[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob
KGNZ]CU - > IO]UFMSK]IFO ]F NOIAN]UFOIK[ Noiantrfoiks fr Numif-Noiantrfoiks is tgc usc fd clcktrfoiks (tckgoflfby fd
clcktrfoik mcvikcs) nom rfeftiks (tckgoflfby fd rfefts) io puppcts tf anhc tgca nppcnr tf ec nlivc. Fr wc kno sny tgnt noiantrfoiks is tgc kfaeiontifo fd tgc nokicot nrt fd puppctry witg afmcro clcktrfoik tckgoflfby.
Cxnaplcs fd clcacotnry puppcts gnvc ecco dfuom io cnrly Brcch, Giomu, nom Cbyptino kulturcs. ]gc dirst puppcts wcrc anrifocttcs. Lntcr, tgc rfm puppct wns mcvclfpcm io Ecobnl. ]gco gnom puppcts ecknac pfpulnr io Curfpc siokc tgc aimmlc nbcs tf mcpikt dflhlfrc. Muriob tgc Uconissnokc, nutfantn wcrc krcntcm tf nausc rfynlty. Gfwcvcr, tgc dfra fd puppcts uscm io anoy ano y strcnas gnm oft kgnobcm siboidiknotly siokc tgcir fribionl iovcotifo. iovcotifo . Eut nll bft kgnobcm witg tgc iovcotifo fd tgc tckgoflfby, noiantrfoiks.
Numif-noiantrfoiks wns fribionlly n krcntifo fd Rnlt Misocy caplfycc knllcm Ar. Lcc Nmnas. ]gc dirst numif- noiantrfoik krcntcm ey gia wns tgc binot squim io tgc afvic “5:,::: Lcnbucs uomcr tgc [cn‑. Eut numif-noiantrfoiks numif-noiantrfoiks wns dirst nom brnmunlly pcrdcktcm ey Rnlt Misocy Ianbioccriob nt tgc Misocylnom io Knlidfroin. Lntcr Rnlt Misocy iotrfmukcm noiantrfoiks ns n rcbistcrcm trnmcanrh nom iovcstcm aukg fd its tiac nom knpitnl iotf its durtgcr nmvnokcs.
]gc dirst usc fd numif- noiantrfoiks wns dfr Rnlt Misocy’s Misocy’s Cokgnotcm ]ihi Uffa io Misocylnom wgikg fpcocm io @uoc, >94;. Gcrc, eirms wcrc krcntcm tf lffh ns tgfubg tgcy wcrc siobiob.
]gc ]ihi eirms wcrc fpcrntcm usiob mibitnl kfotrfls8 tgnt is, sfactgiob tgnt is citgcr fo fr fdd. ]focs wcrc rckfrmcm fotf tnpc, wgikg fo plnyenkh wfulm knusc n actnl rccm tf vierntc. ]gc vierntiob rccm wfulm klfsc n kirkuit nom tgus fpcrntc n rclny. Gcrc rclny is no nppnrntus kfosistiob fd n trnosaittcr nom n rckcivcr, uscm tf rckcivc nom rctrnosait sibonls. ]gc Noiantrfoiks
>
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob rclny trnosaittcr scot n pulsc fd cocrby (clcktrikity) tf tgc diburc's ackgnoisa wgikg wfulm knusc n pocuantik vnlvc tf fpcrntc, wgikg rcsultcm io tgc nktifo, lihc tgc fpcoiob fd n eirm's ecnh.
Diburc >.>0 Cokgnotcm ]ihi Uffa
Diburc >.50 ]ihi Eirms
Cnkg nktifo (c.b., fpcoiob fd tgc afutg) gnm n ocutrnl pfsitifo, ftgcrwisc hofwo ns tgc "onturnl rcstiob pfsitifo" (c.b., io tgc knsc fd tgc ]ihi eirm it wfulm ec dfr tgc afutg tf ec klfscm). Rgco tgcrc wns of pulsc fd cocrby dfrtgkfaiob, tgc nktifo wfulm ec io, fr rcturo tf, tgc onturnl rcstiob pfsitifo.
Noiantrfoiks
5
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob rclny trnosaittcr scot n pulsc fd cocrby (clcktrikity) tf tgc diburc's ackgnoisa wgikg wfulm knusc n pocuantik vnlvc tf fpcrntc, wgikg rcsultcm io tgc nktifo, lihc tgc fpcoiob fd n eirm's ecnh.
Diburc >.>0 Cokgnotcm ]ihi Uffa
Diburc >.50 ]ihi Eirms
Cnkg nktifo (c.b., fpcoiob fd tgc afutg) gnm n ocutrnl pfsitifo, ftgcrwisc hofwo ns tgc "onturnl rcstiob pfsitifo" (c.b., io tgc knsc fd tgc ]ihi eirm it wfulm ec dfr tgc afutg tf ec klfscm). Rgco tgcrc wns of pulsc fd cocrby dfrtgkfaiob, tgc nktifo wfulm ec io, fr rcturo tf, tgc onturnl rcstiob pfsitifo.
Noiantrfoiks
5
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob
KGNZ]CU - 5 RGN] I[ NOIAN]UFOIK[ NOIAN]UFOIK[ Noiantrfoiks is n kfaeiontifo fd noiantifo nom clcktrfoiks. Gcrc noiantifo is tgc rnpim misplny fd n scqucokc fd ianbcs tf krcntc no illusifo fd afvcacot. Rgnt cxnktly is no noiantrfoik6 Ensiknlly, no noiantrfoik is n ackgnoizcm puppct. It any ec prcprfbrnaacm fr rcaftcly kfotrfllcm.
]gc noiantrfoik any foly pcrdfra n liaitcm rnobc fd afvcacots fr it any ec iokrcmiely vcrsntilc. ]gc sknrc krcntcm ey tgc Brcnt Rgitc kfaiob fut fd tgc wntcr io "@nws" nom tgc tcomcr ftgcrwfrlmliocss fd "C.]." nrc kiocantik cddckts tgnt will oft ec cnsily dfrbfttco. Lntcr noiantrfoiks wns uscm tfbctgcr witg mibitnl cddckts. ]grfubg tgc prckisifo, iobcouity nom mcmikntifo fd tgcir krcntfrs, noiantrfoik krcnturcs fdtco scca ns rcnl tf us.
Noiantrfoiks nrc n spckidik typc fd rfeft. ]gcy mcdcr drfa kfaafo rfefts sukg ns rfefts uscm io scnrkg nom rcskuc fpcrntifos, io spnkc, nom io mccp wntcr ecknusc noiantrfoik diburcs nrc oft mcsibocm tf ec iotcllibcot. Iostcnm, tgcy gnvc ecco krcntcm anioly tf cotcrtnio. Solihc anoy afmcro rfefts wgf rcspfom tf cxtcronl stiauli, noiantrfoiks iaitntc tgc afvcacots fd iotcllibcot kgnrnktcrs witg prc-prfbrnaacm aftifos, wfrms, nom sfobs.
Nkkfrmiob tf [R[, noiantrfoiks is no illusifo. illusifo.
It is is no cddckt8 cddckt8 tgc cddckt fd
aiaikhiob lidc, fr lidc dfras, fr cvco aiaikhiob rfeft lidc. Noiantrfoiks is snim tf ec n dfra fd rfeftiks witg n vnricty fd skulpturc tckgoiqucs nlfob witg n wny tf rcaftcly kfotrfl n suesct fr n kfaplctc systca io frmcr tf krcntc n myonaik ackgnoiknl systca, afst fdtco dfr cotcrtnioacot fr rckrcntifo.
Nkkfrmiob tf tgc dnafus noiantrfoik mcsibocr @fgo Oflno, noiantrfoiks is tgc ernokg fd dila nom tgcntrc tckgoflfby tgnt kfaeiocs trnmitifonl puppctry tckgoiqucs witg clcktrfoiks tf krcntc lidclihc noiantcm cddckts. Noiantrfoiks
;
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob
Noiantrfoiks is n kfokcpt tgnt wfrhs witg middcrcot lnws rclntcm tf mistnokc, tiac, ouaecrs, sknlc, ercvity nom cmbc. Ritg tgcsc lnws, noiantrfoiks tckgoflfby is kfostnotly kgnobiob tf hccp up witg kfosuacr trcoms nom tgc occms fd tgc anrhct sf ns tf krcntc noiantrfoiks tgnt kno iotcrnkt witg pcfplc foc-fo-foc.
Diburc 5.>0 N lfbf dfr noiantrfoiks
Noiantrfoiks
=
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob
KGNZ]CU - ; DFUAN]IFO FD NOIAN]UFOIK[ [tcp >0 Mcsibo Zrfkcss Muriob tgc mcsibo prfkcss, tgc klicot nom tgc kfapnoy mcvclfpiob tgc noiantrfoiks mckimc wgnt tgc kgnrnktcr will ec, its nppcnrnokc, tftnl ouaecr fd afvcs, nom wgnt cnkg spckidik afvc will ec. Eumbcts nom tiac liocs nrc cstnelisgcm. Fokc tgc mcsibo is sflimidicm nom tiac lioc is nbrccm upfo, tgc prf`ckt afvcs tf tgc skulptiob mcpnrtacot.
[tcp 50 [kulptiob ]gc skulptiob mcpnrtacot is rcspfosielc dfr kfovcrtiob twf-miacosifonl imcns iotf tgrcc-miacosifonl dfras. ]gis tcna kno wfrh drfa pgftfs, nrtwfrh, vimcfs, afmcls, stntucttcs ctk. ]ypiknlly, tgc klicot is nshcm tf npprfvc tgc skulptiob ecdfrc it bfcs tf tgc aflmiob mcpnrtacot.
[tcp ;0 Aflm Anhiob ]gc aflmiob mcpnrtacot krcntcs tgc aflms tgnt will ultiantcly prfmukc tgc kgnrnktcr shios. Aflms kno ec sfdt fr gnrm, sioblc fr aultiplc pickcs, nom rcusnelc fr oforcusnelc. ]f bct tgc skulptfr’s cxnkt iotcrprctntifo, aflm anhiob is eftg no nrt dfra nom no clnefrntc tckgoiknl prfkcss. ]gc prfkcss kno ec vcry tiac-kfosuaiob nom kfaplikntcm. It kno ec sf uoocrviob tgnt sfac noiantifo aflm anhcrs cvco rcdcr tf it ns “elnkh anbik.‑
Ndtcr tgc aflm is dioisgcm nom kurcm, it is rcnmy dfr shio anhiob. Diecrblnss sgclls nrc siaultnocfusly eciob lnim up tf dfra tgc efmy nom liae sgnpcs. [fac fd tgcsc sgnpcs nrc rcusnelc stfkh pickcs, eut tgc an`frity fd sgclls nrc kustfa anmc dfr cnkg kgnrnktcr.
[tcp =0 Nranturc Dnerikntifo Acnowgilc, vnrifus efmy nranturcs (n drnacwfrh tgnt suppfrts n skulpturc) nrc eciob krcntcm nom nrc nsscaelcm io tgc actnl-dnerikntiob nrcns. Cnkg fd tgc rfeft afvcacot’s Noiantrfoiks
3
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob nxis pfiots aust gnvc no iomustrinl-rntcm ecnriob tf prfvimc nktifo nom lfob lidc. Cnkg iomivimunl pnrt rcquircs n kustfa mcsibo nom dnerikntifo. ]gcsc nrtisnos nrc kfaeioiob eftg nrt nom tckgoflfby tf nkgicvc rcnlistik, lidclihc afvcs.
Ns tgc nranturc tnhcs sgnpc, tgc nktuntfrs, vnlvcs nom dlfw kfotrfls nrc iostnllcm ey tgc noiantifo mcpnrtacot. ]gc tckgoikinos sclckt tgfsc kfapfocots knrcdully io frmcr tf cosurc tgc murneility nom lfob lidc. Ns it’s nsscaelcm, cnkg rfeftik afvc is iomivimunlly tcstcm nom nm`ustcm tf bct tgnt pcrdckt afvcacot.
[tcp 30 Kfstuaiob ]gc kfstuac is usunlly tnilfrcm tf tgc kgnrnktcr nom its afvcacots. Noiantifo tnilfriob is n vcry middikult prfkcss. ]gc futdit gns tf nllfw dfr cnsy nkkcss tf tgc kgnrnktcr’s fpcrntiob ackgnoisas. It aust nlsf “lffh‑ ofranl ndtcr afvcacot gns tnhco plnkc. ]gc kfstuac aust ec mcsibocm tf prfvimc guomrcms fd tgfusnoms fd fpcrntifos witgfut wcnriob fut nom witgfut knusiob tgc shio nrcns (i.c. nrfuom tgc ockhs fr wrists) tf ercnhmfwo ns wcll.
[tcp 40 Zrfbrnaaiob Dionlly, id it is no noiantcm kgnrnktcr tgc clcktrfoik wiznrm afvcs io tf kfoockt tgc kfotrfl systca iotf vnlvc nsscaely io tgc prcpnrntifo dfr prfbrnaaiob. Zrfbrnaaiob is tgc dionl stcp, nom dfr sfac noiantifos it is tgc afst rcwnrmiob. Zrfbrnaaiob kno ec mfoc citgcr nt tgc anoudnkturiob dnkility fr nt tgc dionl iostnllntifo sitc. Io prfbrnaaiob, nll tgc iomivimunl afvcs nrc kffrmiontcm iotf kfaplcx noiantcm nktifos tgnt eriob tgc kgnrnktcr tf “lidc.‑
Noiantrfoiks
4
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob
KGNZ]CU - = NOIAN]UFOIK[ CWNAZLC-@SUN[[IK ZNUH Lfob ecdfrc mibitnl cddckts nppcnrcm, noiantrfoiks wcrc anhiob kiocantik gistfry. Eut it wns io @urnssik pnrh tgnt tgc ecst pfssielc kfaeiontifo fd noiantrfoiks nom mibitnl cddckts wcrc uscm tfbctgcr. [piofsnurus wns n ocw miofsnur noiantrfoik krcntcm dfr "@urnssik Znrh III" ey [tno Riostfo [tumif ([R[).Eclfw lnys tgc miskussifo fd tgc nanziob prfkcss tgnt krcntcs nom kfotrfls n gubc noiantrfoik lihc tgis miofsnur!
@urnssik Ankgiocs
Miofsnur Cvflutifo
Io tgc Ecbiooiob
Krcnturc Krcntifo
Zuttiob it tfbctgcr
Anhiob it Afvc
Afostcr Ansg
=.>. @urnssik Ankgiocs ]gc "@urnssik Znrh" scrics is hofwo dfr tgc rcnlisa fd its krcnturcs. ]gc fribionl "@urnssik Znrh" sct n ocw stnomnrm dfr tgc rcnlistik pfrtrnynl fd miofsnurs, krcnturcs tgnt gnvc ocvcr ecco scco nlivc ey ano. "@urnssik Znrh II0 ]gc Lfst Rfrlm" kfotioucm tf iaprfvc tgc visifo, nom "@urnssik Znrh III," tgc lntcst afvic rniscm tgc enr fokc nbnio.
Afst fd tgc miofsnur noiantrfoiks uscm io "@urnssik Znrh III" is ocw. Dfr cxnaplc, tgc Tclfkirnptfrs wcrc rcmcsibocm tf afrc klfscly rcscaelc wgnt pnlcfotflfbists tgioh n Tclfkirnptfr lffhcm lihc. ]gc ]yrnoofsnurus rcx wns rcmfoc tff, eut is of lfobcr tgc stnr fd tgc drnokgisc. ]gc mistioktifo ofw pnsscs tf [piofsnurus, n afostcr tgnt mwnrds cvco tgc aibgty ]. rcx. ]gis is tgc lnrbcst noiantrfoik [R[ gns cvcr euilt, cvco eibbcr tgno tgc ]. rcx tgnt euilt dfr tgc fribionl "@urnssik Znrh"!
Noiantrfoiks
2
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob
Diburc =.>.>0 No Noiantrfoik ]yrnoofsnurus rcx (]. rcx) eciob euilt
Diburc =.>.50 ]gc Noiantrfoik [piofsnurus io nktifo
=.5. Miofsnur Cvflutifo ]gc [piofsnurus is tgc lnrbcst acnt-cntiob miofsnur cvcr miskfvcrcm. ]gis ensis io rcnlity kno ec eftg bffm nom enm dfr tgc mcsibo krcw. ]gc bffm simc is tgnt tgcy gnvc n sflim dfuomntifo tf stnrt witg. ]gc enm simc is tgnt it prfvimcs n vcry spckidik sct fd kritcrin tgnt aust
Noiantrfoiks
7
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob ec antkgcm. Euilmiob tgc [piofsnurus, fr noy ftgcr noiantrfoik, rcquircs scvcrnl an`fr stcps. N kfaplikntcm noiantrfoik kfulm tnhc up tf twf ycnrs drfa kfokcptifo tf kfaplctifo. Gfwcvcr, mcnmliocs nom eumbcts typiknlly mfo't nllfw df r n tiaclioc lihc tgnt.
Nkkfrmiob tf @fgo Ufscobrnot, [R[ cddckts supcrvisfr dfr "@urnssik Znrh III," tgc [piofsnurus tffh lcss tgno n ycnr tf bf drfa tgc mrnwiob efnrm tf tgc dioisgcm prfmukt. Ufscobrnot supcrviscm n krcw fd nefut 23 [R[ mcsibocrs, cobioccrs nom nrtists wgf wfrhcm fo "@urnssik Znrh III" noiantrfoiks, nom npprfxiantcly ;: fd tgca wfrhcm fo mcvclfpiob tgc [piofsnurus.
Diburc =.5.>0 ]gc [piofsnurus io nktifo.
Eclfw lnys tgc nanziob [piofsnurus stntistiks0 >) It is =;.3 dcct (>;.; a) lfob nom wcibgs 5=,::: pfuoms (>:,774.5 hb/>5 tfos). 5) It is pfwcrcm cotircly ey gymrnuliks cvco mfwo tf tgc eliohiob fd tgc cycs. ]gis is ecknusc tgc krcnturc wns anmc tf wfrh nefvc nom eclfw wntcr. ;) ]gcrc nrc =5 gymrnulik kyliomcrs nom npprfxiantcly 5,5:: dcct (42> a) fd gymrnulik gfscs. =) ]gc krcnturc afvcs fo n trnkh tgnt is >=: dcct (=; a) lfob nom anmc drfa n pnir fd >5-iokg (;:.=7 ka) stccl I-ecnas. Noiantrfoiks
9
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob 3) Nll pivfts usc rfllcr-ecnriob kfostruktifo. 4) Nll lnrbc stccl pickcs wcrc kut usiob wntcr `cts. 2) ]gc krcnturc is kfaplctcly rcaftc-kfotrfllcm.
Diburc =.5.50 ]gc sizc kfapnrisfo.
=.;. Io tgc Ecbiooiob ]gc dirst twf stcps io krcntiob no noiantrfoik nrc tgc shctkgcs nom tgc aiointurc afmcl.
Zut it fo Znpcr
]gc dirst tgiob tgnt gnppcos is tgnt no nrtist krcntcs prcliaionry shctkgcs fd tgc krcnturc. ]gc [piofsnurus shctkgcs wcrc mcvclfpcm ey wfrhiob klfscly witg cxpcrt pnlcfotflfbist @nkh Gfrocr nom tgc krcw wfrhiob fo "@urnssik Znrh III." ]gc shctkgcs nrc nonlyzcm nom kgnobcs nrc subbcstcm. Cvcotunlly, tgc nrtist krcntcs n mctnilcm illustrntifo fd tgc krcnturc. Io tgc knsc fd [piofsnurus, [R[ wcot drfa prcliaionry shctkg tf dionl mcsibo io nefut tgrcc wcchs. It’s nlsf pfssielc tf mrnw tgc prcliaionry shctkgcs fd krcnturc usiob sfdtwnrc’s lihc pgftfVtfVshctkg, shctkg nrtist ctk.
Noiantrfoiks
>:
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob
Diburc =.;.>0 No nrtist shctkgcs tgc [piofsnurus.
Euilm n Anqucttc
Drfa tgc dionl pnpcr mcsibo, n aiointurc sknlc afmcl knllcm n anqucttc is krcntcm fut fd klny. ]gc dirst anqucttc [R[ anmc fd [piofsnurus wns foc-sixtccotg sknlc. ]gis ioitinl anqucttc is uscm tf vcridy tgnt tgc pnpcr mcsibo is nkkurntc. Id tgcrc nrc noy prfelcas, tgcy nrc kfrrcktcm nom n ocw pnpcr mcsibo is anmc.
Diburc =.;.50 @urnssik Znrh III Mircktfr @fc @fgostfo nom tgc foc-didtg-sknlc anqucttc fd tgc [piofsnurus
Noiantrfoiks
>>
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob Ocxt, n foc-didtg-sknlc anqucttc is anmc. ]gc foc-didtg-sknlc afmcl is nefut 7 dcct (5.= a) lfob. ]gis anqucttc is tgco uscm tf prfmukc tgc dull-sizc skulpturc. Fokc tgc shctkgcs nom afmcls nrc mfoc, tgc dull-sizc euilmiob ecbios.
Diburc =.;.;0 Tnrifus sknlc anqucttc fd tgc [piofsnurus Foc-sixtccotg sknlc Foc-di dt g sknlc
D ul l-sizc skulptu rc
Euilm n Dull-sizc [kulpturc
]gc anqucttc is tnhco tf Kyecr D/W prfkcmurc, wgcrc it is sknoocm ey ;-M mibitizcr. N ;-M mibitizcr is n mcvikc tgnt knpturcs tgc mibitnl sgnpc fd pgysiknl fe`ckts. ]gcrc nrc n vnricty fd actgfms uscm io ;-M mibitizcrs8 tgc foc tgnt uscm dfr [piofsnurus is knllcm lnscr sknooiob.
Lnscr sknooiob tnhcs prckisc acnsurcacots fd tgc anqucttc ey efuokiob ecnas fd lnscr libgt (scoms fvcr >3,::: ecnas pcr sckfom) fdd its surdnkc. ]gc rcdlcktcm libgt drfa tgc ecnas is pikhcm up ey gibg-rcsflutifo knacrns pfsitifocm fo citgcr simc fd tgc lnscr. ]gcsc knacrns krcntc no ianbc fd tgc slikc (krfss scktifo) fd tgc fe`ckt tgnt tgc lnscr is sknooiob. N
Noiantrfoiks
>5
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob kfaputcr systca kfllckts tgc krfss scktifos nom kfaeiocs tgca tf krcntc n pcrdckt, scnalcss kfaputcr afmcl fd tgc anqucttc.
Kyecr D/W tgco uscs tgc kfaputcr afmcl tf krcntc tgc lidc-sizc afmcl fd tgc [piofsnurus drfa pflyurctgnoc dfna. ]gis vcry ribim dfna is kut tf tgc kfrrckt sgnpc tgrfubg n prfkcss knllcm KOK-[kulptiob.
Diburc =.;.=0 Mctnils nrc knrvcm iotf dull-sizc skulpturc
]gc prfkcss mcvclfpcm ey Kyecr D/W tnhcs tgc mntn drfa tgc dull-sknlc kfaputcr afmcl nom mivimcs tgc afmcl iotf anonbcnelc kguohs. ]gc mntn dfr cnkg kguoh is tgco scot tf tgc dfna-skulptiob ankgioc, wgcrc n lidc-sizc scktifo fd tgc miofsnur is krcntcm ey wgittliob nwny pickcs fd dfna drfa n lnrbc, sflim elfkh usiob tioy spiooiob elnmcs. Fokc nll tgc scktifos nrc mfoc, tgcy nsscaelc tgc pickcs lihc n binot ;-M `ibsnw puzzlc.
]gis krcntcs n vcry ensik dull-sizcm afmcl. N lft fd wfrh still occms tf ec mfoc nom it is gnomlcm ey n tcna fd skulptfrs. ]gcy gnom-knrvc tgc dfna tf nmm nll tgc iokrcmielc mctnils tgnt anhc it scca rcnl.
Noiantrfoiks
>;
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob Aflmiob nom Knstiob
N sct fd aflms tgnt anhc tgc dull-sizcm skulpturc is krcntcm. ]gc aflms nrc anmc drfa no cpfxy tgnt is vcry murnelc nom gns strfob efomiob kgnrnktcristiks. Cpfxy is n tgcrafscttiob cpfximc pflyacr tgnt kurcs wgco aixcm witg n gnrmcocr.
Fokc tgc kfapfocots fd tgc noiantrfoik nrc rcnmy, aukg fd tgc drnac wfrh is dittcm iosimc tgc aflms ecdfrc tgc dfna rueecr shio is knst. Dfna rueecr is n rueecr tgnt gns ecco ncrntcm tf dfra n spfoby antcrinl. Io kfo`uoktifo witg tgis stcp is tgc dnerikntifo fd tgc dfna-ruooiob kfrc, wgikg is krcntcm ey lioiob tgc iosimc fd tgc aflm witg prckisc lnycrs fd klny tf rcprcscot tgc shio tgikhocss. Rgco tgc klny lny-up is kfaplctcm, tgc surdnkc fd tgc klny is diecr blnsscm tf krcntc tgc dfna-ruooiob kfrc.
Ndtcr tgc klny is klcnocm fut, tgc dfna-ruooiob kfrc is efltcm iotf tgc aflm nom krcntcs n ocbntivc spnkc ectwcco tgc dfna-ruooiob kfrc nom mctnilcm surdnkc fd tgc aflm. Rgco dillcm witg dfna rueecr, tgis ocbntivc spnkc eckfa cs tgc shio. ]gc purpfsc fd tgis prfkcss is twfdflm0 >) It anhcs tgc shio afvcacot scca afrc onturnl 5) It kfotrfls tgc shio’s tgikhocss nom wcibgt
=.=. Krcnturc Krcntifo Euilm tgc noiantrfoik kfapfocots
Euilmiob tgc vnrifus kfapfocots uscm io tgc noiantrfoik tnhcs tgc lfobcst tiac. Afst fd tgc krcnturcs rcquirc pnrts tgnt yfu'rc oft bfiob tf diom nt yfur lfknl gnrmwnrc stfrc, sf gnvc tf euilm cvcrytgiob tgcasclvcs. It’s pfssielc tf tnhc nmvnotnbc fd noy cxistiob prfmukts wgco cvcr, usunlly ey rcpurpfsiob pnrts fd n kfaafo mcvikc tf dill sfac fd tgcir uokfaafo occms.
]gcrc nrc dfur anio kntcbfrics tgnt tgc wfrh splits iotf witg mcvclfpacot gnppcoiob siaultnocfusly nkrfss tgc kntcbfrics0 Noiantrfoiks
>=
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob Ackgnoiknl
]gc cobioccrs mcsibo nom euilm ackgnoiknl systcas, wgikg ioklumcs cvcrytgiob drfa ensik bcnrs tf sfpgistikntcm gymrnuliks. It ioklumcs nktuntfrs nom pocuantiks. Gcrc no nktuntfr is n ackgnoiknl mcvikc dfr afviob fr kfotrflliob n ackgnoisa fr systca nom pocuantiks acnos usc fd prcssurizcm bns tf nddckt ackgnoiknl aftifo.
Diburc =.=.>0 Rfrhiob fo tgc gcnm fd ]yrnoofsnurus rcx
Clcktrfoik
Noftgcr brfup mcvclfps tgc clcktrfoik kfotrfl systcas occmcm tf fpcrntc tgc noiantrfoik. ]ypiknlly stnrtiob drfa skrntkg nom krcntiob tgcir fwo kustfa kirkuit efnrms, tgcsc cobioccrs nrc csscotinlly euilmiob binot rcaftc-kfotrfllcm tfys. Nlafst nll fd tgc afvcacot fd tgc [piofsnurus will ec anoipulntcm ey spckinlizcm rcaftc-kfotrfl systcas hofwo ns tclcactry mcvikcs.
[trukturnl
Nll fd tgc clcktrfoik nom ackgnoiknl kfapfocots occm sfactgiob tf nttnkg tf nom kfotrfl, nom tgc shio aust gnvc n drnac tf aniotnio its sgnpc. ]gis is mfoc ey euilmiob n plnstik nom stccl drnac. ]gis shclctnl drnac is lnrbcly kfapriscm fd brnpgitc ([fdt elnkh dfra fd knrefo), n syotgctik antcrinl hofwo dfr its strcobtg nom libgtocss. Noiantrfoiks
>3
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob [urdnkc
]gc "shio" fd tgc [piofsnurus is anmc drfa dfna rueecr, wgikg is n vcry libgt, spfoby rueecr tgnt is anmc ey aixiob nir witg liquim lntcx rueecr nom tgco gnrmcoiob it. Rgilc tgcrc nrc ftgcr kfapfuoms, sukg ns silikfoc nom urctgnoc tgnt nrc strfobcr nom lnst lfobcr, dfna rueecr is uscm ecknusc it is aukg cnsicr tf wfrh witg. ]gc sflutifo is pfurcm iotf cnkg aflm nom nllfwcm tf kurc.
Diburc =.=.50 Nll gymrnulik systcas nrc iostnllcm nom kgckhcm.
]f strcobtgco tgc shio, n pickc fd dnerik is kut tf sizc nom caecmmcm io tgc dfna rueecr ndtcr it is pfurcm iotf tgc aflm. Fokc kurcm, cnkg pickc fd shio is pullcm drfa its aflm.
=.3. Zuttiob it tfbctgcr Rgco nll tgc kfapfocots nrc mfoc, it's tiac tf euilm tgc [piofsnurus. Ns cnkg kfapfocot is nmmcm, it is kgckhcm tf cosurc tgnt it afvcs prfpcrly nom mfcso't iotcrdcrc witg ftgcr kfapfocots. Afst fd tgc clcktrfoik kfapfocots nrc tgco kfoocktcm tf tgc ackgnoiknl systcas nom tcstcm. Znrts fd tgc shio nrc put io plnkc wgco tgc drnac is nsscaelcm. Nsscaeliob tgc shio is n vcry lnefrifus prfkcss. ]gc ftgcr shio pickcs nrc dnstcocm io plnkc fo tgc drnac fokc tgc ackgnoiknl nom clcktrfoik kfapfocots nrc iostnllcm. Noiantrfoiks
>4
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob
Diburc =.=.;0 ]gc "shclctfo" fd tgc [piofsnurus
Ns cnkg shio pickc is nmmcm, tgc tcna gns tf kgckh tf anhc surc tgcrc nrc of prfelcas - sukg ns uownotcm dflms, strctkgiob, tff tibgt ctk. Rgcocvcr foc fd tgcsc prfelcas fkkurs, tgc shio aust ec nmnptcm fr nttnkgcm middcrcotly. Nlsf, tgcrc nrc plnkcs wgcrc yfu mf wnot tgc shio tf dflm fr gnob lffsc fr trnvcl io n kcrtnio wny, nom it aust ec nm`ustcm tf nkgicvc tgnt cddckt.
Foc fd tgc trikhs tgnt uscs tf anhc tgc [piofsnurus nom ftgcr miofsnurs scca afrc rcnlistik is tf nttnkg euobcc kfrms ectwcco nrcns fd shio nom tgc drnac. N euobcc kfrm is no clnstik kfrm kfapfscm fd foc fr afrc clnstik strnoms dfraiob n kfrc. Muriob afvcacot, tgcsc euobcc kfrms rcprfmukc tcomfos uomcr tgc shio tf strctkg.
Noiantrfoiks
>2
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob
Diburc =.=.=0 Euobcc Kfrms
Diburc =.=.30 Zniotiob tgc shio
]gc shio is afstly "pniotcm" wgco it is nttnkgcm tf tgc drnac. N spckinl aixturc tgnt is nhio tf rueecr kcacot is uscm. ]iots nrc nmmcm tf tgc aixturc tf bct tgc kfrrckt kflfr. ]gcy usc tgis aixturc ecknusc it efoms afrc strfobly witg tgc dfna rueecr nom strctkgcs witg it ns tgc noiantrfoik afvcs. Fokc tgc noiantrfoik is kfaplctc, tgc tcna gns tf tcst it nom wfrh fut noy prfelcas.
Noiantrfoiks
>7
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob Anhiob it Afvc
]gc pcfplc tgnt kfotrfl no noiantrfoik nrc knllcm puppctccrs. ]gcsc puppctccrs nrc shillcm nktfrs wgf mctcraioc wgnt afvcacots anhc noiantrfoik lffh ns pcr tgc skript. ]gc puppctccrs nrc mctcraioiob wgnt afvcacots anhc tgc noiantrfoik lffh nobry, surpriscm, guobry fr noy ftgcr caftifos fr affms tgnt nrc knllcm dfr io tgc skript.
Cibgt puppctccrs fpcrntc tgc [piofsnurus0
Ensik gcnm/efmy
- rftntcs gcnm, fpcos nom klfscs `nws, afvcs ockh enkh nom dfrtg, anhcs efmy swny drfa simc tf simc.
]fobuc slimc lcvcrs
- afvcs tfobuc up nom mfwo, simc tf simc nom io fr fut
Cyc `fystikh kfotrfl
- cycs afvc, cyclims elioh.
Drfot nras
- dull rnobc fd aftifo8 gnoms fpco nom klfsc
Knrt/efmy
- afvcs krcnturc enkh nom dfrtg fo trnkh
]nil
- dull rnobc fd aftifo
Efmy rnisc slimcr
- rniscs nom lfwcrs efmy
Ercntgiob pftcotifactcr - iodlntcm elnmmcr iosimc kgcst knvity siaulntcs ercntgiob
Diburc =.=.40 Cyc @fystikh Kfotrfl
Noiantrfoiks
>9
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob
Diburc =.=.20 ]gc tclcactry mcvikc dfr kfotrflliob tgc drfot nras
Diburc =.=.70 Efmy Unisc [limcr
Noiantrfoiks
5:
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob
Diburc =.=.90 Ercntgiob Zftcotifactcr
No cxnaplc, tgc puppctccr wgf kfotrfls tgc nras gns n mcvikc tgnt gc strnps fotf gis fwo nras. Gc tgco nkts fut tgc afvcacot gc wnots tgc [piofsnurus tf anhc, nom tgc tclcactry mcvikc trnoslntcs gis aftifo iotf n kfotrfl sibonl tgnt is scot tf tgc kirkuit efnrm kfotrflliob tgc ackgnoiknl kfapfocots tgnt kfaprisc tgc nra systca fd tgc [piofsnurus
=.4. Afostcr Ansg Ecknusc tgc [piofsnurus noiantrfoik is kfotrfllcm ey rnmif-drcqucoky (UD) mcvikcs, kcrtnio prcknutifos aust ec tnhco wgco it is io usc. Noy ftgcr mcvikc, sukg ns n kcll pgfoc, tgnt fpcrntcs usiob UD tckgoflfby aust ec turocm fdd io tgc vikioity fd tgc noiantrfoik. Ftgcrwisc, iaprfpcr sibonls kno iotcrdcrc witg tgc kfotrfl sibonls. ]gis kfulm gnvc misnstrfus cddckts wgco mcnliob witg n >5-tfo afostcr.
Klcno pfwcr is iapfrtnot dfr tgc snac rcnsfo. ]gc [piofsnurus gns n mcmikntcm uoiotcrruptielc pfwcr supply (SZ[) sf tgnt n pfwcr surbc fr erfwofut wfulm oft knusc it tf bf fut fd kfotrfl. Noiantrfoiks
5>
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob
Diburc =.=.>:0 ]gc Dionl [piofsnurus Noiantrfoik
]gus ndtcr bfiob tgrfubg scvcrnl stnbcs fd dfrantifo nom sue stcps, tgc dionl [piofsnurus noiantrfoik will lffh lihc ns io nefvc diburc. ]gis noiantrfoik will nanzc nll tgc pcfplc ns it gns n klfsc rcscaelnokc tf tgc fribionl.
Noiantrfoiks
55
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob
KGNZ]CU - 3 IOOCU RFUHIOB FD NOIAN]UFOIK KGNUNK]CU AFTCACO][ No noiantrfoik kgnrnktcr afvcacot is anmc up fd twf systcas0 >. Mibitnl systca 5. Nonlfb systca
3.> Mibitnl systca N mibitnl systca wfrhs witg tgc usnbc fd sanll pocuantik afviob liaes sukg ns cyclims, ecnhs ctk. Io n mibitnl systca cvcrytgiob is fpcrntcm ey nir prcssurc. Io tgis systca, noiantifo wns nll fo/fdd afvcs sukg ns fpco/klfscm cyc fr ecnh. Gcokc tgc fo nom fdd afvcacots is knllcm mibitnl systca. Numif-noiantrfoik afvcacots tgnt fpcrntiob witg tgis systca gns 5 liaitntifos0
N. Afvcacot gnm tf ec siaplc --fo fr fdd. (c.b., tgc fpco nom sgut ecnh fd n ]ihi eirm fr tgc elioh fd no cyc, ns kfapnrcm tf tgc anoy middcrcot pfsitifos fd rnisiob nom lfwcriob no nra). E. Afvcacots mim oft rcquirc aukg dfrkc fr pfwcr (c.b., tgc cocrby occmcm tf fpco n ]ihi Eirm's ecnh kfulm cnsily ec fetniocm ey usiob nir prcssurc, eut io tgc knsc fd lidtiob no nra, tgc pocuantik systca mimo't prfvimc cofubg pfwcr tf nkkfaplisg tgc lidt).
Muc tf tgis rcnsfos, mibitnl systcas knooft suddikicotly gnomlc afrc kfaplikntcm sgfws. [f n ocw systca wns mcviscm tf usc nlfob witg it knllcm nonlfb systca.
3.5 Nonlfb systca No nonlfb systca kno ec uscm tf krcntc rcnlistik io-ectwcco afvcacots io lnrbc diburcs. Nonlfb systca anhcs usc fd gymrnulik guano fr noianl afviob liaes. Nonlfb systca iovflvcm tgc usnbc fd vfltnbc rcbulntifo. ]foc wfulm ec “fo‑ kfostnotly tgrfubgfut tgc sgfw,
Noiantrfoiks
5;
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob nom tgc vfltnbc kfulm ec vnricm tf krcntc afvcacot fd tgc diburc. ]gis "vnricm vfltnbc" sibonl wns scot tf wgnt wns rcdcrrcm tf ns tgc "elnkh efx." ]gc elnkh efxcs gnm tgc clcktrfoik cquipacot tgnt wfulm rckcivc tgc sibonl nom tgco nktivntc tgc pocuantik nom gymrnulik vnlvcs tgnt afvcm tgc pcrdfraiob diburcs. ]gc usc fd gymrnuliks nllfwcm dfr n suestnotinl iokrcnsc io pfwcr, wgikg wns occmcm dfr tgc afrc uowiclmy nom mcanomiob afvcacots. (Gymrnuliks wns uscm cxklusivcly witg tgc nonlfb systca, nom pocuantiks wns uscm foly witg tgc tfoc-rccm/mibitnl systca.)
Io nmmitifo tf mibitnl nom nonlfb systca, io frmcr tf pcrait n gibg mcbrcc fd drccmfa, kfotrfl kyliomcrs nrc uscm. Eut usiob tgc nefvc systca, dnst afvcacots knooft ec mfoc safftgly. [f tgcy gnm tf prfbrna slfwcr afvcacots nom snkridikc spccm.
N ocw tckgoflfby gnm ecco iotrfmukcm ns sflutifo knllcm kfaplinokc. It nllfws dnstcr nom afrc rcnlistik afvcacots witgfut snkridikiob kfotrfl. It iaprfvcs tgc situntifo ey nllfwiob liaes tf kfotiouc pnst tgc pfiots wgcrc tgcy nrc prfbrnaacm tf stfp, nom tgco tgcy rcturo quikhly tf tgc iotcomcm pfsitifo, aukg ns rcnl frbnoik pnrts mf.
Diburc 3.>0 Mibitnl [ystca
Noiantrfoiks
5=
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob
Diburc 3.50 Nonlfb [ystca
Diburc 3.;0 Kfotrfl Kyliomcr
Noiantrfoiks
53
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob
KGNZ]CU - 4 ZUFBUNAAIOB N DIBSUC ]gcrc nrc twf ensik wnys fd prfbrnaaiob n diburc. ]gc dirst uscs twf middcrcot actgfms fd kfotrflliob tgc vfltnbc rcbulntifo. Foc wns n `fystikh-lihc mcvikc knllcm n trnosmukcr (N mcvikc tgnt trnosdfras foc typc fd cocrby iotf noftgcr), nom tgc ftgcr mcvikc wns n pftcotifactcr (no iostruacot dfr acnsuriob no uohofwo vfltnbc fr pftcotinl middcrcokc ey kfapnrisfo tf n stnomnrm vfltnbc--lihc tgc vfluac kfotrfl hofe fo n rnmif fr tclcvisifo rckcivcr).
Diburc 4.>0 ]rnosmukcrs
Diburc 4.50 Zftcotifactcr
Noiantrfoiks
54
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob Id tgis actgfm is uscm, wgco n diburc is rcnmy tf ec prfbrnaacm, cnkg iomivimunl nktifo--foc nt n tiac-- will ec rcgcnrscm, nom tgco rckfrmcm. Dfr iostnokc, tgc prfbrnaacr, tgrfubg tgc usc fd tgc pftcotifactcr fr trnosmukcr, will rcpcntcmly rcgcnrsc tgc bcsturc fd lidtiob tgc nra, uotil it is rcnmy dfr n "tnhc.‑ ]gis wfulm oft ioklumc diobcr afvcacot fr noy ftgcr afvcacots8 it wns siaply tgc lidtiob fd no nra.
]gc tnhc wfulm tgco ec rckfrmcm ey lnyiob mfwo numielc sfuom iapulscs (tfocs) fotf n pickc fd ;3 aa anboctik dila stfkh. ]gc nktifo kfulm tgco iostnotly ec plnycm enkh tf scc id it wfulm wfrh, fr id it gnm tf ec rcmfoc. (]gc ankgiocs uscm dfr rckfrmiob nom plnyenkh wcrc tgc ;3 aa anboctik uoits uscm prianrily io tgc mueeiob prfkcss dfr aftifo pikturcs. Anoy nmmitifonl uoits tgnt wcrc knpnelc fd `ust plnyenkh wcrc nlsf rcquircm dfr tgis prfkcss. Ecknusc fd tgcir liaitcm duoktifo tgcsc plnyenkh uoits wcrc knllcm "muaaics.")
Cvcotunlly, tgcrc wfulm ec n ouaecr fd nktifos dfr cnkg diburc, rcsultiob io no cqunl ouaecr fd rccls fd ;3 aa anboctik dila (c.b., tco nktifos wfulm cqunl tco rccls). Nll iomivimunl nktifos wcrc tgco rcrckfrmcm fotf n sioblc rccl--up tf tco nktifos, cnkg nktivntcm ey n middcrcot tfoc, kfulm ec kfaeiocm fotf n sioblc rccl. Dfr cnkg nktifo/rccl, foc muaay wns rcquircm tf plny it enkh. ]gus dfr tco nktifos, tco plnyenkh ankgiocs nom foc rckfrmiob ankgioc wcrc rcquircm tf kfaeioc tgc afvcs fotf n ocw rccl fd ;3 aa anboctik dila.
"[yok anrhs" (syokgrfoizntifo pfiots) nrc plnkcm nt tgc drfot com fd cnkg iomivimunl nktifo rccl nom nll fd tgc muaaics wcrc iotcrlfkhcm. ]gis wny, muriob tgc rcrckfrmiob, nll fd tgc nktifos wfulm stnrt nt tgc prfpcr tiac. Ns sffo ns it is dioisgcm, tgc rccl kfulm ec plnycm enkh nom tgc kfaeiocm nktifos kno ec stumicm.
Id it wns mckimcm tgnt tgc nktifos mimo't wfrh tfbctgcr, fr sfactgiob occmcm tf ec kgnobcm, tgc prfkcss wns stnrtcm fvcr8 citgcr ey rcrckfrmiob tgc iomivimunl nktifo, fr ey kfaeioiob tgc aultiplc nktifos nbnio. Id tgc lnttcr occmcm tf ec mfoc, sny tgc "nra lidt nktifo" knac io tff cnrly, it wfulm ec nkkfaplisgcm ey uolfkhiob tgc muaay tgnt gnm tgc "nra-lidt rccl" fo it. ]gc dila wfulm tgco ec gnom krnohcm, dfrwnrm fr enkh, n kcrtnio ouaecr fd drnacs, Noiantrfoiks
52
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob wgikg kgnobcm tgc stnrt tiac fd tgc nra, lidt io rclntifo tf tgc ftgcr nktifos. ]gc muaaics wfulm ec iotcrlfkhcm, nom tgc nktifos, kfaplctc witg ocw tiaiob fo tgc nra lidt, wfulm ec rckfrmcm fokc nbnio.
Ritg tgis muaay systca, tgc minlfbuc nom ausik kno nlsf ec iotcrlfkhcm witg tgc nktifos. ]gco tgc numif kno ec listcocm tf ns tgc diburc wcot tgrfubg tgc nktifos. ]gis is cxtrcacly gclpdul io bcttiob tgc bcsturcs nom nktif os tf antkg tgc minlfbuc.
]gc ftgcr actgfm uscm dfr prfbrnaaiob n diburc is tgc kfotrfl gnrocss. It kfotrfls tgc vfltnbc rcbulntifo rclntivc tf tgc afvcacots fd tgc gnrocss. ]gis actgfm gnvc tgc nmvnotnbc fd eciob nelc tf mf scvcrnl nktifos nt fokc, eut fevifusly muc tf tgc kfaplcxitics, n brcnt mcnl fd rcgcnrsnl is rcquircm.
Noiantrfoiks
57
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob
KGNZ]CU - 2 ESILMIOB YFSU FRO NOIAN]UFOIK[ Cvcrytgiob yfu occm (cxkcpt enttcrics nom ianbiontifo) is ioklumcm io fur cnsytf-usc hit. Kfoockt tgc knelc tf yfur ZK's scrinl pfrt, iostnll tgc sfdtwnrc nom yfu'rc rcnmy tf stnrt. Of sflmcriob fr prfbrnaaiob shills rcquircm. Id yfu kno usc Riomfws yfu kno usc tgis Noiantrfoiks Hit. ]gc sfdtwnrc nllfws yfu tf rckfrm tgc afvcacots fd gfeey scrvfs (up tf twf eillifo afvcs) nom plny tgca enkh cxnktly ns rckfrmcm. Anhc yfur krcntifo kfac tf lidc!
Diburc 2.>0 No Noiantrfoiks Hit
Aioi [[K Znocl v>.5 sfdtwnrc ]gc Aioi [[K Znocl v>.5 sfdtwnrc is n Riomfws enscm kfaputcr prfbrna tgnt nllfws yfu tf cxplfrc tgc cxkitiob wfrlm fd noiantrfoiks (n kfaeiontifo fd noiantifo nom clcktrfoiks) witg cnsc. Ritg tgis prfbrna, yfu kno kfotrfl tgc afvcacots fd stnomnrm gfeey scrvfs nttnkgcm tf `ust nefut noy krcntifo yfu kno ianbioc. Krcntc rfeft diburcs tgnt afvc fo yfur kfaanom fr puppcts tgnt scca tf kfac nlivc. ]gc pfssieilitics nrc comlcss. Noiantrfoiks
59
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob Rgnt is tgc Aioi [[K Znocl6
]gc Aioi [[K Znocl is n brnpgiknl uscr iotcrdnkc nllfwiob yfu tf cnsily kfotrfl stnomnrm gfeey scrvfs nttnkgcm tf n scrinl scrvf kfotrfllcr ([[K) kirkuit efnrm. ]gis iotcrdnkc prfvimcs sctup, afvcacot kfotrfl nom afvcacot rckfrmiob/plnyenkh dcnturcs.
Rgnt's ocw io tgc Drcclnokc Cmitifo6
Ocw dcnturcs ioklumc0
"[lccp" Afmc
Zlnyenkh Lffpiob
Cmitnelc rckfrmiobs
"[kript Anonbcr"
[crvf Lnecliob
Uckfrmiob nom Zlnyenkh stcp rcnmfut
[afftgcr Zlnyenkh
Cognokcm uscr buimc nom gclp systca
Ssiob tgc [fdtwnrc0 ]gc Kfotrfl Znocl
]gc Kfotrfl Znocl is tgc dirst skrcco tf kfotnio scrvf aftifo kfotrfls. Yfu usc kfaafo Riomfws skrfll enrs tf kfotrfl tgc scrvfs nttnkgcm tf yfur [[K(s). ]gc Kfotrfl Znocl is no cxkcllcot tffl tf knlierntc yfur noiantrfoik krcntifo. Ssc tgc Kfotrfl Znocl tf0
]cst [[K/scrvf kfoocktifos nom duoktifonlity
]cst tgc aioiaua efuoms fd yfur scrvfs
]cst tgc anxiaua efuoms fd yfur scrvfs
Mctcraioc tgc "Gfac" pfsitifo fd yfur scrvfs
Cxpcriacot witg middcrcot spccms
Mcvisc rckfrmiob strntcbics nom pfsitifoiob tckgoiqucs
Noiantrfoiks
;:
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob ]gc Uckfrmcr
]gc iotcrdnkc tf rckfrm noiantrfoik prf`ckts is n dlcxielc nom cnsy-tf-usc. Ritg tgc Aioi [[K Znocl v>.5 Drcclnokc Cmitifo yfu kno kfaeioc sanll sue-rckfrmiobs iotf lnrbcr afrc rfeust noiantrfoik prfmuktifos usiob fur "[kript Anonbcr." Ey krcntiob sanllcr rckfrmiobs nom kfapiliob tgca iotf lnrbcr "[kripts" yfu kno dfkus fo cnkg mctnil fd yfur noiantifo. Dfr iostnokc, fokc yfu gnvc tgc brippcr fo yfur rfeftik nra wfrhiob cxnktly tgc wny yfu wnot, yfu kno usc tgnt pickc fvcr nom fvcr nbnio io yfur dionl skript tf hccp yfur afvcacots kfosistcot.
[kript Anonbcr
Foc fd tgc afst cxkitiob dcnturcs fd tgc Aioi [[K Znocl v>.5 Drcclnokc Cmitifo is tgc [kript Anonbcr. ]gc [kript Anonbcr nllfws yfu tf brfup sanllcr sue-rckfrmiobs iotf lnrbcr, afrc rfeust noiantifo prfmuktifos.
Hit Ioklumcs0
[ystca Ucquircacots0
[crvf kfotrfllcr kirkuit efnrm
=74 fr gibgcr prfkcssfr (Zcotiua rckfaacomcm)
]wf Gitckg G[-;:: gfeey scrvfs
7 acbneytcs fd UNA (;5 rckfaacomcm)
Aioi [[K Znocl v>.5 sfdtwnrc
;.3" >.==AE dlfppy
Enttcry Znkh
Riomfws ;.x, 93, 97 fr O]
]wf scrvf gfro nsscaely pnkhs
Nvnilnelc scrinl pfrt
Illustrntcm Iostruktifo anounl
5: Acbneytcs fd gnrm mrivc spnkc
]nelc 2.>0 Noiantrfoiks hit kfotcots nom rcquircacots
Noiantrfoiks
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[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob
Dfr no noiantrfoiks hit tf wfrh wc occm nmmitifonl rcquircacots ns io diburc eclfw
Diburc 2.50 Gnrmwnrc Ucquircacots
U[5;5 tf Aultiplc [crvf nmnptcrs0
]gis kfapfocot is uscm tf krcntc tgc UK Zulscs enscm fo iodfrantifo rckcivcm drfa scrinl pfrt. Rgilc scvcrnl sukg prfmukts cxist fo tgc anrhct, foly nmnptcrs tgnt nrc kfapntielc witg tgc Noiantrfoiks [fdtwnrc kno ec uscm. ]gc aioi [[K is n pfpulnr prfmukt tgnt is suppfrtcm ey tgc T[N sfdtwnrc. ]gc afmulcs any ec uscm dfr n tftnl fd >4 kgnoocls.
Kfaacrkinl UK scrvfs0
Anoy clcacots, cvco io lnrbc prfps, rcquirc littlc dfrkc tf afvc. Dfr cxnaplc, tgc cycs fd no noiantcm krcnturc. Dfr tgcsc stnomnrm tf "gcnvy muty" scrvfs kno ec uscm. UK [crvfs nrc wimcly nvnilnelc drfa scvcrnl vcomfrs.
Noiantrfoiks
;5
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob Ufeftcq Kfotrfllcrs witg Aftfr nom Zft nsscaelics0
Ns n rulc fd tguae, noy ackgnoiknl nsscaely wcibgiob afrc tgno >:hb (5:les) is afst lihcly ecyfom tgc lidtiob pfwcr fd noy kfaacrkinl scrvf - mcpcomiob fd kfursc fo wgcrc it is lfkntcm rclntcm tf tgc scrvf, nom gfw dnst it is rcquircm tf afvc. Dfr tgcsc, noy fd Ufeftcq's kfotrfllcr's any ec uscm io tgc pfsitifo afmc tf krcntc tgc cquivnlcot fd UK [crvfs (twf pcr kfotrfllcr) eut fd dnr lnrbcr pfwcr.
Io tgc klfscm-lffp pfsitifo afmc, tgc nxlc fd n bcnrcm mfwo aftfr is kfuplcm tf n pftcotifactcr tgnt is uscm tf kfapnrc tgc nobulnr pfsitifo fd tgc nxlc vcrsus n mcsircm pfsitifo. Mcpcomiob fo tgc hiom fd aftifo mcsircm, liocnr nktuntfrs any ec uscm io licu fd aftfrs. Lihcwisc, tgc pftcotifactcr any ec lfkntcm nt noy lfkntifo io tgc ackgnoiknl nsscaely s lfob ns it is rclntivcly tibgtly ackgnoiknlly kfuplcm tf tgc aftfr (i.c. of slnkh). Aftfrs any ec mriviob gymrnulik puaps kfoocktcm tf afviob pistfos, io wgikg knsc tgc pftcotifactcr will occm ec kfuplcm tf tgc pistfo.
Id tgc pftcotifactcr scoscs tgnt tgc aftfr gns oft rcnkgcm tgc mcsircm pfsitifo, pfwcr will ec npplicm tf tgc aftfr uotil tgnt middcrcokc eckfacs zcrf. N ZIM diltcr is iokfrpfrntcm iosimc tgc kfotrfllcr tf cosurc tgnt tgc aftfr afvcs ns quikhly ns pfssielc tf tgc com mcstiontifo witgfut fvcrsgfft nom/fr fskillntifo
Noiantrfoiks
;;
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob
KGNZ]CU - 7 NMTNO]NBC[ FD NOIAN]UFOIK[ >) Noiantrfoik is no nmvnokcm nom afrc sfpgistikntcm tckgoflfby. 5) ]gc tckgoflfby is nelc tf prfmukc puppcts tgnt nrc afrc rcnlistik. ;) ]gc cxprcssivcocss fd livc pcrdfranokc. =) ]gc liaitlcss drccmfa fd kfaputcr noiantifo. 3) Sscs actikulfus spckinl cddckts. 4) Nmvnotnbcs tf []FZ AF]IFO nrc tgnt it is oft tgc rcprfmuktifo fd rcnlity eut nrc pgysiknl fe`ckts afviob io rcnl tiac io drfot fd tgc knacrns.
Noiantrfoiks
;=
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob
KGNZ]CU - 9 MI[NMTNO]NBC[ FD NOIAN]UFOIK[ >) Rgco kfapnrcm tf kfaputcr noiantifo, noiantrfoiks is lcss kfst cddikicot nom afrc tiac kfosuaiob. 5) ]gc kyliomcrs uscm io kgnrnktcr afvcacot any fkknsifonlly mrip fr lcnh. [f it is middikult tf kfotrfl lcnhnbc ns cnkg iomivimunl k yliomcr gns its fwo kfotrfl mntn kgnoocl. ;) Fokc no noiantrfoik diburc cstnelisgcm, aniotconokc prfkcmurc nrc middikult. =) Fkknsifonlly wc occm tf rcpniot tgc diburcs nom tnilfr tgc klftgcs wgikg nmm tf nmmitifonl cxpcoscs
Noiantrfoiks
;3
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob
KGNZ]CU - >: NZZLIKN]IFO[ FD NOIAN]UFOIK[ >. Afvic Anhiob nom ]T [gfws0 ]gc numif- noiantrfoik wns uscm dfr tgc binot squim io tgc afvic“5:,::: Lcnbucs uomcr tgc [cn‑. @urnssik Znrh afvics rcnlly pusgcm tgc usc fd noiantrfoiks dfrwnrm krcntiob sfac fd tgc afst lidc-lihc krcnturcs tf git tgc skrcco up. ]gc npprfnkg wns uscm witg tgc Lfrm fd tgc Uiobs afvics nom Hiob Hfob. ]gc sgfw "Rnlhiob witg Miofsnurs -- ]gc Livc Cxpcricokc" is n stnbc vcrsifo fd tgc EEK ]clcvisifo scrics, nom it is enscm fo noiantrfoik miofsnurs. No noiantrfoik nllibntfr wns sgfwknscm io anoy ]T sgfws lihc scvcrnl trnmcs sgfws, Enywntkg ctk.
Diburc >:.>0 Noiantrfoik ]craiontfr nom Ufeft io dilas
5. Ftgcr Cotcrtnioacot0 Noiantrfoiks bniocm pfpulnrity tgrfubg usc nt dnaily cotcrtnioacot kcotcrs sukg ns [gfweiz Zizzn Zlnkc nom Kgukh C. Kgccsc's Zizzn ]iac ]gcntrc. [cvcrnl pnsscobcrs nom krcw, mrcsscm io tgc prfpcr stylc fd dirst klnss pnsscobcrs nrc rcprcscotcm io n misplny fd gistfrik trnio nt Kgiknbf's Auscua fd [kicokc nom Iomustry. ]gc Bcfrbc Rnsgiobtfo Ansfoik Ontifonl Acafrinl dcnturcs no Noiantrfoik Bcfrbc Rnsgiobtfo.
Noiantrfoiks
;4
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob
Diburc >:.50 Kfuotcr nt [gfweiz Zizzn Zlnkc
Diburc >:.;0 No Noiantrfoik kgnrnktcr nt n auscua
]gc tckgoflfby fd tgc Numif-Noiantrfoiks nt tgc tgcac pnrhs nrfuom tgc wfrlm vnrics io tgcir sfpgistikntifo. Kurrcot tckgoflfbics gnvc pnvcm tgc wny dfr afrc clnefrntc Numif-Noiantrfoiks diburcs, sukg tgc Iominon @focs diburcs iosimc tgc Iomy nttrnktifos nt eftg
Noiantrfoiks
;2
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob Misocylnom & ]fhyf Misocy [cn, tgc "swfrm dibgtiob" pirntcs iosimc Misocylnom Znris’ vcrsifo fd Zirntcs fd tgc Knrieecno, tgc "Ycti" iosimc Cx pcmitifo Cvcrcst nt Misocy's Noianl Hiobmfa.
;. Acmiknl [kicokc0 Zrfstgctiks0
]gcrc is nlsf trcacomfus pftcotinl io prfstgctiks. Dfr scvcrnl ycnrs, Bnrocr Gflt Zrfmuktifos gns ecco wfrhiob witg ontifonl lnefrntfrics tf mcvclfp n ecttcr prfmukt. Uibgt ofw, gcnltg iosurnokc kfvcrnbc dfr nrtidikinl liaes is aioianl sf prfmukts nvnilnelc tf tgc typiknl naputcc nrc krumc.
Diburc>:.=0 Nrtidikinl Liaes
Ocurfoctiks0
Noiantrfoik kgnrnktcrs dfr Ocurfoctiks, Iok. tf mcafostrntc ]rnokrnoinl Anboctik [tiaulntifo (]A[) ]gcrnpy gns ecco mcvclfpcm. ]A[ systca uscs clcktriknl stiaulntifo tf trcnt scvcrc mcprcssifo. ]gc fe`ckt fd tgc noiantrfoik diburc wns tf tcnkg mfktfrs gfw tf usc tgc prfmukt. No iotcrcstiob cddckt fd tgc trcntacot is tgc efmy’s rcnktifo tf tgc stiaulntifo. Noiantrfoiks
;7
[niotbits Kfllcbc fd Cobioccriob Rgco tgc clcktrf-anboctik trnosmukcr is prfpcrly pfsitifocm fo tgc pnticot’s shull, it knuscs vnrifus spckidik ausklc afvcacots io tgc ribgt gnom. ]gc diburc wns krcntcm io sukg n wny tgnt wgco tgc kfrrckt ernio nrcn wns stiaulntcm, tgc silikfoc kfrtcx wfulm illuaiontc, nom tgc kfrrcspfomiob rcnktifos io tgc gnom wfulm aiaik tgnt fd n livc pnticot.
Diburc >:.30 N trnosmukcr uscm io Ocurfoctiks
Noiantrfoiks
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