t Se&tio ion n 3%3 3%3 of the the Comp Competi etiti tion on A&t deal deal(( with with a.re a.reeme ement nt(( pre( pre(um umed ed to ha"e ha"e an appr appre&i e&iaa-le le ad"e ad"er(e r(e effe effe&t &t on &omp &ompeti etiti tion on## The(e The(e a.re a.reeme ement nt(( are are re.ard re.arded ed a( anti anti &ompet &ompetiti" iti"ee -e&au( -e&au(ee the &on(eK &on(eKuen uen&e( &e( of enterin enterin. . into into (u&h (u&h a.reem a.reement ent(( ne&e((a ne&e((aril ril in&lude an ad"er(e effe&t on &ompetition within India# 10* To pro"e pre(umption of an appre&ia-le ad"er(e affe&t on &ompetition, an of the &riteria (pe&ified under (e&tion 3%3 of the &ompetition a&t mu(t -e fulfilled# An appre&ia-le effe&t on &ompetition doe( not ne&e((aril cause an cause an of the(e (ituation( (pe&ified -ut i( in fa&t &reated - the (ame#10) a) T-rT-r- "# $ $ #"/"%ar"*& #"/"%ar"*& " r$1"# r$1"#"$ "$ $+ #-r1"2-# #-r1"2-#
/oole i( in the mar'et for pro"idin. online (ear&h en.ine (er"i&e(, and ha( re&entl entered the mar'et for online (ear&h ad"erti(in., the nature of &ompetition within whi&h i( not 'nown# 110 or an a.reement to -e hit - Se&tion 3%3 of the A&t, it mu(t -e entered into - two entitie( whi&h are en.a.ed in identi&al or (imilar trade of .ood( or pro"i(ion of 105 ?arner ?arner ro(# ;ntertainment In& and Another " arinder =ohli and >ther(, % 200* D;@ 10)2 Indlaw# 10+ The Competition A&t, A&t, No# 12 of 2003, 3%3 %2002, 107 The Competition A&t, No# 12 of 2003, 1)%3 %2002# 10* Ra6'umar Dein. and 4rintin. ?or'( ?or'( 4ri"ate @imited "# Competition Commi((ion of India ?#4# %C 5)87E2018# 10) Neera6 !alhotra, Ad"o&ate "# Deut(&he 4o(t an' ome inan&e @imited %Deut(&he an' and >ther(, %2010 Indlaw 2*# 41 | 4 a . e
(er"i&e(#111 Con(umer( of the Ad
In an &a(e, the &on(eKuen&e( of (u&h a.reement( do not ne&e((aril ad"er(el affe&t &ompetition# &ompetition#118 It i( (u-m (u-mit itted ted that that whil whilee Mapp Mappl lin in. . the the law in the the inte intern rnet et &ont &onte et t emer.in. te&hnolo.ie( reKuire a flei-le approa&h#115 In a (imilar &a(e under ;uropean 6uri(di&tion where Mdi(pute( B### %aro(e from the u(e, a( 'eword( in an internet referen&in. (er"i&e B### whi&h &orre(pond to trademar'(, without &on(ent ha"in. -een .i"en - the proprietor( of tho(e trademar'( 11+ it wa( held that (u&h u(e of a trademar' in a referen&in. (er"i&e wa( not lia-le to ha"e an ad"er(e effe&t on the ad"erti(in. fun&tion of 110 a&t(heet, ! 2# 111 111 The Competition A&t, No# 12 of 2003, 3%3 %2002 Ga(hoda Ga(hoda o(pital and Re(ear&h Centre @imited, 9ttar 4rade(h "# India-ull( inan&ial Ser"i&e( @imited %IS@, New Delhi, %2011 Indlaw 5# 112 Con(im Info 4"t @td# "# oo.le India 4"t @td#, %2012 Indlaw 2+21## 113 a&t(heet, ! +# 118 1*00 Conta&t( In&# "# @en(#&om In&# 722 #3d 122) %10 th Cir# 2013 Ca(e C23+E0*, oo.le " @oui(
th
the trademar'# trademar'#117 Thi( Thi( &on&lu &on&lu(io (ion n ha( -een -een affirm affirmed ed in Au(tra Au(tralia lian n 11* and Ameri&an Ameri&an11) 6uri(di&tion( a( well, with na(&ent 6uri(pruden&e in India120 pertainin. to internet (ear&h pro"ider lia-ilit alludin. to the (ame# A( the u(a.e of another:( trademar' on an internet referen&in. (er"i&e doe( not dilute the effe&t of the ad"erti(in. power of the (ame, it i( (u-mitted that there i( no effe&t on the &ompetition in the mar'et wherein the ad"erti(in. effe&t of the trademar' i( -ein. mea(ured# or an a.reement to -e hit - (e&tion 3%3 of the a&t, the &on(eKuen&e( of the (ame mu(t ha"e a prima fa&ie detrimental detrimental effe&t on &ompetition, &ompetition, whi&h i( held Monl and onl if an trade pra&ti&e te(ted on the parameter( laid down in &lau(e( %a to %d of (e&tion 3%3 in rele"ant mar'et( fall( foul to an of tho(e parameter( 121# The a.reement -etween /oole and it( &u(tomer( under the Ad
An a.reement entered into -etween /oole and it( &u(tomer( throu.h the Ad
117 Joined Ca(e( C23+E0* to C23*E0*, oo.le In&# @oui( ther(, 2010 ;#C#R# I 28+7, 250* )*# 11* Google Inc. v# Australian Competition and Consumer Consumer Commission %2013 Commission %2013 28) C@R 835# 11) 1*00 Conta&t( In&# "# @en(#&om In&# 722 #3d 122) %10 th Cir# 2013# 120 Con(im Info 4"t @td# "# oo.le India 4"t @td#, %2012 Indlaw2+21# 121 Neera6 !alhotra, Ad"o&ate "# Deut(&he 4o(t an' ome inan&e @imited %Deut(&he an' and >ther(, %2010 Indlaw 2*# 43 | 4 a . e
A&t i( (aid to -e anti &ompetiti"e# 122 The underpinnin. e&onomi& poli& of Se&tion 3 of the Competition A&t i( .i"en in it( pream-le where it i( a((erted that the A&t (ee'( to MB### pre"ent pra&ti&e( ha"in. ad"er(e effe&t on &ompetition, to promote and (u(tain &ompetition in mar'et(, to prote&t the intere(t( of &on(umer( B### 123#128!ea(urin. whether the the Ad
An a.reement entered into under the Adther(, %2010 Indlaw 2*# 125 Sham(her =ataria " onda Siel Car( India @imited and other(, %2018 Indlaw 50 ! 20#+#11# 12+Ca(e C23+E0*, oo.le " @oui(
effe&t on ei(tin. &ompetitor( &ompetitor( in the mar'et mar'et to the etent etent of them -ein. dri"en out a( the a.reement i( entered into without an pre6udi&e a.ain(t an parti&ular partie( and it i( open to all throu.h an online au&tion# 12) en&e multiple multiple partie( &an -id for 'eword( that ma -e rele"an rele"antt to their their -u(ine -u(ine(( (( in an attemp attemptt to ad"erti ad"erti(e (e their their (er"i&e (er"i&e(# (# 4otent 4otential ial ad"erti(er( are .i"en a &han&e to &ompete in the mar'et, and that the fail to do (o effe&ti"el effe&ti"el doe( not warrant a remed under under &ompetition &ompetition law, the purpo(e purpo(e of whi&h i( to (e&ure the for&e( of &ompetition, and not pander to the de(ire( of indi"idual &ompetitor(# 130 !) A/-%"$r A/-%"$ra*" a*"( ( Fa2*$r# a2*$r#
>n the other hand, it i( (u-mitted that thi( (&heme -roaden( a new form of ad"erti(ement and in&rea(e( the outrea&h of online -u(ine((e( to a lar.e portion of the population that ma otherwi(e not -e a( readil a&&e((i-le# An a.reement to ad"erti(e the we-(ite of a -u(ine((man and pro"ide a de(&ription of the (ame to a u(er of the (ear&h en.ine doe(n:t affe&t &ompetition ad"er(el and in fa&t onl enhan&e( it# 9(er( and potential &u(tomer( of the (er"i&e are now aware of a wider ran.e of &ompanie( in the rele"ant mar'et that pro"ide the (er"i&e the (ee' Thi( a&&rue( to &on(umer(: -enefit( a( it -rin.( to them (er"i&e( that the &ouldn:t a"ail -efore# !oreo"er, effi&ient di(pla of ad"erti(in. that rea&he( out to a lar.e ma6orit of internet u(er(, and (pe&ifi&all tho(e (ear&hin. for a parti&ular produ&t impro"e( the pro"i(ion of (er"i&e(# Thu(, -alan&in. the po(iti"e and po((i-le ne.ati"e effe&t( of the a.reement entered into -etween /oole and u(er( of it( Ad"er-a (&heme it i( (u-mitted that tha t the a.reement doe( not ha"e an appre&ia-le ad"er(e effe&t on &ompetition and in fa&t, enhan&e( it#
IV. IV. "HETHER $OO$LE A#USED ITS DOMINANT OSITION IN THE RELEVANT MAR!ET
It i( (u-mitted that /oole did not a-u(e it( dominant po(ition in the rele"ant mar'et, and that that an a.ree a.reeme ment nt unde underr it( Ad"erAd"er-aa (&hem (&hemee doe( doe( not not den den mar' mar'et et a&&e(( a&&e(( to an &ompetitor# A. WHETHER :OO:LE HAS A DOMINANT POSITION IN THE IN THE RELEVANT MARKET
12) a&t(heet, ! 2# 130 See, =apoor la(( 4ri"ate @imited "# S&hott la(( India 4ri"ate @imited, %2010 Indlaw 22# 45 | 4 a . e
or /oole to en6o a dominant po(ition in the rele"ant mar'et 131, &are mu(t -e .i"en to the rele"ant .eo.raphi&al and produ&t mar'et(# 132 The .eo.raphi& mar'et i( that where &ondition( of &ompetition are (uffi&ientl homo.eneou( and &an -e di(tin.ui(hed from nei.h-ourin nei.h-ourin. . area( -e&au(e in tho(e area(, the &ondition( &ondition( of &ompetition &ompetition are appre&ia-l appre&ia-l different#133 The produ&t produ&t mar'et mar'et &ompri(e( &ompri(e( of all tho(e .ood( .ood( and (er"i&e( re.arded re.arded a( inter&han.ea-le with the (er"i&e in Kue(tion - the &on(umer#138 a. R-%-1a* -%-1a* G-$( G-$(ra ra"2 "2a% a% Mar Mar-* -*
In the mar'et for online ad"erti(in., a( (u&h &ai.n( are mo(tl national in (&ope 135 it i( (u-mitted that the rele"ant produ&t mar'et i( that of India# owe"er in (ome in(tan&e(, a( in the (pe&ifi& &a(e of !r# Arna- where the rele"ant mar'et i( limited to Delhi -e&au(e the &ondition( of &ompetition in Delhi are uniKue "i# !r# Arno-:( pre(en&e and &laim of tradem trademar' ar' infrin infrin.em .ement ent## It i( thu( thu( (u-mit (u-mitted ted that that the rele"an rele"antt .eo.ra .eo.raphi phi&& mar'et mar'et for /oo /oole le::( Ad
Re.ardi Re.ardin. n. the rele"a rele"ant nt produ& produ&tt mar'et mar'et,, it i( (u-mitt (u-mitted ed that that a.reem a.reement ent(( entered entered into into -etween /oole and potential &u(tomer( of the Ad!4E!5727 !i&ro(oftEGa !i&r o(oftEGahooH hooH %2010 C>!4 E!8731oo.leEDou-le Cli&' %200*# 13+ a&t(heet, ! 2# 46 | 4 a . e
prominen&e with *0O of Indian internet u(er( a&&e((in. the we-(ite e"er da#137 Additionall, e"er (in&e 2011 it ha( entered the online (ear&h ad"erti(in. mar'et a( well# 13* In the pre(ent in(tan&e howe"er, !r# Arna- entered into an a.reement under the Ad
Se&tion 8 of the &ompetition a&t prohi-it( an a&tion - an enterpri(e or .roup that a-u(e( it( dominant po(ition in rele"ant mar'et( to the detriment of the &on(umer(# 13) Thi( a-u(e of dominant po(ition under the &ompetition a&t &an onl ei(t in a rele"ant mar'et# 180 It i( important important to note that an a-u(e of dominant po(ition i( &on(tituted - an Mehau(ti"e Mehau(ti"e li(t of pra&ti&e(181 that are prohi-ited under &ompetition law in India# India #182 a) O%"O%"- #-ar2 #-ar2 a1-r*"# a1-r*"#"( "( /ar /ar-*
/oole allow( the ad"erti(ement of one:( we-(ite to online &on(umer( a( a -u(ine(( pra&ti&e and in the pro&e(( doe( not di(&riminate -etween potential ad"erti(er(# ?hile /oole ha( dominan&e in the mar'et for online (ear&h en.ine(, there i( nothin. to (u..e(t that thi( dominan&e etend( etend( to the online (ear&h ad"erti(in. ad"erti(in. mar'et a( well# The rele"ant mar'et for di(&u((ion within whi&h there i( a po((i-ilit of a-u(e of dominant po(ition i( 137 a&t(heet, ! 1# 13* a&t(heet, ! 2# 13) The Competition A&t, A&t, No# 12 of 2003, 8%1 %2002# 180 4ra"ahan !ohant "# DC an' @imited, Chennai and Another, Another, %2011 Indlaw 1)# 181 Jupiter amin. Solution( 4ri"ate @imited "# o"ernment o"ernment of oa and Another, %2011 %2011 Indlaw 22# 182 The Competition A&t, A&t, No# 12 of 2003, 8%2 %2002## 47 | 4 a . e
hen&e that in"ol"in. (er"i&e( related to online (ear&h en.ine( within India# The Ad
The Adil Corporation @imited 185 that rea(ona-le rea(ona-le -u(ine(( -u(ine(( pra&ti&e( pra&ti&e( &annot &annot amount to a-u(e of dominant po(ition in a rele"ant mar'et# ;nterin. into (u&h an a.reement under the Ad
183 4ra"ahan !ohant "# DC an' @imited, Chennai and Another, Another, %2011 Indlaw 1)# 188 a&t(heet, ! 2# 185 %2011 Indlaw 27# 48 | 4 a . e
PRA#ER $OR R ELIE$ RA#ER $OR R ELIE$
?herefore in li.ht of the I((ue( In"ol"ed, Ar.ument( rai(ed, and Authoritie( &ited, !r# ArnoArno!ur.wala and /oole m, the Re(pondent(, re(pe&tfull reKue(t the Court to ad6ud.e and de&lare thatL 1# !r# ArnaArna- !ur.wala !ur.wala and /oole /oole m m ha"e not not infrin.ed infrin.ed the re.i(tered re.i(tered trade trade mar' of the appellant# 2# !r# !r# Arna Arna- !ur.w !ur.wal alaa and and /oole /oole m m
ha"e ha"e not pa((ed pa((ed off off the the re(p re(pon onde dent nt:( :(
(er"i&e( a( tho(e -elon.in. to the appellant# 3# The AdVerba AdVerba Ad"erti(ement S&heme i( not an a-u(e of dominant po(ition - /oole m# 8# The a.reem eement entered red into under the AdVerba AdVerba (&he (&heme me doe( doe( not not ha"e ha"e an an appre&ia-le ad"er(e effe&t on &ompetition 5#
The impu.ned impu.ned 'eword( 'eword( &ontained &ontained in !r# !r# ArnoArno- !ur.wa !ur.wala:( la:( re.i(ter re.i(tered ed trade mar' (hould -e re"o'ed on a&&ount of -ein. de(&ripti"e, .eneri& and a nd laudator#
All of -hich is respectfull" affirmed and submitted# submitted# >n -ehalf of the Re(pondent(, !r Arna- !ur.wala and /oole m#
49 | 4 a . e
