Psychology cono cono ic
evelo evelopm pmen en
iv ti Char Char cter cteris isti tics cs of
ic
lo me
ntre ntrepr pren eneu euri rial al ehav ehavio iour ur
En iron ironme me ta Fact Factor or in Entr Entrep epre re eurs eurshi hi over overnm nmen en Poli Polici ciesfo esfo
romo romoti tion on of
ntre ntre rene reneur ursh ship ip
Moti Motiva vati ting ngan an Trai Traini ning ng Peop People le fo Entr Entrep epre re eurs eurshi hip' p' (l-W
is
in
his
presenting his thes thesis is Mc lell lellan an practice (CRP)
took took inte intell llec ectu tual al insp inspir irat atio io
from from tw peop people le Wint Winter erbo bott ttom om
Ol
lJ
pl
io
mi
lo
295
re ri ri
ie
Next Next
Cl llan llan
thes thesis is of P ro ro te te s a n th is argu argu ro
rr
to stud stud
E th th ic ic s a n
that that
an
ro de
ie
he pi
ber' ber'
o f C aapp i a l m . This
apit apital alis is
au
ax
de ro
lo
ly in
ta
ro rd
ar
ro
r,
rofi rofits ts Rath Rath r, th
re
re loug loug
th
at
rofi rofits ts ba
into into
caused this making
re
ro it
cCle cClell llan an argu argu prot prot stan stan ). ro
Prot Protes esta tant nt Ethi Ethi
profit
pare parent nt an
re
that that ther ther were were erta ertain in m e d ia ia ttii n stre stress ss
earl earlie ie inde indepe pend nden en
ro
f ac ac to to r s between an
self self-re -reli lian an Hig
ar
nAchie nAchieve veme ment nt
6 1 / 2 , whil whil Irish Irish pare parent nt
ad
am
at
at
7 1 / 2 , an
Ital Ital an ar Mode Mode
81/2.
an
reas reas
at
ro
an
Capi Capita talis lis
thic thic ad
capitalism. ri
re ry
fo
ri rt his th is is ba
ar -r
ri
ra
ff
in
ldre ldre
ro re
(a
high higher er econ econom omic ic growt growth. h.
Evidence ra ro
alid alidat atio io
Applied PSyc11010gtj
29Sj_
anda andate te
li
ak rs worl worl rt
Trai Trai in Inst Instit itut ut ro
at
ro
r,
te
gr wt
rt
(SIE (SIET)i T)i Hy Hyde dera raba ba
AM fo 10 days days
akin akinad ad
to
an ir
ro -c
AM an
wa sele sele
ff ct of incr incr as
activity.
rogr rogram am
av
that that
arti arti
(5 gi
ry
nd
eo
an 's
ry
Mode Modern rniz izat atio io
An
dern dern zati zati
ry
an
Ro to
Indi Indian an
yc
re
ar
tudi tudi
av
ts
al (7 be
du te
in
ry
ca de elop elop th sa
av
arge argely ly
wa
that that deve develo lo ed
ar
ra
than than depr depriv ivat atio ions ns of achi achiev ev
disc discre redi di
to ay be au
ry
gi s, as am
ar
al
an
rn
an 's
am
re defi defi it at
advo advo ated ated that that indi indi idua iduali list stic ic AM shou should ld be prom promot oted ed in peop people le
at re an
rath rath
alid alidat at
rian rian
al
te de
ntre ntrepr pr neur neuria ia
ro
that that deve develo lopi ping ng ount ountri ri
Pars Pars
ad
ta town town
lu
rt
th or beli beli ve
xp ri AM
re
ro -cul -cul ural ural
coun countr trie ie did. did. Henc Hence, e, McCl McCl llan llan
be
th trai trai
), an Cl la d'
cC
ants ants
ac iv ty
to be
desi design gn bu th data data that that they they coll coll cted cted show showed ed sign signif ific ican an wa fo
ac ie
ra
in ag be we
in Andh Andhra ra Prad Prad
rain rain
yc
gi
an
ro
tr
an
au
an
rt
nt Th or tica ticall lly, y, [the [these se find findin ings gs chal challe le ge th trad tradit itio io al
fixe fixed, d, trait trait-ba -base sed, d, unid unidim imen ensi sion onal al conc concep ep of achi achiev evem emen ent: t: Ha ul ural ural
Cl llan lland' d' ulat ulat this
th
ry fail fail di io
in Indi India? a? tc.) tc.) ar
tark tark
it as diff diff re
au
th
re than than
diti diti
(s
west west So
al
ic aj
ts
Psyc Psyc1l 1lOl Olog oglJ lJAp Appl plie ie
to Soci Socioo-Ec Econ onom omic ic
Deve Develo lo ment ment
_j_297
America is J. .B
(196 (196
as foun foun
dual du al st
reso resourc urces es are scarc scarce. e. Co peti petiti tive ve orie orient ntat atio io abun abunda dant nt
wher wherea ea
coop cooper erat atio io
is
st
ri
nduc nduciv iv to deve develo lo
en
re
rc
di
is
se he
reso resour ur
ar
this.
indiv individu idual alis isti ti
moti motiva vati tion on fo exce excell llen ence ce is useful useful in comp compet etit itiv iv econ econom omic ic acti activi vity ty When When reso resourc urces es
ar abun abunda dant nt su di du dual al
an
ompe ompeti titi tive ve econ econom omic ic acti acti it
an lead lead to fast fast deve develo lopm pm nt Bu wh
reso resour ur es
ro
Achie Achievem vement ent Motiv Motivati ation on
~/~,............._
Resource
Abundant Resources
Scarcity
Competition over over limi limite te resources
Bette exploitatio exploitatio of resourc resources es
__ ....
fo grow growth th
Economic Development
2. Ex Exte tens nsio io
Confl Conflic ic over over resources
otiv otivat atio ion: n: 's is
beli believ eves es tw othe othe be take take
into into
otiv otives es (Ext (Exten ensi sion on
nsid nsid rati rati n.
is
otiv otivat atio io rn fo
or EM
epen epende denc nc an
Moti Motiva vati tion on or so
y.
re
M)
us also also fi
Appl Applie ie
298
syc1 syc1lO lOlo lo tj
development.
this
strong
'int 'inter erac acti tion on mode model' l'
in
ki so
de Ps
_j_299 3.
Is
5.
AF
(P s). failure (Pf).
(If)
(Is) Fi ally ally
ther ther
will
is is
AF).
If this
motivation
is
tend tenden enoj oj to chie chieve ve succ succes es
The tendency Ms
Is
M, is
Escalona
(1940)
st
(1942) Is
M,
(1
(Ts) difficulty
is
(1
is maximum
0.5
.9
(0·25)
is 0·5.
is
0.1
Ps--~
0.1
0.1
0.9, M,
0.09
0.9
If
the
Appl Applie ie
300j_
M,
task task), ), Ts
Psyc Psycho holo lo
0.09 0.09 Ms is directly
2.
pr port portio io al to ac ie fo
ks
rm
at
nt
ti atio atio
risk risk
s'
't ap ro
de
ug
ks
tkin tkinso so
argu argu
re
is
equation:
If (Ps)
failure is diff diffic icul ul task task th sham sham an
emba embara rass ss
nt is low. low. From From this
ypot ypothe hesi sis, s,
that that th
0.9). 0.9 ). Th sham sham
is is
Henc Hence, e,
MA
Ts
(1
(-P )'
vera verall ll th achi achi ve en rela relate te
be avio aviour ur
th te denc denc
T, s)
MA
1-
Ps)
AF
is
re re
ur
(R
ar
k,
si pl
defi defini niti tion on
97 ). This
Psyc Psycho holo logy gy
ppli pplied ed
to Soci Socioo-Ec Econ onom omic ic
Deve Develo lopm pmen en
indi indivi vidu dual al diff differ er nc in entr entrep epre rene neur uria ia 'e re re
ur
ra s'
as
301
beha behavi viou ou ha
ar
(199 (199
otiv otivat at
ut
't
re
rn rv
re re
psyc psyc olog ologis ists ts to sear sear rofi rofi ri
ur
sh
ra
re
fo so re re
rs
this doesn't
'.
s. (N
re re
ur
'E
re
rela relate te
re
rv
(N
2007 20 07).So ).So
ff
to intr intrin insi si
reas reas
st
re
re 's
otiv otivat atio io
growth' 'E trep trepre rene neur ursh ship ip allo allows ws ossi ossibi bili liti ties es fo fo gr
an
re
zi
's
onst onstan an self self-a -a tual tualiz izat atio io ',
that that is it is abou abou stri strivi ving ng
re
think fulf fulfil il need need fo
reat reativ ivit ity. y.
In hi sect sectio ion, n,
il ende endeav avou ou
or vuln vulner erab able le to ntre ntre rene reneur uria ia re re
ur
ar
be
ar
se re re
do
Befo Before re disc discus ussi sing ng entrep entreprene reneuria uria
ak an indi indivi vidu dual al
re ar
fo Ci
rv
fo year year
do 't star star
ra bo
hara hara teri terist stic ic that that
't
ut ur
gene genera ra
beha behavi viou ou than than ot ers, ers, i.e. i.e. char charac acte teri rist stic ic that that redi redisp sp se so re
't us
to disc discus us so
ur
ur
am
ff re ario arious us
is beca because use ri
hara hara teri terist stic ic of entr entrep epre rene neur urs, s, le us chec chec so
an rese resear ar
xtri xtri resu result lt in
behavi behaviour. our.
Char Charac acte teri rist stic ic of
ntre ntrepr pr
Ra (197 (1978)f 8)fou ound nd Entr Entrep epre rene neur ur
ur
Li ra ur
as aggr aggres essi sive ve
Surv Surv
enta entall ll
hype hyperr-ac acti tive ve oppo opport rtun unis ists ts cour courag ageo eous us
Godav Godavari ari dist distric ric in Andh Andhra ra Prade Pradesh sh and found found some some pre-re pre-requi quisit sites es of succe successf ssful ul entre entrepre prene neurs urshi hi Bhat Bhatta tach char arje je an
khou khouri ri (197 (1975)e 5)e piri piri ally ally test test
th entr entrep epre rene neur uria ia
char charac acte teri rist stic ic of smal smal
symbolic ct Mere Meredi dith th an
io coll collea eagu gues es (198 (1982)i 2)ide dent ntif ifie ie si impo import rtan an pers person onal alit it trai traits ts of good good entr entrep epre rene neur urs: s:
PsycJwlogtj
Applied
302
be independent
ka apat apat
foun foun
that that firs firs ge
rati rati
tr
re
ur
ar
terp terpri ri ing, ing,
re
ia
secon second-gen d-generati eration on entrep entrepren reneurs eurs dimen dimensi sion on
of entre entrepr pren eneur eurs. s.
high high leve leve of self self-e -est stee ee Se an
Seth Seth (199 (1992)f 2)fou ou
that that entr entrep epre re eurs eurs were were imag imagin inat ativ ive, e, chee cheerf rful ul self self-a -ass sser erti ti e, deci decisi si e,
ambi ambiti ti us soci social ally ly co scio scious us
atur ature, e, inte integr grat ated ed an
ah (198 (198 )had )had di id
(i
tr scie scie ce an
tr ur
tech tech
iddl iddl
self self-c -c
re
ur
into into thre thre
an
ig
dd -i
fide fide t.
at go ie to
ap th
arac aracte te isti isti
gr up
logy logy back backgr gr und. und. gr
Shah Shah
un
of al thre thre taki taki
feat featur ur at gori gori
atur ature. e. Th seco seco
Th lo -i
th
like like
gr up
re
fo ac ie
cate catego gory ry re orte orte as
ti at
ur init initia iati ti
util utiliz izat atio io
by
that that
ur
ik
th
de
de
foun foun
robl robl
tr
-s
ex erie erie ce an
ki ls an educ educat atio io
as
at
it
of aw
re re
ur
nt es
ip an de
to deal deal
it
bl 93)s 93 )s
ur do
re
as
ur ri kti e.
ds
fu l i l m e n t o f a m b itit io io n ' and' p u u i ti es were were ' fu
os do inan inan
tr
tr
di
The findin findings gs
dr am bi
Psyc Psyc olog olog
Ap lied lied to
he resp resp nd
ts ..
ocio ocio-E -Eco cono nomi mi
arni arning ng re
do
Th do inan inan sour sour
ne
Deve Deve opme opment nt
as th di
ai
fi
entr entrep epre rene neur uria ia
To becom becom indepe independe ndent nt
46.5%
rn
'.
15.5% 8.5%
Competition
4.5%
entr entrep epre rene neur ursh ship ip an
fa
21%
Job satisf satisfact action ion
ai
fo
tiva tivati tion on in
Percentage
To
ot ve with with nl 15 perc perc nt of he resp resp nden ndents ts
rc
Motives
To prov prov ones onesel el
_i303
4%
iden identi tifi fica cati tion on of
arke arketa tabl bl idea idea ar th tw
os impo import rtan an
otiv otivat ator ors. s.
entr entrep epre rene neurs urs ar more more sign signif ific ican antl tl infl influe uenc nced ed by famil famil backgr backgrou ound nd Th comp compari ariso so betw betwee ee
25%
2) I=
"1:1
Marke opportu opportunity nity
I=
15% Family Family backgro background und
.:!
Drea Drea
I=
5%
desire desire
Ide drive drive
12
Appl Applie ie
304j_
Psyc Psycho holo logy gy
in
achi achiev evem emen en
hile hile si ilar ilar posi positi tion on
in
wa foun foun
psyc psycho holo logi gist st
have have prov proved ed this
eg goal goals. s.
8%
1% Independence
32%
Challenge Money
rlld
Creative employment Work on't on't ik
wo ld have have
in
syc1 syc1
3.
ogtj ogtj
pp ie
to So io-E io-Eco cono nomi mi
isio isio
Ch ic
tr pr neur neuria ia de onst onstra rate te
Deve Develo lopm pmen en
with with m o d er er at at e r is is k -t -t ak ak in in g
beha beha iour iour is asso asso iate iate
in
an
re
rs
ke to ak
refe refe
reat reat
tr pr neur neur
and a w g am am b l n g
behaviour.
stud studie ies. s. re re
tr
·_l305
th
rs
re
rt
ri ks in ga blin bling, g,
(1
am li xp
ti
refe refe to ve ture ture fo task task
gr at
th
an
lo
Ac
rewa reward rds. s. Litt Littig ig xpla xplain in this this by stat statin in
whic whic they they av
ontr ontr l. Th
ar
ig
that that
nfid nfid nc
in gambli gambling ng 4. Pers Person onal alit it
aria ariabl bl
So
rs nali nality ty trai traits ts av be
o cu cu s o f c on on tr tr o
obse observ rv
in ntre ntre re~e re~eur urs. s. Th
ag re
jo
ar
)h
stabilittJ and intelligence, 5. Inte Interr-Pe Pers rs na
as be
ar
that that
re re
re re
rs
av
ri
an rs
an 1.
al fa
F ac a c to to r rs
li fs re at amil amil
udie ud ie re
rs
ad
xp rt ra
hi
an fr
ds
yl
ra
re
rm re
rs
E n e p e ne ne u s h
ay affe affe re re
atur atur rs
tr pr neur neuria ia
an
So
an th
atio atio
ti
rs
al y, at it de
ar
av foun foun
beha beha iour iour ar
that that firs firs born born
ldre ldre
to av
rpri rpri
an
am le
Indi Indian an tude tude
fr
adra adra
Fa
ru ture ture al
ay
aj
re
rs
acto actors rs
fa il that that affe affe
So
ar
scho schola lars rs have have obse observ rved ed that that tran transf sfor or atio ationa na lead leader er are high high on entr entrep epre rene neuri urial al
r.
ir
emotional
to trad trad io al
te de
ex bl
E n v o nm nm e n a l
au rs
aspirat aspiration ion
at
part partic icip ipat ativ ive. e. So
internal
ig
Rela Relati tion on
rt company.
re
re re
realis realisti ti
ar
rd
at ro
Fo
ge
il re
am le it is ai
gh
fo ac
an
rd ay av that that jo
gh amil amil
Ac
Indi India. a. In ia
ppli pplied ed
30Sj_
re
Psyc Psycho holo logt gt
-c
or se arat aratio io
be ause ause he
rc
un arri arri d)
fo ac ieve ieve
(M Cl la d,
1961). rs th
nf ic
th phal phal ic tage tage
re
ri
der, der, fath fath
as an
rj
reje reject ctio io by fath father er is rela relate te
ri
supp suppor orte te
fro
ri
97
infl influe ue
succ succes essf sful ul unit units. s.
wa foun foun
de
op
fo
ua
to entr entrep epre rene neur uria ia beha behavi viou our. r. Meht Meht (196 (1966) 6)fo foun un if fa he
entr entrep epre rene neur ur
rb
as
curv curvil ilin inea ea rela relati tion on
onda ondary ry sc
du atio atio
that that fa il §upp §uppor or infl influe uenc nces es succ succ ss.The ss.The NK
by fa ily. ily.
2. Soci Socioo-ec econ onom omic ic Stat Status us curv curvil ilin inea ear. r. Busi Busine ness ss en in fro
an
coun countr trie ie tend tend to have have high higher er need need fo achi achiev ev
iddl iddl clas clas famil familie ie than than if they they co
valu values es This This subsub-cu cult ltur ur
from from uppe uppe or work workin in clas clas back backgr grou ound nd (McC (McCle lell llan and, d,
affe affect ct atti attitu tude de towa toward rd
ntre ntrepr pren eneu eurs rshi hip. p.
ajor ajor fact factor or impe impedi ding ng entr entrep epre rene neur ursh ship ip is th soci social al grou grou rm syst syst as ra
im airs airs
xp
larg larg nu be
pe
abou abou re ourc ourc s. Ca te
ut
an
ra an
aspi aspira rati ti
th reby reby ausi ausi
re iu
radi radi io al
of pers person onal al init initia iati tive ve it work work agai agains ns th emer emerge genc nc of perfo perform rman ance ce an
of
op
seri seri us
hi as
upat upat ns by
de
tr
indi indivi vidu dual al re
nt
rela relati tion onsh ship ip betw betwee ee
re
uria uria
apac apacit it
an
he de indi indivi vidu dual al apti aptitu tude de
earn earnin ings gs'. '.
entr entrep epre rene neur urs. s. This This is also also conf confir ir ed by Nafz Nafzig igar ar (197 (1975) 5)fr from om umbe umbe
call called ed cast caste. e. Cast Cast syst system em usua usuall ll
ki
re ns
en if they they co
re rene reneur ur
re fr
high high
stud stud
of entr entrep epre rene neur ur
from from smal smalll-
as s,
3. Ed Educ ucat atio ion: n:
skill de
di re
rs
du
fa ut
in
do
to
sy ho og
Appl Appl ed
Socioo-Ec Econ onom omic ic to Soci
in este este heav heavil il
educ educat atio io
ar ti 4.
he du rela relati ti
alue alue
an
at
Brah Brah in an
te
ulat ulat
ha
du atio atio
ed
reac reac
an
as irat irat
re rapi rapidl dl rk
ge
in de
lo
ec in
ical ically ly afte afte
umbe umbe
(196 (196 )ha al
re
te
untr untr
cosy cosyst stem em up
rt to
abou abou entr entrep epre rene neur ursh ship ip stat status us pe pl
~307
th aver averag ag de el
betw betw
trep trepre re euri eurial al
Deve Develo lopm pmen en
tr
Similarly, if
ur
acto actors rs
Fo exam exampl ple, e, if
il be disc disc urag urag Ksha Kshatr triy iy
re
ty bu
to be busi busi
cast castes es This
lace lace
ly
trib tribut ut
lo ke at as an
to
upat upat
ss en Th Vais Vaishy hy ca te in Indi Indi ar lo er este esteem em
busi busi es
ti
ccup ccupat atio io
lo lace lace
an
belo belo
disc disc urag urag
ul will
stig stig
atta attach ched ed with with fail failur ur that that ultu ultu
re re th
is high high in ur
ip
an ul
ly fa to th
cult cultur ures es He ce be
ak
lebr lebrat at d, up th
an rr
re re
soci soci logi logist st an ti
it
sych sych logi logist st
ut
uria uria
." Th re ar
th
de
de
ro
rs
The entre entrepr pren eneur eurial ial ecos ecosys ystem tem can becom becom
cond conduci ucive ve envi enviro ronm nmen en prom promot otin in
ti
ti
tr
ur
xa
in
19 0s an
19 0s
as
entre entrepr pren eneur eursh ship ip
ry toug toug
't
go er
atte attern rn li at
en of Indi Indi
sl wl
beca beca
entr entrep epre re euri eurial al tate tate
unja unja
re rogr rogres es ive. ive. Post Post-1 -199 992, 2, th poli polici cies es
erfo erform rman ance ce (Sha (Sharm rma, a, 1976 1976).In ).In this stud study, y, th an
tt
rade rade
re
rr at
aria ariati ti
aria aria io
ar
ro
ti
in indu indu tria tria re
uria uria
behav behavio iour. ur. Le us study study pres presen en _pol _poliCi iCies es an an prog program ram of gove govern rn en to prom promot ot entre entrepr pren eneur eursh ship ip
30ej_
ppli pplied ed
rp
re
fl
ge
Swar Swarna na Jaya Jayant nt Shah Shahar ar Rojg Rojgar ar Yoja Yojana na (SJS (SJSRy Ry),an ),an rpri rpri
rura rura
at
rs
fr stru stru
re an
reas reas uc
dr
ar
rb
fa
de
lo
2.
rain rainin in
be
reas reas f-
si
fre
foun foun ro
be qu te
ff
roup roup
du
ntre ntre rene reneur ursh sh
ra y.
th Mana Manage ge en ar
re
ra
ra up
(E
sy
ro
be
re
ro
lo rt
nt r,
y. This promotes
om unit unit
(V
rs
resp resp
dg ra
de
ri
ff rt
uc
fo
re re
risk risk an
ar
ur yout yout
fide fide
stan stan
at
re re
ra
ntre ntre rene reneur uria ia
beha beha iour iour se th chap chap er
gr
re
list listic ic in he se se rt
nduc nduciv iv -f
ff (f
bi
gr up
RY amon amon
ur
f-
an nt
re
d,
).
ha
at
it-is
rura rura
ro
reas reas (D
ai ur f- ff
JS
f-
Prim Prim Mini Minist ster er Rozg Rozgar ar Yoja Yojana na (P
ro de
rg
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grou groups ps Self Self-h -h lp grou grou fe
gh
sych sychol olog oglJ lJ
olog ology) y)
re re
rs
(N
), 20
ri ri
uc
du
ri
rogr rogr
evel evelop op en Prog Program ramme me (M P)seeks P)seeks to provi provide de train trainin in to exis existi ting ng entr entrep epre rene neurs urs
ar
an ge
ro ra
re
rodu rodu
de
an
rofi rofi bi
re
-m ki ri
ab res. res.
entre entrepre prene neursh urship. ip. For examp example, le, Trainin Trainin of Rura Youth Youth for Sel Emplo Employm ymen en (TRYSE (TRYSEM), M),Devel Developm opment ent re
ural ural
re
),Su
Im ro
ki
ur
rt
-pre -pre
rs
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rl
co pute pute soft soft ar in olle ollege ge an
fina fina ce
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univ univ rsit rsitie ies. s. Fo
xa
re re
ursh ursh
rc
Fo th
et
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-pre -pre he go ntre ntrepr pr
rn
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vari vari us acti acti it
ll in ario arious us IITs IITs an
Psycll PsycllOlo OlogtJ gtJ Applied Applied
to Soci Socioo-Ec Econ onom omic ic
Deve Develo lopm pmen en
Self
Deve Develo lopm pmen en
ns itut itut
3.
acil acilit itie ie
xten xten io
ED ). DI an auto autono no ou d t
_l309
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se up to prom promot ot
ai
entr entrep ep eneu eneu hi
nt
2008-0 -0 in he 2008
ci
Tech Techni nica ca
supp suppor or
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Ap lied lied worth Rs. 25 rore rore IITs IITs TIMs TIMsan an
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sych sychol olog og Rs. 50 lakh lakh
TISc TISc
till
loym loymen en Poli Policy cy of ixth ixth la ri rv tr
ag
re re
ra
g, re
re euri eurial al fi
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ntur ntur s. Sp
as
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fo
as ui
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as ai
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arti arti pati pation on
ro
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om
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20 1)
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de isio isionn- akin aking. g.
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rogr rogram am
roug roug
ra
re
). Su port portin in
re
fa ilit ilitie ie like like infr infras astr truc uc ur
fina fina
in
(W an
trai trai in
av be 's
jg
ja
(P
),
fo
rban rban
ro
re re
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an
(I.R.Y.) be om su
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ntre ntrepr pren en urs' urs'
envi enviro ronm nmen en it need need to prov provid id
(C akro akrobo bort rty, y, 20 2001 01 P. 5)
cred credit it fina financ nc an
In us ri
rg rc
In
nu be of orga organi niza zati tion on
(SID (SID ra
fo re
exte extens nsio io assi assist stan ance ce
re re bs dy fo
rs
IE re
rs (S
AY
Psyc PsycllO llOlog logtj tj Appli Applied ed Nati Nati
aliz aliz
Socioo-Ec Econ onom omic ic to Soci
ba ks like like SB an re re
ro ra
rs
ar
ro
Ce tral tral Go obil obiliz izin in th to credit credit
tr
ra
re
by th go
re ardi ardi
ario ario
fi hand handic icra raft ft
SH
ar
im le
al
ad
ac iv ti fo
wo an
wo
roug roug
fa
at
trai trai pe pl fo al ke
trad tradit itio io al
arke arketi ting ng link linkag ages es su port port serv servic ic tr
re
ur
in
fi ds
du at
lude lude
an
acce access ss
al Hu ba
th IC
rm
wo
le al righ rights ts (I tegr tegrat at
ry
se ks to
rs 65 bl ld
re re
rs
driv driv
Sc
lo
ntre ntrepr pr neur neursh ship ip ha
be
ri
focu focu
le we
ro
an
tr
ivat ivat
ur
ro
t,
olic olic
re
ur al
refe refers rs to
re
an
ri
ak
inte interv rv
ti
ks in
ac in ry
te
to
ivat ivat an
ak rs an so ia
sy holo hologi gist st
an
ro de
at
to in
r. re
trat trat gi
ltur ltur
ac rs an
rain rainin in
kill kill (s as
ll requisite
at rs
lcat lcat
ar in
an
an an
fi
ab ut
atal atal ri
ro
work work
ro
f- ff ac
ra
Th Entr Entrep epre rene neur ur al Ecos Ecosys yste tem: m: re re
r,
ri
-t
ro
an
rs
rt
rt
re
ra
qual qu alit itie ie 's
an re
ra
rs
seri seri ultu ulture re
rt
at
)w
nt th prog progra ra
Gi
re re
urag urag
Indi India: a:
ic
utri utri io
tl
rn
(S
is an inte integr grat at SH
al role role in
ro ra
in iabl iabl grou grou s, arra arrang ngin in
andl andloo oo
laya laya
rr ur
19 7. It
as im
dair dairyi yi g,
fi an ia in titu tituti ti
an
rn
311
ri
an fo wo rt
:1
Deve De velo lopm pmen en
ro
rt
ry
Appl Applie ie
Psyc Psycho holo log1 g1
ro il tr
toda toda
re
lI
rs ip
arag arag ur In ac
as
re re
re re
uria uria
ur
lo
ys
an
that that.p .pro ro
re re
te
as
r:
Government Family Education
Facilitators
Finance communi community ty Idea Risk aptitude aptitude Finance Space
Entrepreneurs
Jobs Wealth
Deliverables
Econom Economic ic Developm Development ent
The facilita facilitators tors namely namely govern governme ment, nt, family, family, educati education, on, finance finance commu community nity and non-gov non-govern ernme mental ntal organizations all
re re re
ri fe
rd
rs
re
rk re re
ur
de
ar
ur
afte afte
an
ar
jo
ri
ut
an
vent ventur ures es Also Also all
in
mistakes. faci facili liti ties es to entr entrep epre rene neur urs. s. Fo inst instan ance ce th Bhart Bhartiy iy Yuva Yuva Shak Shakti ti Trus Trus (BYS (BYST, T,al also so call called ed 'Bus 'Busin ines es an
th Star Star an
th r'
ro rpri rpri
up yout yout
in
rt in
tw rk ar
an
in indi indi
alle alle ge rela rela
an
ri jo
Ot
_j_313
(fiE).
in Campus:
IIMs
till
I!Student
Expectancy
Ide.
E n t r e p re r e , : e u r iai a I ! !
Role Role of Educatio Educational nal Institut Institution ion
Guidance
Awareness
Skill support
Siness!
Appl Applie ie
Ps chol cholog og
rn
turn entr entrep epre rene neur uria ia it
beha behavi viou ou an ff ie
lo
ro
ro id
re re
r. So
that that
rn
are in
do
lear learan an
fras fras ru ur
rt
tr
re
rs
fi an ia as ista ista iz
re re
ur al
al
re ar
an
re
in
tr
re
rs
among among peop people. le. 4.
du atio atio An
In
du atio atio al syst syst
atio atio
that that
riti riti al an
refe refers rs to reat reativ iv id as that that an be
r. tr
urag urag
late latera ra thin thinki ki
nv rt
into into
ss
rene reneur ursh ship ip
te
ture ture by
ro
in tr
atio atio
rene reneur uria ia
rt
Beha Beha iour iour lead lead to it
Innovative Ideas
Educational System
g: Ph lo An acti action on-o -ori rien ente te ho
busi bu si
also also pr
ro
re re
rs
ro gh
atio atio
beha behavi viou ou (whi (which ch entr entrep epre rene neur uria ia beha behavi viou ou is is
otiv otivat ated ed beha behavi viou our. r. So
ca educ educat atio iona na syst system em dire direct ctly ly
otiv otivat at stud studen ents ts towa toward rd entr entrep epre rene neur ursh ship ip
reat reat awar awar
ur
So
strat strateg egie ie
are: ab
In reas reas
an
In reas reas
-e fi ac
tr
Aware Aw arene ness ss rega regard rdin in in th sc oo
urri urri ulum ulum
ll ges) ges) that that gi awar awar ness ness ab ut
re re re
avio avio
entr entrep epre rene neur ursh ship ip ca be crea create te by incl includ udin in oday oday th re ar hard hardly ly an sc ools ools
urse urse in ntre ntrepr pr ario arious us
rial rial
ursh urship ip
port portun unit itie ies, s, an
In ludi ludi ti at
cour course se on entr entrep epre rene neur ursh ship ip
ll ge (oth (oth
urse urse
tr
re
than than
anag anag
ursh urship ip
th indi indi idua idual. l. Furt Furt
r,
in reas reas as
tudi tudi
Psycll PsycllOlo OlogtJ gtJ Applie Applie
Socioo-Ec Econ onom omic ic to Soci
of succ succes essf sful ul entr entrep epre rene neur ur st ut
Deoe De oelo lopm pmen en
_j_315
incr increa ease se expe expect ctan ancy cy an
unde underr-gr grad adua ua
an
self self-e -effi ffica cacy cy IT Khar Kharag agpu pur's r's rece recent nt prop propos osal al
st-g st-gra radu duat at
5. De-St De-Stigm igmati atizi zing ng failure Fail Failur ur of an entr entrep epre rene neur uria ia re re busi bu si
ur
s.
vent ventur ur
ar ap re at
gh
fear fear
is asso associ ciat ated ed with with cons consid ider erab able le soci social al stig stig a. In cont contra rast st
tern tern
fa ur
an
fo
past past
at
sh
ow
ur s, su tr
re
ssfu ssfu
fa
ur al be
d. Th
iour iour Risk Risk
taking taking abili ability tybec becom omes es low Henc Hence, e, th govern governme ment nt th Chamb Chambers ers of Comme Commerce rce (FICO, (FICO, ASSOC ASSOCHA HAM, M, etc.), ), ell etc. 's
du atio ationa na inst instit itut utio ions ns an
xp ri re re
ga
fr
fa
entr entrep epre rene neur uria ia ve ture ture
netw networ orks ks shou should ld tr
sh ul
to dest destig ig atiz atiz
fail failur ure. e.
re at d. This
be re
ur
fa e.
skills du
1.
for_ for_ at
al
re rene reneur ur du at
ai
2. Trai Traini ning ng to impr improv ov 3. Trai Trai
VET
to
ip
re (V T)an
achi achiev evem emen en
ro
xt
shal shal di us
fo lo
an ge
sk
rtan rtan
ra
ssar ssar rv
ti
(D
).
(M T)
otiv otivat atio io
si
(E
redu redu
de
de
iv ti
MET re
university.
fact fact
'm
os don' don't! t! Fo them them voca vocati tion onal al educ educat atio iona na trai traini ning ng (VET (VET)ha )ha been been prop propos os
fu jo
ki
job, job, an
sp
al
us fu if he opts opts fo self self-e -e ploy ploy ent. ent. Many Many spec specia iali lize ze ry
terp terpri rise se
(M
r. Id al y,
ra
rain rain
trai traini ning ng ro
ul
be rovi rovide de
ra perf perfor or ance ance of he bu busi sine ness ss orga organi niza zati tion on
Th achi achi ve en
otiv otivat ated ed pers person on is
re ff rt
su
gi ds
hard hard-w -wor orki king ng pers person on wh
rs
do part part ular ular
seek seek pers person onal al resp respon onsi sibi bili lity ty
fe ll in th
si ua on
ff al
fo
rs
al
ro
Appl Applie ie an
inno innova vati tion on
of th
arti arti ular ular
atio atio 's
an indi indi idua idua
entr entr
onom onom .. en
re
ur al bu busi sine ness ss situ situat atio io
he
le el bu busi sine ness ss
is oric orical al stud studie ie ha
to in ul at ac ieve ieve en
in vari vari us
untr untrie ie
Psyc Psyc olog olog1j 1j
otiv otivat atio io
av rece receiv iv
sh
thro throug ug
that that
trai trai ing. ing.
achi achi
tiva tivati tion on
1974, P. 159). Achi Achiev evem emen en
otiv otivat atio io
caus causes es entr entrep epre rene neur uria ia
deve develo lopm pmen ent. t. Henc Hence, e, devi devisi sing ng of trai traini ning ng prog progra ra
beha behavi viou our. r.
ntre ntrepr pren eneu eurs rshi hi
es to trai trai in achi achiev evem emen en
caus causes es econ econom omic ic otiv otivat atio io
beco beco es
stud stud Th impo import rtan an an
of
onom onomic ic de
Cl llan lland' d'
lo
an be
co trib tribut ut on li
no
en ar rela relate ted, d, bu also also in th fa ra
ri
de
di
ra
de
nl in is re elat elat on that that nA
ieve ieve en
that that
otiv otivat atio io
beli beli
ur
ra
ff
ed achi achiev ev
ro y-
ac
at
ur
In rn rese resear ar
ry
ri
Base Base
ud
an
at
ry
th se th or tica tica stra stra ds he forw forwar arde de
rs
de
ru
(M
G oa oa l s e n g Kolb Kolb 1974).
(Sch (Schwi witz tzge gebe be an
tw lv
yc
ra
ro osit ositio io
as desc descri ribe be ow th
1965). Th se pr posi positi ti an be disc discus usse se unde unde m o v e y nd n d ro ro me m e , c og og n v e u pp p p or or t and g ro ro u s up up po po r an
1. Goal-Setting
om it
nt an
is that that if yo
th
asur asur
be ieve ieve that that
nt
otiv otivat at
ac ie
en in th atta attain in
be av ou
an1ead an1ead to ntre ntrepr pr
nt
goal goals. s. To nduc nduc
onfi onfide denc nc
euri eurial al succ succ ss your your
ti atio atio
will ri re ar
fi di
re
re
ar
fo ac
als. als.
rt
re
ad
ke
an
re re re
ur
bl
uc
s. fi
In
ro of ro
rs rt
an
al re
uire uire
rl (T
ua ze re
ug
re
Syc1 Syc1lO lOlo lo lj ppli pplied ed
to Socio-E Socio-Econ conomi omi
Deue Deuelop lopme mettt ttt
__j_317
ri ug
ro
ss
an
rt
help help
ar
on
re
tual tual zi
nt
term term
thoug thought ht proce processe sses. s. re
life life
re
ke
iv
il be
reas reas d.
th se
ro os ti
rn ro
ra
ft
di ra
3. Cogn Cognit itiv iv Supp Suppor orts ts Cogn Cognit itiv iv th oris orists ts beli believ ev that that thou though ghts ts an rs
gn
acti action on ca be affe affe te thro throug ug
rt
de
de pers person on's 's self self-i -i ag an
rati ration onal al dial dialog ogue ue
will
re
thir third, d, ho
it is cons consis iste tent nt with with th indi indivi vidu dual al's 's cult cultur ural al valu values es Th
otiv otiv
if
will will be incr increa ease se
(b In he
bj
stro strong nger er self self-i -i ag
re
roug roug
di idua idua
unse unsell ll g, an
gr up disc discus ussi si ns
nAch nAchie ieve ve en in rela relati tion on to folk folklo lore re reli religi giou ou book book an cult cultura ura valu values es Fo exam exampl ple, e, supp suppos os that that yo
av
trai trai pe pl from from rura rura Indi Indian an ba kg kgro roun un
ards ards ac
xp ai
that that nAch nAchie ieve ve en is cons consis iste tent nt with with reli religi giou ou beli belief efs.A s.A chal challe leng ng here here is that that th conc concep ep asks asks yo
ul ural ural fa
li
rk
hout hout
alue alues. s. In ho om
ur
xp
ul ural ural
an re ard. ard. So yo rein reinte terp rpre re th conc concep ep stat statin in
ti
alue alues, s,
we do
tr
re
as
ur hi
rarc rarc y.
'i asso asso at o,yo
th Karma
that that Kris Krishn hn
Ba ya an
tr
at ov
st ry
rwar rwar ny gr at
all. rt
ur
pr sp rous rous od
won' won' degr degrad ad your your stat status us Also Also th part partic icip ipan ants ts cogn cognit itio ions ns
be ause ause
ri
atio atio
ards ards
ar
work work an
be ause ause
do 't
side side
an jo infe inferi rior or re on radi radi or
stat stat
s.
as
If
Bhag Bhagav avat at re ar
re 4.
ul
dly, dly, th harm harm
reli religi gi us
xt
in
ni
reli religi gi us be
talk talk ab ut
yr ad
gi of th
ndui nduism sm an xt ar
se
ubje ub je
ur
xt
ak
terp terpre re atio atio
fs to make make them them cons consis iste tent nt to achi achiev evem emen en orie orient ntat atio ion. n. nd
ar
ha ad
(d your your du at
at stri stri
it
ut
fo ac ie
xp
re ard) ard) an
xp
du otio otiona na supp suppor orts ts McCl McClel ella land nd reco recogn gniz izes es th role role of affe affect ctiv iv facto factors rs in incr increa easi sing ng moti motiva vati tion on towa towards rds achi achiev ev
Appl Applie ie
He
he stat stat
Th role role
that that th AM trai trai
trai trai
houl houl
rs in AM is to su
as um
rt
th wh le rogr rogram am e. This This id
warm warm
xplo xplora rati ti
Cl llan llan is
-dir -dir
ti
by cour course se
an
ac
bers bers rath rath
rhap rhap infl influe ue
Psyc Psycho holo logy gy
ti
role role
than than dire dire
by Roge Roger' r' clie clie
entr entr
therapy. su
rt
that that in reas reas th risk risk-t -tak akin in
More th reas reas 1. More
th
rs
re th like likeli li
te de
y.
ha in ad an
ab ut th
ssib ssibil ilit it
an
desi desira rabi bili lity ty
ange ange
ha ge
rese resear arch ch find findin ings gs
th rela relati tion onsh ship ip betw betwee ee
achi achiev evem emen en
ti atio atio
an
entr entrep epre re euri eurial al
success. 2. increases. ex lore lore cons consis iste tenc ncie ie with with th help help of coun counse sell llor or/t /tra rain iner er 3.
rl
al
be
link th
ti
ti atio atio
(i.e (i.e., ., th
to rela relate te
acti acti
qu re
s,
re
ke
re is th like likeli liho ho
at
that that th
tive tive will will be acqu acquir ired ed
dail dail life life
re is th
and He
6.
ti
im ro
in reas reas s)
Th
5)
arti arti ipan ipants ts ar
ti
gh
ad
to la bu busi si
ss ga
rs
's self self-i -i ag
th
s, anal anal ze as
ti
stre stre gt
tudi tudi
an
di cuss cuss ho
incr incr as s.
Application entr entrep epre rene neur uria ia
succ succes es brin brings gs
7.
wi
rest restig ig do
an
happ happin ines ess. s. ul ur
ue
re
ke
to be
acquired. Group Group disc discuss ussio ions ns on ho ks an
ul ur
ue
nAch nAchie ieve veme ment nt is cons consis iste tent nt with with folkl folklor ore, e, reli religio gious us
j_319
8.
di ur Part Partic icip ipan ants ts ha
to
ak
ubli ubli co
it en to seek seek spec specif ific ic achi achiev ev
en
ds
um
di
conc concep epts ts fo them themse selv lves es 11
ffec ffecti ti
fact fact rs ar im
rtan rtan
in incr increa ea in
arti arti ipan ipants ts ar gi al 12
ti
fr
ta io
al gr up su
is
th
urag urag
an
orts orts enha enha ce
ti atio atio ur he
ti
re reat reat
al co fr
ti gs
indi indi idua idua
tati tati
this this tr
help help an ti
al an
ti
ti atio atio s. by
emphasized.
Assessment 's un ri
gi en
like like apan apan Ital Ital
te -day -day achi achiev evem emen en
ub ta tial tial an re ai ed bu in
xi
ig if an
ai
gn
an .India,
ti atio atio
trai trai in
as in
re re
whil whil th grou grou ur al acti acti ty
ea thei thei init initia ia le els. els. In ther ther stud studie ies, s, scho schola lars rs ha an
ho
tude tude ts to
rd
ac ie
(196 (196
fr il
ello ellore re beca beca tr
gr up
prov proved ed th effi effica cacy cy 19 9, 19 2, 19
th co tr
).
bers bers
this training.
plie plie
320_i_
towa toward rd self self-e -e
loym loym
t.
sp
iall iall in th
fo rait rait
re
as
atal atal ra
ry to
rura rura folk folk
tt
re re
Indi India, a, it as be
rl
rial rial
av
disc discus usse se
that that
le at
an
t. is ro
this,
ar
foun foun
real real
ra pr gram gram
olog olog
trai trai in
in
ThE;! Rs. Rs. is
al
an
an at
a ve v e rs r s iv iv e a s rd
re
th
al im ac
c on o n d itit io io n in in g
rs
th
ra
rg
ri
at ri
if
if
consum consumer, er, psycholo psychologist. gist. bu
ro
t,
re ar
rtai rtai
ta
at ac
to th
ro
re atin atin
(i rofi rofi ri
at
r.
fair fair
rc
Psyc Psycho holo logi gist st best best unde underst rstan an
1. Co su
Awar Aw ar
2. Co su
Pr te ti
4. Frau Fraudu dule le
arke arketi ti
ri
ar
as
ri
aran aran
righ righ
ro
cons consum umer er beha behavi viou ou fro
re
rt
at
tr
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th
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of cons consum umer ers. s. Ther Ther is an.i an.inc ncre reas asin in
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cons consum umer er psyc psycho holo logi gist st to
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press pressuri urize ze gove govern rnme ment nt fo bett better er regul regulat atio ions ns of prod produc ucts ts Cons Consum umer er psyc psycho holo logi gist st hav help helped ed th perc percei eive ve
by cons consum umer ers. s. Psyc Psycho holo logi gist st tr (C
rc
Th ga betw betw l~gi l~gisl slat atio io
Pr
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rc
to re tric tric th frau frau
t~ dete determ rmin in
uc
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ause ause
in stud studyi ying ng th ergo ergono nomi mics cs of prod produc ucts ts ro uc
as
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au
3. Cons Consum um
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an ac rs as
ac al
af an
ay
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as
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sy
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fort fortab able le
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at
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sy
logi logist st
tudy tudy to argu argu th ir
oint oint in th
ourt ourt an barg bargai ai
fo ap ro ria~ ria~~n ~nsa sa~o ~o s. 4. Frau Fraudu dule le
Mark Mark ting ting Stra Strate tegi gi
ax deci decisi sion on-m -mak akin in
ro go
ro thro throug ug
rs
ra du
th foll follow owin in step steps: s:
ra
Bu
ders ders an
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Psyc Psyc lOlo lOlogl gl
Weigh Weighin in of Altern Alternati ative ve
frau fraudu dule le
arke arketi ti
utri utriti ti di
al
stra strate tegi gi
te
it is un thic thical al Fo
ti
is also also re al
th
le
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dv
uc
xa
up
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writ writte te
labe labe
is to smal smal to be perceiv perceived, ed, 'informa 'information tion
rodu rodu
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1950s
xa
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ubli ub li inal inal
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uc
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stra stra gi
were were
um
in
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In th 1950s,
de isio isio
up ri
it
ad
rt se
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ut
ge
an
rk ti
base base
um rs
rn'. rn'. Th
rtis rtis
ts in
ie were were alte altere re by
un
wi
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essa essage ges. s.
flue flue frau fraudu dule le
at
ff
subl sublim imin inal al ad
un
ans, ans, re ab ut he
stra strate tegi gi ts us
ts like like 'Hun 'Hungr gry! y! essa essage ges. s.
gg
rtai rtai
frau fraudu dule le
arke arke in
um trat trat gi
an
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th
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0 0 0 0 0
su
r.
si
this this ri
re ar
