INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
Submitted by:Meenakshi Gupta !"! ##$"% E'e -&b
LUD(IANA )OLLEGE O* En+inee,in+ and Te'hn.+y/ Ludhiana
1
A'kn0.ed+ement
I would like to add a few heartfelt words for the people who were part of this training report in numerous ways. People who gave unending support right from the stage the training report idea were conceived. In particular I am extremely grateful to 1(ARAT SAN)(AN NIGAM LIMITE for providing me with an excellent opportunity of undergoing summer
training for the duration of six weeks.
!irst of fall I would like to thank the Management at "#$L for giving me the opportunity to do my two%month pro&ect training in their esteemed organi'ation
I would like to thanks my faculty of my college who allow me to undergo my training with 1SNL exchange and help me providing tips for this training. (s well as I would like to thanks to the staff of 1SNL who help me a lot over their and give me their support in training. #taff of 1SNL is very hardworking and supportive.
()ove all* conveys conveys my thanks thanks to my parents and my friends for their moral support. I am very thankful to them for what ever they done for me++.
MEENA2S(I GUPTA
11,-/1
0#ignature of student
2
Abst,a't
Industrial training is must for the every student perusing professional degree )ecause the ultimate goal of every student is to get the information the industrial traing helps us to get an idea of the things.
3e should know in order to get a good &o) i.e. I have a good professional career. Industrial taring teaches us lot4s of things. It helps us to know the kind of environment we would )e getting in the industry and help us to get with the kind of environment. Industrial traing is helps us to know the kind of grade an engineer of specific )ranch plays in the industry. industry. It helps us to get used to working in groups of unknown people in it teach us team work )ecause my work in industrial is accomplished )y a group group and an individual. The totality the industrial teaches us industrial ethics. #ome advance technical knowledge how and help us to ac5uired with industrial working style.
Meenakshi 6upta
7
)ntents #r. $o.
Topics
Page no.
1.
Introduction of "#$L
/%,
2.
Exchange
8%17
7.
Technologies
1-%2-
-.
Transmission Media
2/%79
/.
$etwork Topology
71%7
:.
!acilities
7,%-7
.
!uture scope
--
,.
;ision and Mission
-/
8.
-:
19.
"i)liography
-
-
)hapte,- #
Int,du'tin * 1SNL
(ist,y O3 1SNL The foundation of Telecom $etwork in India was laid )y the "ritish sometime in 18th century. The history of "#$L is linked with the )eginning of Telecom in India. In 18th century and for almost entire 29th century* the Telecom in India was operated as a 6overnment of India wing. Earlier it was part of erstwhile Post = Telegraph epartment.
1ha,at San'ha, Ni+am Limited "harat #anchar $igam Limited 0"#$L is India4s leading telecommunications provider and the country4s largest pu)lic%sector firm. "#$L provides local%exchange access and domestic long%distance services through a network of more than -/ Million access lines covering most of India. It also offers 3ireless
">(?(T #($<>(? $I6(M LIMITE has a vast reservoir of highly skilled and experienced work force of a)out 7* /*999 personnel. I )elieve that their staff is one of the )est trained manpower in the telecom sector* is our )iggest asset.
To meet the technological challenges* employees are trained for technology up%gradation* moderni'ation* computeri'ation etc in "#$L@s training centers spread across country. To apex training centers of "#$L i.e. (dvance Level Telecom Training
/
Main Se,4i'es O**e,ed
#5 1asi' and Limited Mbi.e Te.ephne Se,4i'es: -
"#$L Is the Leading #ervice Provider in the
as Provides ( $um)er Bf (ttractive Tariff Packages = Plans 3hich #hall !urther #trengthen Its #u)scri)er "ase.
65 )e..u.a, Mbi.e Te.ephne Se,4i'es:-
"#$L4# 6#M Technology "ased as ?eached ( Long 3ay*
75 Inte,net Se,4i'es:-
"#$L Bffers ialup Internet #ervices To The
"5 Inte..i+ent Net0,k:-
Intelligent $etwork #ervices Is ( #ervice That Incorporates #everal ;alue (dded !acilities* Thoroughly esigned To #ave Time (nd Money* (nd Enhance Productivity. (t Present* our * Premium ?ate #ervice 0P?M* India Telephone
&5 1,adband Se,4i'es:-
"#$L >as Launched Its "road)and #ervices Dnder The "rand $ame Cataone4 Bn 1-F1F299/. This Bffers #ervices Like >igh #peed Internet (ccess 3ith #peed ?anging !rom 2/: G)ps To , M)ps. Bther #ervices Like #treaming ;ideo* ;ideo Bn emand* "andwidth Bn emand Etc.* >ave (lso "een Planned.
:
De4e.pment O* Ru,a. Te.e'm Net0,k
Ru,a. De.s:-
(s on 71.97.299/* in "#$L4s network* a total of 1.7/:
8i..a+e Pub.i' Te.ephnes 98PTS ; R)PS:-
"#$L* in its unstinted efforts to make the slogan C
Net0,k Mana+ement:-
"#$L is committed to provide a ro)ust state of the art infrastructure that will provide sta)le and superior services to its customers. (ccordingly* the MLL$ network covering more than 299 cities was made operational in may 299-. #ince then* a)out 22999 circuits have )een provided on this network. This has provided high level of sta)ility to the leased circuits and capa)ility to offer n x :- k)ps circuits.
Settin+ up 2u 1and 8SAT Net0,k:-
(s regards the ku )and ;#(T network e5uipment* the hu) of this network is )eing set up at "angalore* the e5uipment has )een installed and expected to )e commissioned shortly. This will help your company* to )ecome a service provider with all types of media e5uipment i.e. B!<* microwave and satellite for provision of )andwidth* this will also ena)le the company to offer composite solutions to its customers.
P.i'y n T,ansmissin Net0,k Maintenan'e:-
Telecom circles have large transmission networks. To improve the maintenance of transmission network* guidelines for route parties and vehicles have )een formali'ed. Telecom territorial circles are also )eing connected with computeri'ed network for )ooking
Bf Transmission system faults* with a view to improve follow up and faster restoration faults.
)mpute,i
Implementation of inter operator )illing and accounting system 0IB"(# has )een completed. our company plans to provide <? )ased customer care and convergent )illing system. This will help company in providing effective and efficient )illing = customer care solutions for its fixed line su)scri)ers. It envisages )uilding of country wide intranet to reduce the cost of operation* increase reali'ation* stop leakage of revenue and minimi'e frauds* )esides providing round the clock )est customer care services to the company4s su)scri)ers.
Ob.i+atins: -
1. towards customers and dealers to provide prompt* courteous and efficient service and 5uality of productsFservices at fair and reasona)le services. 2. towards employees H evelop their capa)ility and advancement through appropriate training and career planning H Expeditious redressed of grievances H !air dealings with recogni'ed representatives of employees in pursuance of healthy trade union practices and sound personnel policies.
,
)hapte,-6
E='han+es
Exchange are those from were we can transmit our data or voice from one end sender to other end receiver. (ll telephone su)scri)ers are sere )y automatic exchange today4s automatic exchange use a pair of computer one running that program that provides the services.
Typi'a. e='han+e 'nsists *:-
1. #witch room 2. Bperation and maintains room 7. Input output processor room -. Power plant room /. "attery room :. Main distri)ution frame room
In "#$L Ludhiana* many types of exchanges working which a re as follow%
1. (utomatic exchanges 2. igital exchanges 7. Trunk automatic exchanges -. B<" 2,7 exchanges /. <BT exchange :. (JE 19 . E19" ,. /E## 8. E3#
8
#5 Autmati' e='han+e:(utomatic exchanges* or dial service* came into existence in the early 1899s. Their purpose was to eliminate the need for human telephone operators. "efore the exchanges )ecame automated* operators had to complete the connections re5uired for a telephone call. (lmost everywhere* operators have )een replaced )y computeri'ed exchanges. Telephone switch is the )rains of an automatic exchange. It is a device for routing calls from one telephone to another* generally as part of the pu)lic switched telephone network . The local exchange automatically senses an off hook 0tip telephone condition* provides dial to that phone* receives the pulses or TM! tones generated )y the phone* and then completes a connection to the called phone within the same exchange or to another distant exchange.
65 Di+ita. e='han+e:igital switches work )y connecting two or more digital circuits together* according to a dialed telephone num)er .
19
75 T,unk autmati' e='han+es:Tandems help connect pairs of switches that are not directly connected. Inter%city switches are called trunk automatic exchanges 0T(J. !or example* a T(J in Ludhiana with a connection to a switch in (m)ala* would indirectly connect all the switches in Ludhiana 0connected to this tandem to (m)ala. (ll of these tandems have trunk connected to the local ;#$L international tandem switch* called the gateway igital #witch.
"5 O)1 6$7 e='han+e:-
B<" stands for the Brigen
&5 )DOT e='han+e:-
<%BT triggered a telecom revolution in the rural India that was responsi)le for all%round socio%economic development. ?ural India gained access to a whole new world of opportunities as they got connected glo)ally. (s part of its development process* <%BT has spawned a wide )ase of e5uipment manufacturers and component vendors for the industry. <%BT exchanges can )e configured using four )asic modules% 1. "ase Module 2.
5 A>E #!:The A>E te.ephne e='han+e is a product line of circuit switched digital telephone exchanges manufactured )y Ericsson* a #wedish telecom company. It was developed in 18 )y Ellemtel* a research and development su)sidiary of Ericsson and Televerket. The first system was deployed in 18:. A>E is an acronym for (utomatic
11
E5uipment. Ericsson (JE telephone exchanges support lawful intercepts via the remote% control e5uipment su)system 0?E#* which carries out the tap* and the interception management system 0IM#* software used for initiating the tap* which adds the tap to the ?E# data)ase. In a fully operating lawful interception system the ?E# and IM# )oth create logs of all num)ers )eing tapped so that system administrators can perform audits to find unauthori'ed taps. em ahl* #L and (#(219< programming languages.
%5 E#!1:-
The E19" is one of the earliest #P< digital exchanges in the world. They were commissioned first in the !rance. Bne of the )est moves the Indian Telephone Industries 0a government own company did was to entire into an agreement where)y the E19" was manufactured under license )y the ITI in India* E19"s stared entering service all over India )y 18,8%1889. The E19"s were developed in huge num)ers all over India to such an extent that a separate wing of the epartment of Telecommunications were created to provide services and maintenance for the E19" installation. This wing is called the $ational
$5 &ESS e='han+e:The /E##
/E## has three main kinds of Module (M is Administ,ati4e Mdu.e* which contains the central computers.
12
switch of the system. #M is S0it'hin+ Mdu.e which in most exchanges is the ma&ority of e5uipment. #M performs multiplexing* analogFdigital coding* and other work to interface with the outside world. Each has a controller* a small computer who4s
?5 E@SD e='han+e:-
E@SD is one of the most widely installed telephone exchange systems in the world. E3#
can work as a local or tandem switch or com)ined localFtandem* and for landline or mo)ile phones. It is manufactured )y #iemens (6* who claims that E3# switches perform switching for over 1:9 million su)scri)er lines in more than 199 countries. eTe3e )ought its first E3# under license in 18,/ for remote switching. "osch )uilt its first E3# as a local exchange in 18,:.eutsche Telekom* formerly eutsche "undespost* the largest 6erman telephone company* uses E3# and #ystem 12 0(lcatel* the former more than the latter. In 299* $okia
17
)hapte,-7
Te'hn.+ies
Every)ody is aware of the fact that the technology keeps on evolving from one form to the other everyday = for all the stuff related to it. This pattern of changing = improving mo)ile technology makes it very complicated for the people to use the mo)iles with the latest technology. There are many technologies are present in "#$L which are used to provide mo)ile and internet services to the su)scri)er which are as follow% 1. !M( 2. TM( 7. <M( -. 6#M /. 6P?# :. 3(P . E6E ,. 3I%!I 8. 3I%M(J
Gene,atins * Mbi.e )mmuni'atin:The terms 76* has evolved from the other terms like 16* 26* etc. where they indicate the generation of the mo)ile communication. !or example* 16 is the short form of 1st 6eneration* and so on. This 16 mo)ile was introduced or launched in 189s* which was primarily used for only voice transfers. The 26%2nd 6eneration mo)iles came into existence in 1889s* which was further developed to 2./6 including 6#M* TM( = <M(. These mo)iles were used for transferring voice = data. The present generation of mo)iles is 76* which delivers the data speed from 7,-k)ps to 2m)ps over the wireless interfaces like 6#M* TM( = <M(.
#5 3DMA:- 3,euen'y Di4isin Mu.tip.e A''ess:!M( uses separate fre5uencies for each call and they do not interfere amongst themselves* which limits the num)er of users )ecause of this reason. !M( is distinct from fre5uency division duple Jing 0!. 3hile !M( allows multiple users simultaneous access to a transmission system* ! refers to how the radio channel is
1-
shared )etween the uplink and downlink . !re5uency%division multiplexing 0!M is also distinct from !M(. !M is a physical layer techni5ue that com)ines and transmits low% )andwidth channels through a high%)andwidth channel. !M(* on the other hand* is an access method in the data link layer . There are two main techni5ues
Multi%channel per%carrier 0M
#ingle%channel per%carrier 0#
Disad4anta+e:1.
65 TDMA:- Time Di4isin Mu.tip.e A''ess: % TM( allocates uni5ue time slots to each user within each channel* ena)ling many users to access the radio fre5uency without any)ody else4s invitation. Each mo)ile conversation uses only a particular fre5uency slot of the time. TM( is a type of Time%division multiplexing* with the special point that instead of having one transmitter connected to one receiver * there are multiple transmitters. In the case of the uplink from a mo)ile phone to a )ase station this )ecomes particularly difficult )ecause the mo)ile phone can move around and vary the timing advance re5uired to make its transmission match the gap in transmission from its peers.
Ad4anta+es:1. Installation offers su)stantial saving in )ase station e5uipment* space and maintenance* as important factor as cell si'es grow ever smaller. 2. TM( most cost effective technology for upgrading a current analog signal to digital. 7. It also provides users to extended )attery life and talk time since the mo)ile is the only transmitting of time of time during the conversation.
Disad4anta+es:-1. Each user has a predefined slot. 2. It is su)&ected to multipath distortion.
1/
75 )DMA:- )de Di4isin Mu.tip.e A''ess:This was commercially used in 188/ )y Nualcomm = had )ecome very 5uickly = fastest growing wireless mo)ile technology. The 76 <M( network provides more clarified voice traffic with the high%speed data capa)ilities. This technology ena)les a very wide usage of the features of a mo)ile phone = also it is one of the cost%saving technologies where the people can get many )enefits with the lowest possi)le costs. Bne of the concepts in data communication is the idea of allowing several transmitters to send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a )and of fre5uencies 0see )andwidth. This concept is called multiple access. <M( employs spread%spectrum technology and a special coding scheme 0where each transmitter is assigned a code to allow multiple users to )e multiplexed over the same physical channel. "y contrast* time division multiple access 0TDMA divides access )y time* while fre5uency%division multiple access 0 FDMA divides it )y fre5uency. <M( is a form of spread%spectrum signaling* since the modulated coded signal has a much higher data )andwidth than the data )eing communicated.
Uses:
Bne of the early applications for code division multiplexing is in 6P#. This predates and is distinct from its use in mo)ile phones.
The Nualcomm standard I#%8/* marketed as <M( Bne.
The Nualcomm standard I#%2999* known as <M(2999. This standard is used )y several mo)ile phone companies* including the 6lo)al star satellite phone network.
The DMT# 76 mo)ile phone standard* which uses 3%<M(.
<M( has )een used in the Omni TRA)S satellite system for transportation logistics.
Ad4anta+es:1. The transmission power is extremely small* so conversation is not only less radiation* )ut also longer )attery life mo)ile phones. 2. The use of advanced soft%switching technology allows mo)ile phone is not 6#M phones are dropped. 7. "etter call 5uality* almost no noise when making a call* in the case of large )ackground noiseO you can also get a )etter call 5uality.
1:
-. ( high put%through rate. (s military interference from <M( systems* and the signal occupy the entire )and* almost an ordinary narrow%)and modulation efficiency of seven times* so for the same )andwidth* <M( system is the 6#M system capacity of - to / times the extent of its mesh%plug a significant decrease in Therefore* uptake rates are much higher.
Disad4anta+es:Bur handset can only )e used with the provider that we got the phone from. #hould our phone )rake under contract )ut out of warranty* getting a new phone from the provider will automatically extend your contract another 2 years. <M( is limited for a few other places. If you like to travel over sea4s* for the most part* leave your <M( phone at home.
"5 GSM:- G.ba. System *, Mbi.e:6#M was developed )y TM( protocol in Europe* which has )ecome a standard mo)ile technology for mo)iles across the glo)e. It provides a very high level of security = a superior sound 5uality. This technology is glo)ally accepted* which needs a #IM card 0#u)scri)er Identity Module that contains the telephone service account information su)scri)ed )y you. These #IM cards are different )ased on the location of the person. The card of one location cannot )e used on other location* unless = until your service provider approves for it. The 6#M (ssociation estimates that technologies defined in the 6#M standard serve ,9 of the glo)al mo)ile market* encompassing more than / )illion people across more than 212 countries and territories* making 6#M the most u)i5uitous of the many standards for cellular networks. 6#M is a cellular network * which means that cell phones connect to it )y searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. There are five different cell si'es in a 6#M network macro* micro* Pico* femto and um)rella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation environment. Macro cells can )e regarded as cells where the station antenna is installed on a mast or a )uilding a)ove average roof top level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top levelO they are typically used in ur)an areas. Pico cells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few do'en metersO they are mainly used indoors. !emto cells are cells designed for use in residential or small )usiness environments and connect to the service provider4s network via a )road)and internet connection. Dm)rella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage )etween those cells. 1
Ad4anta+es:Q 6#M is matureO this maturity means a more sta)le network with ro)ust features. Q Less signal deterioration inside )uildings. Q ()ility to use repeaters. Q Talktime is generally higher in 6#M phones due to the pulse nature of transmission. Q The availa)ility of #u)scri)er Identity Modules allows users to switch networks and handsets at will. Q 6#M covers virtually all parts of the world so international roaming is not a pro)lem.
Disad4anta+es:Q Pulse nature of TM( transmission used in 26 interferes with some electronics* especially certain audio amplifiers. 76 uses 3%<M( now. Q Intellectual property is concentrated among a few industry participants* creating )arriers to entry for new entrants and limiting competition among phone manufacturers. Q 6#M has a fixed maximum cell site range of 7/ km* which is imposed )y technical limitations.
Uses:There are )asically three fields in today4s engineering that use the 6#M technology #tandardi'ed digital telecommunication 0mo)ile phones* home automation* and test e5uipment for dangerous environments in telemetry 0for )oth protection of the personnel and accuracy of data collected. The 6#M technology deals with radio waves* during the last decade it has )ecome a good solution for home automation systems. This refers to using 6#M protocols and devices for programming various tasks 0to open the windows* to close the garage door* to start the washing machine at 1,99* and so on* dealing with the lighting system or even for security reason.
&5 GPRS:- Gene,a. P'ket Radi Se,4i'es:6P?# is an enhancement to the 6#M mo)ile technology that offers the high%speed connectivity to the internet. 3ith this facility* you can check the emails* download games* transfer the messages to the computer* etc. which can )e )rowsed at a very high%speed. 6P?#* which supports a wide range of )andwidths* is an efficient use of limited )andwidth and is particularly suited for sending and receiving small )ursts of data* such as e%mail and 3e) )rowsing* as well as large volumes of data. 6P?# usage is typically charged )ased on
1,
volume of data. This contrasts with circuit switching data* which is typically )illed per minute of connection time* regardless of whether or not the user transfers data during that period. 6P?# extends the 6#M Packet circuit switched data capa)ilities and makes the following services possi)le
#M# messaging and )roadcasting
K(lways onK internet access
Multimedia messaging service 0MM#
Push to talk over cellular 0PB<
Instant messaging and presence wireless village
Internet applications for smart devices through wireless application protocol 03(P
Point%to%point 0P2P service inter%networking with the Internet 0IP
Point%to%Multipoint 0P2M service point%to%multipoint multicast and point%to% multipoint group calls
Usabi.ity:The maximum speed of a 6P?# connection offered in 2997 was similar to a modem connection in an analog wire telephone network* a)out 72R-9 G)itFs* depending on the phone used. Latency is very highO round%trip time 0?TT is typically a)out :99R99 ms and often reaches 1s. 6P?# is typically prioriti'ed lower than speech* and thus the 5uality of connection varies greatly. evices with latencyF?TT improvements 0via* for example* the extended DL T"! mode feature are generally availa)le. (lso* network upgrades of features are availa)le with certain operators. 3ith these enhancements the active round%trip time can )e reduced* resulting in significant increase in application%level throughput speeds.
Ad4anta+es:1. (llows users use the Internet anywhere at any time 2. (llows the user to communicate on a world wide scale 7.
18
Disad4anta+es:1. 3hen 6P?# is in use* other network related functions cannot )e used. 2. Expensive to )uy a mo)ile or laptop that has this feature 7. 6P?# is )illed per kilo)yte or mega)yte depending on the service provider
5 @AP:- @i,e.ess App.i'atin P,t'.:3ireless (pplication Protocol 03(P is a technical standard for accessing information over a mo)ile wireless network . ( 3(P )rowser is a we) )rowser for mo)ile devices such as mo)ile phones 0called Kcellular phonesK or Kmo)ile phonesK that uses the protocol. "efore the introduction of 3(P* mo)ile service providers had limited opportunities to offer interactive data services* )ut needed interactivity to support Internet and 3e) applications such as
Email )y mo)ile phone
Tracking of stock%market prices
#ports results
$ews headlines Music downloads
Ad4anta+es:1. Easy and fast access to Internet. 2. 3ML and 3ML #cript 0new language* which is )ased on >TML. 7. Large choice in mo)ile phones 0most of them support 3(P. -. #* TM( etc.. :.
Disad4anta+es:1. Low speed* security* and very small user interface. 2. $ot very familiar to the users. 7. "usiness model is expensive. -. !orms are hard to design.
29
%5 EDGE:- Enhan'ed Data GSM En4i,nment:This mo)ile technology has specifically )een designed to meet the )andwidth needs of 76. E6E was introduced )y Ericsson = it offers high%speed data transfers over the 6#M networks with &ust a software upgrade to the handset. This technology allows the speed up to 7,-k)ps. Edge Technologies* Inc. is an (merican software company* focusing on the integration of secure we) applications. Edge provides software products and enterprise services to corporations and government agencies. Edge was founded in 1887 and is head5uartered in !airfax* ;irginia. E6E Tech
P,du'ts:1.
$5 @i-3i:- @i,e.ess 3ide.ity:3i%!i is a popular technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data wirelessly over a computer network * including high speed Internet connections. The 3i%!i (lliance defines 3i%!i as any Kwireless local area network 03L($ products that are )ased on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers@ 0IEEE ,92.11 standardsK. S1
>owever* since most modern 3L($s are )ased on these standards* the term K3i%!iK is
used in general English as a synonym for K3L($K. ( device that can use 3i%!i 0such as a personal computer* video game console* #martphone* ta)let* or digital audio player can connect to a network resource such as the Internet via a wireless network access point. #uch an access point 0or hotspot has a range of a)out 29 meters 0:/ feet indoors and a greater
21
range outdoors. >otspot coverage can comprise an area as small as a single room with walls that )lock radio waves or as large as many s5uare miles this is achieved )y using multiple overlapping access points. K3i%!iK is a trademark of the 3i%!i (lliance and the )rand name for products using the IEEE ,92.11 family of standards. Bnly 3i%!i products that complete 3i%!i (lliance interopera)ility certification testing successfully may use the K3i%!i
Ad4anta+es:1. 3.e=ib.e Lea,nin+ % the accommodation of different learning styles and the adaptation of any learning space to suit the type of learning taking place. 2. A''essib.e R access to the network can )e from anywhere in the school within range of an access point* giving users the freedom to use I
Disad4anta+es:1. S.0e, data t,ans*e, R the current data rates of wireless networks means that high )andwidth activities are )etter done on wired networks. (s the num)er of devices using the network increases* the data transfer rate to each device will decrease accordingly. 2. Up+,adin+ R as wireless standards change* it may )e necessary* or at least desira)le* to upgrade to higher specifications of wireless which could mean replacing wireless e5uipment 7. #ecurity is more difficult to guarantee. -. Si+na. Re'eptin R devices will only operate at a limited distance from an access point* with the distance largely determined )y the standard used. B)stacles )etween the access point and the user* like walls* glass* water* trees and leaves can also determine the distance of operation. /. )n*i+u,atin R as the num)er of people using wireless devices increases* there is the risk that certain radio fre5uencies used for wireless will )ecome congested and prone to interferenceO particularly the 2.-6>'. !re5uency.
22
?5 @i-ma=:3iM(J 03orldwide Interopera)ility for Microwave (ccess is a wireless communications standard designed to provide 79 to -9 mega)it%per%second data rates* with the 2911 update providing up to 1 6)itFs for fixed stations. It is a part of a Ufourth generation*V or -6* of wireless%communication technology. 3iMax far surpasses the 79%metre wireless range of a conventional 3i%!i local area network 0L($* offering a metropolitan area network with a signal radius of a)out /9 km. The name K3iM(JK was created )y the 3iM(J !orum* which was formed in Aune 2991 to promote conformity and interopera)ility of the standard. The forum descri)es 3iM(J as Ka standards%)ased technology ena)ling the delivery of last mile wireless )road)and access as an alternative to ca)le and #LK. 3iMax offers data% transfer rates that can )e superior to conventional ca)le and #L connections* however* the )andwidth must )e shared among multiple users and thus yields lower speeds in practice.
Uses:The )andwidth and range of 3iM(J make it suita)le for the following potential applications 1. Providing porta)le mo)ile )road)and connectivity across cities and countries through a variety of devices. 2. Providing a wireless alternative to ca)le and digital su)scri)er line 0#L for Klast mileK )road)and access. 7. Providing data* telecommunications 0;oIP and IPT; services 0triple play. -. Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a )usiness continuity plan. /. #mart grids and metering
Ad4anta+es:1. #ingle station can serve hundreds of users. 2. Much faster deployment of new users comparing to wires networks. 7. #peed of 19 m)ps at 19 kilometers with line%of%site. -. It is standardi'ed* and same fre5uency e5uipment should work together.
27
Disad4anta+es:1. Line of site is needed for longer connection. 2. 3eather condition like rain could interrupt the signal. 7. Bther wireless e5uipment could cause interference. -. Multiplied fre5uency is used. /. "ig installation and operation cost.
2-
)hapte,-"
T,ansmissin Media
TRANSMISSION MEDIA The means through which data is transformed from one place to another is called transmission or communication media. There are two categories of transmission media used in computer communications. •
1OUNDEDBGUIDED MEDIA
•
UN1OUNDEDBUNGUIDED MEDIA
1. 1OUNDED MEDIA:"ounded media are the physical links through which signals are confined to narrow path. These are also called guide media. "ounded media are made up o a external conductor 0Dsually owever* some time they cannot )e used due distance communication. Three common types of )ounded media are used of the data transmission. These are 1.
#5 )OA>IAL )A1LE:
2/
*i+5 )a=ia. 'ab.e (e,e the mst 'mmn 'a=ia. standa,ds5
1. /9%Bhm ?6% or ?6%11 used with thick Ethernet. 2. /9%Bhm ?6%/, used with thin Ethernet 7. /%Bhm ?6%/8 used with ca)le television -. 87%Bhm ?6%:2 used with (?<$ET.
)ha,a'te,isti's:1. Low cost 2. Easy to install 7. Dp to 19M)ps capacity -. Medium immunity form EMI /. Medium of attenuation
Ad4anta+es:1. Inexpensive 2. Easy to wire 7. Easy to expand -. Moderate level of EMI immunity
Disad4anta+e:1. #ingle ca)le failure can take down an entire network
2:
65 T0isted Pai, )ab.e:The most popular network ca)ling is twisted pair. It is light weight* easy to install* inexpensive and support many different types of network. It also supports the speed of #!! mps5 Twisted pair ca)ling is made of pairs of solid or stranded copper twisted along each
other. The twists are done to reduce vulnera)ly to EMI and cross talk. The num)er of pairs in the ca)le depends on the type. The copper core is usually 66-A@G , 6"-A@G as measured on the (merican wire gauge standard. There are two types of twisted pairs ca)ling.
*i+5 T0isted pai, 'ab.e #5 Unshie.ded t0isted pai, 9UTP 65 Shie.ded t0isted pai, 9STP
#5 Unshie.ded t0isted pai, 9UTP:DTP is more common. It can )e either voice grade or data grade depending on the condition. DTP ca)le normally has an impedance of 199 ohm. DTP cost less than #TP and easily availa)le due to its many use. There are five levels of data ca)ling 1. These are used in telephone lines and low speed data ca)le. 2. These ca)les can support up to - mps implementation. 7. These ca)le supports up to 1: mps and are mostly used in 19 mps. -. These are used for large distance and high speed. It can support 29mps. /. This is the highest rating for DTP ca)le and can support up to 199mps. DTP ca)les consist of 2 or - pairs of twisted ca)le.
2
)ha,a'te,isti's:1.
low cost
2. easy to install 7. >igh speed capacity -. >igh attenuation /. Effective to EMI :. 199 meter limit
Ad4anta+es:1. Easy installation 2.
Disad4anta+es:1. #hort distance due to attenuation
65 Shie.ded t0isted pai, 9STP:It is similar to DTP )ut has a mesh shielding that4s protects it from EMI which allows for higher transmission rate. I"M has defined category for #TP ca)le. )ha,a'te,isti's:-
1. Medium cost 2. Easy to install 7. >igher capacity than DTP -. >igher attenuation* )ut same as DTP /. Medium immunity from EMI :. 199 meter limit
2,
Ad4anta+es:1. #hielded 2. !aster than DTP and coaxial
Disad4anta+es:1. More expensive than DTP and coaxial 2. More difficult installation 7. >igh attenuation rate
75 3ibe, Opti's )ab.e:!i)er optic ca)le uses electrical signals to transmit data. It uses light. In fi)er optic ca)le light only moves in one direction for two way communication to take place a second connection must )e made )etween the two devices. It is actually two stands of ca)le. Each stand is responsi)le for one direction of communication. ( laser at one device sends pulse of light through this ca)le to other device. These pulses translated into U #CsV and U!CsV at the other end. In the center of fi)er ca)le is a glass stand or core. The light from the laser moves through this glass to the other device around the internal core is a reflective material known as )LADDING. $o light escapes the glass core )ecause of this reflective '.addin+5 !i)er optic ca)le has )andwidth more than 6 +bps 9Gi+abytes pe, Se'nd
*i+5 Opti'a. 3ibe, )ab.e
28
)ha,a'te,isti's:1. Expensive 2. ;ery hard to install 7.
Ad4anta+es:1. !ast 2. Low attenuation 7. $o EMI interference
Disad4anta+es:1. ;ery costly 2. >ard to install
79
)hapte,-&
Net0,k Tp.+y
$etwork topology is the arrangement of the various elements 0links* nodes* etc. of a computer or )iological network . Essentially* it is the topological structure of a network* and may )e depicted physically or logically. Physical topology refers to the placement of the network@s various components* including device location and ca)le installation* while logical topology shows how data flows within a network* regardless of its physical design. istances )etween nodes* physical interconnections* transmission rates* andFor signal types may differ )etween two networks* yet their topologies may )e identical. There are two )asic categories of network topologies% 1. Physical topologies 2. Logical topologies The shape of the ca)ling layout used to link devices is called the physical topology of the network. This refers to the layout of ca)ling* the locations of nodes* and the interconnections )etween the nodes and the ca)ling. The physical topology of a network is determined )y the capa)ilities of the network access devices and media* the level of control or fault tolerance desired* and the cost associated with ca)ling or telecommunications circuits. The logical topology* in contrast* is the way that the signals act on the network media* or the way that the data passes through the network from one device to the next without regard to the physical interconnection of the devices. ( network@s logical topology is not necessarily the same as its physical topology. !or example* the original twisted pair Ethernet using repeater was a logical )us topology with a physical star topology layout. Token ?ing is a logical ring topology* )ut is wired a physical star from the Media (ccess Dnit. Logical topologies are often closely associated with Media (ccess
71
-. ?ing or circular /. Mesh :. Tree . >y)rid
#5 Pint-t-Pint Tp.+y:Point%to%point 0PTP topology connects two nodes directly together. The following examples are pure point to point links 1. Two computers communicating via modems. 2. ( mainframe terminal communicating with a front end processor. 7. ( workstation communicating along a parallel ca)le to a printer.
65 1us Tp.+y:In local area networks where )us technology is used* each machine is connected to a long* single ca)le. The ca)le acts as a )ack)one to link all the devices in a network. Each computer or server is connected to the single )us ca)le through drop lines and some kind of connector. ( terminator is re5uired at each end of the )us ca)le to prevent the signal from )ouncing )ack and forth on the )us ca)le.
72
Ad4anta+es * 1us Tp.+y:1. Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear )us. 2. ?e5uires less ca)le length than mesh or star topologies. 7. It is cheaper than any other topologies.
Disad4anta+es * 1us Tp.+y:1. If the network ca)le )reaks* the entire network will )e down. 2. Terminators are re5uired at )oth ends of the )ack)one ca)le. 7. ifficult to identify the pro)lem if the entire network shuts down. -. $ot meant to )e used as a stand%alone solution in a large )uilding. /. Include difficult reconnection and fault isolation. :. The managing cost of network is too high. . (ddition of new devices re5uires modification or replacement of the )ack)one.
75 Sta, Tp.+y:In local area networks where the star topology is used* each machine is connected to a central hu). The star topology allows each machine on the network to have a point to point connection to the central hu). (ll of the traffic which transverses the network passes through the central hu). The hu) acts as a signal )ooster or repeater which in turn allows the signal to travel greater distances.
*i+5
Sta, tp.+y
Ad4anta+es * a Sta, Tp.+y:1. Easy to install and reconfigure. 2. $o disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices.
77
7. Easy to detect faults and to remove parts. -. Less expensive. /. Includes ro)ustness* that is* if one link fails* only that link is affected* other links remain active.
Disad4anta+es * a Sta, Tp.+y:1. If the hu) fails* the whole system is dead. 2. If the hu)* switch* or concentrator fails* nodes attached are disa)led. 7. ?e5uires more ca)le length than a )us topology. -. More expensive than )us topologies )ecause of the cost of the hu)s* etc.
"5 Rin+ Tp.+y:In local area networks where the ring topology is used* each computer is connected to the network in a closed loop or ring. The signal passes through each machine or computer connected to the ring in one direction* from device to device* until it reaches its destination. Each machines or computers connected to the ring act as signal )oosters or repeaters. 3hen a device receives a signal intended for another device* its repeater regenerates the )its and passes them along.
*i+5
Rin+ tp.+y
Ad4anta+es * a Rin+ Tp.+y:1. W It is relatively easy to install and reconfigure. 2. Easy to identify the pro)lem if the entire network shuts down.
7-
Disad4anta+es * a Rin+ Tp.+y:1. W Bnly one machine can transmit on the network at a time. 2. W The failure of one machine will cause the entire network to fail.
&5 Mesh Tp.+y: In a mesh topology* every device has a dedicated point%to%point link to every other device. The term dedicated means that the link carries traffic only )etween the two devices it connects. >ere* if we have n nodes* then we need to connect to n%1 nodes and n0n%1 physical links. >owever* if each physical link allows communication in )oth directions 0duplex mode* we need n0n%1F2 links.
*i+5 Mesh tp.+y
Ad4anta+es * a Mesh Tp.+y:1. Eliminates traffic pro)lems in links sharing. 2. If one link )ecomes unusa)le* it does not incapacitate the entire system. Thus* act as ro)ust. 7. It has privacy and security. -. Point%to%point link make fault identification and fault isolation easy.
Disad4anta+es * a Mesh Tp.+y:1. Installation and reconnection are difficult. 2. The hardware re5uired to connect each link 0IFB ports and ca)le is expensive. 7. It is generally too costly and complex for practical networks.
7/
5 T,ee Tp.+y: The type of network topology in which a central @root@ node 0the top level of the hierarchy is connected to one or more other nodes that are one level lower in the hierarchy 0i.e.* the second level with a point%to%point link )etween each of the second level nodes and the top level central @root@ node* while each of the second level nodes that are connected to the top level central @root@ node will also have one or more other nodes that are one level lower in the hierarchy 0i.e.* the third level connected to it* also with a point%to%point link* the top level central @root@ node )eing the only node that has no other node a)ove it in the hierarchy
*i+5 T,ee tp.+y
Ad4anta+es * a T,ee Tp.+y:1. Point%to%point wiring for individual segments. 2. #upported )y several hardware and software venders.
Disad4anta+es * a T,ee Tp.+y:1. Bverall length of each segment is limited )y the type of ca)ling used. 2. If the )ack)one line )reaks* the entire segment goes down. 7. More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies.
%5 (yb,id Tp.+y:>y)rid networks use a com)ination of any two or more topologies in such a way that the resulting network does not exhi)it one of the standard topologies 0e.g.* )us* star* ring* etc.. ( hy)rid topology is always produced when two different )asic network topologies are connected.
7:
Ad4anta+es * a (yb,id Tp.+y:#5 W It provides a )etter result )y it. 65 W It can )e designed in many ways for various purposes.
*i+5 (yb,id tp.+y
Disad4anta+es * (yb,id Tp.+y:1. It is costly. 2. ifficult to identify the pro)lem if the entire network shuts down.
7
)hapte,-
3a'i.ities
"#$L provides many facilities like the "#$L mo)ile connections* "#$L landline connections* "#$L )road)and connections* "#$L 3LL connections* "#$L internet connections.
)e..u.a, Mbi.e Se,4es:There are two mo)ile services present they are postpaid and prepaid. "#$Ls 6#M cellular mo)ile service ighways and train routes. "#$L Mo)ile offers all India ?oaming facility to )oth pre% paid and post%paid customers 0including Mum)ai = elhi.
"#$L launched ata Bne )road)and service in Aanuary 299/ which shall )e extended to all villages of the country very shortly. The service is )eing provided on existing copper infrastructure on (#L2 technology. The minimum speed offered to the customer is 2/: G)ps at ?s. 188F% per month only including rent of Telephone. #o at &ust ?s 18 per month with 2/9 M" of free download. #u)se5uently* other services such as Multicasting* ;ideo
7,
N* more that /9 ">N* 7/9 towns and more than /999 villages. "y This year every corner of the DP East circle will )e covered with "road)and services. !or (pplying "road)and ial 1/99 Br !ill the "road !orm and deposit in any of the customer service centers of your city. The most recent and attractive tariff plans are as follows
The Plain old*
Geeping the glo)al network of $etworks networked* the countrywide Internet #ervices of "#$L under the )rand name
includes Internet dial upF Leased line access*
)ased access 0no account is re5uired and I(# service* for we) )rowsing and E%mail
78
applications. ou can use your dialup sancharnet account from any place in India using the same access no C122774* the facility which no other I#P has. "#$L has customer )ase of more than 1. million for sancharnet service. "#$L also offers 3e) hosting and co%location services at very cheap rates.
@i,e.ess in L'a. Lp % This is a communication system that connects customers to the Pu)lic #witched Telephone $etwork 0P#T$ using radio fre5uency signals as a su)stitute for conventional wires for all or part of the connection )etween the su)scri)ers and the telephone exchange. elping relieve congestion of connections in the normal ca)leFwire )ased network in ur)an areas.
Mbi.e (e.p Desk :1. >ow to check the )alance of validity. 2. Procedure of recharging cellular prepaid. 7. Procedure for activation of excel power plain. -. International roaming. /. Migration among prepaid plans.
On Line Se,4i'es:1. landline and )road)and )ooking 2. )road)and )ooking 7. customer care protocol -. pay cellone )ill /. postpaid duplicate )ill.
-9
Inte,natina. Ramin+:1. "#$L Postpaid customers can opt for international roaming facility. 2. ?oaming in over 1,2 countries and over 792 networks around the world. 7. #ecurity eposit of ?s. /99F% -. Monthly rental is ?s. 88F% /.
stay in touch with the same "#$L Mo)ile Telephone $um)er. Please spend a minute and go through this online guide. This will guide you step )y step on how to optimally utili'e International ?oaming !acility.
P,'edu,e O* Re'ha,+in+ The )e..u.a, P,epaid:#5
P,'edu,e *, ,e'ha,+in+ the 'e..u.a, p,epaid 0hi.e in hme 'i,'.e
0a ial 127 and follow the instructions Br 0) ial Q127Q 01:igit recharging codeX and enter 65
P,'edu,e *, ,e'ha,+in+ the 'e..u.a, p,epaid 0hi.e ,amin+
0a ial the num)er 98-xxxxx127 and follow the instructions same as 127 I;?#. Br 0) ial Q127Q 01: igit recharging codeX and enter
(0 T Get 1i.. Amunt ; Usa+e Amunt O* Pstpaid Mbi.e :#5
P,'edu,e *, +ettin+ .ast bi.. amunt and 'u,,ent usa+e amunt th,u+h SMS:
0i
#end #M# )ill at /7777 for getting the )ill amount
0ii #end #M# amt at /7777 for getting the usage amount
-1
$ote This is a chargea)le facility. 65
P,'edu,e *, +ettin+ .ast bi.. amunt th,u+h @ebsite:
i.
6o to we)site www.)snl.co.in
ii.
6o to the link U
availa)le on the home page of "#$L we)site. iii.
Enter the mo)ile num)er = account num)er availa)le on mo)ile )ill at
"ill !orm and click on U#u)mitV to view and printing of duplicate cell one )ill.
3i4e 1.a'k Out Days:!acility of reduced rate 0#pecial Tariff ;ouchers will not )e availa)le on / )lack%out days* i.e. $ew ear Eve 71st ec.* $ew ear ay 1st Aan.* ;alentine ay* iwali =
Ente,p,ise 1usiness:"#$L DP 0E
"road)and services* ;P$ over "road)and* 3e) services* IPT; = ;ideo on demand* fixed line* I#$ P?IF"?I services = <M( 3LL services etc.
•
Mo)ile connections 0Post paidF Pre%paid*
•
#M# = "ulk #M# #ervices through #ancharnet e%mail service
•
Internet "andwidth lease lines* MPL#%;P$ and point to point lease data circuits
•
•
EP("J service on payment of nominal rentals )y installing EP("J free of cost at customer4s premises under "#$L4s Last Mile #ervices.
-2
In addition to a)ove and host of many other services )eing offered )y "#$L* it also undertakes the following works% 0a
Pro&ect consultancy
0)
Turn key pro&ects.
0c
$etwork esign.
0d
Bperation = Maintenance
-7
3utu,e s'pe ".Tech Eigher age limit for this exam is 79 years. ou will have to pass this exam after which you can attend 6 and personal interview too. ?egarding information a)out this exam* you can visit official site of "#$L for details.
#ource Ao)s in tele communication sector )eing in ".Tech E
--
8isin and Missin * the 1SNL
8isin:-
To "ecome The Largest Telecom #ervice Provider In #outh East (sia.
Missin: To Provide 3orld
-/
)n'.usin I saw various divisions4 of <.T.B. compound area exchange and tried to group as much as I could* which switched my knowledge and logics.
(t the last* I would like to say thanks to all the staff of unit who helped me through my taring period.
>ence* from this report it is clear that "#$L is the )est service provider in (sia. "#$L provides world%class #tate%of%art technology telecom services to its customers on demand at competitive prices world class telecom infrastructure in its area of operation and to contri)ute to the growth of the country4s economy.
Thanks
Meenakshi 6upta :9-9 11,-/1 E
-: