Arte de la India
Sivá Naṭ arāja arāja,, dinastía Chola, Chola , Ta Tamil mil Nadu Nad u,si siglo glo XI XI..
El arte de la India ( कल bhāraṭa) se caracteriza principalmente por ser un reflejo de कल भ भरत रत , kalā bhāraṭa) la compleja sociedad india india,, multitnica ! multicultural multicultural.. "simismo tiene un car#cter principalmente religioso religioso,, sir$iendo el arte como medio de transmisi%n de las distintas religiones &ue han jalonado la India India'' hinduismo hinduismo,, udismo udismo,,islamismo islamismo,, cristianismo cristianismo,, etc. Tamin ha! &ue destacar como rasgo distinti$o del arte indio su af#n de integraci%n con la naturaleza naturaleza,, como adaptaci%n al orden uni$ersal, teniendo en cuenta &ue la ma!or parte de elementos naturales (montaas, ríos, #roles) tienen para los indios u n car#cter sagrado. *no de los hechos determinantes en la construcci%n de la cultura india ha sido la di$ersidad tnica de los m+ltiples puelos &ue han ido llegando a sus tierras' desde los aorígenes de tez oscura ancestros oscura ancestros de los actuales dr#$idas dr#$idas,, fueron llegando en sucesi$as oleadas puelos protoaustraloides protoaustraloides,, protomed protomediterr#n iterr#neos eosmesolíticos mesolíticos,, mongoloides mongoloides,, armenoides armenoides,, arios ( - a. C. C.), ), persas persas ! ! griegos griegos ( (/ /001 a. C. C.), ), partos partos ! ! protomongoles protomongoles ( (- - a. C. C.001 d. C. C.), ), huno s (siglos 2I 2I002III 2III), ),#raes #raes (siglos (siglos IX IX00XII XII), ), turco turco00afganos afganos (siglos (siglos XIII XIII00X2 X2), ), turco0mongoles (siglos X 2I00X2III 2I X2III)) ! rit#nicos rit#nicos (siglos (siglos XIX XIX00XX XX). ). Esta mezcolanza de puelos ! culturas ha producido un arte de gran di$ersidad estilística ! formal, con$i$iendo di$ersas tendencias artísticas seg+n la regi%n.3 4a India ha sido cuna de una gran ci$ilizaci%n ci$ilizaci%n &ue &ue se e5tendi%, gracias sore todo a la e5pansi%n del udismo, por todo el centro ! el sureste asi#tico, llegando a influir incluso en poderosas culturas como la china china ! ! la japonesa la japonesa.. En 6ccidente fue conocida principalmente tras la e5pedici%n a la India de "lejandro de "lejandro 7agno, 7agno, cuando llegaron noticias de los adelantos tcnicos, culturales ! artísticos desarrollados en el sucontinente indio. El arte indio tiende a la sacralizaci%n sim%lica de todos sus elementos, ! el car#cter narrati$o de todas sus e5presiones pl#sticas tiende por lo general a la trascendencia de su significado inherente, e5presado a tra$s de im#genes de gran sensualidad &ue connotan un gran refinamiento esttico esttico.. El arte floreci% en la India durante la antig8edad con la Cultura del $alle del Indo9 Indo9 sin emargo, tras la llegada de los puelos arios arios se se produjo un período de $acío artístico del &ue nada conocemos, !a &ue no han &uedado $estigios &ue muestren las
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realizaciones de esta poca, entre el - ! el 1 a. C. C.,, hasta la instauraci%n del Imperio mauria.. :osteriormente, la aparici%n del udismo ! el mauria e jainismo, ljainismo, &ue con$i$ieron pacíficamente con el hinduismo hinduismo hasta hasta la llegada de los musulmanes musulmanes,, sentaron las ases culturales, estticas ! artísticas del arte indio hasta la edad moderna. moderna.1 Índice ;ocultar < •
=undamentos del arte indio
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3 "rte "rtess pl# pl#stic sticas as
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3. :reh :rehist istori oria a
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3.3 Cultura del Indo
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3.1 :eríodo $dico (siglos (siglo s X202I a. C.)
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3.> "rte udista udist a
3.>. "rte maur!a (siglos III0I a. C.)
3.>.3 "rte de ?andh@ra (siglos (sigl os I a. C.0I d. C.)
3.>.1 "rte de 7athur@ (siglos I0I2)
3.>.> "rte de "mar@$atA (siglos II0III)
3.>.- "rte gupta (siglos I202III)
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3.- "rte hind+ (siglos 2III0XIII) 2III0XIII )
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3./ "rte isl#mi isl#mico co (siglos XIII0X2III)
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3.B "rte coloni colonial al (siglos X2III0XX)
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3. "rte contempo contempor#neo r#neo (siglo XX)
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1.1 "rtes escni escnicas cas
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1.> 1. > Ci Cine ne •
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- Def Deferen erencia ciass
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/ i ilio liograf grafía ía
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B Enl Enlace acess e5te e5terno rnoss
Fundamentos Fundamentos del arte indio;editar <
Bodhisaṭṭva del loṭo azul (hacia-- (hacia--), ), vihāra vihāra nF nF de "janG de "janG G tra). t G@(7ah@r@s G Gtra).
El arte indio ha sido principalmente una manifestaci%n religiosa, una forma de conectar el mundo humano con la trascendencia de lo di$ino. En ese sentido han traajado desde antao artistas (śilpin) (śilpin) ! ! ar&uitectos (sṭhapaṭi) (sṭhapaṭi),, cu!os nomres no han trascendido en una gran ma!oría de los casos, dejando una serie de oras an%nimas donde lo importante no era la
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desarroll% la creati$idad del artista indio, donde surgieron la ma!oría de tcnicas ! estilos estilos presentes presentes en el arte indio en general. > *na de las características principales del arte indio es su integraci%n con la naturaleza naturaleza'' así como el homre occidental occidental ha ha uscado siempre adaptar la naturaleza a sus necesidades, los indios han procurado en camio integrar sus oras en el entorno natural, como los santuarios rupestres rupestres e5ca$ados e5ca$ados en la roca roca ! ! en grutas grutas naturales. naturales. 4a naturaleza tiene para ellos un car#cter sagrado, como se percie en la sacralizaci%n de ríos ríos,, montaas montaas ! ! #roles #roles,, o en la di$inizaci%n de los elementos naturales' sol sol ( (Hr!a Hr!a), ),luna luna ( (Chandra Chandra), ), fuego fuego ( ( "gní), "gní), llu$ia (Indra Indra), ), etc. *no de los factores m#s influ!entes en el arte ! en la mentalidad india es el clima monz%nico, monz%nico, &ue con su car#cter cíclico, su naturaleza ami$alente, &ue tanto puede eneficiar como perjudicar a la $ida en el sucontinente indio, pro$ocan una cierta dualidad en la personalidad de sus haitantes, unos camios de actitud &ue se reflejan en una gran di$ersidad de estilos artísticos, pudiendo con$i$ir de forma simult#nea estilos contrapuestos ! aparentemente enfrentados, desde el naturalismo naturalismo a a la astracci%n astracci%n,, del realismo al idealismo idealismo..6tro factor a tener en cuenta es la di$ersidad racial ! cultural cultural,, &ue ha pro$ocado un arte eclctico eclctico ! ! sincrtico sincrtico'' los primeros poladores, de raza negroide negroide,, formaron la etniadr#$ida etnia dr#$ida,, &ue se situ% en el sur de la India (Tamil ( Tamil Nadu) Nadu) tras la llegada de los arios arios !, !, posteriormente, los musulmanes musulmanes.. Esta etnia siempre ha rei$indicado su tez m#s oscura en di$ersos elementos sim%licos sim%licos como como la utilizaci%n del azul índigo índigo en en la piel de los dioses dioses representados representados en su arte, o la preferencia por la arenisca arenisca en en la construcci%n, un material m#s oscuro &ue la piedra o el m#rmol m#rmol../
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*na de las facetas m#s sorprendentes del arte indio para los occidentales es la representaci%n sin tapujos del erotismo erotismo'' seg+n lareligi%n lareligi%n hind+, hind+, el se5o se5o es es una forma de oraci%n oraci%n,, un canal entre lo humano ! lo di$ino, una seal de trascendencia ! de espiritualidad. uena muestra de ello es el culto al lingam lingam (símolo (símolo se5ual masculino) ! el ioni (símolo (símolo se5ual femenino), amos pro$enientes de antiguos ritos neolíticos de la fertilidad fertilidad,, ! &ue fueron asumidos por el hinduismo. El linga representa la potencia creadora linga representa del dios Hi$# Hi$#,, ! es el principal ojeto de $eneraci%n en las capillas capillas de de los templos templos dedicados dedicados a este dios. He suele representar mediante un pilar pilar (sṭambha) (sṭambha) terminado terminado en forma de glande (mani) (mani),, aun&ue puede $ariar desde la forma m#s naturalista hasta una forma astracta consistente en un cilindro cilindro,, o di$ersas manifestaciones como un falo falo con con ojos (a (amb mbak akaa-liliṅga gam) m), con un rostro (e (eka kamu mukh khaa-liliṅga gam) m) o cuatro rostros (haṭurmukh mu khaa-liliṅga gam) m). En la tradici%n dr#$ida los liṅgam se asocian a los elementos elementos'' agua (apasliṅgam), aire aire ( (ak akka kash shaa-liliṅga gam m), fuego (ṭe ṭeja jass-liliṅga gam m), $iento $iento ( (va va!u !u-l -liiṅga gam m) ! tierra ( priṭhivi priṭhiviliṅgam). :or su parte, el ioni representa representa a JaKti JaKti (la (la Liosa 7adre), 7adre), así como a :ar$ati (diosa de la naturaleza ! la fertilidad), mujer de Hi$#. Tamin Tamin se puede representar en forma naturalista como una $agina $agina,, o geometrizada en forma de tri#ngulo tri#ngulo.. El lingam lingam aparece aparece a menudo junto al ioni , el %rgano se5ual femenino, formando un recipiente de forma c%nca$a del &ue soresale el lingam lingam.. Este símolo e5presa la unidad dentro de la dualidad del uni$erso, la energía creadora, a la $ez &ue la transmutaci%n del impulso se5ual en energía mental, la ascensi%n desde el mundo de los sentidos a la trascendencia espiritual, lograda mediante la meditaci%n del !oga !oga.. Estos antiguos ritos se fusionaron con el ṭanṭra ṭanṭra,, filosofía filosofía &ue &ue usca la $erdad en la energía &ue emana del cuerpo cuerpo,, &ue es un potenciador espiritual, como incluso la energía se5ual ( kun kun d alin" ) ).. Munto a los cuentos del @ma Htra (O4iro Htra (O4iro del "morP), estos d alin" cultos tu$ieron una gran representaci%n en el arte indio, sore todo en la escultura, donde aundan los miṭhuna miṭhuna o o escenas er%ticas, como en los templos dehajur@ho de hajur@ho ! ! on G G@raK. @raK.B 4a esttica esttica india india se desarroll% sore todo en el período gupta gupta,, en el &ue se analizaron, recopilaron ! clasificaron la ma!oría de escritos $dicos $dicos (los (los te5tos sagrados hind+es, transmitidos de forma oral desde apro5imadamente el - a. C. C.). ). :ara el arte fueron primordiales especialmente los te5tos sagrados denominados #asṭras #asṭras,, en particular los $asṭu#asṭras,, tratados ar&uitect%nicos &ue halaan de la construcci%n de templos para los dioses, #asṭras ! los #ilpa-#asṭras #ilpa-#asṭras,, tratados figurati$os para pintores pintores ! ! escultores escultores ! ! la forma de transcriir en im#genes el mensaje di$ino. 4os gupta desarrollaron $arios tratados tcnicos ! normati$os sore los principios fundamentales del arte, así como tcnicas, materiales, estilos, iconografía iconografía,, etc. *no de los m#s importantes es el #adanga #adanga,, &ue estalece los Oseis principiosP estticos
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El rasa est# ligado a la emoti$idad emoti$idad'' para los indios, el arte ha de conmo$er, ha de suscitar rasa est# emociones.Q "sí, distinguen nue$e tipos de emociones, &ue se relacionan sim%licamente con diferentes colores colores'' •
"mor o "mor o rasa rasa er%tico er%tico (śringāra) (śringāra)'' color negro negro..
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2alor o o rasa rasa heroico heroico (v"ra) (v"ra)'' color rojo color rojo..
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C%lera o C%lera o rasa rasa furioso furioso (raudra) (raudra)'' color rojo.
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"legría o rasa c%mico (hās!a) lanco.. rasa c%mico (hās!a)'' color lanco
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"somro o "somro o rasa rasa admirati$o admirati$o (adbhuṭa) (adbhuṭa)'' color amarillo amarillo..
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Lolor o Lolor o rasa rasa compasi$o compasi$o (karuna) (karuna)'' color gris gris..
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"sco o rasa rasa repulsi$o repulsi$o (b"bhasṭa) (b"bhasṭa)'' color azul color azul..
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7iedo o 7iedo o rasa rasa temoroso temoroso (bha!ānaka) (bha!ānaka)'' color negro.
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:az o rasa rasa sereno sereno (śānṭa) (śānṭa)'' color lanco.
Estas emociones se traducen a su $ez en distintas actitudes ! posturas (āsana) de las figuras (āsana) de representadas en escultura o pintura' •
Sam ama abh bha aṅga' postura rígida ! e&uilirada, ien de pie o ien sentada. Hignifica la serenidad espiritual, ! es la postura típica de uda uda ! ! dioses como 2is G Gu. Gn G
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+bhaṅga' postura de ligera inclinaci%n. Hignifica la meditaci%n, ! es propia de bodhisaṭṭvas bodhisaṭṭvas ! ! di$inidades menores.
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,rib ibha haṅga' postura de triple fle5i%n. Hignifica sensualidad !, a la $ez, espiritualidad. Es la típica en figuras de apsaras ! !aks "s "s..
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ṭibhaṅga' postura de e5trema inclinaci%n. Hignifica $iolencia o dramatismo, ! es la id%nea para Hi$# ! los .okapāla .okapāla (Oguardianes (Oguardianes del mundoP, &ue custodian los
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Imagen de uda uda en en postura sam amab abh haṅga.
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Imagen del bod bodhis hisaṭṭv aṭṭva a "$aloKiteR$ara "$aloKiteR$ara en en postura ābhaṅga.
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Imagen de Hi$# Hi$# en en postura aṭibhaṅga.
Artes plásticas plásticas;editar <
:intura rupestre de rupestre de himetKa (B B a. C. C.). ).
Prehistoria;editar < Lel :aleolítico :aleolítico se se han hallado di$ersos utensilios de cuarcita ! síle5 síle5 tallado tallado o pulido, en consonancia con los hallados al mismo tiempo en el continente europeo europeo.. En EnhimetKa himetKa,, cerca de hopal hopal,, se ha encontrado un conjunto de m#s de mil cue$as cue$as con con pinturas
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como cier$os cier$os,, ue!es ue!es ! ! elefantes elefantes.. En Ha$andurga Ha$andurga ( (arnataKa arnataKa)) una e5ca$aci%n ar&ueol%gica ar&ueol%gica re$el% re$el% un cementerio cementerio con con sarc%fagos sarc%fagos de de piedra. :or +ltimo, del Neolítico Neolítico cae cae destacar los !acimientos ar&ueol%gicos de ar&ueol%gicos de "dichanallur "dichanallur ! ! rahmagiri rahmagiri (en (en el estado de arnataKa), arnataKa ), donde se ha hallado un tipo de cer#mica cer#mica negra negra ! roja, así como di$ersos monumentos megalíticos, especialmente d%lmenes d%lmenes.. :osteriormente se han clasificado di$ersos tipos de cer#mica' la roja (hematites hematites)) de la cultura de anas ( anas (Da!ast#n Da!ast#n), ), la gris de la cuenca del río ?anges ! la negra pulimentada de Mariana ! Lelhi Lelhi..3
Cultura del Indo ;editar < rṭ/ulo prinipal Cultura del $alle del Indo
7ohenjo0L@ro.. 7ohenjo0L@ro
4a primera gran ci$ilizaci%n india, de signo neolítico, se produjo entre el 3- 3- ! ! el - a. C. C. en en la zona del río Indo (actual :aKist#n :aKist#n ! ! noroeste de la India). Esta regi%n, entre los montes Uagros Uagros,, el Sindu ush ! ush ! el Simala!a Simala!a,, ha sido desde antiguo una importante ruta comercial comercial entre entre el 7editerr#neo 7editerr#neo ! ! el 4ejano 6riente, 6riente, hecho del &ue se eneficiaron los
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7apa de la cultura del $alle del Indo. Indo .
En estas dos ciudades se han hallado gran cantidad de sellos de esteatita esteatita con con representaciones de animales ! monstruos monstruosf f ant#sticos, ant#sticos, de gran realismo ! detallada precisi%n, &uiz# de influencia mesopot#mica. Tamin Tamin ha! $estigios de cer#mica cer#mica,,escultura escultura ! ! +tiles de metal (oro (oro,, plata plata,, core core ! ! lat%n lat%n), ), especialmente unos cuchillos cuchillos de de ronce ronce de de hoja cur$ada mu! característicos. 4a cer#mica se producía en torno torno,, decorada con moti$os geomtricos. Tenían un desarrollado arte te5til, te5til , en algod%n estampado estampado.. El comercio parece haer sido astante frecuente, dado el hallazgo de ojetos de lapisl#zuli lapisl#zuli de de "fganist#n "fganist#n,, jade de China ! oro ! plata de :ersia o "fganist#n. " su $ez, en algunos !acimientos mesopot#micos se han hallado algunos aalorios de calcedonia calcedonia roja roja procedentes del Indo. En escultura se han encontrado di$ersas figuras de terracota terracota representando representando a carros carros,, animales ! figuras humanas, algunas de ellas desnudas ! con símolos se5uales (ellingam (el lingam masculino masculino ! el ioni femenino), femenino), relacionadas con el culto a la fertilidad. Tamin Tamin se han hallado piezas en ronce como .a bailarina de bailarina de 7ohenjo0Laro, con unas formasanat%micas formas anat%micas redondeadas, redondeadas, siendo de remarcar el traajo tanto anterior como posterior,
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4a ?uerra de uruKshetra en uruKshetra en una ilustraci%n del de l'ahābhāraṭa 'ahābhāraṭa..
En esta etapa se introdujeron los puelos arios arios,, apareciendo las religiones tradicionales indias. 4os arios introdujeron el lenguaje s#nscrito s#nscrito,, así como el hierro ! animales como el caallo caallo,, ! crearon pe&ueos reinos regidos por el sistema decastas de castas,, donde los sacerdotes sacerdotes ( (rahmanes rahmanes)) tenían una posici%n preeminente. En esta poca surgieron los grandes po poem emas aspicos picos indios' indios' el 'ahabharaṭa 'ahabharaṭa ! ! el 1ama!ana 1ama!ana,, ! las escrituras filos%ficas 2panishad , &ue desarrollaron el hinduismo hinduismo,, religi%n de corte mitol%gico mitol%gico &ue &ue aunaa las pr#cticas esotricas esotricas con con di$ersas filosofías $itales. Hus principales deidades eran Hi$# Hi$# ! ! 2isn+ 2isn+,, aun&ue tamin tenían di$ersos conceptos m#s astractos, como elrahman rahman,, el alma del mundo9 atman atman,, el alma humana9 ! 7aia 7aia,, la energía &ue engaa a las almas ! las hace $i$ir en el mundo material. El ojeti$o de la religi%n hind+ es acerca al aṭma aṭma al al rahm#n, para así lierarse del Karma Karma,, ! la sucesi%n de reencarnaciones reencarnaciones marcadas marcadas por la conducta en $ida del indi$iduo. " su $ez, estas reencarnaciones delimitan el sistema de castas hind+' brahmanes (sacerdotes ! políticos), haṭr/as haṭr/as (militares (militares goernantes), vaisias vaisias (comerciantes (comerciantes ! agricultores), sudrás sudrás (escla$os) (escla$os) ! daliṭs (parias, / e5tranjeros e intocales). E5isten pocos restos ar&ueol%gicos de esta etapa, apenas a lgunos ojetos de ronce ! cer#mica, por lo &ue e5iste una gran laguna entre la cultura del Indo ! el arte mauria mauria.. Ello se
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helenísticogriego, &ue se plasm% en el arte grecoudista. helenísticogriego, grecoudista. Ta Tamin min se estalecieron estrechos lazos con el arte persa. persa.
Arte budista;editar <
Htpa de Htpa de Hanchi Hanchi..
Arte maura (siglos III-I a. C.);editar < 4a Linastía maur!a e5puls% a los sucesores de "lejandro de "lejandro 7agno de 7agno de la India septentrional, ocupando todo el curso medio del Indo Indo ! ! la parte central de la península del Lecc#n Lecc#n.. Cultura de religi%n udista udista,, todo su arte giraa en torno a la $ida ! enseanzas de uda uda.. He han
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Escudo de la India con la imagen del 3apiṭel de los .eones de .eones de H@rn@th H@rn@th.. En la parte inferior aparece el lema nacional' सय सयम मव जयत जयत (Saṭ!ameva (Saṭ!ameva 4a!aṭe), 4a!aṭe), Os%lo la $erdad triunfaP. 3
El monumento característico de este período es el stpa stpa,, t+mulo t+mulo funerario funerario &ue ser$ía de relicario relicario Vcontenía Vcontenía reli&uias corporales de uda, &ue el re! "RoKa reparti% entre las principales ciudades de su imperioV, a la $ez &ue tenía car#cter conmemorati$o, !a &ue su planimetría simolizaa el uni$erso' sore una gran plataforma (medhi) (medhi) &ue &ue significaa la
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Interior de un vihāra vihāra en en "jant@ "jant@ (7aharastra 7aharastra))9 al fondo se puede oser$ar una estupa estupa..
4a ar&uitectura estaa íntimamente ligada a la naturaleza, descollando Vadem#s del stpaV dos tipologías diferenciadas de edificios' el santuario ( haiṭ!a haiṭ!a ) ) ! ! el monasterio ( vihara vihara ) )..33 ?eneralmente eran santuarios rupestres, rupestres, e5ca$ados en cue$as ! laderas de montaas, donde la escultura tenía un papel fundamental, a la &ue a menudo estaa supeditada la propia ar&uitectura. Elhaiṭ!a El haiṭ!a suele suele tener planta asidal asidal con con tres na$es na$es ! ! %$eda de medio ca%n, ca%n, formada por una sucesi%n de arcos kud u (típico arco u indio de forma ligeramente apuntada) ! sostenida sore pilares pilares.. El vihāra vihāra (Olugar (Olugar de reuni%nP) tiene planta cuadrada, alrededor de la cual se colocan las celdas de los monjes, con un sistema adintelado adintelado de de cuierta plana.31 Entre las construcciones de esta poca soresale
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uda de ?andh@ra ?andh@ra..
Tras la e5tinci%n del Imperio mauria, la India se di$idi% en pe&ueos reinos' reinos' por una parte, los
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del stpa' la c+pula se situaa sore un alto tamor tamor cilíndrico cilíndrico colocado colocado sore una ase cuadrada. *n uen ejemplo es el de aniRKa aniRKa,, en :esh@@r. El imperio uR@na se enefici% del comercio procedente de la ruta de la seda' seda' e5portaan de la India especias especias,, metales ! piedras preciosas, mientras &ue importaan de China seda seda,, jade jade ! ! artículos e5%ticos. En apisa (al norte de aul aul), ), ciudad de $eraneo de los uR@na, se encontr% un tesoro de marfiles marfiles larados larados de la India, lacas chinas, ronces roncesromanos romanos ! $idrio alejandrino alejandrino,, pruea de las frtiles relaciones comerciales entre el 7editerr#neo ! el 4ejano 6riente. 3
Arte de #athur" (siglos I-IV) ;editar <
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generalmente en grupos, sin dejar apenas espacios $acíos, con una peculiar sonrisa en los rostros femeninos, ! reinterpretando los estilos anteriores en un lenguaje eclctico eclctico.. uda es representado a $eces con aspecto humano ! a $eces como símolo' generalmente una rueda, &ue se asociaa al disco solar, pero tamin un caallo caallo Z&ue Z&ue montaa cuando renunci% a su $ida mundanaZ o una higuera higuera Zel Zel #rol de la saiduría ajo el cual predicaaZ. 1
Arte gu%ta (siglos IV-VIII) ;editar <
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ning+n orden ni perspecti$a perspecti$a.. Est# en postura de ābhaṅga (dole fle5i%n), ! sus armoniosas facciones traducen el ideal de elleza de la literatura de la poca, como los ojos en forma de ptalo de loto ! las cejas cur$adas como un arco indio. 13
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,orso ,o rso de bodhisaṭṭva bodhisaṭṭvaprocedente procedente de H@nchA (siglo (siglo 2) 2).
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de ulo ulo,, se transmiti% al Nepal Nepal ! ! el sudeste asi#tico, principalmente Tailandia Tailandia,, irmania irmania ! ! Camo!a Camo!a..1 •
usto de Sivá 'ahādeva con caezas ( ṭrimurṭi Elephanta((siglo 2I). 2I). 'ahādeva con tres caezas( ṭrimurṭi ),, templo de Elephanta )
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Arte hind& (siglos VIII-XIII) ;editar <
Templo Te mplo de hajur@ho hajur@ho..
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de madraza madraza.. En las es&uinas se hallan los minaretes minaretes,, ! tamin puede incluir un claustro (ri:a*) (ri:a*).. 4os principales ejemplos son' en el Hultanato de Lelhi, Lelhi, la mez&uita rhaimez&uita rhaidin ka 4humpra 'asjid en "jmer en "jmer ((3 3), ), ! la ;ila-i-7ohna 'asjid en en la :urana ^ila de Sum@!n Sum@!n ( (-> ->)9 )9 en los sultanatos pro$inciales, la ṭala la ṭala 'asjid en en Maunpur (> (>)) !
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