Chapter 8: Adaptive Immunity MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which primary characteristic is unique for the immune response? a. The immune response is similar each time it is activated. b. The immune response is specific to the antigen that initiates it. c. The response to a specific pathogen is short term. d. The response is innate, rather than acquired. acqu ired. ANS !
"nli#e inflammation, $hich is nonspecifically activated by cellular damage and pathogenic microorganisms, the immune response is primarily designed to afford long%term specific protection &i.e., immunity' against particular invading microorganisms( microorganisms( that is, it has a memory function. memory function. The other options are not unique u nique characteristics of the immune response. )TS 1
*+ )age --
-. /n $hich structure does ! lymphocytes mature and undergo changes that commit them to
becoming ! cells? a. Thymus gland b. *egional lymph nodes
c. !one marro$ d. Spleen
ANS 0
! lymphocytes mature and become ! cells in specialied &primary' lymphoid organs2the thymus gland for T cells and the bone marro$ for ! cells. Neither regional lymph nodes nor the spleen are involved in changing ! lymphocytes into ! cells. )TS 1
*+ )age --
3. What is the term for the process during $hich lymphoid stem cells migrate and change into
either immunocompetent T cells or immunocompetent ! cells? a. 0lonal diversity c. 0lonal selection b. 0lonal differentiation d. 0lonal competence ANS A
The process is called the generation the generation of clonal diversity and occurs in specialied &primary' lymphoid organs2the thymus gland for T cells and the bone marro$ for ! cells. The other options do not accurately identify the process described in the question. )TS 1
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4. Which type of immunity is produced by b y an individual after either natural e5posure to the
antigen or after immuniation against the antigen? a. )assive%acquired immunity c. )assive%innate immunity b. Active%acquired immunity d. Active%innate immunity ANS !
An individual produces active%acquired immunity &active immunity' after natural e5posure to an antigen or after immuniation, $hereas passive%acquired immunity &passive immunity' does not involve the host6s immune response at all. The innate immune system, also #no$n as nonspecific immune system and the first line of defense, is co mposed of the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection b y other organisms in a nonspecific manner, $hich means that the cells of the innate system recognie and respond to pathogens p athogens in a generic $ay. )TS 1
*+ )age --7
. What type of immunity is produced $hen an immunoglobulin crosses the placenta? a. )assive%acquired immunity c. )assive%innate immunity b. Active%acquired immunity d. Active%innate immunity ANS A
)assive%acquired immunity &passive immunity' does no t involve the host6s immune response at all. *ather, passive immunity occurs $hen preformed antibodies or T or T lymphocytes are transferred from a donor to the recipient. This transfer can occur naturally, as in the passage of maternal antibodies across the placenta to the fetus, or artificially, artificially, as in a clinic using immunotherapy for a specific disease. The remaining options do not produce immunity via immunoglobulin transfer across the placenta. )TS 1
*+ )age --7
8. The portion of the antigen that is configured for recognition and binding is referred to as $hat
type of determinant? a. /mmunotope b. )aratope
c. +pitope d. Antigenitope
ANS 0
The precise portion of the antigen that is configured for recognition and binding is called its antigenic determinant or or epitope. epitope. The other options are not used to identify this portion of the antigen. )TS 1
*+ )age --9
7. Which characteristic is the most important determinant of immunogenicity $hen considering
the antigen? a. Sie b. oreignness
c. 0omple5ity d. :uantity
ANS !
oremost among the criteria for immunogenicity is the antigen6s foreignness. A self%antigen that fulfills all of these criteria except foreignness does not normally elicit an immune response. Thus most individuals are tolerant of their o$n antigens. The immune system has an e5quisite ability to distinguish self &self%antigens' from nonself &foreign antigens'. The other options are considered $hen determining immunogenicity. )TS 1
*+ )age --;
immunity, $hy are different routes of 9. When antigens are administered to produce immunity, administration considered?
a.
+ach route preferentially stimulates a different set of lymphocyte%containing &lymphoid' tissues and therefore results in the induction of different types of cell%mediated or humoral immune responses. The other options do not accurately e5plain the use of different routes $hen administering antigens to produce immunity. )TS 1
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;. The functions of the ma=or histocompatibility comple5 &>0' and 0<1 molecules are ali#e
because both a. Are antigen%presenting molecules. b. !ind antigens to antibodies. c. Secrete interleu#ins during the immune process. d. Are capable of activating cytoto5ic T lymphocytes. ANS A
>0 and 0<1 molecules are both antigen presenting molecules &A)0s'. The other options do not accurately describe the common function of these cells. )TS 1
*+ )age -33 @ )age -3
1. Where are antibodies produced? a. elper T lymphocytes b. Thymus gland
c. )lasma cells d. !one marro$
ANS 0
An antibody or immunoglobulin is a serum glycoprotein produced only by plasma cells in response to a challenge by an immunogen. )TS 1
*+ )age --;
11. Which immunoglobulin is present in blood, saliva, breast mil#, and respiratory secretions? a. /gA c. /gB b. /g+ d. /g> ANS A
/gA can be divided into t$o subclasses, /gA1 and /gA-. /gA1 molecules are predominantly found in the blood, $hereas /gA- is the predominant class of antibody found in normal body secretions. The other options are not found in the substances identified in the question. )TS 1
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1-. Which antibody initially indicates a typical primary immune response?
a. /gB b. /g>
c. /gA d. /g+
ANS !
Typically, Typically, /g> is produced first &primary immune response', follo$ed by /gB against the same antigen. The other options are not involved. )TS 1
*+ )age -47
13. An individual is more susceptible to infections of mucous membranes $hen he or she has a
seriously lo$ level of $hich immunoglobulin antibody? a. /gB c. /gA b. /g> d. /g+ ANS 0
The /gA molecules found in bodily secretions are dimers anchored together through a J%chain and secretory piece. This secretory piece is attached to the /gA antibodies inside the mucosal epithelial cells and may function to protect these immunoglobulin antibodies against degradation by enymes also found in the secretions, thus decreasing the ris# of infections in the mucous membrane. The other options do not accurately identify the immunoglobulin antibody involved in mucous membrane infections. )TS 1
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14. The !%cell receptor &!0*' comple5 functions uniquely b y a. 0ommunicating information about the antigen to the helper T cell b. Secreting chemical signals to communicate bet$een cells c. *ecogniing the antigen on the surface of the ! lymphocyte d. 0ommunicating information about the antigen to the cell nucleus ANS <
The role of the !0* is to recognie recog nie the antigen( ho$ever, unli#e circulating antibodies, the receptor must communicate that information to the cell6s nucleus. The other options are not unique to the function of the !0* comple5. )TS 1
*+ )age -3-
1. The generation of clonal diversity occurs primarily during $hich phase of life? a. etal c. /nfancy b. Neonatal d. )uberty ANS A
Beneration of clonal diversity primarily occurs in the fetus and probably continues to a lo$ degree throughout most of adult life. )TS 1
*+ )ages -38%-37
18. The generation of clonal diversity includes a process that a. /nvolves antigens that select those lymphocytes $ith compatible receptors. b. Allo$s the differentiation of cells into antibod y%secreting plasma cells or mature T
cells. c. Ta#es Ta#es place in the primary ¢ral' lymphoid organs.
d. 0auses antigens to e5pand and diversify their populations. ANS 0
This process occurs in central lymphoid organs2the thymus gland for T cells and bone marro$ for ! cells. The other options do not a ccurately describe the processes included in clonal diversity. diversity. )TS 1
*+ )ages -38%-37
17. Which statement is true concerning true concerning clonal selection? a. 0lonal selection is driven by hormones and does not require foreign antigens. b. This theory involves antigens that select those lymphocytes $ith compatible
receptors. c. 0lonal selection ta#es place in the primary ¢ral' lymphoid organs. d. This process generates immature but immunocompetent T and ! cells $ith receptors. ANS !
0lonal selection, a process during $hich antigens select those lymphocytes $ith compatible receptors, e5pands their population and causes differentiation into antibody%secreting plasma cells or mature T cells &see Table 9%8'. The other statements are not true regarding clonal selection. )TS 1
*+ )age -38
19. Which is an e5ample of an endogenous antigen? a. Ceast c. !acteria b. 0ancer cells d. ungus ANS !
Df the options provided, endogenous antigens include only those uniquely produced by cancerous cells. )TS 1
*+ )age -44
1;. Which cyto#ine is needed for the maturation of a functional helper T cell? a. /E%1 c. /E%4 b. /E%d. /E%1ANS !
Df the options provided, /E%- production is critical for the Th ce ll to mature efficiently into a functional helper cell. )TS 1
*+ )age -4
-. Th- cells produce /E%4 and suppress $hich cells? a. ! lymphocytes c. Th1 cells b. 0ytoto5ic T lymphocytes d. >emory T lymphocytes ANS 0
Th- cells produce /E%4, $hich suppresses only Th1 an d Th17 cells through their /E%4 receptors.
)TS 1
*+ )ages -48%-47
-1. Which statement is believed to be true concerning true concerning Th1 cells? a. Th1 cells are induced by antigens derived from allergens. b. They are induced by antigens derived from cancer cells. c. Th1 cells produce /E%4, /E%, /E%8, and /E%13. d. They assist in the development of humoral immunity. ANS !
Antigens derived from viral or bacterial pathogens and those derived from cancer cells are hypothesied to induce a greater number of Th1 cells relative to Th- cells. The other statements are not true regarding Th1 cells. )TS 1
*+ )ages -48%-47
--. Which statement is believed to be true concerning true concerning Th- cells? a. Th- cells are induced by antigens derived from allergens. b. They are induced by antigens derived from cancer cells. c. Th- cells cells produce produce /E%-, /E%-, TN%F, TN%F, and /N% /N% . d. They assist in the development of cell%mediated immunity. ANS A
Antigens derived from multicellular parasites and allergens are hypothesied to be involved in the production of more Th- cells. The other statements are not true regarding Th- cells. )TS 1
*+ )ages -48%-47
-3. When a person is e5posed to most antigens, antibodies can be usually detected in his or her
circulation $ithin a. 1- hours b. -4 hours
c. 3 days d. 8 days
ANS <
After only appro5imately to 7 da ys is an /g> antibody specific for that antigen detected in the circulation. )TS 1
*+ )age -47
-4. Gaccinations Gaccinations are able to provide protection against certain microorganisms because of the a. Strong response from /g> c. >emory cells for /g+ b. Eevel of protection provided by /gB d. *apid response from /gA ANS !
/gB production is considerably increased, ma#ing it the predominant antibody class of the secondary response. /gB is often present in conce ntrations several times larger than those of /g>, and levels of circulating /gB specific for that antigen may remain elevated for an e5tended period. The other options are not relevant to ho$ vaccinations protect aga inst certain microorganisms. )TS 1
*+ )age -47
-. Why is the herpes virus inaccessible to antibodies after the initial infection?
a. b. c. d.
The virus does not circulate in the blood. /t does not have antibody receptors. /t resists agglutination. The virus is a soluble antigen.
ANS A
>any viruses &e.g., measles, herpes' are inaccessible to antibodies after the initial infection only because these viruses do not n ot circulate in the bloodstream( rather, they remain inside infected cells, spreading by direct cell%to%cell contact. )TS 1
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-8. /ncreased age may cause $hich change in lymphocyte function? a. /ncreased production of antibodies against self%antigens b.
!%cell function is altered $ith age as sho$n b y decreases in specific antibody production in response to antigenic challenge, $ith concomitant increases in circulating immune comple5es and in circulating autoantibodies &antibodies against self%antigens'. Aging does not play a role in either decreasing T cells circulation or increasing helper T cells production. )TS 1
*+ )ages -7%-9
-7. o$ do antibodies protect the host from bacterial to5ins? a. Eysing Eysing the cell membrane of the to5ins b. !inding to the to5ins to neutralie their biologic effects c. /nhibiting the synthesis of
To cause disease, most to5ins must bind to surface molecules on the individual6s cells. )rotective antibodies can bind to the to5ins, prevent their interaction $ith cells, and neutralie their biologic effects. The other options fail to e5plain ho$ antibodies protect the host from bacterial to5ins. )TS 1
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-9. Which T cell controls or limits the immune response to protect the host6s o$n tissues against
an autoimmune response? a. 0ytoto5ic T cells b. Th1 cells
c. Th- cells d. *egulatory T &Treg' cells
ANS <
The regulatory T &Treg' cell is the only option $hose role is to control or limit the immune response to protect the host6s o$n tissues against autoimmune reactions. )TS 1
*+ )age -7
-;. +valuation of umbilical cord blood can confirm that $hich immunoglobulin level is near adult
levels? a. /gA b. /gB
c. /g> d. /g+
ANS !
At birth, the total /gB level in the umbilical cord is the only immunoglobulin that is near adult levels &see igure 9%3'. )TS 1
*+ )age -7
3. Which statement is true is true concerning concerning the /g>? a. /g> is the first antibody produced during the initial response to an antigen. b. /g> mediates many common allergic responses. c. /g> is the most abundant class of immunoglobulins. d. /g> is capable of crossing the human placenta. ANS A
Typically, Typically, /g> is produced first &primary immune response', follo$ed by /gB against the same antigen. The other options are not true statements regarding /g>. )TS 1
*+ )age -47
31. Which cell has the ability to recognie antigens presented by the >0 class / molecules? a. T cytoto5ic c. 0< 9 b. 0< 4 d. T helper ANS 0
0<9 cells recognie antigens presented by the ma=or histocompatibility comple5 &>0' class / molecules and become mediators of cell%mediated ce ll%mediated immunity and directly #ill other cells &T% cytoto5ic cells'. 0<4 cells tend to recognie antigen presented by >0 class // molecules and develop into helpers in the later clonal selection process &T%helper &T%helper cells' )TS 1
*+ )age -4
3-. Which cell has a role in developing deve loping cell%mediated immunity? a. Th1 c. 0<9 b. 0<4 d. ThANS A
Dnly Th1 cells help develop cellular immunity. )TS 1
*+ )ages -4%-48
33. o$ does the aging process of the T%cell T%cell activity affect older adults? a. )oor heat regulation abilities b. /ncreased ris# for bone fractures c. Tendency Tendency to develop de velop various infections d. Ei#elihood of e5periencing benign s#in lesions ANS 0
T%cell T%cell activity is deficient in older adults, and a shift in the balance of T%cell T%cell subsets is observed. These changes may result in increased susceptibility to infection. The other issues are not related to T%cell activity. )TS 1
*+ )ages -7%-9
34. Which statement is true regarding true regarding maternal antibodies provided to the neonate? a. The antibodies enter into the fetal circulation b y means of active transport. b. The antibodies are transferred to the fetus via the lymphatic system. c. The antibodies are directly related to the mother6s nutritional inta#e. d. The antibodies reach protective levels after appro5imately 8 months of age. ANS A
To protect protect the child against infectious agents both in utero and during the first fe$ postnatal months, a system of active transport facilitates the passage of maternal antibodies into the fetal circulation. The antibodies are transmitted via the placenta and are related to the mother6s immune system. The infant6s o$n /gB%related antibodies reach protective levels by 8 months of age. )TS 1
*+ )age -7
3. Antibodies that are associated $ith mucosal immune system, such as immunoglobulins,
function to prevent $hich type of infections? a. /nfections that attac# the respiratory system b. /nfections that tend to be chronic in nature c. /nfections li#ely to be resistant to antibiotics d. /nfections that focus on epithelial surfaces of the bod y ANS <
Antibodies of the systemic immune system function throughout the body, $hereas antibodies of the secretory &mucosal' immune system2primarily immunoglobulins of the /gA class2are associated $ith bodily secretions and function to prevent pathogenic infection on epithelial surfaces. The other options are not necessarily true $hen con sidering the immunoglobulins. )TS 1
*+ )ages --%-3
38. 0yto#ines are vital to a cell6s ability to do $hich function? a. +5crete c. >etabolie b. *eproduce d. 0ommunicate ANS <
*+ )ages -3%-38
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
37. Which is an e5ample of a bacterial to5in that has been inactivated but bu t still retains its
immunogenicity to protect the person? (Select person? (Select all that apply.) a. )oliomyelitis
b. c. d. e.
>easles Tetanus Bonorrhea
ANS 0, +
The symptoms of tetanus or diphtheria are mediated by specific to5ins. To prevent harming the recipient of the immuniation, bacterial to5ins are ch emically inactivated so that they have lost most of their harmful properties but still retain their immunogenicity. These agents are referred to as toxoids. toxoids. Tetanus Tetanus or diphtheria are the only e5amples e5 amples of such inactivated to5ins. )TS 1
*+ )age --
39. Which statements are true concerning true concerning the humoral immune response? (Select all that apply.) app ly.) a. The humoral immune response is divided into ma=or and minor phases. b. The response has /gB and /g> produced p roduced during each of its phrases. c. /t has a greater presence of /gB than /g> in one of its phases. d. The humoral immune response is produced in reaction to the presence of an
antigen. e. )hases differ in their response time as a result of the effect of memory cells. ANS ANS !, 0, 0, <, <, +
The humoral immune response is divided into t$o phases, primary and secondary. These phases differ in the relative amounts of /gB /gB produced2the secondary response having a significantly higher proportion of /gB relative to /g>. The t$o phases also differ in the speed $ith $hich each occurs after the antigen an tigen challenge2the secondary phases is significantly more rapid than the primary phase because b ecause of the presence of memory cells in the secondary phase. )TS 1
*+ )age -47
3;. 0<4 is a characteristic surface mar#er and a result of $hich of the follo$ing? (Select all that
apply.) a. Activity in the primary lymphoid organs b. )rocess of cellular differentiation c. Alterations to T cells d. 0hanges to ! cells e. 0lonal selection ANS ANS A, !, !, 0, 0, <
*+ )ages -38%-41 @ )age -9
4. What are the necessary components of an adaptive immune response? (Select all that apply.) ap ply.) a. Antigen b. Bamma /gB c. Eymphocyte Eymphocyte surface receptors
d. 0rystalline fragment e. Antibody ANS A, 0, 0, +
Antigens are the molecules that can react $ith components of the adaptive immune system, including antibodies and lymphocyte surface receptors. )TS 1
*+ )age --9
MATCHING
Match each immunoglobulin with its characteristic or function. Each immunoglobulin can be used only once. HHHHHH A. /gA HHHHHH !. /g+ HHHHHH 0. /gB 41. 0rosses the placenta. 4-. /s predominantly found in the blood and body secretions. 43. >ediates many common allergic responses 41. ANS 0 )TS 1 *+ )age --; >S0 As a result of selective transport transport across the the placenta, maternal maternal /gB is the ma=or class of antibody found in the blood of the fetus and ne$born. 4-. ANS A )TS 1 *+ )age --; >S0 /gA can be divided divided into t$o subclasses, /gA1 /gA1 and /gA-. /gA1 /gA1 molecules are found predominantly in the the blood, $hereas /gA- is the the predominant class of antibody found in normal normal body secretions. 43. ANS ! )TS 1 *+ )age -3 >S0 /g+ is the least concentrated of any of the the immunoglobulin immunoglobulin classes in the circulation. circulation. /t appears to have very specialied functions as a mediator of many common allergic responses and in the defense against parasitic infections.
