INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
E.A.P.: Administración CICLO: VI
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
DEDICATORIA ..........................................................................................................................................
3
INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................................................... 4 PRESENTACION ............................................................................................................................................ 5
CAPITULO I ...............................................................................................................................................
6
.......................................... ............................ ............................. ............................ ................. .... 6 LA INDUSTRIALIZACION Y SU EVOLUCION............................ ........................................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. ...................... ........ 6 1.1. INTRODUCCION .......................... ........................................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. ................ 6 1.2. CARACTERISTICAS .......................... 1.3. ELEMENTOS BÁSICOS DE LA INDUSTRIA´ ............................ .......................................... ............................ ........................... ............. 7 1.4. MODELOS DE INDUSTRIALIZACIÓN .......................... ......................................... ............................. ............................ ......................... ........... 10 ......................................... ............................. ............................ ............................ ......................... ........... 11 1.5. LA INDUSTRIA EN EL EL PERU .......................... 1.6. PRINCIPAL TEORIA SOBRE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL PERU ....................... ....................... 2 3
CAPITULO II ............................................................................................................................................
27
........................................ ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ .................. .... 27 CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL .......................... 2.1. ORIGEN DEL PROBLEMA ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ................ .. 27 2.2. INTRODUCCION: ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................ .................. .... 29 ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ .............. 29 2.3. DEFINICION ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ .............. 30 2.4. CAUSAS DEL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL ........................... 2.5. PRINCIPALES ELEMENTOS QUE PROPAGAN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL .. 33 2.6. CONSECUENCIAS DEL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL ............................ ........................................... ....................... ........ 43
CAPITULO III ...........................................................................................................................................
49
EL PERU Y EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................. ............................ ............... .. 49 ......................................... ............................ ............................ .................. .... 52 3.1. EL MINISTERIO DEL MABIENTE - PERU ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................. ....................... ........ 69 3.2. EL CAMBIO CLIMATICO EN EL PERU ........................... CAPITULO IV ..........................................................................................................................................
73
.......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................ ............... .. 73 EL EFECTO INVERNADERO............................ 4.1. DEFINICION ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ .............. 73 4.2. LOS GASES DE EFECTO INVERNADERO (GEI) ............................ .......................................... ............................ .................. .... 74 4.3. EFECTOS ............................ ........................................... ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................ ................ .. 76 ................................ .... 77 4.4. FUENTES DE EMISIÓN Y GASES DE EFECTO INVERNADERO ............................ 4.5. ALGUNAS SUGERENCIAS DEL DÍA A DÍA PARA LIMITAR LAS EMISIONES DE ......................................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ....................... ......... 79 GASES DE EFECTO INVERNADERO. ........................... 4.6. RESPUESTA INTERNACIONAL AL PROBLEMA DEL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO. ......... 79
CAPITULO V ...........................................................................................................................................
84
.......................................... ....................... ........ 84 PREVENCIONES PARA EVITAR EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL ........................... 5.1. ELEMENTOS ESENCIALES PARA EVITAR EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL ......... 84 5.2. ¿Podemos hacer algo para reducir la emisión de gases de invernadero y las consecuencias del calentamiento global? ........................... ......................................... ............................ ............................. ............................ ............. 88 .......................................... ............................ ............................. ............................ ............... .. 89 5.3. CINCO ACCIONES Y DIEZ IDEAS ............................
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
DEDICATORIA El presente trabajo monográfico se lo dedico en especial a Dios por darme la vida y la oportunidad de escalar un paso más hacia delante. Dedico este trabajo a todas aquellas personas que de una u otra forma me han brindado su apoyo; en especial a: mis padres siempre les agradeceré todo el apoyo
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
INTRODUCCIÓN
Durante los últimos decenios hemos aprendido que no es posible continuar ignorando el creciente impacto de las actividades humanas sobre el ambiente biofísico del cual somos parte. Hemos tomado conciencia de los peligros que encierra la explotación indiscriminada de los recursos naturales (pesquerías, bosques, suelos, ríos, minerales, hidrocarburos), y del riesgo que corremos al sobrecargar la capacidad de la tierra para absorber desperdicios (contaminación del aire y del agua, lluvia ácida, desechos sólidos, desperdicios tóxicos). Como resultado, las consideraciones ambientales han pasado a ocupar un lugar prominente en las estrategias y políticas de desarrollo en prácticamente todos los países del mundo. La preocupación contemporánea acerca de la sustentabilidad ambiental se remonta a las advertencias que se hicieron a partir de los años sesenta sobre el impacto negativo de los patrones de crecimiento económico de los países industrializados. Estas preocupaciones se extrapolaron luego a los países en desarrollo, vinculándolas especialmente a los efectos del rápido crecimiento demográfico. Sabemos que los problemas de sustentabilidad ambiental y de utilización de recursos están estrechamente vinculados con el crecimiento de la población y con la pobreza en los países en vías de desarrollo, y también a los hábitos de consumo excesivo y el despilfarro de recursos y energía en los países ricos Actualmente, existe un fuerte consenso científico sobre que el clima global se verá alterado significativamente; la temperatura de nuestro planeta es perfecta para la vida. Ni demasiada fría, ni demasiada caliente; Gracias a estas condiciones, la vida se extiende por todos sitios. En el siglo XXI, como resultado del aumento de concentraciones de gases invernadero tales como el dióxido de carbono, metano, óxidos nitrosos y clorofluorocarbonos, está en peligro a causa de la contaminación de la atmósfera, que provoca que los gases retengan mucho calor cerca de la superficie.El aumento del nivel del mar y otros cambios en el medio ambiente representan una amenaza para todos los
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
PRESENTACION
En este trabajo estaremos presentando un fenómeno que ha ido evolucionando a través de las décadas y que consideramos de gran importancia. Este abarcara como el surgimiento de la industrialización ha acarreado consigo tanta destrucción y contaminación, como esta pudo ser ignorada por. Hoy en día la implementación de medidas medio ambientales para cuidar los procesos industriales y sus consecuencias son vistas por las empresas como ventajas competitivas pero aun así los estragos que ha estado causando seguirán sintiéndose en el futuro. La investigación sobre las condiciones del efecto invernadero de la atmósfera y las incidencias que ha tenido sobre el cambio climático que ha experimentado la tierra en los últimos 40 años determina de manera inequívoca la responsabilidad del hombre ante esta problemática y señala el posible futuro de la humanidad en un escenario neutral. El hombre ante la encrucijada que le presenta una realidad sumamente inconveniente se adentra en un proceso de negación y dubitación inviable para la resolución satisfactoria de la problemática. Decidir entre costes marginales más altos y entre el equilibrio natural de toda la tierra se ha convertido en esa elección incoherente que solo da muestras del poco criterio ético de los hombres que gobiernan al mundo y de los mercados que representan. La industrialización derivada de las Revoluciones Industriales de los siglos XIX y XX conllevó a la confección de tecnologías verdaderamente nocivas para el medio ambiente y las capas que comprenden la biosfera. El crecimiento demográfico ha jugado un papel preponderante en e n toda esta e sta situación, pues ha forzado al a l hombre a extraer cada vez más recursos de la tierra en perjurio de su estabilidad natural histórica. Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático.
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
CAPITULO I LA INDUSTRIALIZACION Y SU EVOLUCION 1.1.
INTRODUCCION
La industria en tanto en nuestro país como en el mundo ha pasado por una serie de etapas como consecuencia de los diferentes avances tecnológicos suscitados como la Revolución Industrial, la invención de nuevas tecnologías y herramientas para el trabajo. En nuestro país, la industria ha evolucionado paralelamente a los avances que se fueron dando a nivel mundial. La situación de protección a la industria y las exigencias de informe tecnológico puestas por el gobierno para aprobar las reinversiones, crearon un ambiente en el que se podía experimentar con la tecnología industrial sin correr grandes riesgos. Esto ha resultado en una cierta preparación, para evaluar, a nivel de empresa, las condiciones tecnológicas requeridas para la competencia internacional. En general, sin embargo, el cambio técnico se ha orientado a adoptar la tecnología a las características de la materia prima nacional, a satisfacer especificaciones estrictas a clientes ya a lograr que las instalaciones almacenen niveles de rendimiento cercanos a los específicos para otras escalas de producción, tipo de materias primas, etc. 1.2.
CARACTERISTICAS
Cuando la elaboración y transformación de los productos naturales se realiza en el hogar o en un taller, en forma individual o por un grupo reducido de individuos, constituye la actividad económica llamada artesanía. Sus herramientas e instrumentos de trabajo son tradicionales; es decir, que no han
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
Así, por ejemplo, decimos que el zapatero, el carpintero, el herrero o alfarero practican la artesanía. Cuando esta actividad se realiza en grandes establecimientos en forma organizada y con medios mecánicos, recibe el nombre de industria y constituye el aspecto más importante de la economía de los países más desarrollados. Cuanta más actividad industrial haya en un país habrá mayor bienestar para sus pobladores. La producción manufacturera se vende también al exterior. De los beneficios de capital o dinero se harán inversiones en otras fábricas y obras públicas y privadas. El país se llama desarrollado. Muy pocos países en el mundo han alcanzado esta condición. La mayor parte: no tienen una industria adelantada y basan su economía en actividades extractivas y agropecuarias. Se llaman países subdesarrollados. Sus materias primas tienen que ser vendidos a los países desarrollados para que en sus fábricas los transformen. Los productos elaborados retornan a precios mucho más elevados. 1.3.
ELEMENTOS BÁSICOS DE LA INDUSTRIA´ 1.3.1. El capital: Compuesto por el dinero, moneda o capital de inversión, factor fundamental para la instalación y desarrollo de una industria, mediante el cual se adquieren los diversos elementos para conformar o desarrollar una industria. Es utilizado para la adquisición de materia prima, compra o
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
1.3.2. Las materias primas: Son los insumos que alimentan a las fábricas para elaborar un determinado producto y cuyos elementos esenciales se han extraído de la naturaleza. El Perú, es un país potencialmente rico en materias primas minerales, vegetales etc., pero se ve impedido o dificultado su desarrollo industrial por otros factores. 1.3.3. La maquinaria: maquinaria: Instrumento sofisticado de la industria. La máquina más modesta equivale en producción al trabajo de varios hombres y de varios días. En otras palabras, puede realizar ella sola el trabajo que antes hacían varios hombres; y pueden hacer en una hora lo que ese mismo grupo producía en un semana de trabajo. 1.3.4. La energía eléctrica o fuerza motriz empleada: Para que la máquina entre en funcionamiento, lógicamente, necesita del hombre. Pero, tiene que haber otra fuerza que lo impulse y lo mantenga en movimiento: es la energía eléctrica que es de varias fuentes. Dentro de las diversas fuerzas utilizadas están las Plantas Termoeléctricas, generadas por la combustión del petróleo, carbón u otro combustible. Las Centrales Hidroeléctricas, impulsadas por agua, viento, etc., que producen energía
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
En otras palabras es el trabajador industrial (funcionario, técnico, obrero) que, con su capacidad de creación, sus conocimientos especializados y la fuerza de trabajo, utiliza la materia prima, aprovecha del capital y de la tecnología para dinamizar una fábrica y producir. 1.3.6. El Mercado: Está conformado por el conjunto de habitantes, beneficiarios de la producción industrial. Dependerá para el éxito, que no solo el producto esté diseñado para satisfacer las necesidades del consumidor, sino la situación económica financiera del mismo para que el proceso de producción (compra, adquisición, consumo, etc.) llegue a su parte final. Para estos casos intervienen técnicas que hacen estudios y evaluaciones que determinar el poder y capacidad adquisitiva de los diversos sectores o áreas fijando pautas y estrategias a determinar. Por estos productos los habitantes tienen que pagar un precio. Cuanta más capacidad adquisitiva tenga más positiva para la industria porque losproductos que elabore aumentarán permanentemente y se diversificarán. Y la población en general se beneficia porque habrá mayores y mejores puestos de trabajo en las fábricas disminuyendo los problemas de la desocupación y del subempleo. El mercado en los países pobres es retraído, con poca capacidad adquisitiva. Los bajos ingresos que tienen las familias apenas alcanza para cubrir las necesidades básicas. Esto repercute en la industria que ve
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
1.4.
MODELOS DE INDUSTRIALIZACIÓN
a) La Teoría Del Despegue (Take-Off) De Rostow Walt WhitmanRostow defendía que para que el proceso de industrialización tuviera éxito había que cumplir una serie de requisitos previos: una alta productividad agrícola, la existencia de mercados y cierta estabilidad política que permitiera establecer una legislación favorable. Si estos tres requisitos se cumplían, el proceso se iniciaría con un periodo de despegue (take-off), una etapa de 20 a 30 años en la que se lograría la industrialización acelerada y progresiva del país. Puesto que los países cumplen estos requisitos en distintos momentos históricos, la industrialización de cada uno de ellos se produjo en épocas distintas.
b) La Teoría Del Atraso Relativo Relativo De Gerschenkron Alexander Gerschenkron rechazaba el historicismo del modelo de take-off de Rostow debido a su debilidad teórica y empírica. Para suplir estas deficiencias creó el concepto de atraso relativo, afirmando que el proceso de desarrollo de un país de industrialización tardía diferirá, debido a su atraso, del experimentado por el país más desarrollado; en este sentido, la historia desempeña un papel importante a la hora de determinar el patrón de industrialización.
c) Modelos De De Recuperación Recuperación O Catching-Up
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
1.5.
LA INDUSTRIA EN EL PERU
Los primeros momentos de la industria nacional, se detectan a mediados del siglo XIX, motivados no sólo por el desarrollo industrial europeo, sino también de los pocos beneficios que generaban algunos productos de exportación, como el guano o el salitre, por ejemplo. Pero estos productos, tenían capacidad de generar más recursos económicos, el problema era la venta y comercialización de estos en el mundo europeo, ya que era en condiciones muy desfavorables para el Perú. Y sus pocos réditos, eran invertidos en la importación, dejando de lado a una naciente industria que podía generar mayor cantidad de productos de exportación para su venta, generando mayor cantidad de recursos para el Estado y por ende la industria. Todo esto dentro de un marco legal, generado por el Estado y el Congreso, que favorezca la industria nacional, antes que la extranjera. A pesar de estas contradicciones, se desarrollaron industrias, a nivel local y al interior del país; muchas de ellas motivadas por el capital migrante, que veía en el Perú una vía para su desarrollo individual. Pero todo este influjo industrial, se ve frenado, con la Guerra del Pacífico (1879 – 1883), la cual no sólo destruye muchos lugares de producción; sino también deja a un país en la bancarrota, incapaz de pagar sus préstamos (ferrocarriles), y ve desaparecidos los beneficios del guano, por ejemplo; en donde Europa ya había elaborado uno de manera sintética en Inglaterra. La industria peruana, tiene un renacer sobre la última década del siglo XIX, la cual enfoca su explotación en otros sectores, como el algodón, la azúcar, la minería y el
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
1.5.1. LA INDUSTRIA PERUANA DURANTE EL SIGLO SIGLO XIX 1.5.1.1.
Antecedentes
El inicio del capitalismo moderno, se dio como consecuencia de un Estado liberal. La financiación de campañas bélicas, el mercantilismo y hasta la imposición fiscal son comunes y varían más que nada cuantitativamente en la tradición europea occidental. La revolución industrial europea integró una nueva dinámica mercantil. Los países que se inician hacia una orientación capitalista, construyen categorías generales para la formación de un mundo industrial o condiciones para una revolución, de tipo laboral, agrícola, técnica, etc. No fue un cambio puramente económico, significó el desarrollo de varios niveles sociales: el industrialismo, la clase obrera, las ideologías, el socialismo y el liberalismo, nuevos sistemas jurídicos, etc. 1.5.1.2.
Los primeros pasos industriales: el Perú entre 1820 y 1840.
a) Las élites
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
El proteccionismo de las élites fue un resago de la mentalidad corporativa colonial y en parte un acto defensivo, después de 1821, de la mentalidad independentista que imperaba en América. Todas las clases altas peruanas participaban en este movimiento: el Consulado de Lima, los navieros, los hacendados azucareros de la costa, los molineros urbanos, las camarillas financieras, los comerciantes, los hacendados y los obrajeros de provincia, así como oficiales, diplomáticos y políticos nacionalistas. Sin embargo todo se concentraría en la tradicional Lima virreinal. Entre sus prácticas domésticas encontramos, aranceles elevados, la prohibición de las importaciones, la exclusión de los comerciantes extranjeros, los tratados comerciales discriminatorios, monopolios y privilegios nacionales. A comienzos de los años cuarenta, el núcleo de las élites peruanas dio inicio a una transición difícil pero sorprendentemente rápida al comercio libre, como piedras angulares del Estado y la economía. Es claro que el surgimiento del comercio guanero en 1841, les dio impulso al brindarles nuevos espacios para
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
b) Los artesanos Lima lucía un diversificado sector artesanal dedicado mayormente a bienes suntuarios acabados para su europeizada aristocracia burocrática y mercantil. A fines de 1820, esta manufactura ligera incluía entre 700 y 900 talleres, producía un cuarto de la renta fiscal municipal y empleaba entre 3 mil y 5 mil aprendices, jornaleros y esclavos negros. Organizados en aproximadamente a proximadamente 40 gremios, la mayoría de los artesanos se especializaba en bienes elaborados como muebles finos, joyas, vestidos, monturas, encajes, botones, carruajes, relojes, lámparas y exóticas especialidades limeñas como la saya y el manto de las mujeres; otros trabajaban en la herrería y reparaciones, o procesaban desde licores hasta manteca, para el mercado urbano. Estos productores se entrelazaban con centenares de pequeños comerciantes y ambulantes criollos que dominaban las plazas y calles de la ciudad. Ubicados en el puerto, organizados y alfabetos, este grupo a partir de 1821, se convirtió en una vibrante presencia política. Los artesanos buscaban proteger sus pequeñas manufacturas livianas con
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
La dependencia de los artesanos, a la clientela de clase alta resultó ser su ―talón de Aquiles‖. El buen gusto, fue lo que primó sobre el estilo ―tosco, miserable y primitivo‖, de los artesanos limeños. A tal punto que los artesanos franceses, italianos e ingleses, coparon a finales de los 40, los principales talleres, desplazando a los artesanos limeños. 1.5.1.3.
El movimiento industrial a mediados del siglo XIX
El término industrialización generalmente se usa de manera imprecisa. Se ha considerado al proceso de industrialización en su técnica, como la generación de nuevas relaciones tecnológicas productivas (fundamentalmente la mecanización), haciéndolas extensivas al conjunto de la economía. Abarca la transformación de materias primas en productos semielaborados. La industrialización es un proceso determinante en el desarrollo y evolución de las sociedades. La experiencia histórica, demuestra que la ―Revolución Industrial‖ ha sido el proceso a través del cual los países han podido conocer incrementos
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
Quedando abandonados telares de Cajamarca y así mismo la industria curtiembre de Huamanga, fue decayendo sucesivamente. Así los llamados obrajes, embrión de las fábricas, que habían surtido con telas fabricadas a la población andina, agonizaban frente a las mercaderías extranjeras. Casas inglesas de Arequipa y Tacna, con el fin de evitar cualquier ensayo industrial, elevaban el precio de la materia prima nacional. En Puno en 1858, al construirse una fábrica para la extracción de sulfato de quinina, las casas extranjeras elevaron su precio en un 22%. Del mismo modo en el sur andino la alteración de los circuitos económicos que producían los capitales británicos cuando se interesaron por las lanas. La pre industria de los obrajes fue liquidada por la competencia extranjera, pero también el seudo monopolio (con la alza de precios) que causaría la compra de insumos que eran la base de la producción textil. Desde 1840 el Perú, o en este caso Lima, se había convertido en el decadente centro del colonialismo: un militarismo caótico, las quiebras y las desesperaciones económicas. Las élites fraccionadas y conservadoras
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
Hacia 1800 la agricultura no ocupaba más de un tercio de la población inglesa, sin embargo sus intereses dominaban la vida política y social de los británicos. Por constituir una fuente exclusiva de alimentos para la población, ya que las importaciones eran marginales, debido a que los costos de transporte y tecnología no permitían a la población que se alimentara de productos agrarios importados. Entre 1750 y 1830 hubo una gran prosperidad agrícola, por el aumento de la tierra de cultivo, la mayor eficiencia de las fincas, los cambios de cultivo, los sistemas de rotación y mejores métodos en la cría de ganados. La innovación
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
1850 y 1870. Asimismo, se produce un gran flujo de la inversión extranjera hacia 1875 (Gran Bretaña había invertido mil millones de Libras Esterlinas en el extranjero). A este proceso se agrega la presencia del liberalismo económico, como la liberación del movimiento de los factores de producción. En el marco de estas transformaciones a mediados del siglo XIX, la agricultura dejó de constituir la estructura general de la economía británica, aunque siguió siendo la mayor en términos de ocupación, era clave porque era la base de la sociedad que descansaba en los hombres que producían la tierra y eran gobernados por los hombres que la poseían. Eran 4 mil terratenientes, sobre la
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
sefueron sucediendo de manera temporal. El Estado peruano en calidad de propietario otorgaba la explotación guanera a extranjeros o nativos (quienes le prestaban capitales), otorgándoles una comisión por la venta. B. La exportación del guano guano y la industria industria El flujo del guano, generó la llegada de renovados créditos extranjeros, y comerciantes acudían ahora en masa a Lima. La importaciones extranjeras que entraban al Callao, subieron a más del doble (1845 – 1850). Además se comenzaron a pagar las deudas extranjeras y domésticas impagas. Su posición tradicionalmente aislacionista, fue reemplazada por un orden comercial liberal
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
El mercader Jorge Moreto, ya había establecido su fábrica de cristalería y utensilios en 1841. Los hermanos Bossio la revivieron en 1847, la mudaron al Callao, ampliando su gama de productos, ofreciendo nuevas acciones y trayendo administradores europeos capacitados. En sedería, José de Sarratea y José Francisco Navarrete, hacendado y héroe de la independencia; operó una empresa de cría de gusanos de seda y tejidos. Con ello multiplicó sus plantíos de moras y prosiguió con la importación de máquinas a vapor especializadas para una amplia gama de sedas. Ambos proyectos recibieron monopolios y subsidios estatales.
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
En Lima se instalaron fábricas algodoneras, como la fábrica nacional de Tejidos ―La Victoria‖, la fábrica de tejidos ―Inca‖, la fábrica de tejidos ―El Progreso‖, la fábrica de tejidos ―San Jacinto‖; y de lanas llamada ―Santa Catalina‖. En el Cusco existían fábricas textiles como la de ―Marangani‖, ―Urcos‖, ―Lucre‖ de Francisco Garmendia, ―Huáscar‖ y ―La Estella‖. En Arequipa se instaló la fábrica de tejidos ―El Huayco‖, y otra en Ancash de carácter textil, con Jacinto Terry (Urcón). Domingo Elías ―el capitalista‖ más importante del país y de m ayores aspiraciones políticas, habría de proponer abundante algodón en florecientes haciendas de Ica.
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
Muchos suponían que en el Perú, no se podían reunir eficientemente una mano de obra barata, capital excedente y otras cosas más. Casanova afirmaba que en el Perú, se cultivaba el algodón más fino que en los EE.UU., la abundante
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
fábrica de chocolatería de Vignolo y Cía.; el laboratorio farmacéutico, productos de manteca, jabón, aceite y cristales de Leonard; la fábrica de velas estearinas de Prugue; fábrica de pianos de Luis Freund en 1875; la fábrica de cerveza
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
capital. La expansión de la actividad productiva se relacionó directamente con el comportamiento de la economía mundial. Se estimuló la iniciativa privada y la inversión de capitales extranjeros, poniendo en marcha una
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
desarrollo, abrió el espacio a la proposición de la funcionalidad técnica que conformó el proyecto oficial de la SEP hasta los años ochenta. Padua señala: "en la década de los cincuenta, la teoría de la modernización y la de
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
En general, en los últimos 20 años se ha observadoun desplazamiento en la composición tecnológica delas manufacturas de actividades basadas en recursos y de baja tecnología a actividades de mediana yalta tecnología.
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
Por otro lado se deberá considerar las normas y estándares de los procesos en que la empresa se basa de forma local y/o corporativa. Segunda Fase: Elaboración Programas de Gestión Ambiental aplicados a la Ecoeficiencia En esta fase se aplica un instrumento de diagnóstico que permita la identificación y evaluación de los impactos ambientales significativos (Ver Capítulo 9) de tal formaque se diseñan los programas de gestión relacionados con la ecoeficiencia que deberá recoger los siguientes criterios generales: a) A nivel de producto. El ecodiseño es la incorporación de los aspectos ambientales en la etapa de definir el diseño o rediseño de un producto para la reducción de la carga ambiental asociada al ciclo del producto. Es pensar productos que respondan a las necesidades reales del consumidor utilizando la menor cantidad posible de materia y energía para obtener las máximas prestaciones y una mayor reducción de su impacto ambiental, se deberá contemplar medidas: Reducción de los componentes y materiales utilizados Fácil identificación de los diferentes componentes para su posterior reciclaje Utilización de materiales fáciles de limpiar, reparar y reutilizar Eliminación de materiales más tóxicos asociados al producto. Ecoeficiencia en el uso de energía y recursos para el uso por el consumidor. Aceptación y reutilización total o parcial del producto en la etapa final de su ciclo de vida por parte de la empresa. b) Buenas prácticas ambientales, que pueden llevar a mejorar el desempeño ambiental con un conjunto ordenado de propuestas
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
c) Mejora de Procesos. Siguiente paso en la consecución de la ecoeficiencia que puede adoptar una empresa a nivel de procesos después de la implantación de las buenas prácticas medioambientales, es mejorar sus procesos productivos aplicando medidas de eficiencia energética, de ahorro de agua y de reducción de residuos. Es decir, mejorando la eficiencia de los procesos pero sin modificarlos totalmente. Generalmente son acciones muy sencillas que pueden resultar muy efectivas. d) Aplicación de los Sistemas de Gestión o Sistemas de Gestión Integrados, ISO 9000, ISO 14000, OHSAS 18000, ISO 22000, ISO 26000, ISO 27000, NFPA 1600 y otras relacionadas. (Presencia y Continuidad en el Mercado). e) Aplicación de procedimientos de gestión ambiental normativos, aplicación de programas ambientales, estudios de impacto ambiental. (Normas Locales). f) Diseño, evaluación y aplicación de la Producción limpia, como conjunto de estrategias integradas a la gestión de los impactos ambientales en los procesos procesos y tareas, en los los productos y servicios con el objetivo de reducir riesgos para los consumidores y el ambiente (innovación tecnológica). g) Análisis de Indicadores de Gestión en los aspectos ambientales ambientales con potencial de ecoeficiencia como:
Residuos Sólidos en el ciclo de vida del producto con la aplicación aplicación de las tres ―R‖ (reducir, reusar y reciclar) incluyendo los aspectos de segregación, tratamiento, transporte y disposición final. Ruidos que se puedan generar en los procesos y que afectan el bienestar de los colaboradores y vecinos del entorno inmediato. Emisiones, que se generen en los procesos principales y de
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
Realización de Auditorias de Energía, en la utilización de los procesos y actividades principales y de contratistas como parte de los programas de eficiencia energética. Vertimientos, uso del recurso hídrico en los procesos y actividades de la empresa (cantidad y calidad). Materias Primas, mínimas cantidades, reusables y con mínima toxicidad. Producto o Servicio, diseño, empaque, publicidad y canales de distribución. Consumos administrativos de la edificación o empresa.
Seguridad y salud en el trabajo de las operaciones y actividades de la empresa (agentes mecánicos, locativos, higiénicos, ergonómicos y psicosociales).
h) Gestión de los riesgos tecnológicos a nivel de los procesos y actividades que se determinen a través de metodologías cualitativas y/o cuantitativas que involucren todo el ciclo de vida de la empresa diseñando los Planes de Respuesta a Emergencias y/o Contingencias. Tercera Fase: Aplicación de los Programas de Gestión Ambiental El resultado de las dos primeras fases es la línea base de la Empresa, es decir el diagnóstico o nivel de avance en el desarrollo de laecoeficiencia en las diversas áreas que tiene la empresa. De acuerdo a este nivel de resultado se propone tres líneas de acción. Primera Línea: Esto significa que la empresa cumple los requisitos normativos vigentes y solamente dedica sus recursos a mantener al mínimo las inversiones para laoperación de la empresa. No existen planes de gestión orientados al mejoramiento de sus procesos ni mejora de la eficiencia de ellos.
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
Esta línea será la más compleja pues los puntos claves de desarrollo estarán centrados en tres aspectos como: 1. Sensibilizar a la organización principalmente a los directivos quienes toman las decisiones de cambio en la empresa. Mejoramiento y/o cambio del Software organizacional. 2. Determinar si la tecnología que incluye técnicas, patentes, procesos están en capacidad de reconvertirse y si existe la capacidad de un mejoramiento progresivo acorde a los avances específicos del nicho de la empresa. Mejoramiento y/o cambio del Hardware organizacional. 3. Evaluar si el personal tiene las condiciones de trabajo acorde al ritmo de producción, si existen competencias alineadas al mejoramiento continuo. Factor Humano de la ecoeficiencia. El resultado de la aplicación de la Guía de este nivel, será un plan de acción con un conjunto de actividades a desarrollarse en un horizonte de 6 meses en la primera etapa (aspecto 1 y 3) y de 6 meses en una segunda etapa (aspecto 2 y 3). Segunda Línea: Significa que la empresa ya posee un sistema de gestión orientado al mejoramiento de sus actividades y procesos (calidad, seguridad y salud, medio ambiente, responsabilidad social, continuidad de negocios, entre otros). Esta línea intermedia será tomando en cuenta lo siguiente:
Objetivos de corto, mediano y largo plazo del Plan Estratégico de la Empresa. Plan de Continuidad de Negocios, si lo tuviese. Plan de Gestión, el que esté desarrollado y consolidado en la empresa.
Se diseñará un plan de adecuación de 6 meses tomando en cuenta los aspectos de gestión que están orientados a mejorar la ecoeficiencia y que la empresa de
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
estratégica que tiene la empresa y adecuarla a la ecoeficiencia de forma progresiva. Tercera Línea: Aquellas empresas que vienen desarrollando sistemas de gestiónintegrados y que están orientados a mejorar de formacontinua la eficiencia de sus procesos. Para la implementación de la ecoeficiencia en la empresa se estima un tiempo aproximado de 8 meses. Esto es en la totalidad de las áreas de la empresa que incluya una política tomada al más alto nivel. 3.1.5. LOS SISTEMAS DE GESTIÓN COMO SOPORTE SOPORTE DE LA ECOEFICIENCIA 3.1.5.1.
Los Sistemas de Gestión
Actualmente la gestión se extiende a todas las actividades que puedan repercutir en los los resultados resultados de una empresa. En mercados globales y competitivos se entiende como prioritario implantar sistemas integrados de Calidad, Medio Ambiente, Seguridad y Salud Ocupacional para controlar los riesgos operacionales. Conforme las empresas van definiendo e implantando Sistemas de Gestión certificables se hace más evidente la necesidad de racionalizar los esfuerzos, costos y recursos destinados destinados a los mismos. Sobre todo cuando las normas de referencia en las que se basan, comparten requisitos y la metodología de gestión similares. Por lo tanto el planteamiento de optimizar recursos, costos y esfuerzos vendrá por la integración común de todos aquellos conceptos cuya gestión tienen aspectos y requisitos comunes. El objetivo no es otro que evitar duplicidades, optimizar recursos y simplificar al máximo la gestión de todos los Sistemas. Actualmente los sistemas de gestión generan el efecto sinérgico de la
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
En cada uno de los pasos del desarrollo de los distintos sistemas se perciben con claridad y contundencia los beneficios del enfoque sistemático, integral y global propuesto por los estándares internacionales de gestión. Las normas normas internacionales internacionales de gestión ambiental se nutrieron desde sus orígenes de las las técnicas y experiencias del mundo de la gestión de calidad, cuya trayectoria ya era sumamente extensa y exitosa. El principal aporte quizás fue el de haber colocado a la problemática ambiental en todos los niveles de la organización. organización. Como sucedía en muchas empresas peruanas, la problemática ambiental se concentraba normalmente en una función de la organización quien ostentaba todo el conocimiento, responsabilidad, incumbencia y autoridad sobre el tema. Sólo se participaba a la Dirección cuando algún problema "estallaba" de manera tal que era imposible manejarlo dentro del ámbito de la línea media. Con la implementación de las herramientas de calidad surge primeramente el involucramiento y compromiso de la Dirección, luego de los distintos estratos intermedios y finalmente la organización en su conjunto. co njunto. Esto es lo que permite que el resto de los elementos del sistema se desarrollaran y desenvolvieran con fluidez y eficacia. La dirección participará de forma activa en la PREVENCION y no sólo en la de la mitigación de las consecuencias.
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
de sostener en tiempo, considerando que los réditos son significativos en el mediano y largo plazo. El Modelo de Control de Calidad, entendido como el ciclo de todo proceso que compara el resultado de sus variables críticas con los valores objetivos y luego corrige los desvíos o tendencias revisando las causas primarias de los mismos. Las técnicas para análisis sistemático de riesgos de procesos, actividades y sustancias robustecen considerablemente el control de los aspectos ambientales significativos disminuyendo así las probabilidades de accidentes con sus consecuentes impactos económicos, ambientales, laborales y sociales. La integración en sí misma genera una optimización del uso de los recursos humanos. Desde este punto de vista podríamos afirmar que restringir el alcance del sistema administrativo de la calidad para el aseguramiento de la misma es una dilapidación de recursos. Todo esto no hace más que confirmar la visión que considera a las actividades empresariales como un "diamante" de varias caras (calidad, medio ambiente, seguridad, rentabilidad, ecoeficiencia, etc.) y cuando se analiza una de ellas, necesariamente se "ven" las demás a través de esa cara traslúcida. Esto es una u na simbología conceptual simple que representa claramente la filosofía utilizada para enfocar el desarrollo y mantenimiento de los sistemas de gestión.
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
sistematizadas con lo que ya cuentan con indicadores de desempeño. Asimismo el personal ya se encuentra motivado y entrenado a seguir programas de gestión con mejora continua. Por otro lado la Dirección de la empresa es más susceptible a impulsar programas de gestión encaminados a la excelencia, con lo cual laecoeficiencia tiene un camino seguro de desarrollo. Las empresas que ya cuentan con un certificado ISO tienen un escenario más claro en el desarrollo de un sistema de ecoeficiencia empresarial, pues los mismos principios aplican como es el ahorro de recursos a través del consumo de recursos, el control de los riesgos operacionales y la aplicación de auditorías que permiten medir si los objetivos trazados por la Dirección se están cumpliendo o requieren mejoras. En nuestro país, existen alrededor de 20 tipos de certificaciones que aplican las empresas de diversos rubros con el objeto de demostrar que cumplen los requisitos normativos de calidad, ambiente, inocuidad, seguridad y salud ocupacional, comercio seguro, explotación de recursos, entre otros. 3.2.
EL CAMBIO CLIMATICO EN EL PERU
Aunque el cambio climático es un fenómeno global, sus impactos serán distintos, en intensidad y tipo, a nivel local. El Perú es un país con una valiosísima riqueza ecológica (en especies de flora, fauna, recursos genéticos, ecosistemas) y
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
sur) la tendencia ha sido decreciente. La ocurrencia de sequías e inundaciones, ponen en grave riesgo a la economía del país que se basa en actividades que dependen directamente del clima, como la agricultura y el turismo. Esto es especialmente preocupante dado que, un gran porcentaje de los peruanos que vive bajo la línea de la pobreza, se dedica a la agricultura como su principal actividad de subsistencia. b) Elevación del nivel del mar: El aumento del nivel del mar puede afectar la disponibilidad de agua potable en el país y dañar la infraestructura a causa de las inundaciones. En el Perú, las principales industrias afectadas serán la industria del turismo y la pesca. c) Los glaciares se derriten: El Perú cuenta con una gran riqueza glaciar (71% de los glaciares tropicales del mundo) de suma importancia para el consumo humano, para la agricultura, la minería y la generación eléctrica. Sin embargo, han sufrido un retroceso en los últimos 35 años, lo que ha dado lugar a un 22% de pérdida de su cobertura. Esto tiene serias implicaciones sobre el abastecimiento de agua y la producción hidroeléctrica del país, especialmente en la zona costera donde se asienta el mayor porcentaje de la población. d) Las olas de calor contribuyen a la expansión de enfermedades: Los
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
e) El aumento de las temperaturas temperaturas intensifica la expansión de plagas e incendios forestales: El aumento de las temperaturas y la disminución del agua del suelo pueden empeorar la sequedad del ambiente en épocas de verano. Esto podría ocasionar que aumenten las condiciones de incendios forestales hacia el 2020 y que se intensifiquen los brotes de plagas, como la del pino. f) La frecuencia e intensidad de los los desastres climáticos climáticos es mayor: mayor: La información disponible indica que los eventos climáticos extremos como los huaycos, inundaciones y heladas, entre otros, se están produciendo con mayor frecuencia en el país. g) El fenómeno El Niño será más frecuente e intenso: En el Perú, se ha intensificado la frecuencia de eventos El Niño, y han ocurrido dos mega El Niño en 1982/83 y 1997/98, generando cuantiosas pérdidas humanas y económicas. Según datos del Banco Mundial, durante El Niño 1982/83, cerca de la mitad de las pérdidas ocurrieron en Perú: 55% de las pérdidas en infraestructura de transporte, 15% en agricultura, 14% en energía, y 9% en educación; ocasionando pérdidas del 6% del PBI (IPCC, 2001). Amazonas deforestado - Fuente: Yann Bertrand h) La sabanización del Amazonas podría producir producir millones de toneladas de CO2 :el aumento de la temperatura, el descenso en la disponibilidad de
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
i) La biodiversidad biodiversidad se reduce y algunas especies están en peligro de extinción: A medida que el clima cambie, las áreas ocupadas por muchas especies no serán aptas para su supervivencia, modificándose sustancialmente el mapa de distribución de las comunidades biológicas. La extinción de la flora y fauna endémica en en algunos ecosistemas tropicales tropicales pone en riesgo a los servicios ambientales que estas especies brindan.
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
CAPITULO IV EL EFECTO INVERNADERO 4.1.
DEFINICION El efecto invernadero es un fenómeno atmosfériconatural que permite mantener la temperatura del planeta, al retener parte de la energía proveniente del Sol. El aumento de la concentración de dióxido de carbono (CO2) proveniente del uso de
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
4.2.
LOS GASES DE EFECTO INVERNADERO (GEI)
Las modificaciones climáticas son procesos naturales que a lo largo de 4.600 millones deaños han provocado que la tierra sufra una serie de fluctuaciones climáticas tales como el incremento de la temperatura en la era Mesozoica y las glaciaciones producidas en el Pleistoceno. Estas modificaciones obedecieron a procesos naturales de la Tierra; sin embargo, en el último siglo las variaciones climáticas se han incrementado debido a la sobre acumulación de los Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI). Hablar de gases de efecto invernadero nos lleva a pensar en problemas ambientales y de la salud humana, sin embargo, la importancia de estos gases va más allá. Los GEI son esenciales para la vida en la Tierra, pues hacen que parte del calor emitido por el sol quede atrapado manteniendo una temperatura media global de 15º C en lugar de -18º C, pues absorben el calor generado por el sol (fotones infrarrojos), reteniéndolo dentro de la atmósfera, generando lo que se conoce como ―Calentamiento Global‖ El problema actual se ha generado por la exagerada presencia de estos
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
Es decir, solo una parte de la energía solar emitida desde la tierra atraviesa la capa de gases de invernadero la otra parte se queda dentro de la tierra haciendo que esta tenga una temperatura media promedio adecuada para el desarrollo del medioambiente.
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
4.3.
EFECTOS
Cabe prever que como consecuencia del cambio climático producido por el calentamiento de la tierra
Aumente más el nivel del mar (en los últimos 100 años ha subido entre 10 y 25 centímetros y se prevé que para 2050 puedan subir 20 cm más y 50 cm para 2100, respecto y de los actuales). Pérdida de tierras y humedales. Se fundan glaciares y hielos marinos Se modifique el régimen de lluvias con cambios bruscos de sequías e inundaciones, aumento de temporales, tormentas, huracanes tropicales. Se alcancen extremos máximos en las temperaturas aumentando la frecuencia de olas de calor y frío. Aumenten las plagas y enfermedades tropicales Se dañen los ecosistemas y agricultura por la imposibilidad de adaptarse tan rápidamente al cambio de temperatura. Aumente la mortalidad por estrés de calor y enfermedades provocadas por
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
Por el contrario las olas de frío tendrán más efecto en lugares con inviernos más templados. Según trabajos publicados, el incremento de la tasa de mortalidad relacionada con calor habría sido de entre 5,4 y 6 por 100.000 habitantes en el período 1980-1998 y se prevé entre 5,8 y 15,1 para el horizonte 2020 y de 7,3 a 35,6 para el 2050. 4.4.
FUENTES DE EMISIÓN Y GASES DE EFECTO INVERNADERO
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
A partir de 1979 diversos científicos comenzaron a afirmar que el aumento de laconcentración de CO2 en la atmósfera supondría un calentamiento medio de la superficie de la tierra de entre 1.5 y 4.5º C. debido principalmente a los altos niveles de de emisión de GEI producidos por los países desarrollados; niveles que se relacionan principalmente al uso ineficiente de la energía y los recursos naturales. Otro factor que debe considerarse es que la intensidad de este problema se irá incrementando rápidamente ya que el mundopierde mundopierde aproximadamente 13 millones de hectáreas de bosque anuales1 generando 20%más de emisiones de CO2 a la atmósfera. atmósfera.
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
4.5.
ALGUNAS SUGERENCIAS SUGERENCIAS DEL DÍA A DÍA PARA LIMITAR LAS EMISIONES DE GASES DE EFECTO INVERNADERO.
Dado que el efecto invernadero está asociado al consumo de combustibles fósiles y el consumo de energía, en general deberemos limitar siempre en lo posible ambos consumos en nuestras actividades diarias y a la hora de ejercer de consumidores:
Adquiriendo electrodomésticos de bajo consumo. Para ello deberemos fijarnos en el etiquetado energético que todos llevan ya. Aislando adecuadamente nuestras viviendas y comprobando el
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
suficientemente escuchados y continuaron las políticas desarrollistas basadas en el consumo de fósiles y la tala de árboles. Fue en 1987 con la Comisión Brundtlandcuando Brundtlandcuando el cambio climático entró en la agenda de los políticos llegándose a recomendar en la Conferencia Mundial sobre la Atmósfera Cambiante en Toronto, 1988 la reducción de las emisiones de CO2 en un 20% respecto a las de ese año para el año 2005. Pocos años después se creó en la sede del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA) el Panel Intergubernamental del Cambio Climático (IPCC), (IPCC), una comisión interdisciplinar e internacional de científicos encargada de estudiar las evidencias científicas de la contribución del hombre al calentamiento de la
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
Para que el Protocolo de Kyoto entre en vigor es preciso que lo ratifiquen 55 Partes de las que firmaron el Convenio marco que representen a su vez el 55% de las emisiones de CO2 de 1990. Con el fin de facilitar el cumplimiento del convenio, se autorizó a los Estados partes la contabilización neta de las existencias de carbono una vez deducidas los cantidades de CO2 que se suponen son absorbidas por los sumideros de carbono, fundamentalmente los bosques. Esta salvaguarda levantó una gran polémica dada la dificultad de hallar una metodología adecuada que permita contabilizar qué cantidad de toneladas de gases son capaces de absorber los sumideros de cada país.
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
Proteger y fomentar los sumideros promocionando la gestión forestal sostenible, la forestación y la reforestación. • Promover la agricultura sostenible Promover la investigación sobre nuevas fuentes de energía y tecnologías •
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
Nuestra actual economía se basa en el e l consumo del petróleo y sus derivados cuya combustión es la principal fuente de CO2. Restricciones o presiones en el consumo de energías fósiles afectará sin duda a la competitividad de las empresas al suponer un sobre costo de inversión sin rentabilidad adicional alguna
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
CAPITULO V
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
Potenciar y valorizar los paisajes secos en las zonas de clima mediterráneo y de transición, evitando importar paisajes extraños al carácter del lugar.
B. La energía
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INCIDENCIA DE LA INDUSTRIALIZACION EN EL CALENTAMIENTO GLOBAL
•
Proporcionar a los niños una base científica para que puedan conocer mejor su mundo, realizando, por ejemplo, visitas a museos cientificos. Realizar un plan familiar de sensibilización ambiental, realizando visitas a centros de interpretación rural o aulas de la naturaleza.
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