D.A.V CENTENERY PUBLIC SCHOOL, SIRSA
BIOLODY PROJECT ON
CANCER
Submitted To: Submitted by: Mr. Vinod
Rashmi 10+2 (Medical)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to thank principal RAJIV
UTRIJA to inspire us always like a lighthouse in a ocean. He gave us good for future. I shall be always grateful to him. I wish to express my deepest sense to gratitude to my teacher Mr. Vinod for the invaluable blessing and guidance rendered by her for assembling of my project.
I am also thankful to the laboratory teacher
Richipal for his ever helping nature for providing us
with
necessary
experiment.
tools
for
performing
our
Rashmi 10+2 (Medical)
FORWARD This project is submitted in practical fulfillment of requirement and down for course prescribed for Biology project, examination 2010-11 under the guidance of our respected teacher.
Internal Examiner________________ External Examiner______________________
WHAT IS CANCER Cancer is develops when cells in a part of the body given to grow out of control although there are many kind of cancer, they all start because of out of control growth of abnormal cells.
Normal body cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion. During the early year of a person’s life, normal cell divide more rapidly until the person becomes an adult. After that cells in most parts of the body divide only to replace worn out or dying cells and to repair injuries.
Because cancer cells continue to grow and divide, they are different from normal cells. Instead of dying, they outlive normal cells and continue to from new abnormal cells. Cancer cells develop because of damage of DNA. This substance is in every cell and directs all activities. Most of the time when DNA become damaged the body is able to
repair it, In Cancer cells the damaged DNA is not repaired, People can inherit damaged DNA which accounts for inherited cancers. More often though a person’s DNA becomes damaged by exposure to something in the environment like smoking.
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF CANCER What are symptoms and signs? A symptom is an indication of disease, illness, injury, or that something is not right in the body. Symptoms are left or noticed by a person, but may not easily be noticed by anyone else. For example, chills, weakness, achiness, shortness of breath and a cough are possible symptoms of pneumonia.
How
does
symptoms?
cancer
produce
signs
and
Cancer is a group of disease that may cause almost any sign or symptom. The sign and symptom will depend on where the cancer is the size of the cancer, and how much it effect, the surrounding organs
or
structures.
metastasizes
then
If
a
symptoms
cancer may
spreads
appear
in
different parts of the body. As a cancer grows it begin to push on nearly organs, blood Bessel, and reverses. This pressures creates some of the signs and symptoms of cancer. If the cancer is an critical area, such as
certain
parts of brain, even the smallest tumor can produce early symptoms.
HOW IS CANCER TREATED The four major types of treatment for cancer are surgery,
radiation,
therapies.
You
hormones
therapies
chemotherapy
might
also such
have as
and
biologic
heart
tamoxiten
about and
transplant option such as those done with bone marrow.
WHAT TREATMENT WILL BE FOR ME? Your cancer treatment will be entirely based on your unique situation. Certain types of cancer respond very differently types of treatment , so determining the types of treatment will be most effective. The cancer stage (how widespread it is ) will also determine than later-stage ones. Your overall health your life style and your personal preferences will also play a part in deceding which treatment option will be best for you. Not at all type of treatment will be effective in your situation, so be sure that your understand your option. Don’t be afraid to ask questions, it is your right to know what treatment are most likely to help you and what their side effects may be.
WHAT SHOULD I ASK MY DOCTOR ABOUT CANCER The following are examples of question to ask during the discussion. Cancer usually forms of a tumer. Some cancers, like leukemia do not form cancer. Instead these cancer cells involve the blood and blood forming organs and circulate though other tissues where they grow.
Often cancer cells treavel to other parts if the body where they being to grow and replace normal tissues.
This
process
is
called
metastasis.
Regardless of where a cancer may spread, however it is always named for the place it began. For instance breast cancer that spreads to the liver is still called breast cancer, not liver cancer.
Not
all
tumors
(Noncancerous)
are
tumors
cancerous.
Benigh
do
spread
not
(metastasize) to other parts of the body and with very
rare
Different
exception type
of
are cancer
not
life
can
threatening. behave
very
differently. For example, lung cancer and breast cancer are very different diseases. The grow at different rates and respond to different treatments. That is way people with cancer need treatment that is aimed at their particular kind of cancer. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the united states. Half of all men and one third of all women in the United States will develop cancer during their lifetimes. Today millions of people are having with cancer or have had cancer. The risk of developing most types of cancer can be reduced by change in the person’s lifestyle, for example by quitting smoking and eating a better diet. The sooner a cancer is fond and treatment begins, the better are the changes for many years.
WHO GETS CANCER?
Over one million people get cancer each year. Approximately one out of every two American men and one out of every three American women will have some types of cancer at some point during their lifetime. Anyone can get cancer at any age; however about 77% of all cancers are diagnosed in people are age of 55 and older. Although cancer occurs in American of all racial and ethnic groups, the rate of cancer occurrence (called the incidence rate) various from group to group.
Today, millions of people are living with cancer or have been cured of the disease. The sooner a cancer is found and the sooner treatment begins, the better a patient’s chances are a cure. That’s why early detection of cancer is such an important weapon in the fight against cancer.
WHAT ARE THE RISK FACTORS FOR CANCER
Different kinds of cancer have different risk factors. Some of the major risk factor include following:•
Cancer of the lung, mouth, laryns bladder, kidney, cervis, esophagus and pancreas are rated to tobacco use, include cigarettes, cigar, chewing tobacco and snuff. Smoking alone cause one third of all cancer deaths.
•
Skin
cancer
is
related
to
unprotected
exposure to strong sunlight. •
Breast cancer risk factors include several factors : age changes in hormone levels through
out
life,
such
as
age
at
first
menstruation, number of pregnancies and age at menopause obesity and physical activity. Some study has also shown a connection between
alcohol
consumption
and
an
increased risk of breast cancer. Also women with mother or sister who have had breast cancer are more likely to develop the disease themselves.
•
While all men are at risk for prostate cancer, several factors can increase the chance of developing the disease such as age, race and diet. The chance of getting prostate cancer goes up with
age. Prostate cancer is more
common among African – American men than among while men (we do not yet know why this is so) a high fat diet may play a part in causing prostate cancer are more likely to it prostate cancer themselves.
CAN CANCER BE PREVENTED?
Smoking and drinking alcohol cause some people to get certain types of cancer. These cancer might be prevented by avoiding tobacco and alcohol. The best idea is to never use tobacco at all. Cigarettes, cigar, Pipes and smokeless tobacco cause cancer and should not be used people who already smoke
should try to quit. Former smokes have less risk of cancer than do people who continue to smoke.
The chance of getting skin cancer can be lowered by staying in the shade as much as you can wearing a hat and shirt when you are in the sun and using sunscreen.
We know that our diet (what we eat) is linked to some types of cancer. Although the exact reasons are not yet clear. The best advise is to eat a lot of fresh fruit and vegetable and whole grains like pasta and bread and to cut down high fat foods.
There are tests called screening examinations, that adults should have in order to find cancer early. If cancer early it can often be cured.
WHAT CAUSES CANCER
Some kinds of cancer are caused by things people do smoking can cause cancers of the lungs, mouth, throat, bladder, kidneys and several other organs, as well as heart disease and stroke. While not everyone who smokes will get cancer, smoking increase a person’s chance of getting the disease, drinking a lot of the alcohol has also been shown to increase a person’s chance of getting cancer of the mouth, threat and some other organs. This is especially true if the person drinks and smokes.
Radiation (X-rays) can cause cancer, but the x-rays used by the doctor or dentist are safe. Too much exposure to sunlight without any protection can skin cancer.
In many cases, the exact of cancer remains a mystery. We know that certain changes in our cells can cancers to start, but we don’t yet know exactly how is happens. Many scientists are studying this problem.
