C++ Practical File Complete

c By: Prabhat Kumar c c c

c

c c c c

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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 cc|c c c c c c  ccc c c   c | cÚ ter a y umber. !"|# 
cHere i this program we declare two variables a d fact. To fi d the factorial of a umber we use data type i.e, u sig ed i t . $
 !c
%!c #i clude #i clude i t mai


//begi

i g of mai f


{ u sig ed i t ,fact;

//variable declaratio

u sig ed i t factorial
u sig ed i t;

//fu ctio declaratio

cout<<"PROGRAM TO FIND A FACTORIAL OF ANY NUMBÚR:\ "; cout<<"\ Ú ter a y o.=";

//sta dard output

ci >> ;

//sta dard i put

fact=factorial
;

//fu ctio call

cout<<"\ The value of factorial o.="<
//sta dard output //retur type

} u sig ed i t factorial
u sig ed i t x

//fu ctio defi atio

{ u sig ed i t i,f=1; for
i=x;i>=1;i--

//for loop

f=f*i;

//operatio

retur f; }

//variable declaratio

//retur type / /e d of programc

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c By: Prabhat Kumar
 | c

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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 &c|c c c c c c'ccc c   c | ccÚ ter a y umber. !"|# 
cHere i this program we declare two variables ͚a,b͛ a d o e fu ctio i.e,cube . To fi d the cube of a umber we use formula i.e,cube=side*side*side . $
 !c
%!c #i clude #i clude i t mai


//begi i g of mai f


{ i t a,b; i t cube
i t;

//declaratio of variables //declaratio of fu ctio

cout<<"PROGRAM TO FIND VOLUMÚ OF CUBÚ :\ "; cout<<"\ Ú ter a y umber="; ci >>a; b=cube
a;

//sta dard output

//sta dard i put //fu ctio call

cout<<"\ After cubi g the result=";

//sta dard output

cout<
//retur type

} i t cube
i t x

//fu ctio defi atio

{ i t y; y=x*x*x;

//declaratio //operatio

retur y; }

//e d of program

c P
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c By: Prabhat Kumar
 | c

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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 (c|c c c c)*c )c c cc+c'c | ccÚ ter the value of a a d b. !"|# 
ccSwap mea s to i tercha ge the values I this program we declare two variables a a d b. To swap two umbers we take a other temperory variable i.e, z i user defi ed fu ctio . $
 !c
%! #i clude #i clude i t mai


//begi

i g of mai f


{ i t a,b;

//variable declaratio

void swap
i t,i t;

//fu ctio declaratio

cout<<"PROGRAM TO SWAP TWO NO'S USING CALL BY VALUÚ :\ \ "; cout<<"Ú ter the value of a="; ci >>a;

//sta dard output

//sta dard i put

cout<<"Ú ter the value of b="; ci >>b;

//sta dard output

//sta dard i put

cout<<"\ \ Before swappi g the values are\ \ \ta="<
//sta dard output //fu ctio call

retur 0;

//retur type

} void swap
i t x,i t y

//fu ctio defi atio

{ i t z;

//variable declaratio

z=x; x=y; P
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c By: Prabhat Kumar y=z; cout<<"\ \ After swappi g the values are\ \ \ta="< #i clude i t mai


//begi i g of mai f


{ i t a,b;

//variable declaratio

void swap
i t,i t;

//fu ctio declaratio

cout<<"PROGRAM TO SWAP TWO NO'S USING CALL BY RÚFÚRÚNCÚ:\ \ "; cout<<"Ú ter the value of a="; ci >>a;

//sta dard output

//sta dard i put

cout<<"Ú ter the value of b="; ci >>b;

//sta dard output

//sta dard i put

cout<<"\ Before swappi g the result=\ \ \ta="<
//fu ctio call //retur type

} void swap
i tx,i ty

//fu ctio defi atio

{ i t z;

//variable declaratio

z=x; x=y; P
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c By: Prabhat Kumar y=z; cout<<"\ After swappi g the result are:\ \ \ta="< #i clude i t mai


//begi

i g of mai f


{ float ;

//variable declaratio

float si
float, float, float t=5; //fu ctio declaratio cout<<"PROGRAM TO FIND SIMPLÚ INTÚRÚST:"; =si
000,7;

//f
 call

cout<<"\ \ The simple i terest=";

//sta dard output

cout<< ;

//sta dard output

retur 0;

//retur type

} float si
float x,float y,float z

//formal parameter

{ float a; a=x*y*z/100;

//variable declaratio //operatio

retur a; }

//e d of program

c c c c P
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c By: Prabhat Kumar
 | 

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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 .c*c c

c c c/c c*

c | ccÚ ter a y ame, age a d perce tage. !"|# 
Structure is a collectio of dissimiliar type of data eleme ts.cI this program the structure ame is stude t .We declare three variable i.e, ame, age a d per .We have to e ter the ame ,age a d per of two stude ts. $
 !c
%! c #i clude #i clude struct stude t

// ame of the structure

{ char ame[0]; i t age; float per; }s1,s; i t mai


//begi

i g of mai f


{ cout<<"PROGRAM TO ÚNTÚR THÚ NAMÚ, AGÚ a d PÚRCÚNTAGÚ USING STRUCTURÚ:\ \ "; cout<<"Ú ter the Name age a d per of first perso :"< #i clude class ABC

// ame of class

{ i t a,b,c;

//data member

public: void read


//member fu ctio

{ cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF DATA ABSTRACTION :\ "; cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of a="; //sta dard output ci >>a;

//sta dard i put

cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of b="; //sta dard output ci >>b;

//sta dard i put

} void process


//member f


{ c=a+b;

//operatio

} void show


//member f


{ P
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c By: Prabhat Kumar cout<<"\ After addi g the result="; cout<
//begi i g of mai f


{ ABC o1;

//creatio of object

o1.read
;

//i voke member f


o1.process
; o1.show
; retur 0; }

//retur type //e d of program c


 | 

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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 1c*c c   c c * cc   *  c | ccÚ ter the value of a a d b. !"|# 
cData e capsulatio mea s the wrappi g up of data a d fu ctio s i a si gle u it
called class. I this program the class ame is ABC .We declare three data members a,b,c a d member fu ctio s read, process a d show.We have to add two umbers. I mai f
 we create o e object i.e,͚o1͛c $
 !c
%! #i clude #i clude class ABC

// ame of class

{ i t a,b,c;

//data member

public: void read


//member fu ctio

{ cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF DATA ÚNCAPSULATION :\ "; cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of a="; //sta dard output ci >>a;

//sta dard i put

cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of b="; //sta dard output ci >>b;

//sta dard i put

} void process


//member f


{ c=a+b;

//operatio

} void show


//member f


{

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c By: Prabhat Kumar cout<<"\ After addi g the result="; cout<
//begi i g of mai f


{ ABC o1;

//creatio of object

o1.read
;

//i voke member f


o1.process
; o1.show
; retur 0; }

//retur type //e d of program


 | c

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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 2c*c c   c c * ccc c3 c | ccÚ ter a y umber. !"|# 
cI this program the class ame is ABC .We declare two data members a,b a d member fu ctio s read a d process.We have to show greater betwee two umbers. I mai f
 we create o e object i.e,͚o1͛c $
 !c
%! #i clude #i clude class ABC

// ame of class

{ i t a,b;

//data member

public: void read


//member fu ctio

{ cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of a="; //sta dard output ci >>a;

//sta dard i put

cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of b="; //sta dard output ci >>b;

//sta dard i put

} void show


//member f


{ If
a>b

//if loop

{ cout<<"a is greater"; } else

P
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c By: Prabhat Kumar { cout<<"\ b is greater";

//operatio

} } }; i t mai


//begi i g of mai f


{ ABC o1,o;

//creatio of object

cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF CLASSÚS AND OBJÚCTS:\ "; o1.read
;

//i voke member f


o1.show
; o.read
; o.show
; retur 0; }

//retur type //e d of program

c c c c c c c c c c

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c By: Prabhat Kumar
 | c c

c c c

c c P
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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 4c|c c c c   c c * cc c3 c | ccÚ ter a y umber. !"|# 
cI this program the class ame is ABC .We declare data member i.e, ͚ ͛ a d member fu ctio s read a d process.We have to show whether the umber is eve or odd. I mai f
 we create two objects i.e,͚o1 a d o͛c $
 !c
%! #i clude #i clude class ABC

// ame of class

{ i t ;

//data member

public:

//access level

void read


//member fu ctio

{ cout<<"\ Ú ter a y umber="; //sta dard output ci >> ;

//sta dard i put

} void show


//member f


{ if
==0

//if loop

{ cout<<"\ The umber is eve \ "; } else { cout<<"\ The umber is odd\ ";

}

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c By: Prabhat Kumar } }; i t mai


//begi

i g of mai f


{ ABC o1,o;

//creatio of object

cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF CRÚATING OBJÚCTS:\ "; o1.read
;

//i voke member f


o1.show
; o.read
; o.show
; retur 0; }

//retur type //e d of program c


 | c

c P
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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 c|c c c cc c cc cc   c | ccÚ ter a y value of a. !"|# 
Here class ame is ABC,data members are ab, member fu ctio s are read, process a d show. We have to fi d the square of a umber. c $
 !c
%!c #i clude #i clude class ABC

// ame of class

{ i t a,b;

//data member

public: void read


//member fu ctio

{ cout<<"PROGRAM TO ACCÚSS THÚ DATA MÚMBÚR AND MÚMBÚR FUNCTION :\ "; cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of a="; //sta dard output ci >>a;

//sta dard i put

} void process


//member f


{ b=a*a;

//operatio

} void show


//member f


{ cout<<"\ After squari g the result="; cout<
c By: Prabhat Kumar }; i t mai


//begi i g of mai f


{ ABC o1;

//creatio of object

o1.read
;

//i voke member f


o1.process
; o1.show
; retur 0; }

//retur type //e d of program

c c c c
 | :

c P
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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 &c|c c c c   c c * cc+cc3 c | ccÚ ter a y value of five item o͛s a d price. !"|# 
Array is a collectio of similar type of data eleme ts.I this program the class ame is ͚item͛.We declare data member i.e,item o price a d member fu ctio readshow .We have to show item o.a d price of five items. I mai f
 we take array of object o1[5].c $
 !c
%! #i clude #i clude class item

// ame of class

{ i t item o;

//data members

float price; public: void read
i t i,float p

//member f


{ item o=i; price=p; } void show


//member f


{ cout<<"item o="<
//sta dard output //sta dard output

} }; i t mai


//begi i g of mai f


{

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c By: Prabhat Kumar i t it o; float pri; item o1[5];

//array of object

cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF ARRAY OF OBJÚCT:\ "; cout<<"The item o a d price of Five items are\ "; for
i t i=0;i<5;i++

//for loop

{ cout<
//retur type //e d of program

c c c c

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c By: Prabhat Kumar c
 | c c

c

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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 (c|c c c cc )c c  c cc c3 cc56c

c | ccÚ ter a y value of hours a d mi utes. !"|# 
cHere the class ame is time, data member are hours a d mi utes, member fu ctio s are read show. I this program we have to pass object as argume t i place of values. $
 !c
%!c c#i clude #i clude class time

// ame of the class

{ i t hours;

//variable declaratio

i t mi utes; public: void read
i t h,i t m

//member fu ctio //temporary variable/argume t

{ hours=h; mi utes=m; } void show


//member fu ctio

{ cout<<"\ Hours="<
//i voki g read f


t.read
3,50; t3.add
t1,t; t1.show
;

//i voki g show f


t.show
; cout<<"\ \ After addi g hours a d mi utes are\ "; t3.show
; retur 0; }

//retur type //e d of program

c c c c

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c By: Prabhat Kumar
 | :

c

c c P
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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 ,c|c c c cc )c  c   c c3 cc56c

c | ccÚ ter a y value of hours a d mi utes. !"|# 
cHere the class ame is dista ce, data members are feet a d i ches, member fu ctio s are read show. I this program we have to pass object as argume t i place of values. $
 !c
%!c #i cludec #i clude class dista ce

// ame of the class

{ i t feet;

//variable declaratio

i t i ches; public: void read
i t i,i t j

//member fu ctio //temporary variable/argume t

{ feet=i; i ches=j; } void show


//member fu ctio

{ cout<<"\ Feet="<
//i voki g read f


d.read
3,9; d3.add
d1,d; d1.show
;

//i voki g show f


d.show
; cout<<"\ \ After addi g feet a d i ches are\ "; d3.show
;

retur 0; }

//retur type //e d of program

c c c

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c By: Prabhat Kumar
 | :

c

c P
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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 -c|c c c c   c c * cc  c   c | ccÚ ter a y value of a  b. !"|# 
I li e fu ctio s are used to remove the overheads by pasti g the calculatio i every fu ctio .Here i this program we take abc as class ame ,two access levels private  public ,two member f
͛s as read  show . $
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%!c #i clude #i clude class abc

// ame of class

{ i t a,b,c;

//data member

public:

//access level

void read


//member f


{ cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF INLINÚ FUNCTION:\ \ "; cout<<"Ú ter a=";

//sta dard output

ci >>a;

//sta dard i put

cout<<"Ú ter b="; ci >>b; } void show
; };  cvoid abc::show


//i li e f


{ cout<<"After applyi g i li e f
the values are";

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c By: Prabhat Kumar cout<<"a="<
//begi i g of mai


{ abc o1;

//creatio of object

o1.read
;

//i voki g read f


o1.show
; retur 0; }

//retur type //e d of program

c
 | c c

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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 .c|c c c c   c c   ccc567cccc | ccÚ ter a y value of a  b. !"|# 
Here i this program we have to add two umbers. Taki g add as class ame ,two access levels private  public ,two member f
͛s as read  show . $
 !c
%!c #i clude #i clude class add

// ame of class

{ i t a,b,c;

//variable declaratio

public: void i put
;

//member fu ctio declaratio

void process
; void output
; }; void add::i put


//member f
 defi atio

{ cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ DÚFINATION OF MÚMBÚR F
'S OF A CLASS:\ "; cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of a="; //sta dard output ci >>a;

//sta dard i put

cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of b="; //sta dard output ci >>b;

//sta dard i put

} void add::process


//member f
 defi atio

{ c=a+b;

//operatio

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c By: Prabhat Kumar } void add::output


//member f
 defi atio

{ cout<<"\ After addi g="; cout<
//sta dard output

//sta dard output

} i t mai


//begi

i g of mai


{ add a1; a1.i put
;

//creatio of object //i voki g M f


a1.process
; a1.output
; retur 0; }

//retur type //e d of program


 | 

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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 0c|c c c c   c c * cc  c   c | ccÚ ter a y value of a  b. !"|# 
cFrie d fu ctio are used to access the data member.I this program the class ame is ͚abc͛.We declare data member i.e, a  b a d member fu ctio read .We have to add two umbers. I mai f
 we create o e objects i.e,o1.c $
 !c
%! #i clude #i clude class abc

// ame of class

{ i t a,b;

//data member

public:

//access level

void read


//member fu

ctio

{ cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF FRIÚND FUNCTION:\ "; cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of a="; //sta dard output ci >>a;

//sta dard i put

cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of b="; //sta dard output ci >>b;

//sta dard i put

}   ci t fu c
abc;

//frie d fu ctio

}; i t fu c
abc o

//fu ctio defi atio

{ retur
o.a+o.b;

//retur object

}

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c By: Prabhat Kumar

i t mai


//begi

i g of mai


{ i t c; abc o1; o1.read
; c=fu c
o1;

//declaratio //creatio of object //i voke M F
 //fu ctio call

cout<<"\ After addi g the result="; cout<
//retur type //e d of program


 | c

c P
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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 1c|c c c c   c c * cc  c3 c | ccÚ ter a y two feet a d i ches. !"|# 
cHere the class ame is dista ce, data members are feet a d i ches, member fu ctio s are read show. I this program we have to pass object as argume t i place of values a d retur i g object. $
 !c
%!c #i clude #i clude class dista ce

// ame of class

{ i t feet;

//data member

i t i ches; public: void read
i t f, i t i

//member f


{ feet=f; i ches=i; } void show


//member f


{ cout<<"Feet="<
//i voki g memberf


d.read
3,9; d3=sum
d1,d; d1.show
; d.show
; cout<<"\ After Addi g feet a d i ches are:\ \ "; d3.show
; retur 0; }

//retur type //e d of program

c

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c By: Prabhat Kumar
 | :

c

c c P
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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 2c|c c c c   c c * cc c c*  c    !"|# 
Co structor are special type of member fu ctio s. Co structors are always public. Here the class ame is abc,o e default co structor,o e parameterised co structor we have just to show the values. $
 !c
%! #i clude #i clude class abc

// ame of class

{ i t a,b;

//data member

public:

//access level

abc


//default co structor

{ a=4; b=3; } abc
i t i,i t j

//parameterised co structor

{ a=i; b=j; } void show


//member fu ctio

{ cout<<"\ The value of a="<
//sta dard output

cout<<"\ The value of b="<
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c By: Prabhat Kumar }; i t mai


//begi

i g of mai f


{ cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMNSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF DÚFAULTPARAMÚTÚRISÚD CONSTRUCTOR:"; abc o1;

//creatio of object

abc o
5,15; cout<<"\ \ The values of Default co structor are:\ "; o1.show
;

//i voki g member f


cout<<"\ The values of Parameterised Co structor are:\ "; o.show
; retur 0; }

//retur type //e d of program


 | c

c

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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 &4c|c c c c   c c * cc   !"|# 
cDestructors are also special type of member fu ctio s. Here the class ame is alpha, Co structor ameis alpha
 a d destructor ame is ~alpha
. $
 !c
%! #i clude #i clude i t cou t=0; class alpha

// ame of class

{ public: alpha


//co structor

{ cou t++;

//i creme t

cout<<"\ Object created:"<<"\ "<
//sta dard output

} ~alpha


//destructor

{ cout<<"\ Object destroyed:"<<"\ "<
//sta dard output

//decreme t

} }; i t mai


//begi i g of mai


{ cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF DÚSTRUCTOR:\ \ "; alpha a1;

//creatio of object

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c By: Prabhat Kumar alpha a; //destructor i voke automatically retur 0; }

//retur type //e d of program c


 | c c

c

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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 &c|cc c

c c cc3 c cc*c+c c  c cc c  c c56c !"|# 
cStatic member fu ctio s are those fu ctio s which co tai o ly static data members a d static member fu ctio s . Here i this program we have to cou t the o. of objects i a program. $
 !c
%!c #i clude #i clude class x

// ame of class

{ i t item o;

//data member

float price; static i t cou t; public: void read
i t i,float f

//static data member //access level //member fu ctio

{ item o=i; price=f; cou t++; } void show


//member fu ctio

{ cout<<"item o="<
//sta dard output

cout<<"price="<
//static member fu ctio

{

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c By: Prabhat Kumar cout<
i t x::cou t=0; i t mai


//begi

i g of mai f


{ x o1,o,o3;

//creatio of object

cout<<"PROGRAM TO COUNT NO. OF OBJÚCT IN A PROGRAM BY USING D.M. S.M.F
:\ "; cout<<"\ The item o a d price are\ \ "; o1.read
5,1.5;

//i voki g member fu ctio

o.read
7,13.4; o3.read
,3.5; o1.show
; o.show
; o3.show
; cout<<"\ \ a d COUNT="; x::display
; retur 0; }

//retur type //e d of programc

c c c c c

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c By: Prabhat Kumar
 | :

c

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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 &&c|cc c c c   c c * cc*+c   c !"|# 
cCopy co structor copies values from mai fu ctio to member fu ctio .Here the class ame is abc.I this program we use three co structors o e is default co structor,seco d is parameterised co structor a d third is copy co structor. $
 !c
%!c #i clude #i clude class abc

// ame of class

{ i t i,j;

//variable declaratio

public:

//member f


abc


//default co structor

{ i=5; j=4; } abc
i t a, i t b

//parameterised co structor

{ i=a; j=b; } abc
abcs

//copy co structor

{ i=s.i; j=s.j; }

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c By: Prabhat Kumar void display


//member f


{ cout<<"\ti="<
//begi i g of mai f


{ cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF COPY CONSTRUCTOR:\ "; abc o1;

//creatio of object

abc o
5,15; abc o3
o;

//abc o3=o;

cout<<"\ The values of Default Co structor are:\ \ "; o1.display
; cout<<"\ The values of Parameterised Co structor are:\ \ "; o.display
; cout<<"\ The values of Copy Co structor are:\ \ "; o3.display
; retur 0; }

//retur type //e d of program

c c c c c c

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c By: Prabhat Kumar
 | :

c

c P
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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 &(c|cc c c c   c c * cc c   c | ccÚ ter a y two umbers. !"|# 
cWhe a derived class i herits the features of base class,it is si gle i herita ce. Here we take two classes o e is base a d other is derived class.We have to add two umbers. $
 !c
%!c #i clude #i clude class base

// ame of class

{ private: i t a;

//access level //data member

protected: i t b; public: void read


//member fu ctio

{ cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of a="; //sta dard output ci >>a;

//sta dard i put

} void get
 { cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of b="; ci >>b; } void show
 { P
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c By: Prabhat Kumar cout<
//derive class

{ private: i t d,e; public: void sca
 { cout<<"\ Ú ter the value of d="; ci >>d; } void add
 { e=d+b; } void display
 { cout<<"\ After addi g the result="; cout<
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c By: Prabhat Kumar } }; i t mai


//begi

i g of mai f


{ cout<<"PROGRAM OF SINGLÚ INHÚRITANCÚ:\ \ "; derive d1; d1.get
;

//creatio of object //i voki g member f


d1.sca
; d1.add
; d1.display
; retur 0;

//retur type

} c
 | :

c P
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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 &,c|cc c c c   c c * cc *c   c | ccÚ ter the value of a  b. !"|# 
cWhe a derived class i herits the features of more tha o e base class the it is multiple i herita ce.cHere we take two base classes a d o e derived class. I this program we have to add two umbers. $
 !c
%!c #i clude #i clude class base1

// ame of class

{ protected: i t a;

//access level //data member

public: void read


//member fu ctio

{ cout<<"\ Ú ter a="; ci >>a;

//sta dard output //sta dard i put

} void show
 { cout<
// ame of class

{ protected:

P
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c By: Prabhat Kumar i t b; public: void get
 { cout<<"\ Ú ter b="; ci >>b; } void put
 { cout<
//creatio of object

d1.read
;

//i voki g member f


d1.get
; d1.add
; d1.pri t
; retur 0; }

//retur type //e d of program c


 | :

c P
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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 &-c|c c c c   c c * cc 'c   c | ccÚ ter the value of a  b. !"|# 
The tra sitive ature of i herita ce is reflected by this form of i herita ce. Whe a subclass i herits from a class that itself i herits from a other class, it is k ow as multilevel i herita ce. $
 !c
%!c #i clude #i clude class stude t

// ame of class

{ protected:

//access level

i t roll o;

//data member

char ame[0]; public: void read


//member fu ctio

{ cout<<"Roll o="; ci >>roll o;

//sta dard output //sta dard i put

cout<<"Name="; ci >> ame; } void show
 { cout<<"The roll o="<
//creatio of object

t1.read
; t1.cal
; t1.show
; retur 0; }

//retur type //e d of program

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c By: Prabhat Kumar


 | c c

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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 &.c|c c c c   c c * cc  c   c | ccÚ ter a y roll o., ame a d three subject͛s marks. !"|# 
cWhe ma y subclasses i herit from a si gle base class, it is k ow as hirarchical i herita ce. $
 !c
%!cc #i clude #i clude class stud_basic

//NAMÚ OF CLASS

{ private:

//ACCÚSS LÚVÚL

char ame[0];

//DATA MÚMBÚR

i t roll o; public: void read


//MÚMBÚR FUNCTION

{ cout<<"\ Ú ter roll o="; ci >>roll o;

//STANDARD OUTPUT

//STANDARD INPUT

cout<<"Ú ter ur ame="; ci >> ame; } void show
 { cout<<"Roll o="<
//CRÚATION OF OBJÚCT //INVOKING MÚMBÚR FUNCTION

s1.cal
; s1.display
; stud_fit ess f1; f1.read
; f1.show
; }

//RÚTURN TYPÚ

c c
 | :

c P
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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 &0c|c c c c   c c * cc+ c   c !"|# 
cWhe a derived class i herits the features from multiple base classes which agai i herits the featurs of a si gle base class the it is k ow as hybrid i herita ce.Here we take four classes ,i this program we have to fi d the perce tage of all the marks obtai ed. $
 !c
%!cc #i clude #i clude class stud_basic

// ame of class

{ private: char ame[0];

//access level //data member

i t roll o; public: void read


//member fu ctio

{ cout<<"Ú ter roll o="; ci >>roll o;

//sta dard output //sta dard i put

cout<<"Ú ter ame="; ci >> ame; } void show
 { cout<<"The roll o="<
//creatio of object

s1.stud_acd_marks::read
; s1.sports::read
; s1.cal
; s1.show
; retur 0; }

//retur type //e d of program

c c c c c c c c c

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c By: Prabhat Kumar c
 | :

c

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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 &1c|cc c c c   c c * cc +c* c' c !"|# 
cLet us co sider the u ary plus operator. A plus operator whe used as a u ary,takes just o e opera d. The give program shows how the u ary plus operator is overloaded. $
 !c
%! c #i clude #i clude class abc

// ame of class

{ i t cou t; public:

//declaratio //access level

abc
 { cou t=0; } void show


//member fu ctio

{ cout<<"\ \ \tThe cou t=";

//sta dard output

cout<
i t mai
 P
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c By: Prabhat Kumar { cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF UNARY OPÚRTATOR OVÚRLOADING:"; abc o1; ++o1;

//u ary overloadi g

o1.show
; retur 0; }

//i voki g member f
 //retur type //e d of program

c
 | c c

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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 &2c|c c c c   c c * cc +c* c' c | ccÚ ter a y values of hours a d mi utes. !"|# 
cOperator overloadi g mea s to do additio al job to a operator a special fu ctio with that operator called as operator overloadi g. The same mecha ism of u ary operator ca be used to overload a bi ary operator.The f
 otatio c=sum
a,b;ca be replaced by a atural looki g expressio c=a+b; $
 !c
%! #i clude #i clude class time

// ame of class

{ i t hours;

//data member

i t mi utes; public:

//access level

void read


//member fu ctio

{ cout<<"Ú ter hours="; ci >>hours;

//sta dard output //sta dard i put

cout<<"Ú ter mi utes="; ci >>mi utes; } void show


//member fu ctio

{ cout<<"After addi g hours a d mi utes :\ hours="<
//sta dard output

cout<<"\tmi utes="<
c By: Prabhat Kumar { time tt3; tt3.hours=hours+tt.hours; tt3.mi utes=mi utes+tt.mi utes; if
tt3.mi utes>=60 { tt3.hours++; tt3.mi utes=tt3.mi utes-60; } retur tt3; } }; i t mai
 { cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF BINARY OPÚRATOR OVÚRLOADING:\ \ "; time t1,t,t3; t1.read
;

//creatio of object //i voki g member f


t.read
; t3=t1+t;

//operator overloadi g

t3.show
; retur 0; }

//retur type //e d of programc

c c c

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c By: Prabhat Kumar
 | c c

c

c c P
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c By: Prabhat Kumar |(4c|c c c c   c c * cc   c' c | ccÚ ter a y value of a,b,c,g,h. !8*    Overloadi g refers to the use of same thi g for differe t purposes. C++ also permits overloadi g of fu ctio s. This mea s that we ca use the same fu ctio ame to create fu ctio s that perform a variety of differe t tasks, usi g the co cept of fu ctio overloadi g. For e.g: I this program a overloaded add
 fu ctio ha dles differe t types of data as show below: $cc #i clude #i clude i t mai


//begi

i g of mai

{ cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMOSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF FUNCTION OVÚRLOADING:\ "; i t add
i t,i t;

//fu ctio declaratio

i t add
i t; float add
float,float; i t add
i t,i t,i t; i t a,b,c,d,e,f;

//variable declaratio

float g,h,i; cout<<"Ú ter the value of a="; ci >>a;

//sta dard output

//sta dard i put

cout<<"Ú ter the value of b="; ci >>b; cout<<"Ú ter the value of c="; ci >>c; cout<<"Ú ter the value of g="; ci >>g; cout<<"Ú ter the value of h="; P
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c By: Prabhat Kumar ci >>h; d=add
a;

//fu ctio call

e=add
a,b; f=add
a,b,c; i=add
g,h; cout<<"After addi g the results are:::::::\ "<
//retur type

} i t add
i t x

//fu ctio defi itio

{ i t y; y=x+x; retur y; } i t add
i t x,i t y { i t z; z=x+y; retur z; } P
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c By: Prabhat Kumar i t add
i t p,i t q,i t r { i t s; s=p+q+r; retur s; } float add
float m,float  { float o; o=m+ ; retur o; }


 | c

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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 (c|c c c c   c c * cc'  c567c !"|# 
 How we do achieve polymorphism? It is achieved usi g what is k ow as virtual fu ctio s. Whe we use the same f
 ame i both the basederived classes, the f
 i base class is declared as virtual usi g the keyword virtual precedi g its ormal declaratio . $
 !c
%!c #i clude class base

// ame of class

{ public: void display


//access level //member fu ctio

{ cout<<"\ Display base"<<"\ \ ";

//sta dard output

} virtual void show


//virtual fu ctio

{ cout<<"Show base"<<"\ \ "; } }; class derive:public base

//derive class

{ public:

//access level

void display
 { cout<<"Display derive"<<"\ \ "; } void show


P
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c By: Prabhat Kumar { cout<<"Show derive"; } }; i t mai


//begi

i g of mai

{ cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF VIRTUAL FUNCTION:\ "; base b;

//creatio of object

derive d; base *bptr; bptr=b; bptr->display
; bptr->show
; bptr=d; bptr->display
; bptr->show
; retur 0; }

//retur type //e d of programcc

c c c c c c c

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c By: Prabhat Kumar
 | : c

c

c P
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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 (&c|c c c c   c c * cc * c !"|# 
cTemplates is a ew co cept which e able us to defi e ge eric programmi g. Ge eric programmi g is a approach where ge eric types are used as parameters i algorithms so that they work for a variety of suitable data types a d data structure. $
 !c
%!cc #i clude template class test

// ame of class

{ t1 a; t b; public:

//access level

test
t1 x,t y { a=x; b=y; } void show


//member f


{ cout<<"\ \ The values are="; cout<
//sta dard output //sta dard output

} };

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c By: Prabhat Kumar i t mai


//begi i g of mai f


{ cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF TÚMPLATÚS:\ "; testt1
1.95,7; testt
3.14,'a'; testt3
7,9.5; t1.show
; t.show
; t3.show
; retur 0; }

//retur type //e d of program c


 | :

c P
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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 ((c|cc c c c   c c * cc c c c | ccÚ ter ur ame a d roll o. !"|# 
cFiles are used to store the output of program. $
 !c
%!c #i clude #i clude i t mai


//begi i g of mai f


{ char ame[0];

//variable declaratio

i t roll o; cout<<"PROGRAM OF FILÚS a d STRÚAMS\ "; cout<<"\ Ú ter ur ame="; ci >> ame;

//sta dard output //sta dard i put

cout<<"\ Ú ter ur roll o="; ci >>roll o; ofstream out
"stude t"; out<< ame<<"\ "; out<> ame; i >>roll o; i .close
; cout<<"\ Name="<< ame<<"\t"; cout<<"a d\t Roll o="<
//sta dard output //sta dard output

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c By: Prabhat Kumar retur 0; }

//retur type //e d of program

c c
 | :

c

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c By: Prabhat Kumar |
 (,c|c c c c   c c * cc c c* c | ccÚ ter ur ame. !"|# 
cThe fu ctio s get
 a d put
 are member fu ctio s of the file stream class fstream.get
 is used to read a si gle character from the file.put
 is used to write a si gle character to the output file. $
 !c
%!cc #i clude #i clude i t mai


//begi

i g of mai fu ctio

{ char a[0];

//variable declaratio

cout<<"PROGRAM TO DÚMONSTRATÚ THÚ CONCÚPT OF GÚT AND PUT:\ "; cout<<"e ter ur ame=";

//sta dard output

ci .get
a,0; cout.write
a,0; retur 0; }

//cout<<͟The ame=͟<
cc c c c c c c c c c P
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c By: Prabhat Kumar c
 | :

c

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