Ú ± a substance consists of one type of atom. ± a substance consists two or more types of elements that are chemically bondedtogether(Ê . J ± smallest neutral particle of an element.
Ú ±a neutral particle consists of similar non-metal atoms which are covalently-bonded.
a neutral partical consists of different non-metal atoms which are covalently-bonded. ± Positively or negatively charged particles which are formed from metal or non-metal atom. - It occurs when particles of a substance move between the particles of another substance. ± atoms of the same element with same proton number but different nucleonnumbers. ±RAM based on carbon-12 scale is the mass of one atom of the element compared with 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12. = the average mass of one atom of an molecule/((1/12 x the mass of one carbon-12 atom
Molar mass is the mass of one mole of any substance.
Volume occupied by one mole of any gas is 24dm^3 at room temperature and 22.4 dm^3 at STP.
± Molecular formula is the formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element that are present in a molecule of the compound. Ú ± Empirical formula is the formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound.
± Mole is an amount of substance that contains as many particles as the number of atoms inexactly 12 g of carbon-12.( the symbol of mole is mol . ± Avogadro constant ± 6.02 x 1023 ( ±The vertical column of elements in the Periodic Table arranged according to the number of valence electron in the outermost occupied shell are called groups. ( ± The horizontal row of elements in the Periodic Table, consist of the same number of shells occupied with electron in an atom are called period. ± electrons that occupy the outermost shell. Ú -Tendency of the atom to receive electron to form negatively charged ion. Ú -Tendency of the atom to release electron to form positively charged ion. ! -Basic oxide is metal oxide that can react with acid to form salt and water. (Na,Mg J ! -Acidic oxide is non metal oxide that can react with alkali to form salt and water. (Si,P,S,Cl J" ! -Amphoteric oxide is oxide that can react with both acid and alkali to form salt and water. (Al # ± Formed when positive ion from metal atom and negative ion from non-metal atom is attracted by strong electrostatic forces. ± consist of positive ions and negative ions which are held by strong electrostatic forces of attraction. # ± Formed when two or more similar or different non-metal atoms share valence electrons between them so that each atom achieves stable electron arrangement. (also simple molecular structure ± consists of neutral molecules which are held by weak intermolecular forces (Ñ . Element that can conduct electricity at solid or molten state without any chemical changes occur to it. Ú Compounds that can conduct electricity in Ê state or solution and undergo chemical changes. Ú Compounds that cannot conduct electric current in any state. Ú Electrolysis is a process whereby an electrolyte is decomposed to its constituent elements when electric current passes through it. Ú An electrolytic cell is a set up apparatus that contains two electrodes which are dipped in an electrolyte and produce a chemical reaction when connected to a battery(source of electricity . J An electrode that is connected to the positive terminal of the battery in an electrolytic cell . " An electrode that is connected to the negative terminal of the battery in an electrolytic cell. JNegative ions that are attracted and move to the positive charged electrode(Anode .
3 Positive ions that are attracted and move to the negative charged electrode(Cathode . 3 Ú An electrode that acts as a conductor only and does not undergo chemical changes.(carbon,platinum,graphite 3 Ú An electrode that not only acts as a conductor but also undergoes chemical changes.(copper,silver,nickel $% Ú " &Electrochemical series is an arrangement of metals according to their tendency to release electrons to form a positive charged ion. $' The metal which is situated at a higher position in the electrochemical series is able to displace a metal below it from its salt solution. $( A cell that produces electrical energy when chemical reactions occur in it. 43. J ) (base ±Alkali is a base which is soluble andionises in water to produce hydroxide ions, OH-. 44. J ± chemical substance which ionises in water to produce hydrogen ions, H+. 45. -Basicity of an acid is the number of ionisable of hydrogen atom per molecule of an acid molecule is an aqueous solution. 46. -Bases is a chemical substance that reacts with acid to produce salt and water only.
47. * ±ph is a scale of numbers to measure the degree of acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution based on the concentration of hydrogen ions,H+ or hydroxide ions,OH- . Scale ranges from 0 to 14. 48. & ) ± strong alkali is an alkali that ionises completely in water to produce high concentration of hydroxide ion, OH-. 49. +) ) ± Weak alkali is an alkali that partially ionises in water to produce low concentration of hydroxide ion, OH-. 50. & ± strong acid is an acid that ionises completely in water to produce high concentration of hydrogen ion, H+. 51. +) ±Weak acid is an acid that partially ionises in water to produce low concentration of hydrogen ion, H+. 52. & ± solution is a homogeneous mixture formed when a solute is dissolved in a solvent. 53. -Molarity is the concentration of solution. (g dm-3 / mol dm-3 . 54. & & ± standard solution is a solution that its concentration is accurately known. 55. - Neutralisation is the reaction between an acid and a base to form only salt and water. 56. & ± Salt is a compound formed when the hydrogen ion in an acid is replaced with metal ion or ammonium ion. 57. , J ± Qualitative analysis of a salt is a chemical technique to identify the ions present in a salt. 58. J ± Alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain fixed composition. The major component in the mixture is a metal. 59. ±Polymer is a long chain molecules made up of many identical number of small repeating sub-unit called monomer. 60. ± Composite materials are structural materials that are formed by combining two or more different substances such as metals, alloys, glass, ceramics, and polymers.
