CIRCUITS AND SIMULATION LAB MANUAL

EC 2257-ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS II AND SIMULATION LAB MANUAL SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PERAMBALUR

II YEAR

SRINIVASAN SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING ANNA UNIVERSITY- CHENNAI REGULATION 2008 II YEAR/IV SEMESTER

EC 2257- ELECTRONICS ELECTRONICS CIRCIUITS II AND SIMULATION LAB LAB MANUAL ISSUE:01 REVISION:00

APPROVED BY

PREPARED BY

Prof. B. REVATHI

C. SATHISH KUMAR, AP/ECE.

HOD/ECE

A.BALASUBRAMANIYAN, AP/ECE.

ISSUE: 01 REVISION: 00

1


II YEAR

Preface This laboratory manual is prepared by the Department of Electronics and communication engineering for Electronics Circuits II and Simulation Lab (EC 2257). This lab manual can be used as instructional book for students, staff and instructors to assist in performing and understanding the experiments. In the first part of the manual, experiments as per syllabus are described and in the second part of the manual, experiments that are beyond the syllabus but expected for university laboratory examination are displayed. This manual will be available in electronic form from College’s official website, for the betterment betterment of students.

Acknowledgement We would like to express our profound gratitude and deep regards to the support offered by the Chairman Shri. A.Srinivasan . We also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to our Principal Dr.B.Karthikeyan,M.E, Ph.D, for his valuable information and guidance, which helped us in completing this this task through various various stages. We extend our hearty thanks to our head of the department Prof.B. Revathi @ Ponmozhi, M.E, (Ph.D), for her constant encouragement and constructive comments. Finally the valuable comments from from fellow fellow faculty faculty and assistance provided by

the

department are highly acknowledged.


2


II YEAR

Preface This laboratory manual is prepared by the Department of Electronics and communication engineering for Electronics Circuits II and Simulation Lab (EC 2257). This lab manual can be used as instructional book for students, staff and instructors to assist in performing and understanding the experiments. In the first part of the manual, experiments as per syllabus are described and in the second part of the manual, experiments that are beyond the syllabus but expected for university laboratory examination are displayed. This manual will be available in electronic form from College’s official website, for the betterment betterment of students.

Acknowledgement We would like to express our profound gratitude and deep regards to the support offered by the Chairman Shri. A.Srinivasan . We also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to our Principal Dr.B.Karthikeyan,M.E, Ph.D, for his valuable information and guidance, which helped us in completing this this task through various various stages. We extend our hearty thanks to our head of the department Prof.B. Revathi @ Ponmozhi, M.E, (Ph.D), for her constant encouragement and constructive comments. Finally the valuable comments from from fellow fellow faculty faculty and assistance provided by

the

department are highly acknowledged.


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II YEAR

CONTENTS S.No

TOPIC

PAGE NO

1. System Requirements

4

2. Syllabus

5

3. List of Experiments Design and Analysis o f Current Series Feedback Amplifier 1

6 12

3

Design and Analysis of Voltage Shunt Feedback Amplifier Design and Analysis of RC phase shift Oscillator

4

Design and Analysis of Wein Bridge Oscillator

23

5

Design and Analysis of Hartley Oscillator

27

6

32

7

Design and Analysis o f Colpitts Oscillator Design and Analysis of Class-C Tuned Amplifier

8

Design and Analysis of Collector coupled Astable Multivibrator

41

9

Design and Analysis of Monostable Multivibrator

45

10

Design and Analysis of Bistable Multivibrator

49

11

Design and Analysis of Wave Shaping Circuits.

53

12

Simulation of Differential Amplifier.

66

13

Simulation of Astable Multivibrator

69

14

Simulation of Monostable Multivibrator

74

15

Simulation of Bistable Multivibrator

77

16

Simulation of Active Filters.

80

17

Simulation of Digital to Analog Converter

85

18

Simulation of Analog Multiplier.

88

19

Simulation of CMOS NOT/NAND/NOR gates.

91

2


18

36

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II YEAR

1. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

Processors

-

2.0 GHz or Higher

RAM

-

256 MB or Higher

Hard Disk

-

20 GB or Higher

Operating System

-

Windows 2000/XP/NT

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

SPICE (OrCad 9.2 Release)


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II YEAR

SYLLABUS

EC 2257- ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS II AND SIMULATION LAB DESIGN OF FOLLOWING CIRCUITS

1. Series and Shunt feedback amplifiers: 2. Frequency response, Input and output impedance calculation 3. RC Phase shift oscillator, Wien Bridge Oscillator 4. Hartley Oscillator, Colpitts Oscillator 5. Tuned Class C Amplifier 6. Integrators, Differentiators, Clippers and Clampers 7. Astable, Monostable and Bistable multivibrators SIMULATION USING PSPICE:

1. Differential amplifier 2. Active filters: Butterworth 2nd order LPF, HPF (Magnitude & P hase Response) 3. Astable, Monostable and Bistable multivibrator - Transistor bias 4. D/A and A/D converters (Successive appro ximation) 5. Analog multiplier 6. CMOS Inverter, NAND and NOR LIST OF EQUIPMENTS AND COMPONENTS FOR A BATCH OF 30 STUDENTS (3 per Batch ) S.No Name of the equipments / Components Variable DC Power Supply 1 Fixed Power Supply 2 CRO 3 Multimeter 4 Multimeter 5 Function Generator 6 Digital LCR Meter 7 PC with SPICE Simulation Software 8 Consumables (Minimum of 25 Nos. each) BC107, BF195, 2N2222, BC147 9 Resistors 1/4 Watt Assorted 10 11 Capacitors 12 Inductors Diodes, Zener Diodes 13 Bread Boards 14


Quantity Required 8 4 6 6 2 6 1 6

Remarks (0-30V) + / - 12V 30MHZ Digital Analog 1 MHz

5


EX NO: 01 DATE :

II YEAR

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF CURRENT SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

Aim:

To design and test the current-series feedback amplifier and to calculate the following parameters with and without feedback. 1. Mid band gain. 2. Bandwidth and cut-off frequencies. 3. Input and output o utput impedance.

Components & Equipment required:

S.NO

APPARATUS

1.

Power supply

2.

Function generator

3.

CRO

4.

Transistor

5.

Resistors

6.

Capacitors

7.

Connecting Connecting wires w ires


RANGE

(0-30)V (0-20M)Hz

QUANTITY

1 1 1

BC107

1

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II YEAR

Circuit diagram: (i) Without feedback:

(ii) With feedback:


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II YEAR

Theory: The current series feedback amplifier is characterized by having shunt sampling and

series mixing. In amplifiers, there is a sampling network, which samples the output and gives to the feedback network. The feedback signal is mixed with input signal by either shunt or series

mixing technique. Due to shunt sampling the output resistance increases by a factor of ‘D’ and the input resistance is also increased by the same factor due to series mixing. This is basically transconductance amplifier. Its input is voltage which is amplified as current. Design: (i)

Without feedback:

VCC = 12V; IC = 1mA; fL = 50Hz; S = 2;

RL = 4.7KΩ; hfe = re = 26mV / IC = 26Ω; hie = hfe re = VCE= Vcc/2 (transistor Active) = VE = IERE = Vcc/10 Applying KVL to output loop, we get VCC = ICRC + VCE + IERE RC = ? Since IB is very small when compare with IC, IC ≈ IE RE = VE / IE = ? S = 1+ RB / RE = 2 RB = ? VB = VCC R2 / (R1 + R2) RB = R1 || R2 R1 = ?

R2 =?

XCi = Zi / 10 = (hie || RB) / 10 = ?

Ci = 1 / (2π f XCi) = ? Xco = (RC || RL)/10 =?


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II YEAR

Co = 1 / (2πf XCo) = ? XCE = RE/10 = ? CE = 1 / (2πf XCE) ?

(ii)

With feedback ( Remove the Emitter Capacitor, CE):

Feedback factor, β = -R E = Gm = -hfe / (hie + R E) =

Desensitivity factor, D = 1 + β Gm = Transconductance with feedback, G mf = Gm / D = Input impedance with feedback, Z if = Zi D Output impedance with feedback, Z 0f = Z0 D Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram. 2. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 50Hz to 3MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output voltage. 3. Plot the graph: Gain (dB) Vs Frequency 4. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph. 5. Calculate the input and output impedance. 6. Remove Emitter Capacitance, and follow the same procedures (1 to 5).

Tabular column: (i) Without feedback: Vi=

S.No

Frequency (Hz)


Output Voltage (V0) (volts)

Gain = V0/Vi

Gain = 20 log(V0/Vi) (dB)

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(iii)

II YEAR

With feedback: Vi=

S.No

Frequency (Hz)

Output Voltage (V0) (volts)

Gain = V0/Vi


Model graph: (frequency response)


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II YEAR

Result: Thus the current series feedback amplifier is designed and constructed and the following parameters are calculated. Theoretical With feedback

Without feedback

Practical With feedback

Without feedback

Input impedance Output impedance Gain (midband) Bandwidth 1. Define feedback? A portion of the output signal is taken from the output of the amplifier and is combined with the normal input signal. This is known as feedback. 2. Define positive feedback? If the feedback signal is in phase with input signal, then the net effect of the feedback will increase the input signal given to the amplifier. This type of feedback is said to be positive or regenerative feedback. 3. Define negative feedback? If the feedback signal is out of phase with the input signal then the input voltage applied to the basic amplifier is decreased and correspondingly the output is decreased. This type of feedback is known as negative or degenerative feedback. 4. Define sensitivity? Sensitivity is defined as the ratio of percentage change in voltage gain with feedback to the percentage change in voltage gain without feedback.

5. What are the types of feedback? i. Voltage-series feedback iii.Current- series feedback


ii. Voltage-shunt series iv.Current-shunt feedback

11


EX NO: 02

II YEAR

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF VOLTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK

DATE :

AMPLIFIER

Aim:

To design and test the voltage-shunt feedback amplifier and to calculate the following parameters with and without feedback.

1. Mid band gain. 2. Bandwidth and cut-off frequencies. 3. Input and output impedance.


S.NO

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

APPARATUS

RANGE

Power supply

(0-30)V

Function generator

(0-20M)Hz

CRO Transistor

QUANTITY

1 1 1

BC107

1

Resistors Capacitors Connecting wires


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II YEAR

Circuit Diagram: (i) Without Feedback:

(ii) With Feedback:


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II YEAR

Theory:

In voltage shunt feedback amplifier, the feedback signal voltage is given to the base of the transistor in shunt through the base resistor RB. This shunt connection tends to decrease the input resistance and the voltage feedback tends to decrease the output resistance. In the circuit RB appears directly across the input base terminal and output collector terminal. A part of output is feedback to input through RB and increase in IC decreases IB. Thus negative feedback exists in the circuit. So this circuit is also called voltage feedback bias circuit. This feedback amplifier is known a transresistance amplifier. It amplifies the input current to required voltage levels. The feedback path consists of a resistor and a capacitor. Design (i) Without Feedback:

VCC = 12V; IC = 1mA; AV = 30;

Rf = 2.5KΩ; S = 2; hfe = ;

β=1/ Rf = 0.0004 re = 26mV / IC = 26Ω; hie = hfe re = VCE= Vcc/2 (transistor Active) = VE = IERE = Vcc/10 =

Applying KVL to output loop, we get VCC = ICRC + VCE + IERE RC = Since IB is very small when compare with IC, IC ≈IE RE = VE / IE = S = 1+ RB / RE RB =


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II YEAR

VB = VCC R2 / (R1 + R2) RB = R1 || R2 R1 =

R2 =

(ii) With feedback: RO = RC || Rf = Ri = (RB || hie ) Rf = Rm = -(hfe (RB || Rf) (RC || Rf)) / ((RB || Rf) + hie) = Desensitivity factor, D = 1 + β Rm Rif = Ri / D = Rof = Ro / D = Rmf = Rm / D = XCi = Rif /10 =

Ci = 1 / (2πf XCi) = Xco = Rof /10 =

Co = 1 / (2πf XCo) = RE’ = RE || ((RB + hie) / (1+hfe)) XCE = RE’/10 = CE = 1 / (2πf XCE) = XCf = Rf/10

Cf = 1 / (2πf XCf) = Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram. 2. Keeping the input vo ltage constant, vary the frequency from 50Hz to 3MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output voltage. 3. Plot the graph: Gain (dB) Vs Frequency 4. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph. 5. Calculate the input and output impedance. 6. Remove Emitter Capacitance, and follow the same procedures (1 to 5).


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II YEAR

Tabular Column: (i) Without Feedback: Vi=10mV

Frequency (Hz)

Vo (Volts)

Gain = V0/Vi


(ii) With Feedback: Vi=10mV

Frequency (Hz)

Vo (Volts)

Gain = V0/Vi


Model graph: (frequency response)


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II YEAR

Result: Thus the voltage shunt feedback amplifier is designed and constructed and the following parameters are calculated.

Theoretical With feedback

Without feedback

Practical With feedback

Without feedback

Input impedance Output impedance Gain (midband) Bandwidth

1. Give an example for voltage-series feedback. The Common collector or Emitter follower amplifier is an example for voltage series feedback. 2. Give the properties of negative feedback. i. Negative feedback reduces the gain ii. Distortion is very much reduced 3. Define voltage shunt feedback. A fraction of output voltage is supplied in parallel with the input voltage through the feedback network. The feedback signal is proportional to the output voltage 4.Define voltage series feedback. The input to the feedback network is in parallel with the output of the amplifier. A fraction of the output voltage through the feedback network is applied in series with the input voltage of the amplifier. 5.Define current shunt feedback. The shunt connection at the input reduce the input resistance and the series connection at the output increase the output resistance is called current shunt feedback


17


II YEAR

EX NO: 03 DATE :

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

Aim: To design and construct a RC phase shift oscillator for the given frequency (f0). Components & Equipment required:

S.NO

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

APPARATUS

RANGE

Power supply

(0-30)V

Function generator

(0-20M)Hz

CRO Transistor

QUANTITY

1 1 1

BC107

1

Resistors Capacitors Connecting wires


18


II YEAR

Circuit Diagram:

Theory:

In the RC phase shift oscillator, the required phase shift of 180˚ in the feedback loop

from the output to input is obtained by using R and C components, instead of tank circuit. Here a common emitter amplifier is used in forward path followed by three sections of RC phase network in the reverse path with the output of the last section being returned to the input of the

amplifier. The phase shift Ф is given by each RC section Ф=tanˉ1 (1/ωrc). In practice R -value is adjusted such that Ф becomes 60˚. If the v alue of R and C are chosen such that the given frequency for the phase shift of each RC section is 60˚. Therefore at a specific frequency the total phase shift from base to transistor’s around circuit and back to base is exactly 360˚ or 0˚. Thus the Barkhausen criterion for oscillation is satisfied Design:

VCC = 12V; IC = 1mA; C = 0.01μF; fo = ; S = 2; hfe = re = 26mV / IC = 26√Ω; hie = hfe re = VCE= Vcc/2 (transistor Active) =


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II YEAR

VE = IERE = Vcc/10 Applying KVL to output loop, we get VCC = ICRC + VCE + IERE RC = Since IB is very small when compare with IC,

IC ≈ IE RE = VE / IE = S = 1+ RB / RE = 2 RB = VB = VBE + VE = VB = VCC R2 / (R1 + R2) RB = R1 || R2 R1 =

R2 =

Gain formula is given by,

Effective load resistance is given by, Rleff = Rc || RL RL = XCi = {[hie+(1+hfe)RE] || RB}/10 =

Ci = 1 / (2πf XCi) = Xco = Rleff /10 =

Co = 1 / (2πf XCo) = CE = RE/10 = ISSUE: 01 REVISION: 00

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II YEAR

CE = 1 / (2πf XCE) = Feedback Network:

f0 = ;

C = 0.01μf;

R= Procedure:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Switch on the power supply and observe the output on the CRO (sine wave). 3. Note down the pract ical frequency and compare with its theoretical frequency.

Model Graph:


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II YEAR

Tabular Column:

AMPLITUDE(V)

TIME(ms)

FREQUENCY(HZ)

Result: Thus RC phase shift oscillator is designed and constructed and the output sine wave frequency is calculated as

Theoretical

Practical

Frequency

1. What is Oscillator circuit? A circuit with an active device is used to produce an alternating current is called an oscillator circuit.

2.What are the different types of oscillators? 1. sinusoidal oscillator 2, Relaxation oscillator 3. Negative resistance oscillator 4. Feedback oscillator 5. LC oscillator 6. RC Phase shift oscillator. 3. What are the conditions for oscillations? The magnitude of loop gain must be unity. Total phase shift around closed loop is zero. 4.Define frequency oscillation. When the signal level increases, the gain of the amplifier is decrease at a particular value of output, the gain of the amplifier is reduced exactly equal to 1/β then the output voltage remain constant at frequency is called frequency oscillation. 5. What is the application of RF phase shift oscillator? It is used for amplification, phase shifting and oscillation.


22


II YEAR

EX NO: 04 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

DATE :

Aim: To design a wien bridge oscillator and to draw its output waveform. Components & Equipment required: s.no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Name of the component Op-amp CRO Capacitor Resistor Power supply Bread Board Connecting wires

Range IC741 2.88uF,0.01uF,0.08uF 15k,8.8k,12k,1.18k -

Quantity 1 1 5 7 1 1 As required

Theory:

The wein bridge oscillator is a standard circuit for generating low frequencies in the range of 10 Hz to about 1MHz.The method used for getting +ve feedback in wein bridge oscillator is to use two stages of an RC-coupled amplifier. Since one stage of the RC-coupled amplifier introduces a phase shift of 180 deg, two stages will introduces a phase shift of 360 deg. At the frequency of oscillations f the +ve feedback network shown in fig makes the input & output in the phase. The frequency of oscillations is given as f =1/2π√R1C1R2C2 In addition to the positive feedback

Design:

Select

appropriate

transistor

and

note

down

its

specification

such

as

Vce(max),IcQ(max),hfe(min)) and hfe(max) and VBE(SAT). Here the transistor is allowed to work

in

the

active

region.Assume

Vcc,VceQ,IcQ,Vcc.

where

Vcc=VcEQ+IcQ(Rc+RE),determine Rc.Assuming appropriate stability factor and hence I2 current flowing through the biasing resistor R2 and determine R1 and R2.


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II YEAR

R2=SXRE Vcc[(R2/R1)+R2]=VRE +VBE(sat) VR1+VR2=Vcc Using the condition for sustained oscillation hfe>4k+23+29/k,where k=Rc/R. compute C for designed desired frequency f1 using formula for frequency of oscillation. F=1/2 1212 Compute Cin,Xcin<=Zin/10, where Xcin is the impedance offered by the coupling capacitor for the frequency of interest and Zin is the input resistance at the transistor.Compute CE,the impadance XCE<=RE/10. Procedure:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram 2. Feed the output of the oscillator to a C.R.O by making ad justments in the Potentiometer connected in the +ve feedback loop, try to obtain a stable sine Wave. 3. Measure the time period of the waveform obtained on CRO. & calculate the Frequency of oscillations. 4. Repeat the procedure for different values of capacitance Circuit Diagram:


24


II YEAR

design:

F=1/2πRC R=1/2πFC Given F=1KHZ

Assume, C=0.1μF, R=1.5kΩ. R3/R4=2. Assume R3=1k Ω,R4= 500Ω R=R1=R2=1.5kΩ C=C1=C2=0.1μF Tabulation: AMPLITUDE(V)

TIME(ms)

FREQUENCY(HZ)

Model Graph:


25


II YEAR

Result:

Thus a Wien bridge oscillator is designed and the output waveform is drawn.

Theoretical

Practical

Frequency

1. Define Oscillator A circuit with an active device is used to produce an alternating current is called an oscillator circuit. 2. What is a tuned amplifier? The amplifier with a circuit that is capable of amplifying a signal over a narrow band of frequencies are called tuned amplifiers. 3. What happens to the circuit above and below resonance? Above resonance the circuit acts as capacitive and below resonance the circuit acts as inductive.

4. What are the different coil losses? Hysteresis loss , Copper loss ,Eddy current loss

5. What is Q factor? It is the ratio of reactance to resistance.


26


II YEAR

EX NO: 05 DATE :

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF HARTELY OSCILLATOR

Aim: To design and construct the given oscillator for the given frequency (f O).

Components & Equipment required: S.NO

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 7.

APPARATUS

RANGE

Power supply

(0-30)V

Function generator

(0-20M)Hz

CRO Transistor

QUANTITY

1 1 1

BC107

1

Resistors Capacitors DIB DCB Connecting wires

Theory:

Hartley oscillator is a type of sine wave generator. The oscillator derives its initial output from the noise signals present in the circuit. After considerable time, it gains strength and thereby producing sustained oscillations. Hartley Oscillator have two major parts namely

–

amplifier part and feedback part. The amplifier part has a typically CE amplifier with voltage divider bias. In the feedback path, there is a LCL network. The feedback network generally provides a fraction of output as feedback.


27


II YEAR

Circuit Diagram:

Design:

Given Specifications, Vcc=12V, S=6, VRE=3V, hfe=300, fc=12kHz, VBE(sat)=0.7, IcQ=1.6mA. Let L1=100uH, L1/L2=hfe, L2=? i)VcEQ=Vcc/2=6V -3

ii)VRE=ICQ.RE=1.6x10 .RE=3


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II YEAR

RE=1.857kΩ. Vcc=VCEQ+ICQ (RC+RE) 12= 6+1.6x10 -3 (RC+1.875x10 3)

RC=1.875kΩ iii)R2=SxRE=11.25kΩ

iv)Vcc(R2/(R1+R2)=VRE+VBE(sat)

R1=25.29kΩ L1/L2=hfe=300

Assume, L1=100μH, L2=0.33 μH.

f=1/2π (1 + 2) C=0.1753μF. CE=1/(2πfcXcE)=0.0707 μF. Zin=R1||R2||hie=2.997kΩ Xcin=Zin/10 Cin=1/(2 fcXcin)=0.0442 μF.

Procedure:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Switch on the power supply and observe the output on the CRO (sine wave).


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II YEAR

3. Note down the pract ical frequency and compare with its theoretical frequency.

Model Graph:

Tabulation:

AMPLITUDE(V)

TIME(ms)

FREQUENCY(HZ)

Result: Thus Hartley oscillator is designed and constructed and the output sine wave frequency is calculated as

Theoretical

Practical

Frequency


30


II YEAR

1. What is dissipation factor? It is referred as the total loss within a component i.e1/Q

2. What is the classification of tuned amplifiers? Single tuned Double tuned Stagger tuned

3. What is a single tuned amplifier? An amplifier circuit that uses a single parallel tuned circuit as a load is called single tuned amplifier.

4. What are the advantages of tuned amplifiers? They amplify defined frequencies. Signal to noise ratio at output is good They are suited for radio transmitters and receivers

5. What are the disadvantages of tuned amplifiers? The circuit is bulky and costly The design is complex. They are not suited to amplify audio frequencies.


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II YEAR

EX NO: 06 DATE :

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF COLPITTS OSCILLATOR

Aim: To design and construct the given oscillator at the given operating frequency.


S.NO

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 7.

APPARATUS

RANGE

Power supply

(0-30)V

Function generator

(0-20M)Hz

CRO Transistor

QUANTITY

1 1 1

BC107

1


Theory:

A Colpitts oscillator is the electrical dual of a Hartley oscillator. In the Colpitts circuit, two capacitors and one inductor determine the frequency of oscillation. The oscillator derives its initial output from the noise signals present in the circuit. After considerable time, it gains strength and thereby producing sustained oscillations. It has two major parts namely – amplifier part and feedback part. The amplifier part has a typically CE amplifier with vo ltage divider bias. In the feedback path, there is a CLC network. The feedback network generally provides a fraction of output as feedback.


32


II YEAR

Circuit Diagram:

Design:

Vcc=8V, S=6, VRE=3V, hfe=300, fc=12kHz, VBE(sat)=0.7, IcQ=1.8mA. Let L1=100uH,L1/L2=hfe,L2=? i)VcEQ=Vcc/2 ii)Vcc=VcEQ+IcQ.RE,VRE=ICQ.RE=IE.RE RE=VRE/VCQ iii)R2=S.RE iv)Vcc(R2/(R1+R2)=VRE+VBE(sat)

re’=(26x10-3)/ICQ R1=Vcc.R2/(R1+R2) -R2


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II YEAR

v)Cin=1/(2 fcXcin);Xcin=Zin/10 Zin=R1||R2||hie vi)CE=1/(2πfcXcE) XcE=RE/10

vii)fc=1/2π (,Ceq=C1||C2 viii)Vcc=VcEQ+ICQ(Rc+RE) Procedure:

1. Rig up the circuit as per the circuit diagrams (both oscillators). 2. Switches on the power supply and observe the output on the CRO (sine wave). 3. Note down the practical frequency and compare with its theoretical frequency. Model Graph:

Tabulation: AMPLITUDE(V)


TIME(ms)

FREQUENCY(HZ)

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II YEAR

Result: Thus Colpitts oscillator is designed and constructed and the o utput sine wave frequency is calculated as

Theoretical

Practical

Frequency

1. What is neutralization? The effect of collector to base capacitance of the transistor is neutralized by introducing a signal that cancels the signal coupled through collector base capacitance. This process is called neutralization.

2. What are double tuned amplifiers? The amplifiers having two parallel resonant circuit in its load are called double tuned amplifiers.

3. What is a stagger tuned amplifier? It is a circuit in which two single tuned cascaded amplifiers having certain bandwidth are taken and their resonant frequencies are adjusted that they are separated by an amount equal to the bandwidth of each stage. Since resonant frequencies are displaced it is called stagger tuned amplifier.

4. What are the advantages of stagger tuned amplifier? The advantage of stagger tuned amplifier is to have better flat, wideband characteristics. 5. What are the different types of neutralization? 1. Hazeltine neutralization 2. Rice neutralization


35


EX NO: 07

II YEAR

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF CLASS C

DATE :

SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFIER

Aim: To design and construct a single tuned amplifier and to plot the frequency response.

Components & Equipment required: S.NO

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 7.

APPARATUS

RANGE

Power supply

(0-30)V

Function generator

(0-20M)Hz

CRO Transistor

QUANTITY

1 1 1

BC107

1


Theory:

The amplifier is said to be class c amplifier if the Q Po int and the input signal are selected such that the output signal is obtained for less than a half cycle, for a full input cycle Due to such a selection of the Q point, transistor remains active for less than a half cycle .Hence only that much Part is reproduced at the output for remaining cycle of the input cycle the transistor remains cut off and no signal is produced at the output. The total Angle during which current flows is less than 180.This angle is called the conduction angle, Qc.


36


II YEAR

Circuit Diagram:

Design: VCC = 12V; IC = 1mA; fo = ; S = 2; hfe = Q = 5; L = 1Mh

re = 26mV / IC = 26Ω; hie = hfe re = VCE= Vcc/2 (transistor Active) = VE = IERE = Vcc/10 Applying KVL to output loop, we get VCC = ICRC + VCE + IERE RC =

Since IB is very small when compare with IC, IC ≈ IE RE = VE / IE = S = 1+ RB / RE = 2 RB = VB = VBE + VE = ISSUE: 01 REVISION: 00

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II YEAR

VB = VCC R2 / (R1 + R2) RB = R1 || R2 R1 = R2 = RL = XCi = {[hie+(1+hfe)RE] || RB}/10 =

Ci = 1 / (2πf XCi) = Xco = (RC||RL) /10 =

Co = 1 / (2πf XCo) = XCE = RE/10 =

CE = 1 / (2πf XCE) = Q = RL /ωL RL =

C= Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram. 2. Set Vi = 50 mV (say), using the signal generator. 3. Keeping the input vo ltage constant, vary the frequency from 0Hz to3MHz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output voltage. 4. Plot the graph: Gain (dB) Vs Frequency Tabular Column: Vi = 50 mV

Frequency (Hz)


Vo (Volts)


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Model Graph: (Frequency Response)


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Result: Thus single tuned amplifier is designed and co nstructed for the given operating frequency and the frequency response is plotted.

1. What is rice neutralization? It uses center tapped coil in the base circuit. The signal voltages at the end of tuned base coil are equal and out of phase.

2. What is unloaded Q? It is the ratio of stored energy to the dissipated energy in a reactor or resonator.

3. What are the applications of mixer circuit? Used in radio receivers. Used to translate signal frequency to some lower frequency

4. What is up converter? When the mixer circuit is used to translate signal to high frequency, then it is called up converter.

5. What is an amplifier? An amplifier is a device which produces a large electrical output of similar characteristics to that of the input parameters.


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EX NO: 08 DATE :

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

Aim: To design and construct an astable multivibrator multivibrator using transistor and to plot the o utput waveform. Components / Equipments Required: S.NO

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

APPARATUS

RANGE

Power supply

(0-30)V

CRO Transistor Resistors Capacitors

(0-20M)Hz BC107

4.9KΩ, 1.6MΩ 0.45nF

QUANTITY

1 1 2 2 each 2

Connecting wires

Circuit Diagram:


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Theory:

Astable multivibrator is also known as free running multivibrator. It is rectangular wave shaping circuit having non-stable states. This circuit does not need an external trigger to change state. It consists of two similar NPN transistors. They are capacitor coupled. It has 2 quasi-stable states. It switches between the two states without any applications of input trigger pulses. Thus it produces a square wave output without any input trigger. The time period of the output square wave is given by, T = 1.38RC. Design Procedure:

VCC = 10V; IC = 2mA;VCE (sat) = 0.2V; f = 1KHz; hfe = RC =( VCC - VCE (sat) )/ IC =(12 – 0.2 )/ 0.002 = 5.9kΩ.

R ≤hfe RC = 315 * 5.9 * 10 3 = 1.85MΩ R = 1.5MΩ. T = 1.38RC -3

6

C = T / (1.38R) = (1 * 10 ) / (1.38 * 1.5 * 10 )= 0.48nF

Procedure:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Switch on the power supply. 3. Note down the output TON, TOFF and output voltage from CRO. 4. Plot the output waveform in the graph. Tabular Column:

Amplitude (V)

TON (ms)

TOFF (ms)

Frequency(HZ)

VO1 VO2


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Model Graph:


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RESULT: Thus the astable multivibrator is designed and constructed using transistor and its output waveform is plotted.

1, What is a Multivibrator? The electronic circuit which are used to generate non sinusoidal waveforms are called Multivibrators.

2, Name the types of Multivibrators? Bistable Multivibrator, Monostable Multivibrator, Astable Multivibrator

3, How many stable states do bistable Multivibrator have? Two stable states.

4, When will the circuit change from stable state in bistable Multivibrator ? when an external trigger pulse is applied, the circuit changes from one stable state to another.

5. What are the different names of bistable Multivibrator? Eccles Jordan circuit, trigger circuit, scale-of-2 toggle circuit, flip-flop and binary.


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II YEAR

EX NO: 09 DATE :

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

Aim: To design and construct monostable multivibrator using transistor and to plot the output waveform. Components / Equipments Required: S.NO

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

APPARATUS

RANGE

Power supply

(0-30)V

CRO

(0-20M)Hz

Transistor

BC107

Resistors

4.9KΩ, 1.6MΩ

Capacitors

0.45nF

QUANTITY

1 1 2 2 each 2

Connecting wires

Circuit Diagram:


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II YEAR

Theory:

Monostable multivibrator has two states which are (i) quasi-stable state and (ii) stable state. When a trigger input is given to the monostable multivibrator, it switches between two states. It has resistor coupling with one transistor. The other transistor has capacitive coupling. The capacitor is used to increase the speed of switching. The resistor R2 is used to provide negative voltage to the base so that Q1 is OFF and Q2 is ON. Thus an output square wave is obtained from monostable multivibrator. Design Procedure :

VCC = 12V; VBB = -2V; IC = 2mA; VCE (sat) = 0.2V; f = 1KHz; hfe = RC =( VCC - VCE (sat) )/ IC =(12 – 0.2 )/ 0.002 = 5.9kΩ. IB2(min) = IC2 / hfe = Select IB2 > IB2(min) IB2 = R=( VCC - VCE (sat) )/ IB 2 T = 0.69RC C = T / 0.69R =

VBBR1 = VCE (sat) R2 R2 =10R1 (since, VBB = 2V and VCE (sat) = 0.2V)

Let R1 = 10KΩ, then R2 = 100KΩ Choose C1 = 25pF.


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Procedure:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Switch on the power supply 3. Observe the output at collector terminals. 4. Trigger Monostable with pulse and note down the output TON, TOFF and voltage from CRO. 5. Plot the waveform in the graph.

Tabular Column:

Input

Output

Width (ms) TON(ms)

TOFF(ms)

Voltage(V)

TON(ms)

TOFF(ms)

Voltage(V)

Model Graph:


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Result: Thus the monostable multivibrator is designed and constructed us ing transistor and its output waveform is plotted.

1. What are the applications of bistable Multivibrator? It is used in the performance of many digital operations such as counting and storing of the Binary information. It also finds applications in the generation and processing of pulse

– type waveforms.

2. What are the other names of monostable Multivibrator? One-shot, Single-shot, a single-cycle, a single swing, a single step Multivibrator, Univibrator.

3. Why is monostable Multivibrator called gatting circuit? The circuit is used to generate the rectangular waveform and hence can be used to gate other Circuits hence called gating circuit. 4.Why is monostable Multivibrator called delay circuit? The time between the transition from quasi-stable state to stable state can be predetermined and hence it can be used to introduce time delays with the help of fast transition. Due to this application is Called delay circuit. 5.What is the main characteristics of Astable Multivibrator? The Astable Multivibrator automatically makes the successive transitions from one quasi- stable State to other without any external triggering pulse.


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II YEAR

EX NO: 10 DATE :

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

Aim: To design a bistable multivibrator and to plot its output waveform. Components / Equipments Required: S.NO

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

APPARATUS

RANGE

Power supply

(0-30)V

CRO

(0-20M)Hz

Transistor

BC107

Resistors

4.9KΩ, 1.6MΩ

Capacitors

0.45nF

QUANTITY

1 1 2 2 each 2

Connecting wires

Circuit Diagram:


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II YEAR

Theory:

The bistable multivibrator has two stable states. The multivibrator can exist indefinitely in either of the twostable states. It requires an external trigger pulse to change from one stable state to another. The circuit remains in one stable state until an external trigger pulse is applied. The bistable multivibrator is used for the performance of many digital operations such as counting and storing of binary information. The multivibrator also finds an applications in generation and pulse type waveform. Design:

VCC =12V; VBB = -12V; IC = 2mA; VCE (sat) = 0.2V; VBE (sat) = 0.7V

R2 = 1.8MΩ Let R1 = 10KΩ, C1 = C2 = 50pF Procedure:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Set the input trigger using trigger pulse generator. 3. Note the output waveform from CRO and plot the graph. Tabular Column:

Input Voltage (V)

Input

Output

Width (ms) TON(ms)


TOFF(ms)

Voltage(V)

TON(ms)

TOFF(ms)

Voltage(V)

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Model Graph:


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II YEAR

Result: Thus bistable multivibrator has been constructed and its output waveforms are studied

1.What is the other name of Astable Multivibrator- why is it called so? As it does not require any external pulse for transition, it is called free running Multivibrator.

2, What are the two types of transister bistable Multivibrator? i. Fixed bias transistor circuit ii. Self bias transistor circuit.

3. Why does one of the transistor start conducting ahead of other? The characteristic of both the transistors are never identical hence after giving supply one of the Transistors start conducting ahead of the other.

4. What are the two stable states of bistable Multivibrator? i. Q1 OFF (cut off) and Q2 ON (Saturation) ii. Q2 OFF (Cut off) and Q1 On (Saturation)

5. What finally decides the shape of the waveform for bistable multivibrator? The spacing of the triggering pulses


52


EX NO: 11

II YEAR

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF WAVE SHAPING CIRCUITS

DATE :

(Differentiator, Integrator, Clipper and Clamper)

Aim: To design and implement different wave shaping circuits (Differentiator, Integrator, Clipper and Clamper). Components / Equipments Required:

S.NO

1. 2. 4. 5. 6.

APPARATUS

RANGE

Function / Pulse generator

(0 – 3M)Hz

CRO

(0-20M)Hz

Resistors

1KΩ / 100KΩ 0.1μF

Capacitors

QUANTITY

1 1 1 1

Connecting wires

Theory: (i) Differentiator: The high pass RC network acts as a differentiator whose output voltage

depends upon the differential of input voltage. Its output voltage of the differentiator can be expressed as, Vout = d/dt .Vin (ii) Integrator: The low pass RC network acts as an integrator whose output voltage depends

upon the integration of input voltage. Its output voltage of the integrator can be expressed as,

Vout = ∫ Vin dt


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(iii) Clipper: This circuit is basically a rectifier circuit, which clips the input waveform

according to the required specification. The diode acts as a clipper. There are several clippers like positive clipper, negative clipper, etc. Depending upon the connection of diode it can be classified as series and shunt. (iv) Clamper: The clamper circuit is a type of wave shaping circuit in which the DC level of the input signal is altered. The DC voltage is varied accordingly and it is classified as positive clamper or negative clamper accordingly. Circuit Diagram: (i) Differentiator:

(ii) Integrator:


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II YEAR

(iii) Clipper:

(a) Series Positive Clipper:

(b) Shunt Positive Clipper:

(c) Series Negative Clipper:


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II YEAR

(d) Shunt Negative Clipper:

(e) Positive Biased Series Positive Clipper:

(f) Positive Biased Shunt Positive Clipper:


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II YEAR

(g) Positive Biased Series Negative Clipper:

(h) Positive Biased Shunt Negative Clipper:

(i) Negative Biased Series Positive Clipper:


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(j) Negative Biased Shunt Positive Clipper:

(k) Negative Biased Series Negative Clipper:

(l) Negative Biased Shunt Negative Clipper:


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(m) Combinational Clipper

(iv) Clamper:

(a) Positive Clamper:

(b) Negative Clamper:


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Design: (i) Differentiator:

f = 1KHz

т = RC = 1ms If C = 0.1μF Then R = 10KΩ For T << т, Choose R = 1KΩ and For T >> т, Choose R = 100KΩ (ii) Integrator:

f = 1KHz

т = RC = 1ms If C = 0.1μF Then R = 10KΩ For T << т, Choose R = 1KΩ and For T >> т, Choose R = 100KΩ Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram. 2. Set Vin = 5V and f = 1KHz. 3. Observe the Output waveform and plot the graph.


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Model Graph: (i) Differentiator

(ii) Integrator


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(iii) Clipper:


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II YEAR

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(iv) Clamper:


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II YEAR

Result: Thus different wave shaping circuits are stud ied and their output waveforms are plotted.

1.Define Integrator. The output waveform similar to the time integral of the input waveform i.e Vo = 1/RC

⌠Vidt.

2.Define differentiator. The output waveform is the first derivative of the input waveform i.e Vo = RC(dVi/dt).

3.Define Clipper. The circuit with which the wave form is shaped by removing a portion of input signal without distorting the remaining part of the alternating waveform is called a c lipper.

4.Define Clampers. Clamping network shift a signal to different dc level i.e it introduce a to an ac signal. Hence the clamping network is also known as dc restorer.

5.Define Comparator. The nonlinear circuit which was used to perform the operation of clipping may also be used perform the operation of comparison and this circuit is called comparator.


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II YEAR

EX NO: 12 SIMULATION OF DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

DATE :

Aim: To simulate the Differential Amplifier by using PSICE. System Required: 

PC with SPICE software

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

EDWin 2000 -> Schematic Editor: The circuit diagram is drawn by loading components from the library. Wiring and proper net assignment has been made. The values are assigned for relevant components.


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II YEAR

EDWin 2000 -> Mixed Mode Simulator: The circuit is preprocessed. The waveform marker is placed at the output of the circuit. GND net is set as reference net. The Transient Analysis parameters have been set. The Transient Analysis is executed and output waveform is observed in Waveform Viewer.

EDWin 2000 -> EDSpice Simulator: The circuit is preprocessed. The waveform marker is placed at the output of the circuit. The Transient Analysis parameters are also set. The Transient Analysis is executed and output waveform is o bserved in Waveform Viewer .

Model Graph:

Result: -

Thus the output waveform was observed in the waveform viewer.


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II YEAR

EX NO: 13 SIMULATION OF ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

DATE :

Aim: To simulate the Astable Multivibrator by using PSICE. System Required: 


Circuit Diagram: Astable Multivibrator-Symmetrical


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Astable Multivibrator-Asymmetrical

Procedure:

EDWin 2000 -> Schematic Editor: The circuit diagram is drawn by loading co mponents from the library. Wiring and proper net assignment has been made. The values are assigned for relevant components.



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II YEAR


Model Graph:


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II YEAR

Result: -

Thus the output waveform was observed in the waveform viewer. Astable Multivibrator-Symmetrical


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II YEAR

Astable Multivibrator-Asymmetrical


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EX NO: 14 SIMULATION OF MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

DATE :

Aim: To simulate the Monostable Multivibrator by using PSICE. System Required: 


Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

EDWin 2000 -> Schematic Editor: The circuit diagram is drawn by loading components from the library. Wiring and proper net assignment has been made. The values are assigned for relevant components. ISSUE: 01 REVISION: 00

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II YEAR


EDWin 2000 -> EDSpice Simulator: The circuit is preprocessed. The waveform marker is placed at the output of the circuit. The Transient Analysis parameters are also set. The Transient Analysis is executed and output waveform is observed in Waveform Viewer .

Model Graph:


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II YEAR

Result:



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EX NO: 15 SIMULATION OF BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

DATE :

Aim: To simulate the Bistable Multivibrator by using PSICE. System Required: 


Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

EDWin 2000 -> Schematic Editor: The circuit diagram is drawn by loading components from the library. Wiring and proper net assignment has been made. The values are assigned for relevant components. ISSUE: 01 REVISION: 00

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II YEAR



Model Graph:


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II YEAR

Result: -



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II YEAR

EX NO: 16 SIMULATION OF ACTIVE FILTERS

DATE :

nd Aim: To simulate the Active filters: Butterworth 2 order Low Pass and High Pass Filter by using PSICE.

System Required: 


Circuit Diagram:


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II YEAR

Procedure:


EDWin 2000 -> Mixed Mode Simulator: The circuit is preprocessed. The waveform marker is placed at the output of the circuit. GND net is set as reference net. The Transient Analysis


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parameters have been set. The Transient Analysis is executed and output waveform is observed in Waveform Viewer.

EDWin 2000 -> EDSpice Simulator: The circuit is preprocessed. The waveform marker is placed at the output of the circuit. The Transient Analysis parameters are also set. The Transient Analysis is executed and output waveform is o bserved in Waveform Viewer . Model Graph:

Low Pass Filter:

High Pass Filter:


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Result: -


Low Pass Filter:


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High Pass Filter:


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EX NO: 17 SIMULATION OF ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER

DATE :

Aim: To simulate the Analog to Digital Converter by u sing PSICE. System Required: 


Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:


EDWin 2000 -> Mixed Mode Simulator: The circuit is preprocessed. The waveform marker is placed at the output of the circuit. GND net is set as reference net. The Transient Analysis


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parameters have been set. The Transient Analysis is executed and output waveform is observed in Waveform Viewer.


Model Graph:

Input (A)

Time in ms Input (B) Time in ms s t l o v n i e d u t i l p m A

Input (C) Time in ms Input (D) Time in ms

Output Analog Signal Time in ms


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Result: -



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II YEAR

EX NO: 18 SIMULATION OF ANALOG MULTIPLIER

DATE :

Aim: To simulate the Analog Multiplier by using PSICE. System Required: 


Circuit Diagram:

SPICE Program: V1 1 0 1V V2 4 0 1V R1 1 2 1K R2 4 5 1K


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II YEAR

R3 3 7 1K R4 6 7 1K R5 7 8 1K R6 10 0 1K D1 2 3 DA D2 5 6 DA D3 8 9 DA .MODEL DA D X1 2 0 3 IOP X2 5 0 6 IOP X3 7 0 8 IOP X4 9 0 10 IOP .SUBCKT IOP M P V0 RI M P 1G E V0 0 P M 2E5 .ENDS .DC V1 -1 1 0.1 .PROBE .END

Result: -

Thus the output waveform was observed in the waveform viewer. ISSUE: 01 REVISION: 00

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II YEAR

EX NO: 19 SIMULATION OF CMOS INVERTER, NAND AND NOR

DATE :

Aim: To plot the transient characteristics of output voltage for the given CMOS inverter, NAND

and NOR from 0 to 80μs in steps of 1 μs. System Required: 


Circuit Diagram: (i) CMOS Inverter:


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II YEAR

(ii) CMOS NAND:

(iii) CMOS NOR:


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II YEAR

Theory: (i) Inverter CMOS is widely used in digital

IC’s because of their high speed, low power

dissipation and it can be operated at high voltages resulting in improved noise immunity. The inverter consists of two MOSFETs. The source of p-channel device is connected to +VDD and that of n-channel device is connected to ground. The gates of two devices are connected as common input. (ii) NAND It consists of two p-channel MOSFETs connected in parallel and two n-channel

MOSFETs connected in series. P-channel MOSFET is ON when gate is negative and N-channel MOSFET is ON when gate is positive. Thus when both input is low and when either of input is low, the output is high. (iii) NOR It consists of two p-channel MOSFETs connected in series and two n-channel

MOSFETs connected in parallel. P-channel MOSFET is ON when gate is negative and Nchannel MOSFET is ON when gate is positive. Thus when both inputs are high and when either of input is high, the output is low. When both the inputs are low, the o utput is high. Truth Table: (i) Inverter

Input 0 1

Output 1 0

(ii) NAND

V1 0 0 1 1


V2 0 1 0 1

Output 1 1 1 0

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II YEAR

(iii) NOR

V1 0 0 1 1

V2 0 1 0 1

Output 1 0 0 0

Model Graph: (i) Inverter

(ii) NAND


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(iii) NOR

Result: -

Thus the output waveform was observed in the waveform viewer. (i) Inverter


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(ii) NAND

(iii) NOR


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VIVA:

1. What are the advantages of monostable Multivibrator? - used to introduce time delays as gate width is adjustable - used to produce rectangular waveform and hence can be used as gating circuit. 2. What are the applications of astable Multivibtrator? - used as a clock for binary login signals - used as a square wave generator, voltage to frequency converter. 3 .What is a complementary Multivibrator It is turning half the circuit upside down. So one transistor is n-p-n while the other is p-n-p. The circuit is called complementary Multivibrator circuit. 4. Define Blocking Oscillator? A special type of wave generator which is used to produce a single narrow pulse or train of pulses. 5. What are the two important elements of Blocking Oscillator? Transistor and pulse transformer 6. What are the applications of blocking Oscillator? It is used in frequency dividers, counter circuits and for switching the other circuits.


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APPENDIX

NPN general purpose transistors

BC107; BC108; BC109

FEATURES Low current (max. 100 mA) Low voltage (max. 45 V).

APPLICATIONS General purpose switching and amplification. DESCRIPTION NPN transistor in a TO-18; SOT18 metal package. PNP complement: BC177.


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QUICK REFERENCE DATA

SYMBOL CBO

PARAMETER collector-base voltage BC107

CONDITIONS

50

V



30

V



45

V



20

V



200

mA



300

mW

110

450

BC108

110

800

BC109

200

800

100



collector-emitter voltage BC107

open base

peak collector current

tot

total power dissipation

Tamb

FE

DC current gain BC107

IC = 2 mA; VCE = 5 V

f T

UNIT



BC108; BC109 CM

MAX.

open emitter

BC108; BC109 CEO

MIN.

transition frequency


 25 C

IC = 10 mA; V CE = 5 V; f = 100 MHz

MHz

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DIODES: 1N4001 - 1N4007 Features

• • • • •

Diffused Junction High Current Capability and Low Forward Voltage Drop Surge Overload Rating to 30A Peak Low Reverse Leakage Current Lead Free Finish, RoHS Compliant (Note 3)

Mechanical Data

• • • • • • • • •

Case: DO-41 Case Material: Molded Plastic. UL Flammability Classification Rating 94V-0 Moisture Sensitivity: Level 1 per J-STD-020D Terminals: Finish - Bright Tin. Plated Leads Solderable per MIL -STD-202, Method 208 Polarity: Cathode Band Mounting Position: Any Ordering Information: See Page 2 Marking: Type Number Weight: 0.30 grams (approximate)


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CIRCUITS AND SIMULATION LAB MANUAL

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