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Mechanics of Materials Solutions Chapter12 Probs1 8Full description
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8 Q3: Why mitochondria are known as power house of the cell? Ans: Mitochondria are known as power house of the cell because they are the main centers of the intercellular energy production. Q4: Why ribosomes are called as protein factories? Ans: Ribosomes are called as protein factories because they are composed of RNA and protein and they take part in the protein synthesis. Q5: Why nucleus is considered as a brain of cell? Ans: Nucleus is considered as a brain of a cell because it controls all the vital activities of a cell. Q6: What will happen if the function of lysosomes would disturb in cell? Ans: It may cause the abnormal conditions or diseases. Q7: Why did it take nearly 200 years from the time of Robert Hooke for the cell theory to develop? Ans: Because scientists had to wait for the technology to develop. Q8: Say for instance you are looking a single cell that is green in colour. How do you it is a plant cell? Ans: Animal cells do not have the chloroplast which makes plant cells look green, so it is a plant cell. Q9: Which organelle act as a lysosome in plant cell and why? And: Vacules sometime act as a lysosome in plant cell because they contain hydrolytic enzyme and after the death of cell the enzymes of vacule cause the break down of cell. Q10: How prokaryotes are different from eukaryotes? Ans: Prokaryotes are distinguished from eukaryotes on the basis of nuclear organization specifically they lack nuclear membrane and they also lack any intracellular organelle which is double membranacious. Q11: What will happen if chromosome loses its centromere? Ans: It will be unable to pair with any other chromosome and will result the cell dea th. Q12: Why lysosomes are referred as suicide sacs? Ans: Lysosomes contain power digestive enzymes and they have capacity of total cell destruction because of this they are referred as suicide sacs. Q13: What would happen to a plant cell that suddenly lost its chloroplast? Ans: If the chloroplast die or disappear then the plant would die of hunger. Q14: Why organelles are important in cells? Ans: Organelles are important in cells because without organelles a cell would not be able to anything and it would be dead.
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Q15: How rough endoplasmic reticulum is differs from smooth endoplasmic reticulum? Ans: Rough endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes on their outer surface while smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not contain ribosomes on their surface. Q16: Which organelle of a cell is transferred from mother only to new generation? and why? Ans: Mitochondria are transferred from mother to new generation because these are present only in eggs not in sperms. Q17: Which organelles of a cell have its own DNA except nucleus? Ans: Mitochondria and plastids have their own DNA.
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Chapter – 5
Variety of life Short Answers:
Q1: What is the basic unit of classification? Ans: Species is the basic unit of classification. Q2: Previously organisms were divided in how many kingdoms? Ans: Previously organisms were divided in to two kingdoms. The plant kingdom and The animal kingdom. Q3: Define species? Ans: Species is the group of organisms which are capable of interbreeding and are producing fertile offspring. Q4: What is capsid? Ans: Protein coat that encloses the viral genome is called capsid. Q5: Name the different parts of viruses? Ans: Viral genome, capsid, envelops, and tail fiber. Q6: What modifications were proposed by Margulis and Schwarts in Whittaker`s scheme? Ans: They suggested that multicellular algae should be removed from plant kingdom and placed along with all unicellular organisms in a new kingdom called the protoctist which would replace Whittaker`s protist kingdom. Q7: What was the major snag in Whittaker`s scheme? Ans: The major snag of his scheme was placing of unicellular algae in protist and multicellular algae in plant kingdom. Q8: What are two criteria used by Whittaker in his scheme of classification? And: He based his classification on two main criteria 1) Level of organization and 2) Methods of nutrition. Q9: What are virods? Ans: These are pathogens without capsid consists of tiny molecules of naked RNA and they infect only plants.
11 Q10: Define bacteriophage? Ans: Viruses that infect bacteria are called bacteriophage. Q11: What diseases are caused by Rhinoviruses? Ans: Rhinoviruses caused the diseases of nose a nd throat. Q12: What is meant by taxon? Ans: Grouping of organisms within the hierarchy is called taxon and each taxon has a rank and a name. Q13: binomial nomenclature? Ans: Linnaceus`s system of giving each species a scientific name comprising of two words is known as binomial nomenclature. Q14: Define kingdom monera? Ans: It is the kingdom of prokaryotes which take their food by different methods. Q15: On what basis previously organisms were divided into two kingdoms? Ans: Previously organisms were divided into two kingdoms on the basis of presence or absence of cell wall. Q16: Which virus causes the AIDS? Ans: AIDS is caused by Human Immuno deficiency Virus (HIV) a retrovirus. Q17: What are two major routs by which a plant viral diseases can spread? Ans: A plant viral disease can spread by horizontal transmission or vertical transmission. Reasons:
Q1: Why bacteria and fungi previously placed to the plant kingdom? Ans: Previously bacteria and fungi placed to the plant kingdom because they were like plants and possessed a cell wall. Q2: Why protoctista considered a something of ‘Rag-bag’? Ans: Protoctista considered as something of ‘Rag-bag’ because it contains all multicellular and unicellular organisms which can not be fitted to any of the other kingdom. Q3: Why scientists suggested that multicellular algae should be removed from plant kingdom? Ans: They suggested that multicellular algae should be removed from plant kingdom because multicellular algae is more close to unicellular algae than plants and this is why they placed in new kingdom called protoctista. Q4: How fungi are different from green plants?
12 Ans: Fungi lack chlorophyll, they feed heterotrophically through absorption and their cellular structures are also different from plants.
Q5: Why viruses are not included in five kingdoms? Ans: Viruses are not included in five kingdoms because they are on the borderline between the living and nonliving due to its noncellular nature, presence of only nucleic acid surrounded by protein coat and it is parasite. Q6: Why Tobacco Mosaic disease is called as Mosaic disease? Ans: Because it causes the leaves to wrinkle and become mottled and mottled effect has the appearance of Mosaic. Q7: Why virus which attacks on bacteria is known as bacteriophage virus? Ans: They are so called because they attack bacteria and destroy it. Q8: Why a virus that reproduces only by lytic cycle is known as virulent? Ans: A virus that reproduces only by lytic cycle is known as virulent because it causes death of bacterial cell. Q9: How viruses are classified? And: Viruses are classified on the basis of morphology an d nucleic acid they contain. Q10: Why lysogenic phase of virus is known as temperate phase? Ans: Because it replicates the viral genome without destroying it. Q11: Why some viruses are referred as arboviruses? Ans: Some viruses are referred as arboviruses because they are transmitted by insects and other arthropods. Q12: How chemical constitution can be helpful in the classification of living organisms? Ans: When morphological characters are failed to classify living organisms because of their similar cellular structures then their chemical constituents are used to classify and identify them. Q13: Why bacteriophage is known as tadpole virus? Ans: Bacteriophage is known as tadpole because of its tadpole shape with its head and tail regions. Q14: Why viruses are harmful for other living organisms? Ans: Viruses are harmful for other living organisms because they cause many widespread diseases in living organisms.
13 Q15: How living organisms are classified? Ans: Living organisms are classified on the basis of homology, comparative biochemistry, cytology and genetics.
Q16: How plus strand RNA viruses are different from minus strand RNA viruses? Ans: Plus strand RNA act directly as mRNA after infecting the host cell, attacking to the host`s ribosomes and being transmitted where minus strand RNA carry the RNA strand complementary to the mRNA that carries the genetic information of the mRNA, which then function in the cell.
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Chapter – 6
The Kingdom Prokaryotae (Monera) Short Answers:
Q1: What are cynobacteria? Ans: Cynobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria which were previously known as blue green algae and they true prokaryotes. Q2: What are photosynthetic bacteria? Ans: Bacteria which synthesize organic compounds by using light energy are called as photosynthetic bacteria. Q3: What are parasitic bacteria? Ans: Bacteria which grow inside the tissues of other living organisms and obtain food by harming their host are called parasitic bacteria. Q4: What are saprophytic bacteria? Ans: Bacteria which get their food from dead organic matter are known as saprophytic bacteria. Q5: What is plasmid? Ans: It is the small circular, double stranded DNA molecule and self replicating present in many bacteria. Q6: What are akinets? Ans: Akinets are non motile asexual spores formed during unfavourable conditions. Q7: what are pili? Ans: Pili are fine, hollow, filament like structures and not used for the locomotion but help in the conjugation of bacteria. Q8: What are mesosomes? Ans: The plasma membrane of bacterial cell is folded inward to form a special structure called mesosomes. Q9: What does Atrichous mean? Ans: Atricous means bacteria without flagella.
15 Q10: What is meant by binary fission? Ans: It is the process of asexual reproduction present bacteria.
Q11: What are obligate aerobes? Ans: Bacteria which only can survive in the presence of oxygen are known as obligate aerobes. Q12: What are heterocysts? Ans: In the filament of Nostoc some larger, yellowish, thick walled cells are present called heterocysts which are also take part in the reproduction and nitrogen fixation. Q13: What is coenobium? Ans: In Nostoc when filaments are intermixed in a gelatinous mass forming a ball like structure called coenobium. Q14: What is transduction? Ans:It is the type of genetic recombination in which one bacterial genetic material is transferred into cell through bacteriophage. Q15: What are hormogonia? Ans: The filament of Nostoc breaks up into many pieces called hormogonia and each hormogonium grows into a new filament. Q16: What is genetic recombination? Ans: The combination of genetic material from two different sources is called genetic recombination. Q17: What are antibiotics? Ans: These are the chemical substances which are used to kill micro-organisms that cause infection diseases. Q18: What is immunity? Ans: The resistance against the infection by pathogenic organisms is called immunity. Q19: What are chemosynthetic bacteria? Ans: Bacteria which get energy by the oxidaticen and reduction process of various inorganic compounds such as nitrates, sulphur, ammonia etc are known as chemosynthetic bacteria. Q20: How many shapes of bacteria? Ans: There are four shapes of bacteria. Reasons:
16 Q1: Do any other microbial groups besides bacteria have prokaryotic cell? Ans: Cynobacteria or blue green algae are also having prokaryotic cell. Q2: How bacteria are classified as gram positive and gram negative?
Ans: Certain bacteria are stained with a violet or bluish colour are said to gram positive where other bacteria do not stained with violet dye are known gram negative bacteria. Q3: How conjugation takes place in bacteria? Ans: The genetic material of one bacterial cell is transferred into another bacterial cell through a tube known as conjugating tube, the process is known as conjugation. Q4: Why bacteria are called symbiotic? Ans: Some bacteria are called as symbiotic because they form an association with other living organism and they get their food without harming them. Q5: Why obligate anaerobic bacteria die in the presence of oxygen? Ans: Obligate anaerobic bacteria die in the presence of oxygen because they respire without oxygen. Q6: Bacteria are prokaryotes therefore chloroplast must not be present in their cell then how photosynthetic bacteria synthesize there food? Ans: These bacteria have same pigments similar to chlorophyll and their pigments dispersed in the cytoplasm. Through these pigments ph otosynthetic bacteria synthesize their food. Q7: How elementary canal bacteria are useful? Ans: These bacteria are present in intestine of living organism and help in the digestion of cellulose, by an enzyme cellulase. Q8: How Nostoc and Anabana are useful in the field of agriculture? Ans: They are used as nitrogen fertilizer in agriculture to improve soil fertility. Q9: If conditions are not favourable than how Nostoc would reproduce? Ans: They would produce non motile spores from vegetative cells are known as akinets. Q10: How bacteria are helpful to clean the world? Ans: Some bacteria decompose the dead organisms into simpler compounds in this way they help to clean the world. Q11: How cell walls of archaeobacteria are different from other groups? Ans: Most groups of bacteria contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls where peptidoglycan is absent in the cell walls of archaeobacteria. Q12: How bacteria would reproduce in unfavourable conditions?
17 Ans: Bacteria would reproduce through endospore formation in unfavourable conditions. Q13: how pili are different from flagella? Ans: Pili are fine, thin, and smaller then flagella and they do not help in the locomotion. Q14: Mitochondria are absent in bacterial cell then how respiration takes place? Ans: Plasma membrane of bacteria contains enzymes for respiration process and it acts as mitochondria. Q15: Why centroplasm is called as central body in Nostoc? Ans: Centroplasm is called as central body becau se heredity material is present in it due to the absence of nuclear material in it.
Chapter-7
The Kingdom Proctoctista Reasons
Q1: Why we say that Ulva has isomorphic alternation of generation?
18 Ans: Because Ulva has the sporophyte and gametophyte in similar morphology. Q2: Why Euglena is considered as an animal as well as plant like protoctist? Ans: It is considered as animal as well as plant like protoctist because it has chlorophyll which is the characteristic of plants and it has no cell wall and motile these are the characteristics of animals. Q3: How Slime molds form a special group of organisms? Ans: Slime molds form a special group of organisms because these are animal like in their body and plant like in their reproduction. Q4: Why Chlorella is used in physiological experiments? Ans: Chlorella is used in physiological experiments because it is easily cultured and used in the research on photosynthesis and respiration. Q5: Why class Mastigophora is known as Flagellata? Ans: The class Mastigophora is known as Flagellata because they possess flagella on their outer surface of body. Q6: How colonial protozoan can be distinguished from a multicellular animal? Ans: Colonial protozoan can be distinguished from multicellular organisms due to their cell size and their cells are not specialized for any function. Q7: On what basis protozoa are classified into five classes? Ans: They are divided into five classes on the basis of their mode of locomotion. Q8: Why female mosquito bite causes the malaria not male mosquito? Ans: Only female mosquito bite causes the malaria because it contains malarial parasite in its salivary glands while male mosquito does not contain it. Q9: What causes the shivering in malaria? Ans: The simultaneous bursting of millions of red blood cells causes shivering in malaria. Q10: Why biologists regarded proctist kingdom as a p rophylactic group of organisms? Ans: Because they are found in great diversity and these organisms do not have their common ancestor.
Chapter-7
The Kingdom Proctoctista Reasons
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Q1: Why we say that Ulva has isomorphic alternation of generation? Ans: Because Ulva has the sporophyte and gametophyte in similar morphology. Q2: Why Euglena is considered as an animal as well as plant like protoctist? Ans: It is considered as animal as well as plant like protoctist because it has chlorophyll which is the characteristic of plants and it has no cell wall and motile these are the characteristics of animals. Q3: How Slime molds form a special group of organisms? Ans: Slime molds form a special group of organisms because these are animal like in their body and plant like in their reproduction. Q4: Why Chlorella is used in physiological experiments? Ans: Chlorella is used in physiological experiments because it is easily cultured and used in the research on photosynthesis and respiration. Q5: Why class Mastigophora is known as Flagellata? Ans: The class Mastigophora is known as Flagellata because they possess flagella on their outer surface of body. Q6: How colonial protozoan can be distinguished from a multicellular animal? Ans: Colonial protozoan can be distinguished from multicellular organisms due to their cell size and their cells are not specialized for any function. Q7: On what basis protozoa are classified into five classes? Ans: They are divided into five classes on the basis of their mode of locomotion. Q8: Why female mosquito bite causes the malaria not male mosquito? Ans: Only female mosquito bite causes the malaria because it contains malarial parasite in its salivary glands while male mosquito does not contain it. Q9: What causes the shivering in malaria? Ans: The simultaneous bursting of millions of red blood cells causes shivering in malaria. Q10: Why biologists regarded proctist kingdom as a p rophylactic group of organisms? Ans: Because they are found in great diversity and these organisms do not have their common ancestor.
