Lesson 1: Introduction to verbs What is a verb? A verb is a word that describes an action. Verbs are often called ‘doing’ words. Examples of verbs: to work, to call, to pray, to be, to think.
First conjugation verbs Verbs are divided into groups called conjugations. You can recognise first conjugation verbs as they end ‘are’. These are examples of first conjugation verbs
confirmare
to confirm
dare
to give
edificare
to build
laborare
to work
legare
to leave
orare
to pray
vocare
to call
To conjugate, or list the parts, of first conjugation verbs 1. Remove the ‘are’ 2. Add these endings
-o
I
-as
you
-at
he/she/it
-amus
we
-atis
you
-ant
they
Look at our example of dare
Latin
Means in English
do
I give
das
you give
dat
he/she/it gives
damus
we give
datis
you give
dant
they give
Did you notice that most of the endings include ‘a’? This is called the Key letter. The exception is the form for ‘I’ which ends in ‘o’. Can you see how these examples were made?
Latin
Means in English
laboro
I work
legas
you bequeath
edificat
he/she/it builds
oramus
we pray
vocatis
you call
legant
they bequeath
1. In English, the words ‘I’, ‘you’, ‘she’, ‘he’, ‘it’, ‘we’ or ‘they’ show who is doing the verb. In Latin, these words are usually unnecessary. damus means we give. A separate word for ‘we’ is not needed. 2. In Latin, there are two ways of saying ‘you’. For example, both das and datis mean ‘you give’. The form used depends on the number of people:
You (singular) when there is one person, for example das You (plural) when there are two or more people, for example datis
There were two forms of ‘you’ in English: thou givest and you give. ‘Thou’ is not used widely in modern English.
Latin document points This tutorial concentrates on I, he/she/it, we and they. These are more likely to appear in records than the two forms of ‘you’.
3. In our example of dare, the action is happening now – the present tense. In English, there are three ways of describing actions in the present:
In Latin, just one word can be used to convey all three meanings. Latin is more concise than English. It uses fewer words to express the same meaning. Don’t worry if this seems like a lot to take in. You will get used to Latin and it will become easier. You can get encouragement and advice on the ‘help the learning process’ page.
Lesson 2: Introduction to nouns; first declension nouns; cases of nouns What is a noun? a person, place or thing. For example: the queen, a parish, the charter. Nouns are divided into groups called declensions. Nouns that end in ‘a’ belong to the first declension. They are mostly feminine. In Latin, there are no words for ‘a’ or ‘the’.
When you are reading a document, you can decide which meaning is appropriate. These are examples of Latin nouns from the first declension.
domina
lady
ecclesia
church
parochia
parish
terra
land
vidua
widow
Have you noticed that they all end in ‘a’? People’s names are also nouns. In Latin, women’s names often end in ‘a’.
Maria
Mary
Isabella
Isabella
First declension nouns The first part of a noun stays the same, but endings are added to give different meanings:
Singular
Meaning
Plural
carta
charter(s) Subject of the sentence: A charter costs 2 pounds.
carte
carta
Oh charter(s)!
carte
cartam
charter(s) Object of the sentence: The king grants the charter.
cartas
carte
of the charter(s) The seal of the charter is broken.
cartarum
carte
to or for the charter(s) They refer to the charters.
cartis
carta
by, with or from the charter(s) He claims the land by a charter.
cartis
The ending of a noun is crucial, as it tells you
whether the noun is singular or plural what role the noun is playing in the sentence
Read through carta again. Can you see that some endings are the same, but have different meanings? For example, carte means
Charters Of the charter To or for the charter
To decide which meaning is appropriate, read the rest of the sentence. For example, if part of a sentence is ‘she asked the king’ and the remaining word is carte, the meaning of cartethat would make sense is ‘for the charter’.
All first declension nouns take the same endings as carta except
anima
soul
filia
daughter
filiabus means ‘to or for the daughters’ and ‘by, with or from the daughters’ animabus means ‘to or for the souls’ and ‘by, with or from the souls’
A few first declension nouns are masculine. You are only likely to come across these three words:
agricola
farmer
papa
pope
parsona
parson
You can see that a noun has six different meanings, each relating to a case.
Six cases of nouns 1. Nominative Used for the subject of the verb. The subject is the person or thing doing the verb. For example
the queen prays
regina orat
The queen is the subject, as she is praying. The queen is in the nominative case.
2. Vocative Used to call or address someone or something. For example
O domina!
Oh lady!
O regina!
Oh queen!
O Maria!
Oh Mary!
The vocative case is the same as the nominative, except in the second declension.
Latin document points
The vocative case is used in chronicles and in the inscriptions on tombs. You will not find it in many other sources.
3. Accusative Used for the object of a verb. The object is the person or thing the verb is done to. For example
domina cartam confirmat.
The lady confirms the charter.
‘the lady’ is the subject and in the nominative. ‘the charter’ is the object and in the accusative.
4. Genitive Used for nouns that are ‘of’ something else and also to show possession. For example
terra ecclesie.
The land of the church.
filie vidue.
The widow’s daughters.
5. Dative Used for nouns that are to or for something. For example
terram ecclesie do.
I give land to the church.
‘I give’ is the verb – do. ‘land’ is the object – it is in the accusative. ‘to the church’ is in the dative.
6. Ablative Used for nouns that are by, with or from something. For example
papa ecclesiam carta confirmat.
The pope confirms the church by a charter.
‘the pope’ is the subject – it is in the nominative. ‘confirms’ is the verb. ‘the church’ is the object – it is in the accusative. ‘by a charter’ is ablative.
Word order in Latin Think about the order that words are arranged in sentences.
In English,
‘I give land’.
The word order is:
subject (I) + verb (give) + object (land).
The Latin translation is:
terram do.
The word order is:
object (land) + verb (I give).
The subject is:
‘I’, which is expressed in the worddo.
Often in Latin
The subject is at the beginning of the sentence The verb is at the end of the sentence The object of the sentence follows the subject
domine cartas dant.
‘the ladies give charters’.
The word order is:
subject (the ladies) + object (charters) + verb (give).
However, these rules were not always applied and vary between documents. You may find that the word order is different in your document. It may even be in the same order as English. Look out for sentences that do and don’t keep to these rules during the tutorial.
Lesson 3: Second declension nouns; ‘to be’ Second declension nouns
The largest group is masculine and ends in ‘us’, ‘er’ or ‘ir’ Some are neuter and end in ‘um’
Masculine ‘us’ ending These are declined with these endings:
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
-us
-i
Vocative
-e or -i
-i
Accusative
-um
-os
Genitive
-i
-orum
Dative
-o
-is
Ablative
-o
-is
Look at our example of dominus lord, sir, the Lord
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
dominus
domini
Vocative
domine
domini
Accusative
dominum
dominos
Genitive
domini
dominorum
Dative
domino
dominis
Ablative
domino
dominis
More second declension masculine nouns: More second declension masculine nouns: Top of page
annus
year
deus
God
filius
son
Men’s names often belong to the second declension:
Gregorius
Gregory
Henricus
Henry
Stephanus
Stephen
Willelmus
William
Here are some sentences showing you how the new words are used:
dominus terram legat
The lord bequeaths land
terra domini
The land of the lord
Deo et ecclesie lego
I leave to God and the Church
Henrico confirmo
I confirm to Henry
Willelmus terram Gregorii dat
William gives the land of Gregory
dominus et domina The lord and the lady terram Deo et ecclesie confirm the land to confirmant God and the Church
anno domini
in the year of [our] Lord
anno is ablative and here means ‘in the year’; dominiis genitive
Tip
Often abbreviated to AD, anno domini is used in the Christian calendar to express dates after the birth of Jesus.
Vocative singular is the same as the nominative except in second declension nouns
Ending ‘us’ – when the vocative ends with an ‘e’ Ending ‘ius’ in names like Gregorius – vocative ends with an ‘i’
Masculine ‘er’ ending Top of page These take the same endings as masculine ‘us’ ending nouns except
Nominative singular ends in ‘er’ Vocative singular is the same as the nominative You will only come across these four words. They are declined in the grammar table.
armiger
esquire
faber
smith
magister
master, teacher
puer
boy
They can be divided into two groups. First; puer and armiger which always keep their ‘e’ when they are declined. Second; magister and faber. When they are declined, they only keep the ‘e’ of the ‘er’ in the nominative and vocative singular cases. For example
faber terras legat
The smith bequeaths lands
In this sentence, faber has an ‘e’ because it is in the nominative case.
cartas magistro Stephano
I confirm charters to master
confirmo
Stephen
Whereas in this sentence, magister has lost its ‘e’, because it is in the dative case. Tip
Thinking of related English words may help you remember this: magistrate and fabricate do not have an ‘e’.
'vir'
man, husband
The only second declension noun ending ‘ir’. It is fully declined in the grammar table.
Neuter ‘um’ ending Top of page These are declined with these endings:
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
-um
-a
Vocative
-um
-a
Accusative
-um
-a
Genitive
-i
-orum
Dative
-o
-is
Ablative
-o
-is
Look at our example of regnum reign
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
regnum
regna
Vocative
regnum
regna
Accusative
regnum
regna
Genitive
regni
regnorum
Dative
regno
regnis
Ablative
regno
regnis Top of page
These are more neuter nouns:
mercatum
market
testamentum
will, testament
regnum regine Marie
the reign of Queen Mary
Some neuter nouns that end in ‘um’ have a stem that ends in ‘i’
escambium
exchange
manerium
manor
Westmonasterium Westminster They decline in the same way but keep the ‘i’.
dominus manerii
The lord of the manor
Stephanus maneria carta confirmat
Stephen confirms the manors by charter
Handy hints
Learn noun endings quickly by looking for patterns: 1. Nominative and vocative endings are always the same except for second declension nouns ending in ‘us’. 2. Nominative and accusative cases of neuter nouns are always the same. The plural always ends in ‘a’. 3. Accusative singular for masculine and feminine nouns always ends in ‘m’; accusative plural for masculine and feminine nouns always ends in ‘s’. 4. Genitive plural of all declensions ends in ‘um’. 5. Dative and ablative plurals are always the same. In the first and second declensions, the ending is usually ‘is’.
esse - to be This is an irregular verb, both in English and in Latin, as it does not follow the usual patterns of conjugation.
Latin
Means in English
sum
I am
es
you are (singular)
est
he/she/it is
sumus
we are
estis
you are (plural)
sunt
they are
esse does not have an object. Words associated with it are in the nominative case. Don’t try to put them into the accusative.
vir sum
I am a man
dominus est
He is the lord
testamentum est
It is the will
Isabella et Maria sumus
We are Isabella and Mary
agricole sumus
We are the farmers
vidue sunt
They are the widows
Isabella regina est.
}
nominative plural as there is more than one
Isabella is the queen
Both Isabella and regina must be in the nominative
domine regine sunt
The ladies are queens
Maria et Isabella
Mary and Isabella are
regine sunt
queens.
In this example, Maria and Isabella are nominative singular, as there is one of each woman. regine is nominative plural as there are two queens. Latin document points: medieval names
Men’s names often include the phrase ‘son of’: Henricus filius Willelmi Henry son of William. Willelmus filius Henrici William son of Henry. cartas Willelmo filio Stephani do
I give charters to William son of Stephen.
Willelmo and filio are both in the dative case because the charters are given to him. Stephani stays in the genitive, because William is the son of Stephen.
Lesson 4: Non; second conjugation verbs; numbers non - not It’s easy to turn a sentence into a negative sentence. Put non in front of the verb:
agricola laborat
The farmer works
agricola non laborat
The farmer does not work
regina cartas confirmat
The queen confirms the charters
regina cartas non confirmat
The queen does not confirm the charters
Second conjugation verbs These end in ‘-ere’.
debere
to owe
movere
to move
habere
to have
sedere
to sit
iacere
to lie, be situated
tenere
to hold
monere
to warn, summon
videre
to see
To conjugate
these verbs, remove the ‘-ere’ and add these endings:
Latin
English
Latin
English
-eo
I
habeo
I have
-es
you
habes
you have
-et
he/she/it
habet
he/she/it has
-emus
we
habemus
we have
-etis
you
habetis
you have
-ent
they
habent
they have Top of page
The key letter in these endings is ‘e’.
dominus Stephanus maneria tenet
Lord Stephen holds the manors.
ecclesiam video
I see the church.
cartas terris tenemus
We hold the charters for the lands.
dominos monemus
We warn the lords.
Gregorius testamentum non habet
Gregory does not have a will.
Handy hints for conjugating verbs All verbs that end with -o
relate to I
-t
relate to he/she/it
-mus
relate to we
-nt
relate to they
Remember: this applies to all conjugations.
Numbers
quattuor
four
quinque
five
sex
six
septem
seven
octo
eight
novem
nine
decem
ten
centum
one hundred
(sometimes quatuor – just one t)
These numbers do not decline. dominus quattuor maneria tenet
The lord holds four manors.
octo parochie sunt
There are eight parishes.
centum dominos monemus
We summon one hundred lords.
vidua quinque maneria ecclesie legat
The widow leaves five manors to the church.
Introducing new nouns From now on, new nouns will be written as they appear in the word list. They will be given in the nominative singular, followed by the genitive singular ending. The gender of the noun will be given and its meaning in English.
The genitive singular ending is very important, as it tells you which declension the noun belongs to.
Lesson 5: First and second declension adjectives; egoand nos Adjectives Concentrate on learning words marked with an asterisk* first. An adjective is a word used to describe a noun
novum testamentum
the new will
bonus dominus
a good lord
predicta regina Isabella
the aforesaid Queen Isabella
sancta Maria
Saint Mary
An adjective
Is normally in front of the noun it describes; sometimes it is behind
o o o o o
Agrees with the noun in Gender (masculine, feminine or neuter) Number (singular or plural) Case (nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative or ablative) Belongs to one of two groups depending on whether it declines Like first and second declension nouns Like third declension nouns
This lesson covers adjectives that decline like first and second declension nouns. Look at our example of novus, -a, -um
new
novus, -a, -um new Plural
Singular Case
Masculin e
Feminin e
Neute r
Nominativ e
novus
nova
novum
Masculin e
Feminin e
Neuter
novi
nove
nova
novi
nove
nova
Vocative
nova
novum novos
Accusative novum
novam
novum
Genitive
nove
novi
Dative
nove
novi novo
Ablative
novo
nove nova
novo novo
novas
nova
novorum
novarum
novoru m
novis
novis
novis
novis
novis
novis
Most first and second declension adjectives take these endings.
novam ecclesiam video
I see the new church.
Noun and adjective are feminine accusative singular.
parsona pueros novos vocat
The parson calls the new boys.
Noun and adjective are masculine accusative plural. Don’t assume that the ending of the noun and the adjective are always the same. Sometimes they are different, for example
novus agricola est
He is the new farmer.
Noun and adjective are both masculine nominative singular. In the word list, first and second declension adjectives are written ‘novus, -a, -um’ This shows the three nominative singular forms:
novus is masculine and declines like dominus from the second declension nova is feminine and declines like carta from the first declension novum is neuter and declines like testamentum from the second declension
When you see an adjective written like this, you will know that it is first or second declension. You will be able to decline it using the same endings as novus.
antiquus , -a, -um
old
bonus , -a, -um
good
dimidius , -a, -um
half
dominicus , -a, -um
demesne
magnus , -a, -um
great, big
predictus , -a, -um
aforesaid
quietus , -a, -um
free, quit
sanctus , -a, -um
saint, holy
ecclesia sancte Marie
church of Saint Mary
ecclesia sancti Edwardi
church of Saint Edward
ego dimidium manerium filiabus predictis domini do
I give a half manor to the aforesaid daughters of the lord.
predicta domina tenet dimidium mercatum nova carta
The aforesaid lady holds half a market by a new charter.
dominice terre domini sunt
They are the demesne lands of the lord.
dimidiam marcam predicto agricole damus
We give half a mark to the aforesaid farmer.
Look out for adjectives that end ‘er’ in the masculine nominative singular. Most lose the ‘e’ when declined, for example pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum A few keep the ‘e’, for example liber, -era, -erum free These are fully declined in the table of grammar
Irregular adjectives There are nine irregular adjectives. These decline like novus, -a, -um but
Genitive singular ends ‘-ius’ Dative singular ends ‘–i’ for all genders
You are most likely to find unus, totus and alius, so remember these three.
alius , alia, aliud
the other [genitive singular is sometimes alterius]*
alter , altera, alterum
the other (of two things)
Edwardus, -i (m.) Edward
beautiful
neuter , neutra, neutrum neither (of two things) nullus , -a, -um
no, none
solus , -a, -um
alone, only
totus , -a, -um
all, whole*
ullus , -a, -um
any
unus , -a, -um
one*
uter , utra, utrum
which (of two things)
et debent unam marcam alii domino
And they owe one mark to the other lord.
totum manerium dimidium mercatum terras alias et octo marcas filiis Henrici do
I give the whole manor, half the market, other lands and eight marks to the sons of Henry.
Numbers Numbers two and three also decline. Obviously, they only have plural forms. You will learn the endings with practice.
duo Case
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
duo
due
duo
Accusative
duo(s)
duas
duo
Genitive
duorum
duarum
duorum
Dative
duobus
duabus
duobus
Ablative
duobus
duabus
duobus
totam terram duabus filiabus Gregorii legamus
two
We leave all the land to the two daughters of Gregory.
duo maneria et duas marcas Willelmo filio Edwardi carta do et confirmo
I give and confirm by charter to William son of Edward two manors and two marks. tres
Case
Masculine and Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
tres
tria
Accusative
tres
tria
Genitive
trium
trium
Dative
tribus
tribus
Ablative
tribus
tribus
parsone trium parochiarum sunt
They are the parsons of three parishes.
Handy hints - patterns in word endings Keep looking for these. For example, when you read through tres, note that
Genitive plural ends in ‘–um’ Dative and ablative plurals are the same
What other patterns can you see?
three
Lesson 5: First and second declension adjectives; ego and nos ego and nos Usually, Latin verbs do not need separate words for ‘I’, ‘you’, ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’, ‘we’ or ‘they’. However, they are sometimes used to add emphasis, particularly at the beginning of grants. Ego and nos are called personal pronouns
since they stand in the place of a person.
Latin document points You are only likely to come across ego ‘I’ and nos ‘we’.
ego Maria regina predictum I, Queen Mary, give and confirm manerium ecclesie sancti Gregorii the aforesaid manor to the do et confirmo church of saint Gregory. We, William and Isabella, give nos Willelmus et Isabella terras et and confirm the lands and maneria filiis et filiabus Henrici manors to the sons and damus et confirmamus daughters of Henry.
ego Stephanus terras totas Deo et ecclesie sancte Marie lego
I, Stephen, leave all the lands to God and to the church of Saint Mary
Note that ego or nos is at the opposite end of the sentence from the verb.
Lesson 6: Hic, hec, hoc; third and fourth conjugation verbs hic, hec, hoc: Hic, hec, hoc has several meanings
‘This’ when it's an adjective – describing a noun ‘He, she, it’ when it's a pronoun – standing in for a noun
hic, hec, hoc agrees with the noun it relates to.
Singular Case
Masculine Feminine
Neuter
Adjective
Pronoun
Nominative hic
hec
hoc
this
he, she, it
Accusative
hunc
hanc
hoc
this
him, her, it
Genitive
huius
huius
huius
of this
his, her, its
Dative
huic
huic
huic
to this
to him/her/it
Ablative
hoc
hac
hoc
by this
by him/her/it
Neuter
Adjective
Pronoun
Plural Case
Masculine Feminine
Nominative hi
he
hec
these
they
Accusative
hos
has
hec
these
them
Genitive
horum
harum
horum
of these
their
Dative
his or hiis
his or hiis
his or hiis
to these
to them
Ablative
his or hiis
his or hiis
his or hiis
by these
by them Top of page
hec est concordia
this is the agreement
concordia, e (f.) agreement
confirmamus hac carta hec maneria domino
we confirm by this charter these manors to the lord.
lego hoc testamento has predictas septem acras terre
I bequeath by this will these acra, aforesaid seven acres of land. e (f.) acre
hi sunt plegii Edwardi Basset
These are the pledges of Edward Basset
plegius, i (m.)pledge
As always, don’t try to learn all of the endings at once! First look for patterns
Genitive singular is the same for all genders Dative singular is the same for all genders Nominative singular and accusative singular are the same for neuter Dative and ablative plurals are the same
Third conjugation verbs Verbs from the third conjugation end ‘–ere’. When the ‘-ere’ is removed, the stem is either a consonant
or ‘u’.
cognoscere
to know, get to know
concedere
to concede, grant, allow
dicere
to say
mittere
to send
ostendere
to show
petere
to require, seek, petition
reddere
to give back, pay
solvere
to pay
To conjugate these verbs 1. Remove the ‘-ere’ to find the stem 2. Add these endings
Latin
English
-o
I
-is
you (singular)
-it
he/she/it
-imus
we
-itis
you (plural)
-unt
they
Look at our example of concedere to concede
Latin
English
concedo
I concede
concedis
you concede (singular)
concedit
he/she/it concedes
concedimus
we concede
conceditis
you concede (plural)
concedunt
they concede
regina totum manerium Westmonasterii magistro Stephano concedit
The queen concedes the whole manor of Westminster to master Stephen
The widows do not surrender vidue predictas terras filiabus the aforesaid lands to the domini non reddunt daughters of the lord. nos Edwardus et Johanna tres We, Edward and Joanna, pay marcas domino novo three marks to the new lord. solvimus predicta vidua reginam novam petit
Maria dicit quod non habet cartam
Johanna, e (f.) Joanna
the aforesaid widow petitions the new queen
Mary says that she does not have the charter
quod, because, that (after ‘to know’,‘to say’ etc.)
Some third conjugation verbs are called ‘io’ verbs because they have different endings
-io for the ‘I’ form (instead of –o) -iunt for the ‘they’ form (instead of –unt)
You are most likely to come across facere
novum testamentum facio
to make, do
I make a new will
Fourth conjugation verbs; obire Verbs from the fourth conjugation end ‘-ire’.
audire
to hear
scire
to know
venire
to come
To conjugate these verbs, remove the ‘-ire’ and add these endings.
Latin
English
-io
I
-is
you (singular)
-it
he/she/it
-imus
we
-itis
you (plural)
-iunt
they Top of page
Look at our example of venire
to come
Latin
English
venio
I come
venis
you come (singular)
venit
he/she/it comes
venimus
we come
venitis
you come (plural)
veniunt
they come
agricole ad curiam veniunt
the farmers come to the court
non scio
I do not know
ad curiam, e (f.) to the court
Handy hints - third and fourth conjugation verbs Did you notice the similarities between the endings of regular third and fourth declension verbs? Look back at the lesson and check. The difference is that in the fourth declension, the ‘I’ and ‘they’ forms have an ‘i’. Noticing patterns like this makes learning Latin much easier.
Obire to die This is an irregular verb, which although similar to a fourth conjugation verb, is a compound of 'eo, ire, ivi, itum - to go'. It conjugates in the following way:
obeo
I die
obis
you die
obit
he/she dies
obimus
we die
obitis
you (pl) die
obeunt
they die
Lesson 7: Third declension nouns and adjectives Third declension nouns You can identify third declension nouns by their genitive singular ending ‘-is’. You cannot identify third declension nouns in the nominative because they
Have various forms and spelling Have endings that do not reveal their gender Can be masculine, feminine or neuter
To decline a third declension noun:
Find the genitive singular, which will end ‘-is’ Remove the ‘-is’, leaving you with the stem Add the endings shown below
Endings for Masculine and Feminine nouns Top of page
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
various
-es
Vocative
same as nominative
-es
Accusative
-em
-es
Genitive
-is
-um
Dative
-i
-ibus
Ablative
-e
-ibus
Look at our example of rex, regis (m.) king
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
rex
reges
Vocative
rex
reges
Accusative
regem
reges
Genitive
regis
regum
Dative
regi
regibus
Ablative
rege
regibus
Endings for Neuter nouns Top of page
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
various
-a
Vocative
same as nominative
-a
Accusative
same as nominative
-a
Genitive
-is
-um
Dative
-i
-ibus
Ablative
-e
-ibus
The genitive, dative and ablative endings are the same as for rex. Remember nominative and accusative cases of neuter nouns are always the same. The plural always ends in ‘a’.
Look at our example of jus, juris (n.) law, right
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
jus
jura
Vocative
jus
jura
Accusative
jus
jura
Genitive
juris
jurum
Dative
juri
juribus
Ablative
jure
juribus Top of page
Common third declension nouns:
abbas, abbatis (m.)
abbot
etas, etatis (f.)
age
executor, executoris (m.)
executor
heres, heredis (m., f.) heir homo, hominis (m.)
man
miles, militis (m.)
knight
pater , patris (m.)
father
uxor , uxoris (f.)
wife
You need to know the genitive case of a third declension noun, in order to decline it. Therefore, both the nominative and genitive forms are provided in full in this tutorial.
curia domini Regis
the court of the lord king
Gregorius Basset et Johanna Hastings executores Willelmi Stuart sunt
Gregory Basset and Joanna Hastings are the executors of William Stuart
These personal names decline like third declension nouns:
Agnes, Agnetis
(f.)
Agnes
Johannes, Johannis
(m.)
John
Mathildis, Mathildis
(f.)
Matilda
Simo, Simonis
(m.)
Simon
predictus abbas Johannes hoc The aforesaid Abbot John manerium tenet holds this manor. Simo filius et heres predicte Agnetis est et etatis decem annorum est
Simon is the son and heir of the aforesaid Agnes and is [of] the age of ten years. Top of page
A phrase that you will often see at the beginning of royal documents is
Willelmus dei gratia rex
William by the grace of God king
Maria dei gratia regina
Mary by the grace of God queen
ego Johannes dei gratia rex terram abbati Simoni hac carta do et confirmo
I, John, by the grace of God king, give and confirm the land by this charter to Abbot Simon
Genitive plural '-ium' Some third declension nouns end ‘-ium’ in the genitive plural. For example pars, partis (f.) part; civis, civis (m.) citizen
summa partium
the sum of the parts
summa, -e (f.) sum
gratia, -e (f.) grace
Third declension adjectives These have the same endings as third declension nouns except that adjectives have
‘-i’ for ablative singular ‘-ium’ for genitive plural ‘-ia’ for nominative, vocative and accusative neuter plural
There are two main forms of third declension adjectives
Masculine and Feminine Neuter
Case
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Nominative omnis
omnes
omne
omnia
Vocative
omnis
omnes
omne
omnia
Accusative
omnem
omnes
omne
omnia
Genitive
omnis
omnium
omnis
omnium
Dative
omni
omnibus
omni
omnibus
Ablative
omni
omnibus
omni
omnibus Top of page
communis , -e
common
fidelis, -e
faithful
finalis, -e
final
legalis, -e
lawful
parochialis , -e
parochial
totalis, -e
total
summa totalis
sum total (used in
, parish
accounts) hec est finalis concordia
this is the final concord
lego terram ecclesie omnium sanctorum
I leave the land to the church of All Saints
2. Masculine, feminine and neuter are the same in the Nominative Declined in the Grammar table
ingens, ingentis
huge
presens, presentis
present
sapiens, sapientis
wise
vetus, veteris
old Top of page
The nominative and genitive
forms of these are given in the word list.
They take the same endings as omnis.
confirmamus hac presenti carta domine Mathildi ius curiam tenere
We confirm by this present charter to the lady Matilda the right to hold a court.
Did you notice the use of tenere to mean ‘to hold’?
Lesson 8: Prepositions; possession Prepositions A preposition is a word that goes in front of a noun. The preposition does not decline, but it changes the case of the noun that follows it. Concentrate on learning words marked with an asterisk* first. Most prepositions are followed by a noun in the accusative or the ablative case. Some can be followed by a noun in either case, depending on their meaning.
Prepositions + accusative case
ad*
towards, to, for, at
ante*
before
apud*
at, by, near, to, towards
inter*
among, between
iuxta*
next to, near, according to
per*
by, through, during
post*
after
Prepositions + ablative case Top of page
a (before a consonant)/ab (before a vowel) by, from coram
in the presence of, before
cum*
with
de*
from, concerning, of, for
e (before a consonant)/ex (before a vowel) from, out of pre*
before
pro*
for, during, as far as, in accordance with, in return for
sine
without
Prepositions + either accusative or ablative case
in*
+ accusative
into, onto
+ ablative
in, on
super*
+ accusative
over
+ ablative
upon Top of page
Prepositions which can take both cases use
accusative to describe movement towards something ablative to describe the position of something which is static
finis inter Mariam et Simonem de terris iuxta ecclesiam apud Westmonasterium
Fine between Mary and finis, -is (m.) fine Simon concerning the lands next to the church at Westminster
domina tenet manerium de Westmonasterio cum pertinenciis de rege pro servicio de uno milite
The lady holds the manor of Westminster with appurtenances of the king for the service service of one knight
pertinentia , -e (f.) appurtenance servicium , -ii (n.) service
Lesson 8: Prepositions; possession To show possession To indicate who something belongs to, we use:
Latin
Means
Declines like
meus, mea, meum
my
novus, -a, -um
tuus, tua, tuum
your, yours novus, -a, -um (one person)
suus, sua, suum
his, her, its, novus , -a, -um their (own)
noster, nostra, nostrum
our, ours
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum
your, yours vester , vestra, vestrum (two or pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum more people) These decline like the adjectives novus and pulcher, so you will be familiar with the endings. They are fully declined for you in the Grammar table They agree with whatever is owned in
Case Gender Number
The Latin word for soul is
anima, -e (f.).
A soul is feminine, regardless of whether it belongs to a woman or a man. In our example, ‘soul’ is feminine, nominative, singular and therefore ‘my’ is too.
pater noster
our father
nominative, masculine, singular
testamentum suum his/her will
nominative, neuter, singular
abbas terras cum pertinenciis militibus dat pro serviciis suis.
The abbot gives lands with appurtenances to the knights for their services.
solvit sex solidos de fine suo. Et quietus est.
He pays six shillings of his fine. And he is quit.
solidus , -i (m.) shilling
condo testamentum meum in hunc modum lego totam terram meam uxori mee.
I make my will in this manner: I leave all my land to my wife.
modus , -i (m.) manner, method condere to make a will
ordino Henricum et Agnetem meos veros executores.
I appoint Henry and Agnes my true executors.
verus, -a, -um true ordinare to appoint
juratores dicunt super sacramentum suum quod Jacobus est heres Johannis
The jurors state on their oath that James is the heir of John.
sacramentum , -i (n.) oath Jacobus , -i (m.) James jurator, juratoris (m.) juror
Top of page Latin document points The king or queen often referred to himself or herself as ‘we’ (nos) and to his or her possessions as ‘our’ (noster). in curia nostra in our court (phrase used by king/queen for the royal court)
You will also find eius used for ‘of him, of her, of it’ and eorum, earum, eorum (masculine, feminine and neuter plural respectively) used for ‘of them, theirs’.
Edwardus et uxor eius finem de duobus solidis debent
Edward and his wife owe a fine of two shillings.
Lesson 9: Using the word list for verbs; verbs - past tense Using the word list We have set out the word list for this tutorial in the same way as most Latin dictionaries. When you use the word list, you will be gaining the experience and confidence to use a dictionary. Concentrate on learning words marked with an asterisk* first. Verbs
are given in parts (called the principal parts
). Our example is tenere to hold:
The parts are always arranged in this order: sometimes part four is not given. Top of page Remember That parts one, two and three tell you: the ‘I’ form of the present tense, the infinitive and the ‘I’ form of the past tense respectively.
Knowing this, you will be able to look a verb up in a dictionary and conjugate it. Why not try looking up verbs in the word list for practice?
Verbs - past tense The past tense is used for actions that have been completed. All verbs have the same endings in the past tense:
Ending
Person
-i
I
-isti
you (singular)
-it
he/she/it
-imus
we
-istis
you (plural)
-erunt
they Top of page
Look at our example of tenere to hold
Latin
Means
and
tenui
I held
I have held
tenuisti
you held
you have held
tenuit
he/she/it held
he/she/it has held
tenuimus
we held
we have held
tenuistis
you held
you have held
tenuerunt
they held
they have held
The past tense can be translated in two ways in English. You will be able to work out which meaning is appropriate for your document. The endings are added onto the stem
of the verb. The stem in the past tense is slightly
different from the stem in the present tense. This table shows how the stems of first, second and fourth conjugation verbs are formed in the past tense. Top of page
Conjugation
First
Second
Fourth
Infinitive (‘to ...’)
laborare tenere
audire
Stem in past tense
laborav- tenu-
audiv-
idem Edwardus manerium de Johanne tenuit per novem annos
The same Edward held the manor from John for nine years.
idem the same
Georgius in terra dominica domini laboravit
George worked in the lord’s demesne land.
Georgius, -ii (m.) George
testamentum probatum coram domino apud Eboracum in predicto anno domini
Will proved before the lord at York in the aforesaid year of the Lord
Eboracum, -i (n.) York probatum, proved probare to prove a will
Two important verbs have an irregular stem:
dare
to give
past stem is ‘ded’
obire
to die
past stem is ‘obii’
Henricus rex terram per cartam suam dedit.
King Henry gave the land by his charter.
in hoc anno abbas de Eboraco obiit.
In this year the abbot of York died. Top of page
Third conjugation verbs There is no set rule for creating the past stem of third conjugation verbs. Here are some examples of common verbs:
Past tense
Means in English
Past tense
Means in English
cepi
I took
feci
I did
concessi
I conceded*
misi
I sent
dixi
I said*
reddidi
I gave back
duxi
I led
ego Simo episcopus dedi concessi et confirmavi per
I, Bishop Simon, have given, conceded and
episcopus, i (m.) bishop
hanc cartam meam.
confirmed by this my charter.
juratores dixerunt quod vidua manerium concessit coram domino.
The jurors said that the widow conceded the manor in the presence of the lord. Top of page
esse – to be This is an irregular verb. Note its different form in the past tense.
Latin
Means in English
and
fui
I have been
I was
fuisti
you have been
you were (singular)
fuit
he/she/it has been
he/she/it was
fuimus
we have been we were
fuistis
you have been
you were (plural)
fuerunt
they have been
they were
homines episcopi non fuerunt The men of the bishop were in curia not in court. Top of page Remember that if you don’t know the past or present tense of a verb, you can find it by looking up the verb in a dictionary and conjugating the principal parts. Handy hint - verbs In the past and the present tense, verbs ending in 1. –t relate to ‘he/she/it’ 2. -nt relate to ‘they’
Lesson 10: Qui, que, quod; the family qui, que, quod This means
Who, whom – when masculine or feminine Which – when neuter
qui, que or quod is used to join two short sentences together. For example
Maria domina est. Maria terram tenet.
Mary is the lady. Mary holds the land.
becomes
Maria domina est que terram tenet.
Mary is the lady who holds the land.
The two sentences must have a noun the word Maria.
in common. In our example, each sentence contains
To avoid repeating the noun when the two sentences are joined, qui, que or quod is used to replace it. In our example, que replaces Maria in the second half of the new sentence. qui, que or quod is a relative pronoun. Top of page
Singular Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Means
Nominative
qui
que
quod
who/which
Accusative
quem
quam
quod
whom/which
Genitive
cuius
cuius
cuius
whose, of whom
Dative
cui
cui
cui
to whom, to which
Ablative
quo
qua
quo
by whom/which; in whom/which
Plural Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Means
Nominative
qui
que
que
who/which
Accusative
quos
quas
que
whom/which
Genitive
quorum
quarum
quorum
whose, of whom
Dative
quibus
quibus
quibus
to whom, to which
Ablative
quibus
quibus
quibus
There is no vocative
by whom/which; in whom/which
case.
To work out which form of qui, que or quod to use, take the 1. Number
from the noun that it replaces
2. Gender from the noun that it replaces 3. Case from its relationship with the verb in its part of the sentence Top of page
hec est Maria que fuit uxor Johannis Ely.
que agrees in number and gender with the noun: it is feminine singular like Maria. It is nominative because Maria is the subject of the verb fuit.
hoc manerium est quod rex tenet.
This is the manor which the king holds.
quod is neuter singular like manerium. It is accusative because manerium is the object of tenet.
hic miles est cuius uxor Isabella est.
This is Mary who was the wife of John Ely.
This is the knight whose wife is Isabella.
cuius is masculine singular like miles. It is genitive because Isabella is the wife ‘of the knight’.
Agnes est filia cui meam terram lego.
cui is feminine singular like Agnes. It is dative because I leave my land ‘to Agnes’.
hoc testamentum est quo terram lego.
Agnes is the daughter to whom I leave my land.
This is the will by which I leave the land.
quo is neuter singular like testamentum. It is ablative because I leave the land ‘by the will’.
The ablative is also used after the prepositions
a (‘by whom/which’) and in (‘in
whom/which’). Top of page Handy hint - quod Remember that quod means ‘because’ and ‘that’, as well as ‘which’. To make sure you have the right meaning 1. Read the sentence carefully 2. Decide which meaning would make most sense 3. Check if quod follows a verb like ‘to say’ or ‘to know’. If it does, it probably means ‘that’. For example, dicit quod‘he says that’ 4. Remember quod only declines when it means ‘which’
Lesson 10: Qui, que, quod; the family The family Concentrate on learning words marked with an asterisk* first. We have already used these words for members of the family
filia, -e (f.)
daughter
filius, -i (m.)
son
pater, patris (m.)
father
puer , -eri (m.)
boy
uxor, uxoris (f.)
wife
vir, viri (m.)
man, husband Top of page
Here are some new useful words
ava, -e (f.)
grandmother
avus, -i (m.)
grandfather
frater, fratris (m.)
brother*
mater, matris (m.)
mother*
parens, parentis (m. and f.)
parent
soror, sororis (f.)
sister*
idem avus petit versus The same grandfather versus Elizabetham de Segrave petitions against Elizabeth against Elizabetha, que fuit uxor fratris sui. de Segrave who was the e (f.) Elizabeth wife of his brother. post mortem ave et matris suarum Johannes quinque libras abbati et monachis concessit pro
After the death of his grandmother and mother, John granted five pounds to the abbot and monks
libra, -e (f.) pound missa, -e (f.) Mass monachus, i (m.)
missis pro animabus suis.
for masses for their souls. monkmors , mortis (f.) death
item lego terram cum pertinenciis sorori mee ad terminum vite sue
Likewise I leave the land with appurtenances to my sister for the term of her life.
item likewise vita, -e (f.) life terminus, -i (m.) term
Lesson 11: Fourth and fifth declension nouns; days of the week Fourth declension nouns There are
Usually masculine and end ‘-us’ in the nominative singular Sometimes feminine and end ‘-us’ in the nominative singular Occasionally neuter and end ‘-u’ in the nominative singular Always ‘-us’ in the genitive singular Characterised by ‘u’ in their endings
Both masculine and feminine nouns take these endings.
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
-us
-us
Vocative
-us
-us
Accusative
-um
-us
Genitive
-us
-uum
Dative
-ui
-ibus
Ablative
-u
-ibus
Look at our example of redditus, -us (m.)
rent
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
redditus
redditus
Vocative
redditus
redditus
Accusative
redditum
redditus
Genitive
redditus
reddituum
Dative
redditui
redditibus
Ablative
redditu
redditibus
Top of page Examples of fourth declension nouns:
adventus , -us (m.)
appearance in court, arrival,Advent
comitatus , -us (m.)
county, earldom, county court
exitus, -us (m.)
profits, exit, revenue
ingressus, -us (m.)
entry, right of entry
manus, -us (f.)
hand
obitus, -us (m.)
death, anniversary of a death
visus , -us (m.)
view
Tip In English, a manuscript is a document ‘written by hand’. This comes from Latin 1. ‘manu’ is the ablative form of manus meaning ‘by hand’ 2. ‘script’ comes from scriptum meaning ‘writing’ scriptum, -i (n.) writing
Common phrases involving fourth declension nouns:
per manum
by hand
in manu regis
in the king’s hand
in manibus domini
in the hands of the lord (compare with the phrase above)
in comitatu
in the county
visus franciplegii
view of frankpledge franciplegius, -ii (m.) frankpledge
curia visus franciplegii court of view of
frankpledge de redditu terre
of the rent of the land Top of page
domina Christina tria molendina aquatica tenet pro redditu de tribus solidis
Lady Christina holds three water mills for a rent of three shillings.
abbas et monachi ius ingressus et exitus porcis eis habent
The abbot and monks porcus, have the right of entry and i (m.) pig exit for their pigs.
conquestus, -us (m.)
Christina, e (f.) Christina aquaticus, a, umworked by water
the Norman conquest of England in 1066
a conquestu
since the Conquest
post conquestum
since the Conquest
These are both used to describe reigns since the Norman Conquest, for example
anno regni regis Edwardi quarti post conquestum primo
in the first year of the reign of King Edward the fourth since the Conquest
Roll your mouse over any of the five boxes of Latin words to reveal the English translation underneath. Take particular note of where the corresponding English word or phrase is placed within the sentence to observe the format. anno regni
regis Edwardi
quarti
post conquestum
primo
in the first
year of the reign
of King Edward
the fourth
since the Conquest
Do you see that primo ‘the first’ goes with anno?
primus, -a, -um first
Now you can tackle the many versions of this phrase that you will find. domus, -us (f.) house is different from redditus in the
Ablative singular - domo Accusative plural – can be domos or domus Genitive plural – can be domuum or domorum
Top of page
redditus huius domus tres solidi est
The rent of this house is three shillings
apud domum regis
At the king’s house
Idem abbas dixit quod comes Simo dedit ecclesiam domui sue monachorum
The same abbot said that earl Simon gave the church to his house of monks
ego Ricardus has duas domus in magna via lego meis filiabus
I, Richard, leave these two Ricardus , houses in the main street i (m.) to my daughters. Richard
Fifth declension nouns This is the smallest declension. Fifth declension nouns
Usually end ‘-es’ in the nominative singular End ‘-ei’ in the genitive singular Are feminine except dies and words based on dies Have endings characterised by the letter ‘e’
You are likely to come across two feminine fifth declension nouns:
fides
faith
res
a thing
Endings of fifth declension nouns
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
-es
-es
Vocative
-es
-es
Accusative
-em
-es
Genitive
-ei
-erum
Dative
-ei
-ebus
Ablative
-e
-ebus Top of page
Look at our example of res (f.) thing
Case
Singular
Plural
Nominative
res
res
Vocative
res
res
Accusative
rem
res
Genitive
rei
rerum
Dative
rei
rebus
Ablative
re
rebus
in cuius rei testimonium huic testamento meum sigillum apposui
In witness of which [thing] I have affixed my seal to this will
fidei defensor
defender of the faith
defensor, defensoris (m.)
defender
testimonium, -ii (n.)witness , testimony sigillum , i (n.) seal appono, -ere, -posui, positum (3) to affix
Tip If you have any British coins, take a look at them – you will probably see these words, although they may be abbreviated to ‘FD’.
dies, diei (m.)
day
meridies, meridiei (m.)
midday, south Top of page
dies and words based on dies are the only fifth declension nouns that are masculine. dies takes the same endings as res.
Anna sine die est
Anna is without a day [for a hearing in court]
Maria habet diem coram justiciariis regis
Mary has a day before the king’s justices
agricola domino laborat per tres dies
the farmer works for the lord for three days
Anna, -e (f.) Anna
ante meridiem
before noon (where the English ‘a.m.’ comes from)
post meridiem
after noon
(where the English ‘p.m.’comes from)
Days of the week
dies septimane
septimana, -e (f.) week
dies Lune
Monday
dies Martis
Tuesday
dies Mercurii
Wednesday
dies Iovis
Thursday
dies Veneris
Friday
dies Sabbati
Saturday
dies Dominica Sunday
not Sunday! Note the feminine form
Lesson 12: Adverbs; numbers and dates; months; useful phrases; dating clauses Adverbs An adverb describes a verb. It provides information about how the verb is carried out. Adverbs usually comebefore the verb. They do not decline. Concentrate on learning words marked with an asterisk* first. You have already used some adverbs:
item
likewise
non
not
Here are some other common adverbs
celeriter
quickly
falso
falsely
libere
freely*
quiete
peacefully*
Did you notice that English adverbs often end in ‘-ly’? However, not all do
bene
well
ibidem
at/in the same place*
ideo
therefore
imperpetuum
forever, in perpetuity
nunc
now*
prius
formerly
semper
always*
sepe
often
sicut
just as*
tandem
at length*
ubi
where, when*
videlicet
namely, to wit, that is* Top of page
prius pater meus castrum de Ruislepe libere tenuit sed nunc castrum teneo per servicium videlicet de feodo unius militis
Before my father held the castle of Ruislepe freely, but now I hold the castle by service, namely of one knight’s fee.
castrum, -i (n.) castle sed but feodum, -i (n.) fee
vidua dicit quod vir falso dicit et quod tenuit predictum tenementum libere et quiete a tempore regis Edwardi
The widow says that the man speaks falsely and that she has held the aforesaid tenement freely and peacefully since the time of King Edward .
tenementum, -i (n.) tenement tempus, temporis (n.) time, period
dominus Johannes rex pater The lord King John, father of domini regis qui nunc est the lord king who is now. in nomine dei amen lego abbati tenementa imperpetuum tenere
In the name of God amen I leave to the abbot the tenements to hold in perpetuity
nomen, nominis (n.) name amen amen Londinium, -ii (n.) London
tandem Carolus sigillum carte nove apposuit et celeriter finem de tribus libris solvit.
At length Charles affixed Carolus, -i (m.) [his] seal to the new charter Charles and quickly paid a fine of three pounds.
hic meaning ‘here’, can also be used as an adverb. As an adverb, it does not decline.
hic iacet
here lies
Tip You will often see this phrase on tombs.
Numbers and dates Can you remember numbers one to ten? Here they are again, this time with the form used to express dates.
Latin
English
Latin
English
unus, -a, -um
one
primus, -a, -um
first
duo, due, duo
two
secundus
second
tres, tria
three
tertius
third
quattuor
four
quartus
fourth
quinque
five
quintus
fifth
sex
six
sextus
sixth
septem
seven
septimus
seventh
octo
eight
octavus
eighth
novem
nine
nonus
ninth
decem
ten
decimus
tenth
viginti
twenty
vicesimus
twentieth
triginta
thirty
tricesimus
thirtieth
centum
one hundred
centesimus
hundredth
mille
one thousand
millesimus
thousandth
Dates are expressed using ‘first’, ‘second’, ‘third’, rather than ‘one’, ‘two’, ‘three’. These are always in the ablative case. Generally, the ‘us’ ending becomes an ‘o’. For example
primo
on the first
tricesimo die
on the thirtieth day
anno domini
in the year of the
millesimo centesimo vicesimo
Lord one thousand one hundred and twenty (or, 1120 AD)
anno regni regine Elizabethe nono
in the ninth year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth
anno regni regis Ricardi filii regis Edwardi septimo
in the seventh year of the reign of King Richard son of King Edward
There are more numbers in the reference section on the Dating Latin documents page.
Months of the year
mensis, -is (m.) month
menses anni
Latin word
English meaning
‘month of ...’
Januarius, -i (m.)
January
mensis Januarii
Februarius, -i (m.)
February
mensis Februarii
Martius, -i (m.)
March
mensis Martii
Aprilis, Aprilis (m.)
April
mensis Aprilis
Maius, -i (m.)
May
mensis Maii
Junius, -i (m.)
June
mensis Junii
Julius, -i (m.)
July
mensis Julii
Augustus, -i (m.)
August
mensis Augusti
September, Septembris (m.)
September
mensis Septembris
October, Octobris (m.)
October
mensis Octobris
November, Novembris (m.)
November
mensis Novembris
December, Decembris (m.)
December
mensis Decembris
apud Londiniam quinto die Junii anno regni domine nostre tertio
at London on the fifth day of June in the third year of the reign of our lady
Lesson 12: Adverbs; numbers and dates; months; useful phrases; dating clauses Useful phrases Medieval
documents may begin with this opening clause
sciant omnes
sciant presentes et futuri
know all men
or
sciant omnes quod nos Simo de Burham et Anna uxor mea dedimus concessimus et per hanc cartam confirmavimus Thome episcopo Londonie totam terram que iacet iuxta ecclesiam de villa de Burnham.
know all [men] present and future Know all men that we, Simon de Burnham and Anna my wife have given, conceded and by this charter confirmed to Thomas Bishop of London all the land which lies next to the church of the vill of Burnham.
At the end of a grant, you will find a list of witness the ablative case.
Thomas, e (m.) Thomasvilla, -e(f.) vill
. The first name of each witness will be in
The witnesses will be introduced with either of these clauses
hiis testibus
teste
these being witnesses
or witnessed
hiis testibus Stephano de Segrave Henrico de Hastinges militibus magistro Gregorio Simone clerico et aliis.
These being clericus, -i (m.) clerk witnesses Stephen de Segrave, Henry de testis, testis (m., Hastinges, knights, f.) witness Master Gregory, Simon clerk and others.
alius, alia, aliud
other
Dating clauses A dating clause tells you where and when the document was drawn up. This may begin with the word for ‘dated’
datum if the document is neuter (for example, testamentum) data if the document is feminine (for example, carta, concordia)
hic est finalis concordia data apud Eboracum
This is the final concord given at York
or datum per manum nostrum apud Westmonasterium
Given by our hand atWestminster
