Laplace transform is an integral transform linear ordinary differential equations.
It is a very powerful mathematical tool applied in control systems.
Laplace transform is an integral transform linear ordinary differential equations.
It is a very powerful mathematical tool applied in control systems.
components forming a system configuration that . In their simplest form, control systems take in a a as npu , process e a a, an en sen out signals as output…
…
pen oop System
&
System
The open loop system is the simplest type of control system, as oes no a e accoun o e ou pu . e npu a a s processed, then sent as output, e.g. a microwave oven…
A person selects the microwave power and the time for cooking. This input is sent to the
The embedded computer processes the data, and sends a signal to the
The microwave generator cooks the food for the required time at the required
The problem with this open loop system is that the , it is already burnt – there is no account of output.
A closed loo s stem uses feedback rovided b sensors. Feedback is where information from the output gets used as part of the input. A feedback loop provides extra data, which is processed with the input data.
, . . flight control system…
The pilot operates
The plane’s control box
The wing flaps
the aircraft into a steep turn. Feedback also forms part of the input.
processes this data and sends signals to the wing flaps and engines.
the necessary adjustments.
Sensors monitor the tilt of the aircraft and send this information to the control box. This becomes part of the input. When the required amount of tilt has been reached, the computer sends signals to the wing flaps and engine to stop any further adjustments.
The first a lications of feedback control appeared in the development of float regulator mechanisms in Greece in the eriod 300 to 1 B.C.
water level and controls the valve that covers the water inlet in the boiler
The first feedback system to be invented in modern Europe was the temperature regulator of Cornelis Drebbel (1572-1633) of Holland. v pressure regulator for steam boilers in 1681. Papin’s similar to a pressure-cooker valve. Regulator for steam boilers in 1681. The first automatic feedback controller used in an industrial process is generally agreed to be James ’ , controlling the speed of a steam engine.
This all mechanical device measured the speed of the output shaft and utilized the movement of the flyball with therefore the amount of steam entering the engine. , ball weights raise and move away from the shaft axis, thus closing the valve.
’ steam engine. 1920s Minorsky worked on automatic controllers for steering ships. 1930s Nyquist developed a method for analyzing the stability of controlled systems s requency response me o s ma e loop control systems
poss
e o es gn near c ose -
1950s Root-locus method due to Evans was full develo ed 1960s State space methods, optimal control, adaptive control and 1980s Learning controls are begun to investigated and developed. Present and on-going research fields. Recent application of modern control theory includes such non-engineering systems such as biological, biomedical, -
The oal of control en ineerin desi n is to obtain the configuration, specifications, and identification of the ke arameters of a proposed system to meet an actual need.
The first step in the design process consists of establishing the system goals. The second step is to identify the variables that we es re o con ro or examp e, e ve oc y o the motor). terms of the accuracy you must attain. The fourth step is to configure a system that will result in the desired control performance. System configuration normally consist of a sensor, the , controller
The fifth step consists of identifying a candidate or t e actuator. s w , o course, epen on the process, but the actuation chosen must be of the process. The sixth step is is the selection of a controller, which often consists of a summing amplifier that will compare the desired response and the actual measurement signal to an amplifier. The seventh ste is the ad ustment of the parameters of the system in order to achieve the desired performance.
using quantitative mathematical models of
Ta( t )
− Ts ( t )
Ta( t )
Ts ( t )
ω( t )
0
ωs( t ) − ωa( t) = throu h - variable
angular rate difference = across-variable
Electrical Inductance
Energy or Power
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ELECTRIC SHIP CONCEPT Vision Electrically Al l Electric Ship
Integrated Power System Electric Drive Reduce # of Prime Movers Fuel saving s
Ship Technology Insertion Warfightin g Capabilities
Reduced mannin g Automation Eliminate auxiliary systems (steam, hydraulics, compressed a r
Main Power
Propulsion Motor
Power Conversion Module
Motor Drive
Generator
Ship Service ower
Prime Mover
on ro ys ems ng neer ng y orman . Nise e ec ron cs ng neers an oo , on Laplace Transform and its Application by Sarina Control Systems Engineering a Practical , , . .
