Cladding Technology

CASTI Handbook

Cladding Technology CASTI Publishing Inc. 10566 - 114 Street Edmonton, Alberta T5H 3J7 Canada Tel:(780) 424-2552 Fax:(780) 421-1308

Search

2nd Edition on CD-ROM™

CASTI C

Subject Index Table of Contents E-Mail: [email protected] Internet Web Site: www.casti.ca

CASTI HANDBOOK OF CLADDING TECHNOLOGY 2nd Edition

Liane M. Smith, Ph.D. Mario Celant, Ph.D.

Executive Editor John E. Bringas, P.Eng.

CASTI Publishing Inc. 10566 – 114 Street Edmonton, Alberta, T5H 3J7, Canada Tel: (780) 424-2552 Fax: (780) 421-1308 E-mail: [email protected] Internet Web Site: http://www.casti.ca

ISBN 1-894038-30-4 Printed in Canada

iii

CASTI PUBLICATIONS CASTI HANDBOOK SERIES™ Volume 1 - CASTI Handbook of Cladding Technology Volume 2 - CASTI Handbook of Stainless Steels and Nickel Alloys Volume 3 - CASTI Handbook of Corrosion in Soils (to be released)

CASTI GUIDEBOOK SERIES™ Volume 1 - CASTI Guidebook to ASME Section II - Materials Index Volume 2 - CASTI Guidebook to ASME Section IX - Welding Qualifications Volume 3 - CASTI Guidebook to ASME B31.3 - Process Piping Volume 4 - CASTI Guidebook to ASME Section VIII Div. 1 - Pressure Vessels Volume 5 - CASTI Guidebook to ASME B16 - Flanges, Fittings & Valves (to be released)

CASTI METALS DATA BOOK SERIES™ CASTI Metals Black Book™ - Ferrous Metals, North American Edition CASTI Metals Black Book™ - Ferrous Metals, European Edition CASTI Metals Red Book™ - Nonferrous Metals CASTI Metals Blue Book™ - Welding Filler Metals

CASTI SELF-STUDY SERIES™ Volume 1 - CASTI Self-Study Guide to Corrosion Control Volume 2 - CASTI Self-Study Guide to Corrosion in Soils (to be released)

CASTI ENGINEERING CD-ROM SERIES™ CASTI’s 100 Best Engineering Shareware CD-ROM

First printing, January 2000 ISBN 1-894038-30-4 Copyright ã 2000 All rights reserved. No part of this book covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems without the written permission of the publisher.

CASTI Handbook of Cladding Technology – 2nd Edition

iv

FROM THE PUBLISHER

IMPORTANT NOTICE The material presented herein has been prepared for the general information of the reader and should not be used or relied upon for specific applications without first securing competent technical advice. Nor should it be used as a replacement for current complete engineering codes and standards. In fact, it is highly recommended that the appropriate current engineering codes and standards be reviewed in detail prior to any decision making. While the material in this book was compiled with great effort and is believed to be technically correct, the authors, CASTI Publishing Inc. and its staff do not represent or warrant its suitability for any general or specific use and assume no liability or responsibility of any kind in connection with the information herein. Nothing in this book shall be construed as a defense against any alleged infringement of letters of patents, copyright, or trademark, or as defense against liability for such infringement.


ix

PREFACE Cladding technology refers to the application of a relatively thin layer of an alloy (as the cladding) onto a substrate or backing material. In many cases the cladding is selected for its resistance to corrosion. A wide range of alloys can be clad, including stainless steels and nickel base alloys to rare metals such as zirconium and tantalum. The backing material is normally selected to meet the necessary mechanical requirements (strength and toughness). The backing material is often a grade of carbon or low alloy steel, other metals may be used. A key feature of clad products is that the backing material is often significantly cheaper than the cladding alloy, so that clad products can offer substantial cost savings over the use of solid alloy products. The authors have been personally involved in the use of corrosionresistant alloy cladding of carbon steel for various applications in the oil and gas industry for more than 10 years. This experience prompted them to write this book covering wider aspects of clad products including the different means of manufacturing them, their properties, and their applications in various industries. The substantial use of clad pipe in the oil and gas sector merits particular mention, and so Chapter 9 of the book is devoted entirely to project experience in that industry. The principal units of measurements used are metric with imperial conversions. Where appropriate, figures are expressed in nominal imperial units with actual size metric conversion. Alloys are identified principally by UNS numbers and abbreviated terms are listed in the Appendix 1. Liane Smith Mario Celant June1998


xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction to Cladding Technology Materials Selection Options for Corrosive Service Dimensions of Clad Products Economics of Clad Technology Optimising the Corrosion Properties Using Cladding Technology to Best Advantage

1 3 4 6 7

2. Clad Plate Production Methods Hot Roll Bonding Backing Steel Types Manufacturing Sequence Optimizing Bonding Heat Treatment Inspection Requirements Explosive Bonding Weld Overlaying

9 9 10 12 16 19 22 23 29

3. Clad Pipes Definitions Longitudinally Welded Clad Pipe Centricast Clad Pipe Seamless Pipe Mill Clad Pipe Explosively Bonded Clad Pipe Lined Pipe Thermo-Hydraulically Lined Pipe Hydraulically Lined Pipe Explosively Lined Pipe

33 34 38 43 48 50 51 53 55

4. Clad Bends Manufacturing of Bends from Clad Pipe Manufacturing of Bends from Lined Pipe

57 61

5. Clad Fittings Clad Fittings Made by Weld Overlaying Clad Fittings Made by Hot Isostatic Pressing Clad Fittings Made from Clad Plate or Pipe Clad Elbows Clad Tees Clad Manifolds Clad Reducers and Caps Clad Flanges and Valves

65 66 69 70 73 76 77 78


xii 6. Specification Requirements of Clad Products Maximum Allowable Stress Values Cladding Alloy Backing Steel Backing Steel Requirements for Application in H2S Containing Environments Mechanical Tests Corrosion Tests Demagnetising Dimensions and Tolerances of Clad Pipe Cladding and Wall Thickness Diameter and Out of Roundness Ultrasonic Inspection

81 82 83 84 85 87 90 90 90 92 93

7. Welding Clad Products Fabricating Clad Vessels Handling Clad Plate Welding Clad Vessels Circumferential Welding of Clad Pipe Handling Clad Pipe Pipe End Dimensions/Fit-up Weld Preparation Demagnetising of Pipes Back Shielding Choice of Welding Process Choice of Filler Metal Control of Heat Input Weld Integrity Assessment Welding Repairs During Pipelaying Developments in Clad Pipe Welding Technology Laying Clad Pipe Commissioning Clad Pipelines

95 95 96 100 101 101 102 105 106 107 109 111 112 112 113 117 121

8. Clad Product Applications Cladding Technology in the Oil & Gas Industry Clad Production Tubing Valves, Pumps, and Joints Vessels and Heat Exchangers Backing Steel Cladding Alloy Line Pipe and Manifolds Cladding Technology in the Petrochemical Industry Applications Backing Steel

123 124 127 129 134 134 135 143 143 146


xiii 8. Clad Product Applications Cladding Technology in the Petrochemical Industry (Continued) Cladding Alloy 147 Disbonding in Hot Hydrogen 148 Cladding Technology in the Chemical Industry 149 Backing Steel 150 Cladding Alloy 150 Cladding Technology in Chemical Tankers 153 Cladding Technology in Metal Purification 154 Cladding Technology in the Power Industry 154 Cladding Technology in Air Pollution Systems 158 Cladding Technology in Shipping Applications 163 Cladding Technology in the Pulp and Paper Industry 165 9. Clad Pipe Projects ADMA OPCO - Um-Shaif - 1993 Agip UK - Thelma and South East Thelma - 1995 ARCO Alaska Inc. - Prudhoe Bay - 1991 ARCO - Thames Bacton - 1987 Asamera Oil - Corridor - 1996 BP International Ltd. - Ravenspurn to Cleeton - 1987 BP International Ltd. - Forties - 1987 BP International Ltd. - Miller - 1989 BP International Ltd. - Cyrus - 1995 Chevron - Ninian - 1992 Clyde Petroleum - P2/P6 - 1997 Louisiana Land and Exploration - Lost Cabin - 1991 Mobil - Arun Booster Gas Compression - 1993 Mobil - South L’ho Sukon - 1996 Mobil - Mobil 823 - 1995 Mobil - Yellowhammer - 1994 Mobil - 869 Field - 1995 Mobil - Ras Laffan LNG Co. Ltd. - North Field - 1998 Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij, NAM - Early Field Trails - 1974-1975 Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij, NAM - Roswinkel, Zuidlaren - 1978 Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij, NAM - Emmen - 1987-1989 Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij, NAM - Twente, Schoonebeek - 1988 Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij, NAM - Dalen 6 And Dalen 9 - 1988 Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij, NAM - Grijpskerk - 1996

167 168 170 171 172 173 174 174 176 180 180 182 182 188 188 189 190 192 192 193 194 196 196 197


xiv 9. Clad Pipe Projects (Continued) ONGC - South Bassein - (1988 and 1993) Shell Offshore - Fairway - 1991 Shell Todd Oil Services - Maui 'B' to 'A' - 1991 Pipe Production Laying the Line Welding Inspection Statoil - Åsgaard - 1997 Texaco - Erskine - 1997 Total Oil Marine - Bruce - 1991

198 204 208 209 210 211 214 214 215 216

Appendix 1 Abbreviated Terms

217

Appendix 2 Hardness Conversion Numbers

219

Appendix 3 Unit Conversions

229

Appendix 4 Pipe Dimensions

237

Appendix 5 Bibliography

243

Appendix 6 List of Figures and Contributors

253

Index

257


Chapter

1 INTRODUCTION TO CLADDING TECHNOLOGY Materials Selection Options for Corrosive Service For many applications where a metallic material is needed, it is normal to consider initially whether carbon or low alloy steels (total alloying element content typically below 1% to 2%) would be suitable. Such steels are cheap, have a wide range of mechanical properties to suit various demands, and are readily available from many sources in a wide range of product forms. In aggressive environments, because of certain corrosive conditions, a more highly alloyed material may be necessary or justified for improved reliability and extended service life compared to basic steels. Such alternative materials may include various grades of stainless steels, nickel alloys, copper alloys, or titanium alloys depending upon the environment. Since such materials would be selected to be resistant to the environment in question, they may be referred to generically as corrosion-resistant alloys or CRAs. Any of these options would represent quite an increase in initial installed cost per tonne compared to basic steels. Whilst such a shift in materials selection may often be justified on a case-by-case basis (particularly when the cumulative “life cycle cost” over the full service life is considered), under many circumstances there is another option to consider−using the selected CRA as a cladding or lining. The term cladding technology is widely used generically to refer to both cladding and lining options.


2

Introduction to Cladding Technology

Chapter 1

In a clad product, the CRA forms a complete barrier layer on the surface of a carbon or low alloy steel (referred to as the backing steel). The CRA layer is fully metallurgically bonded to the backing steel with some diffusion of alloying elements between the two metals at the interface. A distinction is made between a cladding layer and a metallic coating applied by hot dipping (such as aluminizing or galvanizing) or plating (such as nickel or electroless nickelphosphorus). Such coatings are not discussed in this book. In a lined product, the CRA is in sheet form attached to the backing steel at intervals. The lining is not metallurgically bonded to the backing steel over most of its surface but is normally fully sealed to form a complete barrier between the backing steel and the corrosive environment. The range of CRAs which can be clad by various techniques is very wide. A few of the more commonly selected cladding alloys are indicated in Table 1.1. In addition to these alloys, many other metals including copper, titanium, and zirconium are available in clad form. Table 1.1 Examples of CRAs Which Can Be Used as Cladding Alloys

Alloy UNS 410S S41008

C max 0.08

S max 1.00

Mn max 1.00

304L

S30400

0.030

1.00

2.00

316L

S31603

0.030

1.00

2.00

321

S32100

0.08

1.00

2.00

317L

S31700

0.030

1.00

2.00

22Cr

S31803

0.030

-

2.00

904L N08904

0.020

0.70

2.00

926

N08926

0.020

1.00

2.00

825

N08825

0.025

0.50

1.00

625*

N06625

0.025

0.50

0.50

400

N04400

0.150

0.50

1.25

Cr 12.0 14.0 18.0 20.0 16.5 18.5 17.0 19.0 17.5 19.5 21.0 23.0 19.0 21.0 19.0 21.0 19.5 23.5 2.0 23.0 -

Ni

Mo

10.0 12.5 11.0 14.0 9.0 12.0 14.0 17.0 4.50 6.50 24.0 26.0 24.0 26.0 38.0 46.0 61.0 65.0 > 63.0

-

* 3,15 - 4,15 Nb CASTI Handbook of Cladding Technology – 2nd Edition

Cu

Fe

Ti

2.0 2.5 5x%C 0.70 3.0 4.0 2.50 4.50 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 2.5 3.5 8.0 10.0 -

1.0 2.0 0.5 1.5 1.5 3.0

28.0 34.0

bal. < 3.0 1.0 2.5

0.6 1.2 < 0.4

6

Introduction to Cladding Technology

Chapter 1

Optimizing the Corrosion Properties The fact that the CRA layer is fairly thin does mean that certain precautions are necessary to ensure optimum performance in service. The CRA selected should be fully resistant to corrosion in the service environment. If corrosion does occur, particularly localised pitting or corrosion cracking, the thin layer of CRA may be breached, exposing the underlying backing steel to the environment with the risk of corrosion. Furthermore, once the appropriate CRA has been selected to avoid such a scenario, it is critical that its corrosion properties are not impaired during production. This may arise if a clad layer is incorrectly heat treated, or if there is excessive diffusion of carbon from the backing steel into the CRA layers. Corrosion resistance may also be reduced if an inappropriate method is used for attaching a CRA lining or if incorrect parameters are used in making weld overlaid clad products or in fabricating clad products such that there is excessive dilution of the CRA by the underlying steel. Such dilution, or mixing, of the CRA with the backing steel should be limited, otherwise the final composition may be outside that needed to achieve full corrosion resistance. Further detail on these aspects and optimising the properties of clad and lined products is given in Chapter 2. Critical aspects covered in specifications are discussed in Chapter 6. With all CRA products, welding methods have to be carefully controlled in order not to destroy the properties of the CRA in and around the weld zone. For many CRAs, this requires welding methods which have a low heat input (such as gas tungsten arc welding). Such welding methods tend to be slow and, as a result, welding costs can be high. The technical aspects of welding clad products are discussed in Chapter 7.


Chapter

2 CLAD PLATE Production Methods The total production of metallurgically bonded clad plate by various methods is about 80,000 tonnes/year. There are three principal methods of manufacturing clad plate: • hot roll bonding • explosive bonding • weld overlaying The production approach varies within each of these methods depending upon the selected grade of backing steel, the selected corrosion-resistant alloy (CRA), and the specification requirements. Different manufacturers also vary somewhat in the approach they take. Selecting the most appropriate route for clad plate manufacture depends upon quantity, thickness, and alloy type.

Hot Roll Bonding Hot roll bonding is the most widely adopted production method where large clad areas are needed and accounts for about 85% of all clad plate production. Quite a wide range of CRAs may be selected for the cladding layer although, as described later, some are technically easier to handle and therefore more readily available. Specifically, many stainless steels and nickel alloys may be produced in clad form using hot roll bonding. CASTI Handbook of Cladding Technology – 2nd Edition

26

Clad Plate

Chapter 2

Figure 2.10 Explosion cladding of plate near Perpignon (Fance).

detonation front explosive

frame

cladding metal jet backing metal collision point

Figure 2.11 Schematic of explosive bonding process.

Explosively clad plates may require flattening in a press or roller leveler. Finishing and quality control of the product would be similar to roll bonded plates (Figure 2.13). CASTI Handbook of Cladding Technology – 2nd Edition

Chapter

3 CLAD PIPES Definitions The American Petroleum Institute API defines “clad” and “lined” steel pipe in Section 2.1.a of API Specification 5LD as follows: 1. CLAD. Clad steel pipe is a bimetallic pipe composed of an internal CRA layer metallurgically bonded to the base metal. 2. LINED. Lined pipe is pipe in which a CRA layer is affixed inside the carbon steel pipe, full length, by expanding the liner and/or shrinking the pipe or by other applicable processes. The CRA layer and the carbon steel pipe shall be manufactured in accordance with Spec. 5LC and Spec. 5L, respectively, except as may be otherwise specified herein. Normally, the word “clad” is used generally to mean both products except where a specific distinction is made. Generally speaking, the CRA layer is inside the pipe as defined above but externally clad pipe is occasionally made for specific applications (e.g., nickel-copper UNS N04400 clad pipe for riser splash zone protection as discussed further under Line Pipe and Manifolds (Chapter 8).


34

Clad Pipes

Chapter 3

Clad pipes may be produced using the following processes: • longitudinally welding of clad plate • centrifugal casting • seamless pipe mill production methods • explosive bonding Lined pipes may be produced by: • hydraulic or thermohydraulic expansion • explosive lining Clad pipes may be produced as full length or shorter lengths which are generally welded in the shop and supplied as full 12.2 meters (40 foot) lengths.

Longitudinally Welded Clad Pipe Longitudinally welded pipe is made from clad plate which should be thoroughly visually examined on the full surface before it is made into pipe to check for any possible mechanical damage or localised corrosion which might penetrate through the clad layer. Any such defects should be repaired by welding or be cut from the plate. The edges of the clad plate are machined for welding and the plate is formed into pipe in a U-ing, O-ing, expansion (UOE), press bend or rolling mill (Figure 3.1). Pipe edges are generally pre-bent to help the plate obtain a good round shape after forming. The seam weld has to be made by completing the weld in the carbon steel first and completing the clad layer last. It might appear to be simpler to weld the CRA layer first and then change over to a carbon steel filler material for the weld made in the backing steel part of the wall thickness. However, such a production route would give deleterious hard microstructures in the carbon steel weld portion where a small amount of underlying CRA was dissolved into the carbon steel weld bead. In contrast, completing the carbon steel and then overlaying a CRA layer as the final weld pass means that only a small amount of carbon steel dissolves into the CRA which does not result in hard microstructures. CASTI Handbook of Cladding Technology – 2nd Edition

Chapter

4 CLAD BENDS Manufacturing of Bends from Clad Pipe Manufacturing of clad bends is usually carried out using induction heating of metallurgically bonded clad pipe. The clad pipe is put into the bending machine: one end of the pipe is held with the clamp at the top of the arm while the other end is fixed in a position with the tail stock. An induction heating coil heats a limited narrow portion of the pipe as it is pushed forward through this region. The pipe is continuously heated and bent around the centre of gyration of the arm until the given angle of bend is reached (Figure 4.1). Some bending equipment is capable of producing multiple bends in pipe which may help reduce the number of welds in piping systems (Figure 4.2). It is preferable if the bending machines can induction heat the tangent portions of the bend to avoid heat affected zones after bending. Some machines have such continuous heat treat facilities over the bent portion and also the tangents with facilities for internal and external water quenching if required. Otherwise, bends may be furnace heat treated. Figure 4.3 shows a number of clad bends coming out of a furnace after heat treatment. If bends come from TMCP steel, tempering should be avoided as this may cause a loss of strength. Careful qualification of the bending and heat treatment process is necessary in all cases.


Chapter 4

Clad Bends

61

Bends and elbows (down to 1.5 DR) can also be made using the mandrel bending process (pushing the pipe over a bend former called a mandrel) from 12.5-1219 mm (0.5-48 inch), and even larger diameters up to 2540 mm (100 inch), with good dimensional tolerances (see Clad Elbows in Chapter 5). Bends have been made using the cold forming method (flexible mandrel process), from seamless or welded metallurgically bonded clad pipes. Although work hardening will occur, the forming equipment is high powered and strong enough to compensate for the increase in yield strength with plastic deformation. After bending, final heat treatment (usually QT), if required by the specifications, can be carried out.

Manufacturing of Bends from Lined Pipe Investigations of cold bending of lined pipe have shown that some minor wrinkling of the alloy liner arises at a bend radius of about 25 D. Thus, simple cold bending of lined pipe is limited to a minimum radius of about 15 D before wrinkling of the liner becomes excessive. Cold bends were made at 1°, 2°, 5.8°, and 10° angles, corresponding respectively to DR = 63, 31, 11, 6, on 6 ⁵⁄₈ inch (168.2 mm) OD mechanically bonded pipes to observe possible disbonding or liner buckling (Craig, 1994). Disbonding was judged by sectioning the bend and observing any separation between the liner and the backing steel. Some wrinkling started to appear in the liner at a 5.8° bend angle, whilst several buckles were identified at 10° bend angle. The bends were done without a mandrel, which would help reduce wrinkling but not stop separation. In spite of some concerns about the reduced corrosion resistance of the liner as a consequence of the cold work, it was not possible to obtain meaningful results in the adopted corrosion tests (ASTM G 48, and ASTM A 262). Further tests were made according to ASTM G 28 on UNS N06625 lined mechanically bonded pipes, showing some weld line attack after a hydraulically expanding the liner back into the outer steel pipe.


Chapter

5 CLAD FITTINGS Whilst there are many manufacturers of solid alloy fittings, there are relatively few with wide experience producing clad fittings. This may explain why solid alloy fittings have sometimes been used to complete a clad system. In other cases availability or cost factors may lead to the selection of solid alloy fittings. Furthermore, certain design codes may favour solid alloys over clad steel because of higher allowable stresses. Essentially each project has to be considered separately to decide whether clad or solid fittings will be the most appropriate. In spite of the relatively limited use of clad fittings to date, several manufacturers are now capable of producing all the items necessary to fulfill the needs of typical processing systems. All types of fittings are available with internal cladding including elbows, bends, tees, manifolds, reducers, eccentrics, and caps. Manufacturing methods include: • weld overlaying • hot isostatic pressing (HIP) • manufacturing from clad plate or pipe.

Clad Fittings Made by Weld Overlaying A key benefit of weld overlaying is that there are many suppliers around the world and so lead time for supply is normally fairly short compared to some other manufacturing routes. Various weld overlaying techniques, as described previously for clad plate CASTI Handbook of Cladding Technology – 2nd Edition

Chapter

6 SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS OF CLAD PRODUCTS This chapter is not intended to give a rigorous breakdown of clad product specifications but simply to comment on a few aspects. Typical roll bonded clad plate production specifications are ASTM A 264 (Stainless chromium-nickel steel clad plate, sheet and strip), ASTM A 265 (Nickel and nickel-base alloy clad steel plate), and JIS G 3602 (Nickel and nickel alloy clad steels). There is an API specification, API 5LD, for CRA Clad or Lined Steel Pipe.

Maximum Allowable Stress Values The codes for vessel design allow the wall thickness calculations to include some “credit” for the thickness of any cladding. Such cladding has to be fully metallurgically bonded, and normally reference is made to specifications for clad plate (e.g., ASTM A 263, A 264, A 265) or to weld overlay cladding with specific requirements for quality control and inspection of the weld overlay layer. Where linings are applied to vessels, the thickness of the lining material is not included in the wall thickness computation. In these cases the maximum allowable stress values given are for the base material.


82

Specification Requirements of Clad Products

Chapter 6

The proportion of the applied cladding thickness that can be taken into account in determining the wall thickness for design purposes is explained in individual codes. As an example, ASME Section VIII Division 1 defines the allowed wall thickness equal to the nominal thickness of the base material plus (Sc/Sb) x the nominal thickness of the cladding after any allowance provided for corrosion has been deducted, where: Sc = the maximum allowable stress value for the integral cladding at the design temperature, or for corrosion-resistant weld metal overlay cladding, that of the wrought material whose chemistry most closely approximates that of the cladding at the design temperature. Sb = the maximum allowable stress value for the base material at the design temperature. Where Sc is greater than Sb, the multiplier Sc/Sb shall be taken equal to unity. The maximum allowable stress values are listed in the codes. Pipeline design follows different codes and to date it has not been usual for the cladding thickness to be included in the design calculation of the wall thickness. Individual cases may be made where some allowance for the cladding thickness could reasonably be made.

Cladding Alloy The specifications for clad plate and clad pipe are limited to a small selection of cladding alloys but with the option for purchaser and manufacturer to agree on other grades or modified compositions between. Thus, in principal, any cladding alloy may be selected whilst in practice there are technical and economic limitations. Purchasers may therefore find that what appears to be a cheaper alloy selection may result in a more costly clad pipe because of the production difficulties in heat treating certain alloys and optimising backing steel toughness while achieving good corrosion resistance of the cladding.


90

Specification Requirements of Clad Products

Chapter 6

Demagnetising Using magnetic grips to hold clad plates or pipes at various stages of manufacturing and transportation can result in residual magnetism which can interfere with welding by causing “arc blow.” Residual magnetism may also arise form electromagnetic inspection in the mill. Demagnetising of products at the mill is often requested in purchase specifications but this can be a waste of time since they may remagnetise in transit. In the case of clad pipes, re-magnetising arises because of pipe being knocked in transit or even by being stored in a North-South orientation. In many cases pipes have had to be demagnetised on site immediately before welding to avoid arc blow problems during welding.

Dimensions and Tolerances of Clad Pipe Cladding and Wall Thickness In terms of past production, about 40% of the produced pipes have been purchased specifying 3 mm (0.12 inch) minimum cladding thickness, and about 35% with 2 mm (0.08 inch) minimum. In principle there is no problem in manufacturing a strictly controlled product even as low as 1.6 mm (0.06 inch) in cladding thickness, particularly with longitudinally welded pipes, but this will produce possible problems in field welding. The fit-up problems would increase the risk of possible iron dilution during the root pass, as the bevel end for the root is generally set at about 1.6 mm (0.06 inch). Manufacturers suggest a minimum cladding thickness of 2 mm (0.08 inch) when using hydraulic line-up clamps for field welding, and 2.5 mm (0.1 inch) with conventional clamps. The reduction of the cladding thickness from 3 mm (0.12 inch) to these levels would give some economic benefit. A typical tolerance on the cladding thickness is ± 0.5 mm (0.02 inch), or rather, -0 mm, +1.0 mm (0.04 inch).


Chapter

7 WELDING CLAD PRODUCTS The key factor which has to be considered in welding clad products is maintaining the corrosion resistance of the inner cladding layer in and around the weld zone. This has an impact on all aspects of the welding procedure including the type of weld preparation, the choice of welding process, the filler material, the shielding gas, and the heat input.

Fabricating Clad Vessels Handling Clad Plate Clad plates should be stored in a clean and dry condition and treated basically in the same way as solid CRAs. Where plates have to be cold formed, the working surfaces of the forming equipment should be clean to avoid contaminating the alloy surface. Care should be taken to avoid damage to the clad surface during any shearing, punching, or cutting operations. Clad plates can be flame cut, usually from the backing steel side, or plasma cut, usually from the cladding metal side. Powder cutting can also be used, generally from the cladding side. Drilling is usually begun from the cladding surface with tools and drilling conditions selected to be suitable for the cladding material. In producing vessel shells and heads, standard hot or cold forming methods, depending upon clad plate size and thickness, are used with somewhat more gradual pressure application than with solid steel. CASTI Handbook of Cladding Technology – 2nd Edition

Chapter 7

Welding Clad Products

97

in the last pass. Weld overlay techniques with low dilution characteristics, like electroslag overlaying, have been accepted with just a single pass.

Thickness (mm)

Base steel side

Cladding metal side 1.5~2.5

up to 15 (⁵⁄₈")

65 o ± 5 o

1.5 65o ± 5o

1.5

over 15 up to 22 (⁵⁄₈" ~ ⁷⁄₈")

90o ± 5 o

0~1

a 2.0

65 o± 5 o

over 22 up to 38 (⁷⁄₈" ~ 1¹⁄₂")

b'

2~3

2.0

60 o± 5 o

0~1 15o ± 5 o

over 38 (1¹⁄₂")

a:b = 1:3

2.0

8±2R

8±2R 2.0 15 o ± 5 o

0~1

Cladding ratio of over 20% In case of difficulty at edge preparation

min. 5

min. 5

min. 5

min. 5

Note: 1) Edge preparation can be done by machining, gas-cutting, or plasma-arc cutting. 2) Edge prepared surfaces should be smooth, and the surface of edge prepared by gas-cutting should be ground smoothly. 3) Dimensions in mm.

Figure 7.1 Typical weld joint designs for clad vessels.

The welding method described above is appropriate when the cladding alloy and backing material are compatible as dissimilar metal welds. Some metals cannot be directly welded to each other as they form brittle phases or suffer other cracking problems such as liquation cracking in the weld zone. In such cases a strip of the cladding metal is fillet welded over the completed internal weld seam to give a continuous corrosion-resistant alloy surface. This method is typically used when vessels are fabricated from titanium clad plate. In this case the titanium cladding is cut back from the carbon steel along the weld line. The carbon steel is then welded using standard techniques. A batten of copper is then positioned on the carbon steel weld and CASTI Handbook of Cladding Technology – 2nd Edition

Chapter

8 CLAD PRODUCT APPLICATIONS Cladding Technology in the Oil & Gas Industry Clad products have been used extensively in the oil and gas industry to counteract corrosive conditions. Major applications have been in the form of clad pipes, vessels, and heat exchangers but there are also other components that are routinely supplied in clad form such as wellheads and other valves. Clad products have to compete against carbon steel and solid CRAs. Where the duration of a project is short, the amount of corrosion arising on carbon steel may be tolerated by allowing extra wall thickness, or corrosion allowance, which is consumed during the project. Chemicals (corrosion inhibitors) may be injected into the environment to reduce the corrosion rate. In some cases, however, the anticipated rate of corrosion may be too high or the life of the project too long to simply allow the corrosion to take place. In such cases, CRAs may be selected which will suffer negligible corrosion over the duration of the project. The choice of solid or clad is then a matter of which is more economical, but clad steel may offer some specific advantages in this industry in some cases. One example is offshore projects developed by means of a fixed or floating structure. In such cases it is beneficial to save weight in the “topside” facilities to reduce the cost of the support structure. The use of backing steels with higher strength than solid CRAs then allows a reduction in wall thickness of the topside facilities (vessels and piping, etc.) which reduces the weight of those items with corresponding economic benefits for the structure. CASTI Handbook of Cladding Technology – 2nd Edition

Chapter 8

Clad Product Applications

153

It is very common to find chemical reactor vessels internally clad with UNS S31603, even where the corrosion conditions may not be extremely aggressive. An example is the production of polypropylene. Cladding is required here because of the need to produce really pure untainted products without any colour contamination. There is some use of UNS S30400 cladding in systems handling dry products such as polymer particles, again for requirements of cleanliness and lack of contamination. The electrochemical industry makes some use of titanium clad plate in processes for the production of caustic soda and chlorine.

Cladding Technology in Chemical Tankers The typical corrosive products carried by shipping tankers are hydrogen peroxide, oxypropylene, and various acids in concentrated form. Austenitic stainless steel (mostly type 304 or 316), duplex stainless steels, or occasionally higher alloys are selected for the chemical container. Clad steel has often been used in the wing and end bulkheads, whilst transverse and centre line bulkheads are solid alloy in horizontally/vertically corrugated configuration. The clad plate is normally 8-15 mm (0.3-0.6 inch) thick with 1.5-3 mm (0.06-0.12 inch) of stainless steel. The outer surface of the chemical cargo tank forms the inner surface of the ballast space and, since this is filled with seawater, the corrosion of the carbon steel surface (both the clad steel and the outer tank construction) is conveniently controlled by protective coatings and cathodic protection. There is some preference for clad steel over solid stainless to avoid problems of galvanic corrosion of the carbon steel tanker wall in the ballast space and to prevent any risk of localised corrosion or stress corrosion cracking of the stainless steel. In the 1993 Rules for the Manufacture, Testing and Certification of Materials published by Lloyds Register of Shipping (formerly Part 2 of the Rules for Ships), clad plates are listed as optional materials for the construction of cargo or storage tanks for chemicals. Approved CASTI Handbook of Cladding Technology – 2nd Edition

154

Clad Product Applications

Chapter 8

manufacturing processes are roll-bonding and explosive cladding. The backing steel should be carbon or carbon manganese steel clad with austenitic steels type UNS S30403, S30453, S31603, S31653, S31703, S31753, S32100, S34700, S31254 or N08904. With the development of duplex stainless steels over the last twenty years, there has been a strong shift toward their use for chemical tankers instead of clad plate (Leffler, 1991) (Hilkes, et. al., 1991).

Cladding Technology in Metal Purification High pressure acid leaching of metal ores such as gold, nickel, and copper in hydrometallurgy extraction methods requires autoclaves resistant to concentrated acids and metal ions. Titanium and zirconium explosively clad autoclaves are very cost effective compared to solid where the wall thickness is often around 100 mm (4 inch). There are examples in service for more than 25 years (Banker and Forrest, 1996). A primary metal manufacturer has used zirconium clad plates for a rotary kiln (1.2 meters (48 inch) diameter and 12 meters (40 foot) long) for manufacturing zirconium oxide from zirconyl sulfate. The kiln is lined with bricks on top of the zirconium cladding. The zirconium surface is exposed to sulfuric acid and sulfates and cycling temperatures up to 200°C (390°F). No major problems have been reported in over 17 years of service.

Cladding Technology in the Power Industry Flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) is an erosion-corrosion mechanism that occurs in high purity steam/condensate lines. FAC in nuclear power plants primarily affects carbon steel extraction steam lines, heater drains, and feed water piping. The plant water chemistry and other factors destabilize the normally protective iron oxide (magnetite) layer, leading to the continuous FAC of the underlying carbon steel with significant loss of wall thickness. This CASTI Handbook of Cladding Technology – 2nd Edition

Chapter

9 CLAD PIPE PROJECTS The oil and gas industry has made the most extensive use of clad pipe of any industrial sector. The clad pipe is most often selected for the flowlines, i.e. the pipe carrying the untreated produced fluids from the wellhead to the treatment facilities. An overview of the types of clad pipe products and the materials selected was given in Chapter 8 (Line Pipe and Manifolds). The present chapter describes some individual projects or experiences of particular operators with clad pipe installations. The aim is to highlight key issues for selecting a particular pipe material, e.g., the nature of the cladding, the way in which the pipe was welded or laid, and any operating experience to guide future potential users. The projects are described in alphabetical order of the operating company with the year of installation.

ADMA OPCO - Um-Shaif - 1993 This project, engineered by Bechtel in 1993, involved installing a 204 meters (670 foot), 323 mm (12 ³⁄₄ inch) diameter flowline from a fixed unmanned platform and tying it in to an existing 762 mm (30 inch) diameter pipeline made of carbon steel (protected by inhibitor injection). The flowline was to carry gas with 6% CO2 and 0.06% H2S; the design temperature was 93°C (200°F), and the design pressure 93.1 bar (1350 psi).


168

Clad Pipe Projects

Chapter 9

UNS N06625 cladding material was selected because commissioning conditions would require seawater to be present in the line, after hydrotesting, for at least six months. The 323.9 mm (12 inch) diameter, 7.1 mm (0.28 inch) wall thickness pipe with 3 mm (0.12 inch) of cladding was supplied from Kubota and 10 bends of radius 3DR were made by high frequency induction bending by DHF. Difficulties with casting UNS N06625 at that time resulted in pipes having to be cut short so that most 12 meter lengths contained a number of girth welds.

Agip UK - Thelma and South East Thelma - 1995 Thelma and South East Thelma are located in the North Sea in the T-Block, approximately 12 km (7.5 miles) South-East of the Tiffany process platform. The fields have a sub-sea production template and manifold connected to the Tiffany platform by a 273 mm (10 ³⁄₄ inch) production flowline and a 168 mm (6 ⁵⁄₈ inch) production or well testing flowline. A 114.3 mm (4 ¹⁄₂ inch) service flowline links the Thelma field to the Toni water injection template for fluid disposal when required. The wellhead design temperature is 110°C (230°F), design pressure is 290 bar (4200 psi), operating pressure between 48.3 bar (700 psi) and 276 bar (4000 psi), the formation water pH is between 5.1 and 5.6, formation water TDS about 95,000 ppm, of which about 57,000 ppm are chlorides. Maximum CO2 content is 15.5%, and H2S is 500 ppm in the oil phase (0.1 bar (1.5 psi) partial pressure) in one well and 100 ppm in the remaining 4 wells, bringing the average content to 170 ppm. Duplex stainless steel was originally selected for all the pipelines etc., handling untreated fluids (Calvarano, et. al., 1995) as it was considered suitable for normal operating conditions. During shutdown, when the design pressure is reached, the H2S partial pressure would rise beyond the normally accepted values for safe exposure of duplex stainless steels. Fortuitously, this situation seldom occurs and is of limited duration because of cooling of the flowlines after shutdown. Selection of duplex stainless steel would, however, CASTI Handbook of Cladding Technology – 2nd Edition

Chapter 9

Clad Pipe Projects

183

The original piping in the plant was centricast 13% Cr but the gradual drop in pressure of the field necessitated an increase in the pipe diameter and 13% Cr piping was not available in 762 mm (30 inch) diameter required. Hence clad pipe was selected. The installation of 762 mm (30 inch) OD clad piping was cost effective since it meant that there was no need to install compressor stations in the manifold to carry the gas to the treatment units (Akabane, 1994). This field development consists of 4 well clusters each with two headers requiring a total of 10.2 km (6.3 miles) of 762 mm (30 inch) diameter, 12.7 mm (0.5 inch) wall thickness (API 5L X60) with 2 mm (0.08 inch) UNS N08825 cladding pipe and some 219 mm (8 ⁵⁄₈ inch) diameter clad pipe (Figure 9.6). The pipes were supplied by JSW as were 64 tees (762 x 219 mm, 30 x 8 ⁵⁄₈ inch). The clad lines collect gas and condensate which are then dehydrated. The gas is compressed to an LNG plant 20 miles away through a 1066.8 mm (42 inch) pipeline and the condensates are transported in a 406 mm (16 inch) line (Figure 9.7). The backing steel for the clad pipe was not specified to be SWC resistant, but the welds were limited to 250 HV maximum hardness since the conditions are judged to be slightly sour. All the pipe ends were bevelled by the manufacturer (JSW) and supplied with end protectors. Considerable planning went into the design of the cluster layout to suit joint lengths so that only 44 field cuts and bevels were required out of about 1,000 joint lengths supplied. The average time per cut and bevel was 6.5 hours. Some solid UNS N08825 flanges and 114.3 mm (4 ¹⁄₂ inch) and 60.3 mm (2 ³⁄₈ inch) weld-o-lets were also used in the project.


Appendix

1 ABBREVIATED TERMS AAI AISI ANSI API ASME ASTM BS CII CITHP CLI CPT CRA CRC CTOD DHF DIN DR DWTT EFC ENP ESW FAC FCAW FGD GMAW GTAW HAZ HIP

Arco Alaska Inc. American Iron and Steel Institute American National Standards Institute American Petroleum Institute American Society of Mechanical Engineers American Society for Testing and Materials British Standard Lined pipe product produced by NSC Closed in tubing head pressure Creusot Loire Industrie Critical pitting temperature Corrosion-resistant alloy CRC-Evans Automatic Welding Crack tip opening displacement Dai-Ichi High Frequency Deutsche Institut für Normung Radius of bend expressed as multiple of pipe diameter Drop weight tear test European Federation of Corrosion Electroless nickel plating Electroslag welding Flow accelerated corrosion Flux cored arc welding Flue Gas Desulphurisation Gas metal arc welding Gas tungsten arc welding Heat-Affected Zone Hot isostatic pressing CASTI Handbook of Cladding Technology – 2nd Edition

218

Abbreviated Terms

HSLA ID JSW LIDB LNG NACE NAM NDE NKK NSC OCTG OD OOR PASSO PGMAW PGTAW PQR PTA PWHT PWR QT RT SAW SCC SDH SMAW SMYS SSC SSCV SWC TDS TMCP UNS UO UOE UT V-A

Appendix 1

High strength low alloy Internal diameter Japan Steel Works Liquid interface diffusion bonding Liquefied natural gas National Association of Corrosion Engineers (now NACE International) Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij Non-destructive examination NKK Corporation Nippon Steel Corporation Oil Country Tubular Goods Outside diameter Out-of-roundness Processo Arcos Saipem Saldatura Orbitale Pulsed gas metal arc welding Pulsed gas tungsten arc welding Procedure Qualification Record Pure Terephthalic Acid Post welding heat treatment Pressurised Water Reactor Quenched and tempered Radiographic testing Submerged arc welding Stress corrosion cracking Side drilled hole Shielded metal arc welding Specified minimum yield strength Sulfide stress corrosion cracking Semi-submersible crane vessel Stepwise cracking Total dissolved solids Thermo-mechanical control process Unified Numbering System U-ing, O-ing, (pipe forming) U-ing, O-ing, Expansion, (pipe forming) Ultrasonic testing Voest-Alpine


Appendix

2 HARDNESS CONVERSION NUMBERS


Appendix 2

220

Hardness Conversion Numbers

APPROXIMATE HARDNESS CONVERSION NUMBERS FOR NONAUSTENITIC STEELSa, b Rockwell C 150 kgf Diamond HRC 68 67 66 65

Vickers HV 940 900 865 832

64

800

63

772

62

Brinell 3000 kgf 10 mm ball HB ------739d

Knoop 500 gf HK 920 895 870 846

Rockwell A 60 kgf Diamond HRA 85.6 85.0 84.5 83.9

Rockwell Superficial Hardness 15 kgf 30 kgf 45 kgf Diamond Diamond Diamond HR15N HR30N HR45N 93.2 84.4 75.4 92.9 83.6 74.2 92.5 82.8 73.3 92.2 81.9 72.0

Approximate Tensile Strength ksi (MPa) ---------

722d

822

83.4

91.8

81.1

71.0

---

706d

799

82.8

91.4

80.1

69.9

---

746

688d

776

82.3

91.1

79.3

68.8

---

61

720

670d

754

81.8

90.7

78.4

67.7

---

60

697

654d

732

81.2

90.2

77.5

66.6

---

59

674

634d

710

80.7

89.8

76.6

65.5

351 (2420)

58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47

653 633 613 595 577 560 544 528 513 498 484 471

615 595 577 560 543 525 512 496 482 468 455 442

690 670 650 630 612 594 576 558 542 526 510 495

80.1 79.6 79.0 78.5 78.0 77.4 76.8 76.3 75.9 75.2 74.7 74.1

89.3 88.9 88.3 87.9 87.4 86.9 86.4 85.9 85.5 85.0 84.5 83.9

75.7 74.8 73.9 73.0 72.0 71.2 70.2 69.4 68.5 67.6 66.7 65.8

64.3 63.2 62.0 60.9 59.8 58.6 57.4 56.1 55.0 53.8 52.5 51.4

338 (2330) 325 (2240) 313 (2160) 301 (2070) 292 (2010) 283 (1950) 273 (1880) 264 (1820) 255 (1760) 246 (1700) 238 (1640) 229 (1580)


Appendix 2

Hardness Conversion Numbers

221

APPROXIMATE HARDNESS CONVERSION NUMBERS FOR NONAUSTENITIC STEELSa, b (Continued) Rockwell C 150 kgf Diamond HRC 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24

Vickers HV 458 446 434 423 412 402 392 382 372 363 354 345 336 327 318 310 302 294 286 279 272 266 260

Brinell 3000 kgf 10 mm ball HB 432 421 409 400 390 381 371 362 353 344 336 327 319 311 301 294 286 279 271 264 258 253 247

Knoop 500 gf HK 480 466 452 438 426 414 402 391 380 370 360 351 342 334 326 318 311 304 297 290 284 278 272

Rockwell A 60 kgf Diamond HRA 73.6 73.1 72.5 72.0 71.5 70.9 70.4 69.9 69.4 68.9 68.4 67.9 67.4 66.8 66.3 65.8 65.3 64.6 64.3 63.8 63.3 62.8 62.4

Rockwell Superficial Hardness 15 kgf 30 kgf 45 kgf Diamond Diamond Diamond HR15N HR30N HR45N 83.5 64.8 50.3 83.0 64.0 49.0 82.5 63.1 47.8 82.0 62.2 46.7 81.5 61.3 45.5 80.9 60.4 44.3 80.4 59.5 43.1 79.9 58.6 41.9 79.4 57.7 40.8 78.8 56.8 39.6 78.3 55.9 38.4 77.7 55.0 37.2 77.2 54.2 36.1 76.6 53.3 34.9 76.1 52.1 33.7 75.6 51.3 32.5 75.0 50.4 31.3 74.5 49.5 30.1 73.9 48.6 28.9 73.3 47.7 27.8 72.8 46.8 26.7 72.2 45.9 25.5 71.6 45.0 24.3

Approximate Tensile Strength ksi (MPa) 221 (1520) 215 (1480) 208 (1430) 201 (1390) 194 (1340) 188 (1300) 182 (1250) 177 (1220) 171 (1180) 166 (1140) 161 (1110) 156 (1080) 152 (1050) 149 (1030) 146 (1010) 141 (970) 138 (950) 135 (930) 131 (900) 128 (880) 125 (860) 123 (850) 119 (820)


Appendix

3 UNIT CONVERSIONS


Appendix 3 METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS To Convert From To Angle degree rad Area in.2 mm2 in.2 cm2 in.2 m2 2 ft m2 Bending moment or torque lbf - in. N-m lbf - ft N-m kgf - m N-m ozf - in. N-m Bending moment or torque per unit length lbf - in./in. N - m/m lbf - ft/in. N - m/m Corrosion rate mils/yr mm/yr mils/yr µ/yr Current density A/in.2 A/cm2 2 A/in. A/mm2 A/ft2 A/m2

Multiply By 1.745 329 E -02 6.451 600 6.451 600 6.451 600 9.290 304

E + 02 E + 00 E - 04 E - 02

1.129 848 1.355 818 9.806 650 7.061 552

E - 01 E + 00 E + 00 E - 03

4.448 222 E + 00 5.337 866 E + 01 2.540 000 E - 02 2.540 000 E + 01 1.550 003 E - 01 1.550 003 E - 03 1.076 400 E + 01

To Convert From To Mass per unit time lb/h kg/s lb/min kg/s lb/s kg/s Mass per unit volume (includes density) g/cm3 kg/m3 3 lb/ft g/cm3 3 lb/ft kg/m3 lb/in.3 g/cm3 3 lb/in. kg/m3 Power Btu/s kW Btu/min kW Btu/h W erg/s W ft - lbf/s W ft - lbf/min W ft - lbf/h W hp (550 ft - lbf/s) kW hp (electric) kW Power density W/in.2 W/m2

Unit Conversions

230

Multiply By 1.259 979 E - 04 7.559 873 E - 03 4.535 924 E - 01 1.000 000 1.601 846 1.601 846 2.767 990 2.767 990

E + 03 E - 02 E + 01 E + 01 E + 04

1.055 056 1.758 426 2.928 751 1.000 000 1.355 818 2.259 697 3.766 161 7.456 999 7.460 000

E + 00 E - 02 E - 01 E - 07 E + 00 E - 02 E - 04 E - 01 E - 01

1.550 003 E + 03


Appendix 3 THE GREEK ALPHABET Α, α - Alpha Β, β - Beta Γ, γ - Gamma ∆, δ - Delta Ε, ε - Epsilon Ζ, ζ - Zeta Η, η - Eta Θ, θ - Theta

Ι, ι - Iota Κ, κ - Kappa Λ, λ - Lambda Μ, µ - Mu Ν, ν - Nu Ξ, ξ - Xi Ο, ο - Omicron Π, π - Pi

Unit Conversions

235

Ρ, ρ - Rho Σ, σ - Sigma Τ, τ - Tau Υ, υ - Upsilon Φ, φ - Phi Χ, χ - Chi Ψ, ψ - Psi Ω, ω - Omega


Appendix

4 PIPE DIMENSIONS


Appendix 4 DIMENSIONS OF WELDED AND SEAMLESS PIPEa Nominal Outside Pipe Size Diameter Schedule Schedule (in.) (in.) 5S 10S 1/8 0.405 --0.049 1/4 0.540 --0.065 3/8 0.675 --0.065 1/2 0.840 0.065 0.083 3/4 1.050 0.065 0.083 1 1.315 0.065 0.109 1 1/4 1.660 0.065 0.109 1 1/2 1.900 0.065 0.109 2 2.375 0.065 0.109 2 1/2 2.875 0.083 0.120 3 3.5 0.083 0.120 3 1/2 4.0 0.083 0.120 4 4.5 0.083 0.120 5 5.563 0.109 0.134 6 6.625 0.109 0.134 8 8.625 0.109 0.148 10 10.75 0.134 0.165 12 12.75 0.156 0.180 14 O.D. 14.0 0.156 0.188 16 O.D. 16.0 0.165 0.188 18 O.D. 18.0 0.165 0.188 20 O.D. 20.0 0.188 0.218 22 O.D. 22.0 0.188 0.218

Nominal Wall Thickness (in.) Schedule Schedule Schedule 10 20 30 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.250 0.277 --0.250 0.307 --0.250 0.330 0.250 0.312 0.375 0.250 0.312 0.375 0.250 0.312 0.438 0.250 0.375 0.500 0.250 0.375 0.500

Pipe Dimensions

Schedule Standard 0.068 0.088 0.091 0.109 0.113 0.133 0.140 0.145 0.154 0.203 0.216 0.226 0.237 0.258 0.280 0.322 0.365 0.375 0.375 0.375 0,375 0.375 0.375

238

Schedule 40 0.068 0.088 0.091 0.109 0.113 0.133 0.140 0.145 0.154 0.203 0.216 0.226 0.237 0.258 0.280 0.322 0.365 0.406 0.438 0.500 0.562 0.594 ---


Appendix 4 DIMENSIONS OF WELDED AND SEAMLESS PIPEa (Continued) Nominal Outside Pipe Size Diameter Schedule Schedule (in.) (in.) 5S 10S 24 O.D. 24.0 0.218 0.250 26 O.D. 26.0 ----28 O.D. 28.0 ----30 O.D. 30.0 0.250 0.312 32 O.D. 32.0 ----34 O.D. 34.0 ----36 O.D. 36.0 ----42 O.D. 42.0 ----a. See next page for heavier wall thicknesses

Nominal Wall Thickness (in.) Schedule Schedule Schedule 10 20 30 0.250 0.375 0.562 0.312 0.500 --0.312 0.500 0.625 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.312 0.500 0.625 -------

Pipe Dimensions

Schedule Standard 0.375 0.375 0.375 0.375 0.375 0.375 0.375 0.375

239

Schedule 40 0.688 ------0.688 0.688 0.750 ---


Appendix

5 BIBLIOGRAPHY The following is an alphabetical list of sources consulted in preparing this book. Akabane, H. “Mobil Arun Field Debottlenecking,” 2nd International Seminar on Clad Engineering, Houston, May 6th, 1994. ANSI/ASME B16.9 Factory Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Fittings. ANSI/ASME B31.3 Process Piping. API Specification for Corrosion Resistant Alloy Line Pipe (Spec. 5LC). API Specification for CRA Clad or Lined Steel Pipe (Spec. 5LD). API Specification for Line Pipe (Spec. 5L). API 1104 Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities. ASME B31.3 Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping. ASME Section VIII Pressure Vessels. ASTM A204 Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Molybdenum. ASTM A262Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels.


244

Bibliography

Appendix 5

ASTM A263 Specification for Corrosion-Resisting Chromium SteelClad Plate, Sheet, and Strip. ASTM A264 Specification for Stainless Chromium-Nickel Steel Clad Plate, Sheet, and Strip. ASTM A265 Standard Specification for Nickel and Nickel-Base Alloy Clad Steel Plate. ASTM A387 Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Chromium-Molybdenum. ASTM A516 Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, for Moderate and Lower-Temperature Service. ASTM A533 Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Steel, Quenched and Tempered, Manganese-Molybdenum and Manganese-Molybdenum-Nickel. ASTM A578 Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Plain and Clad Steel Plates for Special Applications. ASTM G28 Test Methods of Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Corrosion in Wrought, Nickel-Rich, Chromium-Bearing Alloys. ASTM G39 Practice for Preparation and Use of Bent-Beam StressCorrosion Test Specimens. ASTM G48 Test Method for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride Solution. ASTM G146 Practice for Evaluation of Disbonding of Bimetalic Stainless Alloy/Steel Plate for use in High-Pressure, HighTemperature Refinery Hydrogen Service. Avery, R.E. and Schillmoller, C.M. “Development of Mechanized Field Girth Welding of High Alloy Corrosion Resistant Pipeline Materials,” NiDI Technical series N° 10061, 1991. CASTI Handbook of Cladding Technology – 2nd Edition

Appendix 5

Bibliography

245

Banker, J.G. “Commercial Applications of Zirconium Explosion Clad,” Journal of Testing and Evaluation, ASTM, Mar. 1996. Banker, J.G. “Try Explosion Clad Steel for Corrosion Protection,” Chemical Engineering Progress, July 1996. Banker, J.G. and Cayard, M. “Evaluation of Stainless Steels Explosion Clad for High Temperature, High Pressure Hydrogen Service,” Materials Property Council Conference on Hydrogen Effects on Materials for Refinery Applications, Wien, Oct. 1994. Banker, J.G. and Forrest, A.L. “Titanium/Steel Explosion Bonded Clad for Autoclaves and Reactors,” MMS Annual Meeting, TMS, Warrendale PA., Feb. 1996. Belloni, A. et al. “Large Diameter Clad Pipes, Production, Welding and Offshore Laying Experience”, 11th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, OMAE/92, Calgary, June 1992, Vol. 5, p. 383. Belloni, A. “ONGC - BE Project,” 2nd International Seminar on Clad Engineering, Houston, May 6th, 1994. Belloni, A. “Welding Clad Pipes in CRA Materials – Recent Experience,” Stainless Steel World, Jan./Feb. 1996. Belloni, A. “Full GMAW Proved for CRA Pipeline Welding,” Duplex '97, Maastricht, Oct. 1997. Belloni, A. and Celant, M. “Development of an Advanced System to Weld Corrosion Resistant Alloys and Clad Pipes,” 12th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, OMAE/'93, Glasgow, July 1993. Belloni, A., Dall'Aglio, D., Celant, M. and Tsuji, M. “Large Diameter Clad Pipes: Production, Welding and Offshore Laying Experience,” 11th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, OMAE/92, Calgary, June 7-12th, 1992, Vol. 5, p.383.


246

Bibliography

Appendix 5

Breinan, E.M., Kear, B.H. and Banas, C.M. Physics Today, November 1976, Vol. 44, Issue 23. BS 1501, Steels for Fired and Unfired Pressure Vessels: Plates, British Standards Institute. BS 4515, Process of Welding of Steel Pipelines on Land and Offshore, British Standards Institute. BS 5500, Specification for Unfired Pressure Vessels, British Standards Institute. Butler, P. et al., “Welding the Maui A-B Pipeline,” Welding Journal, Nov. 1993, pp. 31-38. Calvarano, M., Fassina, P. and Ghielmetti, A. “A Review of Cost Effective Alternatives for Sealines in Marginal Field with Corrosive Fluids,” OMC - Offshore Mediterranean Conference, 1995. Chakravarti, B. and Dobis, J. “Plant Maintenance Repairs Utilizing Clad Piping Spools to Improve Reliability,” Stainless Steel World, Jan./Feb. 1997, Vol. 9, Issue 1, p.39. Clay, K. “Use of Cladding Materials in the Power Generation Industry,” Stainless Steel World, Oct. 1996, Vol. 8, Issue 8, p. 32-35. Colwell, J.A., Martin, C.J. and Mack, R.D. “Evaluation of Full Scale Sections of Bimetallic Tubing in Simulated Production Environments,” Corrosion, 45 (5) 1989, p. 429. Craig, B.D. “Field Experience with Alloy Clad API Grade L-80 Tubing,” Materials Performance, 25 (6) 1986 p.48. Craig, B.D., “Corrosion Testing of Clad and Lined Bends,” 2nd International Seminar on Clad Engineering, Houston, May 6th, 1994. Currie, D.M. “Yellowhammer Project,” 2nd International Seminar on Clad Engineering, Houston, May 6th, 1994.


Appendix

6 LIST OF FIGURES AND CONTRIBUTORS Figure No.

Contributor(s)

Front cover Figure 1.2 Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3 Figure 2.4 Figure 2.5 Figure 2.6 Figure 2.7 Figure 2.8 Figure 2.9 Figure 2.10 Figure 2.11 Figure 2.12 Figure 2.13 Figure 2.15 Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2 Figure 3.3 Figure 3.4 Figure 3.5 Figure 3.6 Figure 3.7 Figure 3.8

The Japan Steel Works Ltd. and Saipem S.p.A Creusot Loire Industrie Voest-Alpine Stahl Linz GmbH Voest-Alpine Stahl Linz GmbH Voest-Alpine Stahl Linz GmbH The Japan Steel Works Ltd. The Japan Steel Works Ltd. The Japan Steel Works Ltd. The Japan Steel Works Ltd. Dynamic Materials Corporation Dynamic Materials Corporation Nobelclad Dynamic Materials Corporation Nobelclad Nobelclad NiDI NKK Corporation The Japan Steel Works Ltd. Kubota Corporation Kubota Corporation Kubota Corporation Kubota Corporation Kubota Corporation NKK Corporation


254

List of Figures and Their Contributors

Figure 3.9 Figure 3.10 Figure 3.11 Figure 3.12 Figure 3.13 Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2 Figure 4.3 Figure 5.1 Figure 5.2 Figure 5.3 Figure 5.4 Figure 5.5 Figure 5.6 Figure 5.7 Figure 5.8 Figure 5.9 Figure 5.10 Figure 5.11 Figure 5.12 Figure 5.13 Figure 5.14 Figure 5.15 Figure 5.16 Figure 5.17 Figure 6.2 Figure 7.1 Figure 7.2 Figure 7.3 Figure 7.5 Figure 7.6 Figure 7.7 Figure 7.8 Figure 7.9 Figure 8.1 Figure 8.2 Figure 8.3 Figure 8.4 Figure 8.5

Appendix 6

Wyman-Gordon Ltd. Wyman-Gordon Ltd. Tubacex Nippon Steel Corporation H. Butting GmbH & Co. and UPL Dai-Ichi High Frequency Co. Ltd. Dai-Ichi High Frequency Co. Ltd. Kubota Corporation Not required Tecphy Tecphy Kubota Corporation Coprosider S.p.A Coprosider S.p.A Coprosider S.p.A Coprosider S.p.A Coprosider S.p.A Coprosider S.p.A Coprosider S.p.A Kubota Corporation Scomark Engineering Ltd. Dynamic Materials Corporation Scomark Engineering Ltd. ABB Vetco Grey UK Ltd. Scomark Engineering Ltd. NKK Corporation The Japan Steel Works Ltd. The Japan Steel Works Ltd. Nobelclad Kubota Corporation Saipem Allseas Engineering B.V. Coflexip Stena Offshore Ltd. Rockwater Ltd. Nippon Steel Corporation Forth Tool and Valve Ltd. Strachan and Henshaw Ltd. & Borsig Valves of Berlin Creusot-Loire Industrie Soudometal and NEI International Combustion Ltd.


Appendix 6

Figure 8.6 Figure 8.7 Figure 8.8 Figure 8.15 Figure 8.16 Figure 8.17 Figure 8.18 Figure 8.19 Figure 8.20 Figure 8.21 Figure 8.22 Figure 8.23 Figure 8.24 Figure 8.25 Figure 8.26 Figure 8.27 Figure 8.28 Figure 9.1 Figure 9.2 Figure 9.3 Figure 9.4 Figure 9.5 Figure 9.6 Figure 9.7 Figure 9.8

List of Figures and Their Contributors

255

Verbundmetalle GmbH Head Robinson Engineering Ltd. NEI International Combustion Ltd. Scomark Engineering Ltd. Kubota Corporation and Highland Fabricators Kubota Corporation and Highland Fabricators Klad Inc. Creusot-Loire Industrie Nobelclad Nobelclad Nobelclad Klad Inc. VEAG Kraftwerk W.H.D. Plant, Edenbridge Metals Ltd. NiDI and W.H.D. Plant, Edenbridge Metals Ltd. NiDI and W.H.D. Plant, Edenbridge Metals Ltd. W.H.D. Plant, Edenbridge Metals Ltd. Scomark Engineering Ltd. BP Exploration Operating Company Ltd. Rockwater Ltd. and UPL Rockwater Ltd. Rockwater Ltd. Mobil Oil Indonesia Inc. The Japan Steel Works Ltd. CRC- Evans Pipeline International, Inc.


INDEX A Absorber, 158-163 Allseas, 115-116 Aluminium, 164 ASTM A 262, 61, 87-88, 197, 199 ASTM G 48, 61, 87-89, 115, 180, 199, 212 Autoclaves, 88, 154

B Batten, 97-98 Black Liquor, 165

C Casting Factor, 40 Centrifugal Casting, 34, 38-40 Chimney, 158 Clad Bends Manufacturing of Bends from Clad Pipe, 57-61 Manufacturing of Bends from Lined Pipe, 50, 61-63 Clad Fittings Clad Elbows, 70-73 Clad Fittings Made by Weld Overlaying, 65-66 Clad Fittings Made by Hot Isostatic Pressing, 66-69 Clad Fittings Made from Clad Plate or Pipe, 69-70 Clad Flanges and Valves, 78-80 Clad Manifolds, 76-77 Clad Reducers and Caps, 77-78 Clad Tees, 73-75 CASTI Handbook of Cladding Technology - 2nd Edition

258

Index

Clad Pipes Centricast Clad Pipe, 38-43 Definitions, 33-34 Explosively Bonded Clad Pipe, 48-50 Lined Pipe, 50-56 Explosively Lined Pipe, 55-56 Hydraulically Lined Pipe, 53-55 Thermo-Hydraulically Lined Pipe, 51-53 Longitudinally Welded Clad Pipe, 34-38 Seamless Pipe Mill Clad Pipe, 43-48 Clad Plate Backing Steel Types, 10-11 Explosive Bonding, 23-28 Heat Treatment, 19-22 Hot Roll Bonding, 9-10 Inspection Requirements, 22-23 Manufacturing Sequence, 11-16 Optimising Bonding, 16-19 Production Methods, 9 Weld Overlaying, 29-32 Clad Product, Applications Cladding Technology in Air Pollution Systems, 157-162 Cladding Technology in the Oil & Gas Industry, 123-124 Clad Production Tubing, 124-127 Line Pipe and Manifolds, 135-142 Valves, Pumps, and Joints, 127-129 Vessels and Heat Exchangers, 129-135 Backing Steel, 134 Cladding Alloy, 134-135 Cladding Technology in the Chemical Industry, 149-153 Backing Steel, 150 Cladding Alloy, 150-153 Cladding Technology in Chemical Tankers, 153 Cladding Technology in Metal Purification, 154 Cladding Technology in the Petrochemical Industry, 142-149 Applications, 142-146 Backing Steel, 146 Cladding Alloy, 147-148 Disbonding on Hot Hydrogen, 148-149 Cladding Technology in the Power Industry, 154-157 Cladding Technology in the Pulp and Paper Industry, 165 Cladding Technology in Shipping Applications, 163-164

CASTI Handbook of Cladding Technology - 2nd Edition

Index

259

Clad Products, Specification Requirements of Backing Steel, 83 Backing Steel Requirements for Application in H2S Containing Environments, 84-85 Cladding Alloy, 82-83 Corrosion Tests, 87-89 Demagnetising, 89-90 Dimensions and Tolerances of Clad Pipe, 90-93 Cladding and Wall Thickness, 90-92 Diameter and Out of Roundness, 92-93 Ultrasonic Inspection, 93 Maximum Allowable Stress Values, 81-82 Mechanical Tests, 86-87 Cladding Projects ADMA OPCO - Um-Shaif - 1993, 167-168 Agip UK - Thelma and South East Thelma - 1995, 168-169 Arco Alaska Inc. - Prudhoe Bay - 1991, 170-171 ARCO - Thames Bacton - 1987, 171-172 Asamera Oil - Corridor - 1996, 172-173 BP International Ltd. - Cyrus - 1995, 176-179 BP International Ltd. - Ravenspurn to Cleeton - 1987, 173 BP International Ltd. - Forties - 1987, 174 BP International Ltd. - Miller - 1989, 174-175 Chevron - Ninian - 1992, 180 Clyde Petroleum - P2/P6 - 1997, 180-182 Louisiana Land and Exploration - Lost Cabin - 1991, 182 Mobil - Arun Booster Gas Compression - 1993, 182-187 Mobil - South L’ho Sukon - 1996, 188 Mobil - Mobil 823 - 1995, 188-189 Mobil - Yellowhammer - 1994, 189-190 Mobil - 869 Field - 1995, 190-192 Mobil - Ras Laffan Lng Co. Ltd. North Field - 1998, 192 Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij, NAM Early Field Trails - 1974-1980, 192-193 Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij, NAM Roswinkel, Zuidlaren - 1978, 193-194 Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij, NAM Emmen - 1987-1989, 194-196 Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij, NAM Twente, Schoonebeek - 1988, 196 Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij, NAM Dalen 6 And Dalen 9 - 1988, 196-197 Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij, NAM Grijpskerk - 1996, 197 CASTI Handbook of Cladding Technology - 2nd Edition

260

Index

Cladding Projects (Continued) ONGC - South Bassein - 1988 and 1993, 198-204 Shell Offshore - Fairway - 1991, 204-208 Shell Todd Oil Services - Maui 'B' To'a' - 1991, 208-214 Pipe Production, 209-210 Laying the Line, 210-211 Welding, 211-213 Inspection, 214 Statoil - Åsgaard - 1997, 214 Texaco - Erskine - 1997, 215 Total Oil Marine - Bruce - 1991, 216 Cladding Technology Dimensions of Clad Products, 3 Economics of Clad Technology, 4-5 Materials Selection Options for Corrosive Service, 1-2 Optimising the Corrosion Properties, 6 Using Cladding Technology to Best Advantage, 7-8 Copper, 1-2, 28, 33, 37, 60, 97, 98, 116, 147, 150, 154, 181 Corrosion Inhibitors, 123, 129, 188, 194, 215 Corrosion Resistant Alloys (CRA), 1, 4, 6, 9, 33-35, 38, 40, 43-46, 48, 51, 53-55, 66, 78, 81, 84-85, 91, 100-101, 104, 111, 112-114, 116, 124-126, 131, 144, 149, 197 Corrosion Resistance, 6, 13, 17, 19-20, 32, 35-36, 47, 51, 54, 61-63, 82-83, 89, 95-97, 100-104, 129, 145, 147, 150, 152, 160, 164, 169, 173, 175, 178, 202, 215 Corrosion Tests, 19-20, 22, 70, 87-89, 110, 115, 197, 200, 202-203, 212 Intergranular Corrosion Tests, 87-88 Pitting Corrosion Tests, 87 Stress Corrosion Test, 88 Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD), 21, 115 Crevice Corrosion, 114, 163-164, 181, 197 Critical Pitting Temperature (CPT), 19, 21, 127, 162, 180


Index

261

D Digester, 165 Drop Weight Tear Test (DWTT), 21, 83, 198 Duplex Stainless Steel, 20, 28, 54, 110-111, 125, 153, 154, 165, 168169, 173, 176, 181, 197

E Extrusion, 43-46, 75, 90, 180, 206

F Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW), see Welding Processes

G Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), see Welding Processes

H Hastelloy, 18, 150 Heat Exchanger, 123, 129, 131-135, 143, 146-147, 151-152, 156, 204-205 Hot Hydrogen, 87, 146, 148-149 Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP), 65, 66-69, 75, 77-78, 189 Hydrogen Disbonding, 87, 127 Hydrometallurgy, 154

I Inconel, 150, 193


262

Index

J Japan Steel Works (JSW), 171, 173-174, 183, 185, 188, 192, 200, 209-211, 216 Joint Alignment, 185 Design, Clad Vessels, 96-100 J-Bevel, 178 J-Preparation, 103 Line, 12 Misalignment, 102 Types Swivel, 129 Transition, 164 Universal, 129

K Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI), 124, 193 Kiln, 154

L Liners, see also Clad Pipes API 5LD, 33 Bends, 61-63, 207 Buckling, 51, 61, 63, 207 Collapse, 50-51 Fatigue, 119-120 Incomplete Penetration, 190 Inconel 82, 192 Inspection, 56, 205 Repairs, 112-113, 208 Seal Welding, 55, 169, 190-191, 193 Tube Liner, 163 UNS N08825, 54, 169, 190-191, 214 UNS S31600, 193-194 Weld Preparation, 104 Liquation Cracking, see Welding Processes, GTAW


Index

263

Liquid Interface Diffusion Bonding (LIDB), 13, 17, 45-46 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), 164, 183, 192 Lloyds Register of Shipping, 153

M Magnetic, 23, 89, 105, 110, 115, 193, 213 Magnetic Particle, 40, 59 Mooring Buoys, 129

N NACE TM0177, 87-88, 199 Nippon Steel Corporation (NSC), 21, 118, 170, 182, 189, 191, 193, 205 NKK Corporation, 198, 206 Nuclear Plant, 156

O Oxidation, 12, 35, 106, 111, 158, 181, 186, 195, 197

P Plug Mill, 43-44 Polythionic Acid, 147-148 Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT), 83, 175 Processo Arcos Saipem Saldatura Orbitale (PASSO), see Welding Processeses


264

Index

R Radiographic Testing, 195, 213 Recrystallization, 20-21 Reel Laying, 118-119 Residual Magnetism, 89, 105, 110, 195, 199-200, 202, 213 Rockwater, 119, 169, 177-178

S Saipem, 105, 113, 172, 192, 199-201 Sandwich, 12-14, 16, 19, 21-22 Scrubber, 100, 158, 161-162 Sensitisation, 62 Separator, 129-131, 145, 156-157 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), see Welding Processes Slurry, 158 Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC), 62, 144-145, 147, 151-153 Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking (CSCC), 144, 148 Stepwise Cracking (SWC), 84, 175 Sulphide Stress Corrosion Cracking (SSCC), 84 Submerged Arc Welding (SAW), see Welding Processes

T Tantalum, 28 Titanium, 1-2, 10, 28, 43, 96-99, 132, 135, 147-148, 150-154, 158, 164-165


Index

265

Tolerances Backing Steel, 83 Bends, 60-61 Bend Angle, 60 Centricast Clad pipe, 40, 42, 174 Clad pipe, 90-93, 208 Wall Thickness, 90-92, 197 Diameter, 92 Out-of-Roundness, 92-93, 186 Elbows, 61 Explosively Lined Pipe, 55-56 Fittings, 69 Hydraulically Lined Pipe, 53 Laying Clad Pipe, 119 Out-of-Plane, 60 Tolerances (Continued) Ovality, 60 Pipe Ends, 209 Fit-Up, 101-102, 104, 113 External Clamps, 182-183 Internal Diameter, 170 Seamless Pipe, 44, 47 Thermo-Hydraulically Lined Pipe, 51 Wall Thickness, 60 Transition Joint, 164 Towing, 119, 179, 206 Tubeplate, 132-133, 156

U Ultrasonic Testing (UT), 16, 37

V Vapour Deposition, 127


266

Index

W Wallpapering, 160-161 Welding Clad Products Fabricating Clad Vessels, 95-100 Handling Clad Plate, 95-96 Welding Clad Vessels, 96-100 Circumferential Welding of Clad Pipe, 100-112 Handling Clad Pipe, 101 Pipe end Dimensions/Fit-up, 101-102 Weld Preparation, 102-105 Demagnetising of Pipes, 105-106 Back Shielding, 106-107 Choice of Welding Process, 107-108 Choice of Filler Metal, 108-111 Control of Heat Input, 111 Weld Integrity Assessment, 111-112 Welding Repairs During Pipelaying, 112-113 Developments in Clad Pipe Welding Technology, 113-116 Laying Clad Pipe, 116-120 Commissioning Clad Pipelines, 120-121 Welding Processes Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW), 107 Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), 29, 105, 107, 181, 190, 199, 201, 206 Clad Fittings, 66 Clad Valve, 79 Fit-Up, 102 Overlay, 140-141 PGMAW, 107, 111, 113, 189, 206 Power Plant Applications, 156 Plug Welds, 161 Repairs, 116 Root Pass, 114-115, 172, 186, 201, 211-212 Welding Speed, 113-114 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), 6, 29, 35, 107-108, 178, 187, 192 Alloy 625, 170, 189, 191, 194 Autogeneous, 208 Back Shielding, 106-107 Clad Fitting, 66 Centricast Clad Pipe, 108 Demagnetising of Pipes, 105-106 CASTI Handbook of Cladding Technology - 2nd Edition

Index

267

Welding Processes Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) (Continued) Heat Input, 107, 111-112 J-Laying, 105 Liner Pipe, 51,53 Liquation Cracking, 132 Machines, 186 Settings, 186 Overlay, 128, 133, 198, 209 Pipe Fit-Up, 101-102 PGTAW, 186, 189, 201, 206 Power Plant Application, 156 Repair Welding, 112-113, 198 Root Pass, 186-187, 190, 199, 211-212 Welding Technology, 113-116 Processo Arcos Saipem Saldatura Orbitale (PASSO), 181, 199-201 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), 29, 66, 105, 107, 112, 172, 178, 187, 191, 202-203 Submerged Arc Welding (SAW), 35, 156, 189, 198, 206

Z Zirconium, 2, 12, 28, 98, 148, 151-152, 154


Cladding Technology

Recommend Documents