CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS
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CLASSIFICATION ? For the purpose of 1. 2. 3. 4.
Transport planning, Functional Identification, Earmarking Administrative Jurisdiction and Assigning priorities.
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CLASSIFICATION The Roads classified in to THREE classes 1.
Primary System :: a) b)
2.
Expressways. National Highways (NH).
Secondary System :: a) b)
3.
State Highways (SH). Major District Roads (MDR).
Tertiary system or Rural Roads:: a) b)
Other District Roads (ODR). Village Roads (VR).
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(1)EXPRESSWAYS An expressway is a divided highway for high-speed traffic with at least, partial control of access. Have superior facilities and design standards. These may be NH of SH. Ex:: ORR in Hyderabad ( 158 km ) Mumbai- Pune Expressway (93 km)
Total Length in India = 3180 km
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Mumbai- Pune Express Highway
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(ii) National Highways (NH) Main Highways running through the length and breadth of country. Connects major ports, foreign highways, State capitals, large industrial and tourist centers. Total length of NH = 70548 Km
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NH in INDIA
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(iii) State Highways (SH) Arterial routs of a State linking District Head Quarters and important cities within the state. Connects National Highways or highways of neighboring states. Total length of SH = 1,31,899 km
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(iv) Major District Roads (MDR) Important roads within a district serving areas of production and markets. Connects some other MDR or with National Highways. Total Length of MDR = 4,67,763
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(v) Other District Roads (ODR Serves rural areas of production. Connects to market centers, taluka head quarters, block development head quarters or other main roads.
(vi) Village Roads (VR) Roads connecting villages or groups of villages with each other and to the nearest road of higher category Total length of ODR and VR ( Rural Roads) = 26,50,000 vvn
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NH SH MDR ODR /VR
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GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS
1. RURAL(NON-URBAN) HIGHWAYS, 2. URBAN ROADS IN PLAINS.
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2) LASSIFICATION OF URBAN ROADS IN PLAINS i. ii. iii. iv.
Arterial Roads, Sub-arterial Roads, Collector Roads, Local Street.
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(a) Arterial. A street primarily for through traffic, usually on a continuous route. These should be coordinated with existing and proposed expressway systems. These are divided highways with full or partial access.
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(b) Sub-arterial A street primarily for through traffic, usually on a continuous route but offering some what lower level of traffic mobility than the arterial
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(c) Collector Street A street for collecting and distributing traffic from and to local streets and also for providing access to arterial streets.
(d) Local Street A street primarily for access to residence, business or other abutting property.
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10
2 3
4
1
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Elements of roads 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Carriageway, Roadway, Design Speed, Road Land, Building Lines, Control Lines, Design traffic, Pavement camber
TERRAIN CLASSIFICATION Terrain is classified by the general SLOPE of the country across Highway Alignment. Geometric Design of a highway is influenced significantly by terrain condition.
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TERRAIN CLASSIFICATION Per cent cross slope of the country
S.No Terrain Classification 1
Plain
0 - 10
2 3 4
Rolling Mountainous Steep
10-25 25-60 Greater than 60
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TERRAIN CLASSIFICATION 6m
Steep _ Terrain
Mountainous _ Terrain
Rollong _ Terrain Plain _ Terrain vvn
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2.5m
1m 0
10.0 m 26
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CARRIAGEWAY carriageway
S.No
Type of carriageway
Width of carriageway (m)
1
Single lane
3.75
2
Two-lanes without raised kerbs
7.00
3
Two-lanes with raised kerbs
7.50
4
Multi-lane pavements, Width per lane.
3.5
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ROADWAY Roadway width is the sum total of carriageway width and shoulder width on either side. ROADWAY shoulder
carriageway
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shoulder
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WIDTH OF ROADWAY FOR SINGLE-LANE AND TWOLANE ROADS IN PLAIN AND ROLLING TERRAIN
S.No
Road Classification
Roadway width (meters)
1
National Highways ( Single or two lanes)
12.0
2
State Highways ( Single or two lanes)
12.0
3
Major Dist. Roads ( Single or two lanes)
9.0
4
Other Dist. Roads – (i) single Lane (ii) two Lanes
7.5 9.0
5
National Highways ( Single lane)
7.5
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WIDTH OF ROADWAY FOR SINGLE-LANE AND TWOLANE ROADS IN MOUNTAINOUS AND STEEP TERRAIN
S.No
Road Classification
1
National Highways (i) single lane (ii) two lanes
6.25 8.80
2
State Highways
6.25 8.80
3
Major Dist. Roads ( Single lanes)
4.75
4
Other Dist. Roads (Single lane )
4.75
5
Village Roads ( Single lane)
4.0
(i) single lane (ii) two lanes
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Roadway width (meters)
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DESIGN SPEED DESIGN SPEED is the basic parameter which determines all other geometric features. (Sight distances, Superelevation etc) Choice of Design Speed depends on 1) Function of road also 2) Terrain condition. Ruling Design Speed :- Guiding criteria for various geometric features. Minimum Design Speed :- Adopted where site conditions do not permit Ruling design speed. 31
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DESIGN SPEEDS Design Speed, km/h Plain terrain S.No
Rolling terrain
Road Classification
Strrp terrain
Ruling design speed
Minimum design speed
Ruling design speed
Minimum design speed
Ruling design speed
Minimum design speed
Ruling design speed
Minimum design speed
1
National Highways
100
80
80
65
50
50
40
30
2
State Highways
100
80
80
65
50
50
40
30
3
Major Dist. Roads
80
65
65
50
40
30
30
20
4
Other Dist. Roads
65
50
50
40
30
25
25
20
5
Village Roads
50
40
40
35
25
20
25
20
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Mountainous terrain
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CROSS SECTIONAL ELEMENT - R0AD LAND (ROW)
Road land width is the land acquired for road purpose Width between Control lines Width between Building lines Road land width ROADWAY CARRIAGEWAY
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RECOMMENDED LAND WIDTHS FOR DIFFERENT CLASSES OF ROADS (meters) Mountainous and steep terrain
Plain and rolling terrain 1
Road Classification
Open areas
Built-up areas
Built-up areas
Normal
Range
Normal
Range
Normal
Range
1
National Highways
45
30-60
30
30-60
24
20
2
State Highways
45
30-60
30
30-60
24
20
3
Major Dist. Roads
25
25-30
20
15-25
18
15
4
Other Dist. Roads
15
15-25
15
15-20
15
12
5
Village Roads
12
12-18
10
10-15
9
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Open areas
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CROSS SECTIONAL ELEMENT -
BUILDING LINES
.
A hypothetical line set back from the road boundary Building activity is restricted within this boundary in order to preserve space for future widening Width between Control lines Width between Building lines Road land width ROADWAY CARRIAGEWAY
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CROSS SECTIONAL ELEMENT – CONTROL LINES
The set back line in which nature of building activity is controlled. Width between Control lines Width between Building lines Road land width ROADWAY CARRIAGEWAY
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RECOMMENDED STANDARDS FOR BUILDING LINES AND CONTROL LINES Mountainous and steep terrain
Plain and rolling terrain Open areas Road classification
Overall width between Building Lines (meters)
Built-up areas
Overall width between Control Lines (meters)
Distance between Building Line and road boundary (set-back) (meters)
Open areas
Built-up areas
Distance between Building Line and road boundary (set-back) (meters)
1
2
3
4
5
6
National Highways
80
150
3-6
3-5
3-5
State Highways
80
150
3-6
3-5
3-5
Major Dist. Roads
50
100
3-5
3-5
3-5
Other District Roads
25/30
35
3-5
3-5
3-5
Village Roads
25
30
3-5
3-5
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OVERALL WIDTH OF CULVERTS ( up to 6.0 m span) IN PLAIN AND ROLLING TERRAIN ( MEASURED FRON OUT-TO-OUT OF PARAPET WALLS)
S.No
Road Classification
1
National Highways ( Single or two lanes)
12.0
2
State Highways ( Single or two lanes)
12.0
3
Major Dist. Roads ( Single or two lanes)
9.0
4
Other Dist. Roads – (i) single Lane (ii) two Lanes
7.5 9.0
5
National Highways ( Single lane)
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Roadway width (meters)
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CLEAR ROADWAY WIDTH OF CULVERTS( up to 6.0 m span) IN MOUNTAINOUS AND STEEP TERRAIN ( MEASURED FROM IN-TO-IN OF PARAPETS)
S.No
Road Classification
Roadway width (meters)
1
National Highways (i) single lane (ii) two lanes
6.25 8.80
2
State Highways
6.25 8.80
3
Major Dist. Roads ( Single lanes)
4.75
4
Other Dist. Roads (Single lane )
4.75
5
Village Roads
(i) single lane (ii) two lanes
minimum desirable
4.0 4.25 39
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BRIDGES (Length greater than 6.0 m) S.No
Clear width of roadway between Krebs (meters)
Bridge type
1
Single-lane Bridge
4.25
2
Two-lane Bridge
7.50
3
Multi-lane Bridge
3.50 m per lane + 0.50 m per each carriageway
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BRIDGES (Length greater than 6.0 m) STANDARD PLANS FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES R.C.C. SLAB SUPERSTRUCTURE published by MOST
Recommends Carriageway width with footpaths = 7.50 m Carriageway width without footpaths = 10.90 m
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SHOULDER (BERM) WIDTH
Shoulder width =
(Roadway – Carriageway) -------------------2 Roadway
Shoulder
Carriageway
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Shoulder
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TAPERING OF ROAD AT TRANSITION
SINGLE LANE ROAD
TRANSITION 1 in 15 to 1 in 20
DOUBLE LANE ROAD
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Median Width S.No
Condition
1
On Rural Highways minimum desirable
5.00
2
On Rural Highways at land restrictions
3.00
3
On Long Bridges and viaducts Normal
1.50
4
On Long Bridges and viaducts minimum
1.20
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Width of median (meters)
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PAVEMENT CAMBER 1. The rise given to the center of carriageway with reference to its edge to facilitate drainage is called Camber. 2. It is expressed as ratio of vertical to horizontal (1 in 33 ) or equivalent percentage (3.0 % = 100*1/33) n 1
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PAVEMENT CAMBER of CROSS FALL S.No
Camber/ crossfall
Surface type
(high rainfall – low rainfall )
1
High type bituminous surfacing or cement concrete
1.7-2.0 per cent (1 in 60 to 1 in 50 )
2
Thin Bituminous surfacing
2.0-2.5 per cent (1 in 50 to 1 in 40 )
3
Water bound macadam, gravel
2.50 – 3.00 (1 in 40 to 1 in 30 )
4
Earth 3.50
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DESIGN TRAFFIC AND CAPACITY The width of carriageway should be sufficient for the design traffic. Design traffic = traffic expected on the road in the design year. It depends on Rate of growth of traffic Design period Importance of road Nature of road side development.
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CAPACITY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF ROADS S.No
Capacity (PCU)
Type of road
1
Single lane road 3.75 m width carriageway with normal earthen shoulders
1 000
2
Single lane road 3.75 m width carriageway with designed hard shoulders of 1.0 m width
2 500
3
Two lane roads having 7.0 m wide carriageway with normal earthen shoulders
10 000
4
Intermediate lane roads having 5.5 m wide carriageway with normal earthen shoulders
5 000
5
4-lane divided highway with directional split of traffic, access control
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20 000 – 30 000
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SUPERELEVATION Superelevation is the inward tilt of transverse inclination given to the section of carriageway on a horizontal curve to reduce the effect of centrifugal force on a moving vehicle. It is expressed as a slop.
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mv 2 * cos R
mv 2 R
mg sin fs
mg cos
mv 2 * sin R
mg sin
mg cos
mg
f s mg cos
g sin f s ( g cos
mv 2 * sin R
mv 2 * cos R
v2 v2 sin ) cos R R
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mv 2 * sin R
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RADII BEYOND WHICH SUPERELEVATION IS NOT REQUIRED
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Radius (meters) for camber of
Design speed (km/h)
4 per cent
3 percent
2.5 per cent
2 per cent
1.7 percent
1
20
50
60
70
90
100
2
25
70
90
110
140
150
3
30
100
130
160
200
240
4
35
140
180
220
270
320
5
40
180
240
280
350
420
6
50
280
370
450
550
650
7
65
470
630
750
950
1100
8
80
700
950
1100
1400
1700
9
100
1100
1500
1800
2200
2600
S.No
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26
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1.sight distance
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References 1. 2.
3. 4. 5. 6.
IRC:73-1980, Geometric design standards for rural (non-urban) Highways, IRC:86-1983, Geometric design standards for urban roads in plains,
IRC:66-1976, Recommended practice for sight distance on rural highways, IRC:SP:48-1998, Hill road manual, Pocket book for Highway Engineers, Principles and practices of Highway engineering, _Dr.L.R.Kadiyali & Dr.N.B.Lal.
7.
Highway Engineering – Khanna & Justo
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)
NAC- National Academy of Constructions Sri F.C.S. Peter, DG, NAC Sri S. Jaswant Kumar, C.E.(D&P), R&B Dept. Sri M. Anand Kumar, E.E.(R&B), Vikarabad, Sri A. B. V. Subba Reddy, NAC, Hyderabad. Master V. Sraman, YOU All -- V. VENKATA NARAYANA Dy. Executive Engineer(R&B), 07799139399, 9440818440
[email protected]
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