Chapter 2: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which type of cell adaptation occurs occu rs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the
bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells? a. Hyperplasia c. Dysplasia b. Metaplasia d. Anaplasia A!" #
Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell by another$ sometimes a less differentiated cell type. %he best e&le of metaplasia is the replacement of normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial 'airway( lining by stratified squamous epithelial cells. %he other options do not accurately describe the event in the question. )%!" 1
*+," )age -
/. %he loss of the adenosine triphosphate 'A%)( 'A%)( during ischemia causes cells to" a. !hrin0 because of the influ& of calcium 'a(. b. !hrin0 because of the influ& of potassium chloride '2l(. c. !well because of the influ& of sodium chloride 'al(. d. !well because of the influ& of nitric o&ide '3(. A!"
A reduction in A%) A%) levels causes the plasma membrane4s sodium5potassium 'a6 72 6( pump and sodium5calcium e&change to fail$ which leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of the ce ll. '%he a6 72 6 pump is discussed in hapter 1.( !odium and water can then freely enter the cell$ and cellular swelling results. %he other options do not accurately describe the result of A%) A%) at the cellular level. )%!" 1
*+," )age -8
9. %he mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy pregnanc y primarily as a consequence of hormonal" a. Atrophy c. Anaplasia b. Hyperplasia d. Dysplasia A!" #
Hormonal hyperplasia occurs chiefly in estrogen5dependent organs$ such as the uterus an d breast. %he remaining options do not adequately describe the consequence of hormones on breast tissue during pregnancy. )%!" 1
*+," )age -9
. ,ree radicals play a ma:or role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? a. ardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease b. *enal diseases such as acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis c. ;astrointestinal diseases such as peptic ulcer disease and rohn disease d. Muscular disease such as muscular dystrophy and fibromyalgia A!" A
+merging data indicate that reactive o&ygen species pla y ma:or roles in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular alterations associated with hyperlipidemia$ hyperlipidemia$ diabetes mellitus$ hypertension$ ischemic heart disease$ and chronic heart failure. o current research connects the disorders mentioned in the other options to the effects of free radicals. )%!" 1
*+," )ages -<5=>
-. ,ree radicals cause cell damage by" a. !tealing the cell4s o&ygen to stabilie the electron$ thus causing hypo&ia b. !timulating the release of lysosomal enymes that digest the cell membranes c. %ransferring %ransferring one of its charged$ stabilied atoms to the cell membrane$ which
causes lysis d. ;iving up an electron$ which causes in:ury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane A!" D
A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron. Having one unpaired electron ma0es the molecule unstable@ thus to stabilie$ the molecule gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one. %herefore it is capable of forming in:urious chemical bonds with proteins$ lipids$ or carbohydrates0ey molecules in membranes and nucleic acids. %he remaining options d o not accurately describe the role played by free radicals in cell damage. )%!" 1
*+," )age =>
=. What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria? a. +nymatic digestion halts DA synthesis. b. Bnflu& of calcium ions halts A% A%) production. c. +dema from an influ& in sodium causes a reduction in A%) A%) production. d. )otassium shifts out of the mitochondria$ which destroys the infrastructure. A!" #
%he most serious consequence of plasma membrane damage is$ as in hypo&ic in:ury$ to the mitochondria. An influ& of calcium ions from the e&tracellular compartment activates multiple enyme systems$ resulting in cytos0eleton disruption$ membrane damage$ activation of inflammation$ and eventually DA degradation. alcium ion accumulation in the mitochondria causes the mitochondria to swell$ which is an occurrence that is associated with irreversible cellular in:ury. %he in:ured mitochondria can no longer generate A%)$ A%)$ but they do continue to accumulate calcium ions. %he remaining options do not accurately describe the consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria. )%!" 1
*+," )age =9
8. What is a consequence of lea0age lea 0age of lysosomal enymes during chemical in:ury? a. +nymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs$ halting DA synthesis. b. Bnflu& of potassium ions into the mitochondria occurs$ halting ha lting the A%) A%) production. c. +dema of the ;olgi body bod y occurs$ preventing the transport of proteins out of the
cell. d. !hift of calcium out of the plasma membrane occurs$ destroying the cytos0eleton. A!" A
+nymatic digestion of cellular organelles$ including the nucleus and nucleolus$ ensues$ halting the synthesis of DA and ribonucleic acid '*A(. %he remaining options do not accurately describe the consequence of lysosomal enyme lea0age during chemical in:ury. )%!" 1
*+," )age =9
C. ead causes damage within the cell by interfering with the action of" a. !odium and chloride c. alcium b. )otassium d. A%) A%) A!"
ead affects many different biologic activities at the cellular and molecular levels$ many of which may be related to its ability ab ility to interfere with the functions of calcium. ead does no t appear to cause damage by interfering with the action of the other options. )%!" 1
*+," )age ==
<. Which statement is a description of the characteristics of apoptosis? a. )rogrammed cell death of scattered$ single cells b. haracteried by swelling of the nucleus and cytoplasm c. Enpredictable patterns of cell death d. *esults in benign malignancies A!" A
Apoptosis is an active process of cellular self5destruction$ also 0nown as programmed as programmed cell death, which is which is implicated in normal and pathologic tissue changes. %he remaining options do not accurately describe the characteristics of apoptosis. )%!" 1
*+," )age <1
1>. ead poisoning affects the nervous system by" a. Bnterfering with the function of neurotransmitters b. Bnhibiting the production of myelin around nerves c. Bncreasing the resting membrane potential d. Altering the transport of potassium into the nerves A!" A
Alterations in calcium may play a crucial role in the interference with neurotransmitters$ which may cause hyperactive behavior beh avior and the proliferation of capillaries of the white matter and intercerebral arteries. %he remaining options do not accurately describe the effects of lead poisoning of the nervous system. )%!" 1
*+," )age ==
11. arbon mono&ide causes tissue damage by" a. ompeting with carbon dio&ide so that it cannot be e&creted b. #inding to hemoglobin so that it cannot carry o&ygen c. Destroying the chemical bonds of hemoglobin so it cannot carry o&ygen d. *emoving iron from hemoglobin so it cannot carry o&ygen A!" #
#ecause carbon mono&ide4s affinity for hemoglobin is />> times greater than that of o&ygen$ it quic0ly binds with the hemoglobin$ preventing o&ygen molecules from doing so. %he remaining options do not accurately describe the means by which carbon mono&ide damages tissue. )%!" 1
*+," )age =8
1/. Acute alcoholism mainly affects which body system? a. Hepatic c. *enal b. ;astrointestinal d. entral nervous A!" D
Acute alcoholism mainly affects the central nervous system but may induce reversible hepatic and gastric changes. 3ther systems may evidentially be affected by chronic alcoholism. )%!" 1
*+," )age =C
h ypo&ia$ an increase in the osmotic pressure occurs within the 19. During cell in:ury caused by hypo&ia$ cell because" a. )lasma proteins enter the cell. b. %he adenosine triphosphatase 'A%)ase(7driven 'A%)ase(7driven pump is stronger during hypo&ia. c. !odium chloride enters the cell. d. An influ& of glucose occurs through the in:ured cell membranes. A!"
Bn hypo&ic in:ury$ movement of fluid and ions into the cell is associated with acute failure of metabolism and a loss of A%) A%) production. production. ormally$ the pump that transports sodium ions out of the cell is maintained by the presence of A%) A%) and A%)ase$ A%)ase$ the active5transport enyme. Bn metabolic failure caused by hypo&ia$ reduced A% A%) and A%)ase A%)ase levels permit sodium to accumulate in the cell$ whereas potassium po tassium diffuses outward. %he increase of intracellular sodium increases osmotic pressure$ which draws more water into the cell. '%ransport mechanisms are described in hapter 1.( %he remaining o ptions do not accurately describe the cell in:ury that results in increased osmotic pressure caused by h ypo&ia. )%!" 1
*+," )age C
1. Which statement is true regarding true regarding the difference between subdural hematoma and epidural
hematoma? a. o difference e&ists$ and these terms may be correctly used interchangeably. interchangeably. b. A subdural hematoma occurs above the dura$ whereas an epidural hematoma occurs under the dura. c. A subdural hematoma is often the result of sha0en baby syndrome$ whereas an epidural hematoma rapidly forms as a result of a s0ull fracture. d. A subdural hematoma usually forms from bleeding within the s0ull$ such as an aneurysm eruption$ whereas an epidural hematoma occurs from trauma outside the s0ull$ such as a blunt force trauma. A!"
A subdural hematoma is a collection of blood between the inner surface of the dura mater and the surface of the brain$ resulting from the shearing o f small veins that bridge the subdural space. !ubdural hematomas can be the result of blows$ falls$ or sudden acceleration5 deceleration of the head$ which occurs in the shaken the shaken baby syndrome. syndrome. An epidural hematoma is a collection of blood between the inner surface of the s0ull and the dura and is almost always associated with a s0ull fracture. %he other options do not accurately describe the differences between the two hematomas. )%!" 1
*+," )age 8/ F %able /5=
1-. What physiologic change occurs during heat e&haustion? a. Hemoconcentration occurs because of the loss of salt and water. b. ramping of voluntary muscles occurs as a result of salt loss. c. %hermoregulation fails because of high core temperatures. d. !ubcutaneous layers are damaged because of high core temperatures. A!" A
Heat exhaustion occurs when sufficient salt and water loss results in hemoconcentration. %he other options do not accurately describe the physiologic changes that occur during heat e&haustion. )%!" 1
*+," )age 88
1=. Bn hypo&ic in:ury$ sodium enters the cell and causes swelling because" a. %he cell membrane permeability increases for sodium during periods of hypo&ia. b. A%) A%) is insufficient to maintain the pump that 0eeps sodium out ou t of the cell. c. %he lactic acid produced by the hypo&ia binds with sodium in the cell. d. !odium cannot be transported to the cell membrane during hypo&ia. A!" #
Bn hypo&ic in:ury$ movement of fluid and ions into the cell is associated with acute failure of metabolism and a loss of A%) production. ormally$ the presence of A%) and A%)ase$ the active5transport enyme$ maintains the pump that transports sodium ions out of the cell. Bn metabolic failure caused by hypo&ia$ reduced A% A%) and A%)ase A%)ase levels permit sodium to accumulate in the cell$ whereas potassium po tassium diffuses outward. %he other options do not accurately describe the cause of the swelling caused by hypo&ia. )%!" 1
*+," )age C
18. What is the most common site of lipid accumulation? a. oronary arteries c. iver b. 2idneys d. !ubcutaneous tissue A!"
Although lipids sometimes accumulate in heart and 0idney cells$ the most common site of intracellular lipid accumulation$ or fatty change is liver cells. !ubcutaneous tissue is not a common site of lipid accumulation. )%!" 1
*+," )ages C5C-
1C. What mechanisms occur in the liver cells as a result of lipid accumulation? a. Accumulation of lipids that obstruct the common bile duct$ preventing flow of bile
from the liver to the gallbladder b. Bncreased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids and decreased synthesis of apoproteins c. Bncreased binding of lipids with apoproteins to form lipoproteins d. Bncreased conversion of fatty acids to phospholipids A!" #
ipid accumulation in liver cells occurs after cellular in:ury sets the following mechanisms in motion" increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids 'increases in the enyme$ α5 glycerophosphatase$ which can accelerate triglyceride synthesis( and decreased synthesis of apoproteins 'lipid5acceptor proteins(. %he other options do not accurately describe this eve nt. )%!" 1
*+," )ages C5C-
1<. Hemoprotein accumulations are a result of the e&c essive storage of" a. Bron$ which is transferred from the cells to the bloodstream b. Hemoglobin$ which is transferred from the bloodstream to the cells c. Albumin$ which is transferred from the cells to the bloodstream d. Amino acids$ which are transferred from the cells to the bloodstream A!" A
+&cessive storage of iron$ which is transferred to the cells from the bloodstream$ causes hemoprotein accumulations in cells. Hemoglobin$ albumin$ or amino acids will not cause hemoprotein accumulations. )%!" 1
*+," )age C=
/>. Hemosiderosis is a condition that results in the e&cess of what substance being stored as
hemosiderin in cells of many organs and tissues? a. Hemoglobin c. Bron b. ,erritin d. %ransferrin A!"
Hemosiderosis is a condition that occurs only when e&cess iron is stored as hemosiderin in the cells of many organs and tissues. )%!" 1
*+," )age C=
/1. What is the cause of free calcium in the cytosol that damages cell membranes by b y uncontrolled
enyme activation? a. Activation of endonuclease interferes with the binding of calcium to protein. b. Activation of phospholipases$ to which calcium normally binds$ d egrades the proteins. c. An influ& of phosphate ions competes with calcium for binding to proteins. d. Depletion of A%) A%) normally pumps calcium from the cell. A!" D
Bf abnormal direct damage occurs to membranes or A%) A%) is depleted$ then calcium ca lcium increases in the cytosol. %he other options do not accurately accu rately describe the cause of free calcium ca lcium in cytosol to damage cell membranes. )%!" 1
*+," )ages -85-C F )age C8 F ,igure /5/
//. What two types of hearing loss are associated with no ise? a. Acoustic trauma and noise5induced c. High frequency and acoustic trauma b. High frequency and low frequency d. oise5induced and low frequency A!" A
%wo %wo types of hearing loss are associated with noise" '1( acou stic trauma or instantaneous damage caused by a single sharply rising wave of sound 'e.g.$ g unfire($ and '/( noise5induced hearing loss$ the more common type$ which is the result of prolonged e&posure to intense sound 'e.g.$ noise associated with the wor0place and leisure5time activities(. %he remaining options are not related to noise but rather to the amplitude of the sound. )%!" 1
*+," )age C9
/9. What type of necrosis results from ischemia of neurons and glial ce lls? a. oagulative c. aseous b. iquefactive d. ;angrene A!" #
iquefactive necrosis commonly results from ischemic in:ury to neurons and glial cells in the brain. %he other types of necrosis are not related to ischemic in:uries in:uries in the brain. )%!" 1
*+," )age <>
/. What type of necrosis is often associated with pulmonary tuberculosis? a. #acteriologic c. iquefactive b. aseous d. ;angrenous A!" #
aseous necrosis which commonly results from tuberculous pulmonary infection$ particularly Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis. %he other types of necrosis are not observed in pulmonary tuberculosis. )%!" 1
*+," )age <>
/-. What type of necrosis is associated with wet gangrene? a. oagulative c. aseous b. iquefactive d. ;angrene A!" #
Wet gangrene develops only when neutrophils invade the site$ causing liquefactive necrosis. )%!" 1
*+," )age <1
/=. urrent research supports the believe that$ after heart muscle in:ury$ the damage" a. *emains indefinitely because cardiac cells do not reproduce. b. Bs repaired by newly matured cardiomyocytes. c. ;radually decreases in sie as mitotic cell division occurs. d. Bs replaced by hypertrophy of remaining cells. A!" #
%he recent discovery that cardiac stem cells e&ist in the heart and differentiate into various cardiac cell lineages has profoundly changed the understanding of myocardial biology@ it is now believed that bone marrow7derived cardiac stem cells or progenitor cells that have the ability to mature into cardiomyocytes may populate the heart after in:ury. %he %he other options do not accurately describe the process that is be lieved to occur to address cardiac muscle damage. )%!" 1
*+," )age -/ F WhatGs ew bo&
/8. After ovulation$ the uterine endometrial cells divide under the influence of estrogen. %his
process is an e&le of hormonal" a. Hyperplasia b. Dysplasia
c. Hypertrophy d. Anaplasia
A!" A
Hormonal hyperplasia chiefly occurs in estrogen5dependent organs$ such as the uterus and breast. After After ovulation$ for e&le$ estrogen stimulates the endometrium to grow and thic0en for reception of the fertilied ovum. %he other options do not accurately describe the process identified in the question. )%!" 1
*+," )ages -15-9
/C. %he abnormal proliferation of cells in response to e&cessive h ormonal stimulation is called" a. Dysplasia c. Hyperplasia b. )athologic dysplasia d. )athologic hyperplasia A!" D
)athologic hyperplasia is the abnormal proliferation of normal cells and can occur as a response to e&cessive hormonal stimulation or the effects of growth factors on target cells 'see ,igure /5(. %he other options do not accurately accu rately identify the term for the results of e&cessive hormonal stimulation on cells. )%!" 1
*+," )age -9
/<. *emoval of part of the liver leads to the remaining liver cells undergoing compensatory" a. Atrophy c. Hyperplasia b. Metaplasia d. Dysplasia A!"
ompensatory hyperplasia is an adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate. ,or e&le$ the removal of part part of the liver leads to hyperplasia of the remaining liver cells liver cells 'hepatocytes( to compensate for the loss. %he other options do not accurately identify the compensatory process described in the question. )%!" 1
*+," )ages -/5-9
9>. What is the single most common cause of cellular in:ury? a. Hypo&ic in:ury c. Bnfectious in:ury b. hemical in:ury d. ;enetic in:ury A!" A
Hypo&ia$ or lac0 of sufficient o&ygen$ is the single most common cause of cellular in:ury 'see ,igure /5C(. %he other options are not a commonly observed as is the correct option.
)%!" 1
*+," )age -=
91. During cell in:ury caused by hypo&ia$ sodium and water move into the cell because" a. )otassium moves out of the cell$ and potassium and sodium are inversely related. b. %he pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a
decrease in A%) levels. c. %he osmotic pressure is increased$ which pulls additional sodium across the cell membrane. d. 3&ygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside of the cell. A!" #
A reduction in A%) A%) levels causes the plasma membrane4s sodium5potassium 'a6 72 6( pump and sodium5calcium e&change to fail$ which leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of the ce ll. '%he a6 72 6 pump is discussed in hapter 1.( )%!" 1
*+," )age -8
9/. Bn decompression sic0ness$ emboli are formed by bubbles o f" a. 3&ygen c. arbon mono&ide b. itrogen d. Hydrogen A!" #
Bf water pressure is too rapidly reduced$ the gases d issolved in blood bubble out of the solution$ forming emboli. 3&ygen is quic0ly redissolved$ but nitrogen bu bbles may persist and obstruct blood vessels. Bschemia$ resulting from gas emboli$ causes cellular hypo&ia$ particularly in the muscles$ :oints$ and tendons$ which are especially susceptible to changes in o&ygen supply. %he remaining options are not involved in the formation of deco mpression sic0ness emboli. )%!" 1
*+," )age 88
99. Which is an effect of ioniing radiation e&posure? a. *espiratory distress c. DA aberrations b. !un intolerance d. Death A!"
%he effects of ioniing radiation may be acute or delayed. Acute effects of high doses$ such as s0in redness$ s0in damage$ or chromosomal aberrations$ occur within hours$ days$ or months. %he delayed effects of low doses may not be evident for years. %he other options are n ot commonly considered effects of radiation e&posure. )%!" 1
*+," )ages 8C58<
9. What is an e&le of compensatory hyperplasia? a. Hepatic cells increase cell division after part of the liver is e&cised. b. !0eletal muscle cells atrophy as a result of paralysis. c. %he heart muscle enlarges as a result of hypertension. d. %he sie of the uterus increases during pregnancy. A!" A
ompensatory hyperplasia is an adaptive mechanism that en ables certain organs to regenerate. ,or e&le$ the removal of part of the liver leads to hyperplasia of the remaining liver cells 'hepatocytes( to compensate for the loss. %he other options do not accurately describe the term compensatory hyperplasia. )%!" 1
*+," )ages -/5-9
9-. Bt is true that true that nondividing cells are" a. ,ound in gastrointestinal lining b. Affected by hyperplasia
c. Bncapable of synthesiing DA d. Affected by only hypertrophy
A!" A
;astrointestinal lining is made up of rapidly dividing cells. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy ta0e place if the cells are capable of synthesiing DA@ however$ only hypertrophy hypertrophy occurs in nondividing cells. cells. )%!" 1
*+," )ages -15-9
9=. Dysplasia refers to a'n(" a. Abnormal increase in the number of a specific cell type b. %rue adaptive process at the cellular level c. Modification in the shape of a specific cell type d. ac0 of o&ygen at the cellular level A!"
Dysplasia refers only to abnormal changes in the sie$ shape$ and organiation of mature cells. )%!" 1
*+," )ages -95-
98. urrent research has determined that chemical5induced cellular in:ury" a. Affects the permeability of the plasma membrane. b. Bs often the result of the damage caused by reactive free radicals. c. Bs rarely influenced by lipid pero&idation. d. !eldom involves the cell4s organelles. A!" #
ot all the mechanisms causing chemical5induced membrane destruction are 0nown@ however$ the only two general mechanisms currently accepted include" '1( direct to&icity by combining with a molecular component of the cell membrane or organelles$ and '/( reactive free radicals and lipid pero&idation. )%!" 1
*+," )ages =/5=9
MULTIPLE !E"PO#"E
9C. Which organs are affected by lead consumption? (Select all that apply.) app ly.) a. #ones b. Muscles c. )ancreas d. erves e. +yes
A!" A$ D
%he only organ systems provided as options that are primarily affected by lead include the nervous system$ bones$ 0idneys$ teeth$ cardiovascular$ and reproductive and immune systems. )%!" 1
*+," )age ==
9<. What effect does fetal alcohol syndrome have on newborns? (Select all that apply.) a. ,ailure of alveoli to open b. ognitive impairment c. Bncompetent semilunar values d. +sophageal stricture e. ,acial anomalies A!" #$ +
,etal alcohol syndrome ',A!( ',A!( can lead to growth restriction$ cognitive impairment$ facial anomalies$ and ocular disturbances. %he other options do not accurately describe the effects of ,A!. )%!" 1
*+," )age =<
>. What organs are affected by the type of necrosis that results from either severe ischemia or
chemical in:ury? (Select all that apply.) a. ungs b. #rain c. 2idneys d. Muscles e. Heart A!" $ +
oagulative necrosis$ which occurs primarily in the 0idneys$ heart$ and adrenal glands$ is a common result of hypo&ia from severe ischemia or h ypo&ia caused by chemical in:ury$ especially the ingestion of mercuric chloride. %he other options do not accurately identify organs affected by necrosis resulting from ischemia or chemical in:ury. )%!" 1
*+," )age <>
1. Bt is true that true that melanin is" 'Select 'Select all that apply.) ap ply.) a. *arely found in epithelial cells b. ,ound in cells called keratinocytes$ keratinocytes$ which are present in the retina c. A factor in the prevention of certain types of cancer d. Most influential in managing the effects of short5term sunlight e&posure e. Accumulated in specific cells found in the s0in A!" #$ $ $ +
Melanin accumulates in epithelial cells '0eratinocytes( of the s0in and retina and is an e&tremely important pigment because it protects the s0in against long e&posure to sunlight and is considered an essential factor in the prevention o f s0in cancer. )%!" 1
*+," )ages C-5C=
/. +&les of adaptive cellular responses include" 'Select 'Select all that apply. a pply.)) a. Atrophy
b. c. d. e.
Dysplasia Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Metaplasia
A!" A!" A$ $ $ D$ D$ +
Atrophy$ hypertrophy$ hypertrophy$ hyperplasia$ and metaplasia are considered to be adaptive cellular responses. )%!" 1
*+," )age ->
9. #lunt force in:uries would include a" (Select all that apply.) app ly.) a. #ruise to the upper arm$ resulting from a fall b. !imple tibia fracture sustained in a s0iing accident c. ut on the finger while slicing vegetables for a salad d. !pleen laceration caused by a punch during a physical fight e. !mall caliber gunshot wound to the foot while target shooting A!" A$ #$ #$ D
#lunt force in:uries are the result of tearing$ shearing$ or crushing t ypes of in:uries$ resulting in bruises$ fractures$ and lacerations caused by blows or impacts. !harp force in:uries include cuts. ;unshot wounds require the penetration of the s0in and muscle by a bullet. )%!" 1
*+," )age 8/ F %able /5=
. Which statements are true regarding true regarding the effects of mari:uana use? (Select all that apply.) a. !mo0ing the drug results in greater absorption that eating it. b. Heavy use can result in psychomotor ps ychomotor impairments. c. !mo0ing four :ointsI a day equals smo0ing appro&imately /> cigarettes. d. *esearch does not support mari:uana use as a factor in developing lung cancer. e. ,etal development appears to be unharmed by mari:uana use. A!" A$ #$ #$
With mari:uana smo0ing$ appro&imately ->J of the potent agents are absorbed through the lungs@ when mari:uana is ingested$ however$ only 1>J is absorbed. With heavy mari:uana use$ the following adverse effects have been reported" '1( alterations of sensory percep tions$ cognitive and psychomotor impairment 'e.g.$ inability to :udge time$ speed$ distance(@ '/( smo0ing three or four :oints per day is similar to smo0ing /> cigarettes per day$ in relation to the frequency of chronic bronchitis bronch itis and may contribute to lung cancer@ '9( data from animal studies only$ indicate reproductive changes that include reduced fertility$ decreased sperm motility$ motility$ and decreased circulatory testosterone@ '( fetal abnormalities including low birth weight and increased frequency of childhood leu0emia@ '-( increased frequency of infectious illness$ which is thought to be the result of depressed cell5mediated and humoral immunity. )%!" 1
*+," )age 8> F %able /5-
