A PROCESS REPORT ON THE ANALYSIS OF COAL BLENDS AND SORTING THE BEST BLEND
SUBMITTED SUBMIT TED BY BY::
ALI RAZA
PG14M11-15 PG14M11- 15
AAMIR HUSSAIN
PG15M11-15
M. NAUMAN RASHID RASHID
PG16M11-15
MUHAMMAD YOUSAF YOUSAF
PG17M11-15
SESSION 2011-2015 SUPERVISOR:
ENGR. ASIM RIZVI Institute of Chei!"# En$inee%in$ & Te!hno#o$'( e!hno#o$'( )"!u#t' of En$inee%in$ & Te!hno#o$'( Uni*e%sit' of the Pun+",( u"i.-e-/" C"us( "ho%e3
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DEDIC/TION
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Contents C7/PTER NO3 0
1.1INTRODUCTION8-.........................................................................................................6 1.9 BAC:GROUND8-................................................................................................... ...... 6 C7/PTER NO3 02
9.1 BLENDING OF COALS IN PO;ER STATIONS8-............................................................1< 9.9 CLASSIFICATION OF COAL8-...................................................................................... 19 9.9.1 PEAT8-........................................................................................................... 19 9.9.9 ANTHRACITE8-............................................................................................... 1= 9.9.= BITUMINOUS COAL8-..................................................................................... 1= 9.9.4 SUB BITUMINOUS COAL8-.............................................................................. 1= 9.9.5 LIGNITE8-...................................................................................................... 1= C7/PTER NO3 0;
=.1 E>PERIMENT METHODOLOGY8-................................................................................. 16 =.9 PRO>IMATE ANALYSIS8-............................................................................................ 16 =.9.1 MOISTURE8-.................................................................................................. 16 =.9.9 VOLATILE MATTER8-...................................................................................... 17 =.9.= ASH8-............................................................................................................ 17 =.9.4 FI>ED CARBON8-........................................................................................... 17 =.= THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS8-........................................................................... 1? =.=.1 THE TGA TECHNI@UE8-.......................................................................................... 1? =.=.9 APPLICATIONS OF THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS8-...........................................1 =.=.= ASTM TEST METHODS USING TG ANALYSIS8-........................................................1 C7/PTER NO3 0<
4.1 PRO>IMATE ANALYSIS OF CHIRAGH COAL8-..............................................................91 4.9 PRO>IMATE ANALYSIS OF DARA SOUF COAL8-.......................................................... 91 4.= SELECTION OF MOTHER COAL8-...............................................................................91 4.4 BLENDING RATIOS8-................................................................................................. 99 4.5 PRO>IMATE ANALYSIS OF BLENDS8-......................................................................... 99 4.6 TGA ANALYSIS OF RESPECTIVE COAL BLENDS8-....................................................... 9=
4.7 CONCLUSION8-......................................................................................................... 97 REFERENCES8-............................................................................................................... 9?
C7/PTER = 01 INTRODUCTION
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C7/PTER = 02 LITERATURE REVIE;
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$% +!"% u&*(!"+ !"$&* 0"!0%"t3 $&, +u )%## $# !&t%&t *t !&#*#t%&t %+*#t"3 !( *&!"$&*. Du"*& !+u#t*!&/ *t *# "%$))3 &%%##$"3 t! u&,%"#t$&, t% 03#*$) !&,*t*!&# $&, !$) 0"!0%"t*%# ,u"*& %$t*& !( t% 0$"t*)%#/ ,%!)$t$)*#$t*!&/ *&*t*!& $&, !+u#t*!& !( t% !)$t*)% +$tt%" $&, *&*t*!& $&, !+u#t*!& !( t% $". It *# $)#! %u$))3 *+0!"t$&t t! '&! t% 0$#% $&%# *& +*&%"$) +$tt%" $&, !t%" *&-!"$&*# 0"%#%&t *& !$). T% !+u#t*!& %*%&3 $&, $"!& )!## *)) $% t! % $)#! $,,"%##%, ,u"*& )%&,*& !( !$)#. It *# $)#! &%%##$"3 t! )!!' *&t! t% $#0%t# !( #)$*&/ (!u)*& $&, %+*##*!& $"$t%"*#t*# )*'% NO/ SO $&, 0$"t*u)$t%. It $# %%& (!u&, ("!+ $"*!u# )*t%"$tu"%#/ ,*#u##*!&# $&, !&(%"%&%# t$t )%&,*& !( !$)# *# %0%t%, t! "! !%" t% &%t ,%$,% $# %)%t"* ut*)*t*%# $tt%+0t t! "%,u% !#t/ +%%t SO 9 %+*##*!& )*+*t# $&, *+0"!% !+u#t*!& 0%"(!"+$&% !( t%*" !$)#. A)) $#0%t# !( $ )%&,# %$*!" $&, *t# %%t !& $)) !+0!&%&t# !( 0!%" #t$t*!&#/ ("!+ t% #t!'0*)% t! t% #t$'/ #!u), % !&#*,%"%, %(!"% t% +!#t $00"!0"*$t% )%&, !+0!#*t*!& *# !#%&. B%$u#% !( t% !+0)%*t3 !( t% !+u#t*!& 0"!%## $&, t% &u+%" !( $"*$)%# *&!)%, * $"% #t*)) &!t (u))3 u&,%"#t!!,/ *t *# ,*u)t t! %t"$0!)$t% #+$)) #$)% "%#u)t# t! (u)) #$)% 0)$&t. Tu#/ 0!%" #t$t*!& !0%"$t*!&$) %0%"*%&% *& $ *,% "$&% !( 0)$&t !&u"$t*!&# *t $ $"*%t3 !( !$) (%%,#t!' *# %##%&t*$) (!" ,%t%"+*&*& t% 0"$t*$) #*&*$&% !( "%#u)t# ("!+ %& $&, 0*)!t #$)% t%#t#. M!"% 0u)*#%, ,$t$ !& ! t% %$*!" !( t% !$)# )%&,# ut*)*%, *& t%#% t%#t# ,*%"# ("!+ t%*" $tu$) 0%"(!"+$&% *& 0!%" #t$t*!& !*)%"# $"% "%u*"%,. P"%,*t*& t% "*#' !( #0!&t$&%!u# !+u#t*!& !( !$) #t!'# *# $&!t%" $#0%t !( u""%&t (u%) u$)*t3 "%#%$". I& $,,*t*!& t! t% *&%"%&t ,$&%"#/ u&!&t"!))%, u"&*& $& )%$, t! t% "%)%$#% !( 0!))ut$&t#2 *)% t% %!&!+* *##u%# $##!*$t%, *t t% )!## !( $ $)u$)% %&%"3 "%#!u"% *# $)#! $ !&%"&.
T% 0"%#%&% !( t"$% %)%+%&t# *& !$) !+u#t*!& $# $)#! "%%*%, *&"%$#%, $tt%&t*!& t"!u!ut t% !"), ,u"*& t% )$#t (% 3%$"#/ *t %)%+%&t# #u $# +%"u"3 !( 0$"t*u)$" !&%"&. O&% $3 t! "%,u% t"$% %)%+%&t %+*##*!&# *# )%$&*& t% !$) 0"*!" t! !+u#t*!&. T% u#% !( )%$&%" !$)# t!#% *t )!%" $# $&, #u)0u" !&t%&t# $& $% t% $,,%, $,$&t$% !( #u#t$&t*$))3 "%,u*& !0%"$t*& !#t#. A$*&/ !%%"/ #!+% %%t# +$3 % ,%t"*+%&t$) $# ,%0!#*t*!& +$3 % %$%"$t%,/ $&, t% %%t# !& !""!#*!& $&, 0"%*0*t$t!" 0%"(!"+$&% $"% u&%"t$*& * +$'%# t%#t*& *t$). It $# %%& (!u&, ("!+ %), ,$t$ t$t %%& *( t% )%&,%, !$) )!#%)3 "%#%+)%# t% ,%#*& !$) (!" t% !*)%"/ t% )%&, &%%, &!t 0%"(!"+ t% #$+% $3. T*# *# +$*&)3 ,u% t! t% t"$&#(!"+$t*!& !( *&!"$&* 0$"t*)%# ,u"*& !+u#t*!& $&, t% $3 *& * t% !"$&*# $"% ,*#0%"#%, *& !$). A )*+*t$t*!& t! )%&,*& !$)# *# t% !+0$t**)*t3 !( t% !$)# t%+#%)%# $&, 0"!)%+# $"% +!"% )*'%)3 %& )%&,*& 0%t"!-"$0*$))3 ,*%"%&t !$)# !" !$)# *t ,*%"%&t $# %+*#t"3. N!&-$,,*t*% 0"!0%"t*%# +$'% )%&, %$)u$t*!& (!" 0!%" %&%"$t*!& *&%"%&t)3 !+0)%. M!"% !"' *# "%u*"%, !& u&,%"#t$&,*& ! t% *&!"$&* !+0!&%&t# !( !$)# *& t% )%&, *&t%"$t $&, ! *t $%t# $# %$*!" *&)u,*& *t# %+*##**t3/ "%%t**t3 $&, t%"+$) !&,ut**t3. B)%&,*& ,%*#*!&# #!u), % $#%, !& t% '&!)%,% !( t% #0%* %$*!" !( $ *%& 0$*" !( !$)#/ "$t%" t$& $& $##u+0t*!& !( )*&%$" $"*$t*!& !( 0"!0%"t*%# *t )%&, t"$t*!&. T% %%" +!"% #t"*&%&t !&#t"$*&t# )*'% %&*"!&+%&t$) "%u)$t*!&#/ +$*+u+ %*%&3 $t "%,u%, !#t !( 0!%" %&%"$t*!&/ *+0"!%, $$*)$*)*t3 $&, "%)*$*)*t3 %t./ 0)$%, !& !$)-"%, 0!%" #t$t*!&# !"),*,% $&, t% !&t*&u*& ,%%)!0+%&t !( &% t%&!)!*%# +%$&# t$t t% *##u% !( (u%) u$)*t3 *+0"!%+%&t *)) "%+$*& $ 0"*+$"3 ($t!".
232 C/SSI)IC/TION O) CO/:C!$) *# )$##*%, *&t! (!u" %&%"$) $t%!"*%#/ !" "$&'#. T%3 "$&% ("!+ )*&*t% t"!u #u *tu+*&!u# $&, *tu+*&!u# t! $&t"$*t%/
"%%t*& t% 0"!"%##*% "%#0!&#% !( *&,**,u$) ,%0!#*t# !( !$) t! *&"%$#*& %$t $&, 0"%##u"%. T% $"!& !&t%&t !( !$) #u00)*%# +!#t !( *t# %$t*& $)u%/ ut !t%" ($t!"# $)#! *&u%&% t% $+!u&t !( %&%"3 *t !&t$*&# 0%" u&*t !( %*t. T% $+!u&t !( %&%"3 *& !$) *# %0"%##%, *& B"*t*# t%"+$) u&*t# 0%" 0!u&,. A BTU *# t% $+!u&t !( %$t "%u*"%, t! "$*#% t% t%+0%"$tu"% !( !&% 0!u&, !( $t%" !&% ,%"%% F$"%&%*t. 9 C!$) %*#t# !" *# )$##*%, $# $"*!u# t30%#/ $&, %$ t30% $# ,*#t*&t)3 ,*%"%&t 0"!0%"t*%# ("!+ t% !t%" t30%#.
23231 PE/T:It *# !&#*,%"%, t! % $ 0"%u"#!" !( !$)/ $# *&,u#t"*$) *+0!"t$&% $# $ (u%) *& #!+% "%*!&#/ (!" %$+0)%/ I"%)$&, $&, F*&)$&,. I& *t# ,%3,"$t%, (!"+/ 0%$t *# $ *)3 %%t*% $#!"%&t (!" (u%) $&, !*) #0*))# !& )$&, $&, $t%".
23232 /NT7R/CITE:It *# *%#t "$&' !( !$) $&, *# u#%, 0"*+$"*)3 (!" "%#*,%&t*$) $&, !++%"*$) #0$% %$t*&. It *# $",/ "*tt)%/ $&, )$' )u#t"!u# !$)/ !&t$*&*& $ * 0%"%&t$% !( %, $"!& $&, $ )! 0%"%&t$% !( !)$t*)% +$tt%". T% +!*#tu"% !&t%&t !( ("%#-+*&%, $&t"$*t% %&%"$))3 *# )%## t$& 15. T% %$t !&t%&t !( $&t"$*t% "$&%# ("!+ 99 t! 9? +*))*!& Btut!& !& $ +!*#t/ +*&%"$)-("%% $#*#.
2323; BITUMINOUS CO/:It *# $ ,%&#% !$)/ u#u$))3 )$'/ #!+%t*+%# ,$"' "!&/ !(t%& *t %))-,%&%, $&,# !( "*t $&, ,u)) +$t%"*$)/ u#%, 0"*+$"*)3 $# (u%) *& #t%$+-%)%t"* 0!%" %&%"$t*!&/ *t #u#t$&t*$) u$&t*t*%# $)#! u#%, (!" %$t $&, 0!%" $00)*$t*!&# *& +$&u($tu"*& $&, t! +$'% !'%. T% +!*#tu"% !&t%&t !( *tu+*&!u# !$) *# u#u$))3 )%## t$& 9< 3 %*t. T% %$t !&t%&t !( *tu+*&!u# !$) "$&%# ("!+ 91 t! =< +*))*!& Btut!& !& $ +!*#t/ +*&%"$)-+$tt%"-("%% $#*#.
2323< SUB BITUMINOUS CO/:It *# $ !$) !#% 0"!0%"t*%# "$&% ("!+ t!#% !( )*&*t% t! t!#% !( *tu+*&!u# !$)/ u#%, 0"*+$"*)3 $# (u%) !" #t%$+-%)%t"* 0!%" %&%"$t*!&. It +$3 % ,u))/ ,$"' "!& t! )$'/ $&, #!(t $&, "u+)3 $t t% )!%" %&, !( t% "$&%/ t! "*t/ )$'/ $", $&, "%)$t*%)3 #t"!& $t t% u00%" %&,. Su *tu+*&!u# !$) !&t$*&# 9<=< *&%"%&t +!*#tu"% 3 %*t. T% %$t !&t%&t !( #u *tu+*&!u# !$) "$&%# ("!+ 17 t! 94 +*))*!& Btut!& *& $ +!*#t/ +*&%"$)-+$tt%"-("%% $#*#.
23235 I6NITE:It *# t% )!%#t "$&' !( !$)/ !(t%& "%(%""%, t! $# "!& !$)/ u#%, $)+!#t %)u#*%)3 $# (u%) (!" #t%$+-0!%" %&%"$t*!&. It *# "!&*# )$' $&, $# * *&%"%&t +!*#tu"% !&t%&t/ #!+%t*+%# $# * $# 45. T% %$t !&t%&t !( )*&*t% "$&%# ("!+ t! 17 +*))*!& Btut!& !& $ +!*#t/ +*&%"$)-+$tt%"-("%% $#*#. T$)% 9.1 C)$##*$t*!& !( C!$) 3 R$&' F*%, C$"!& t ,"3 ++(
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C7/PTER = 0; E>PERIMENTATION
;31 E>PERIMENT MET7ODOO6Y:C*"$ !$) $# u#%, $# $ !$) #$+0)%-1 $&, D$"$ S!u( !$) $# u#%, $# $ !$) #$+0)%-9 (!" %0%"*+%&t$) #tu,3. M!*#tu"% $# ,%t%"+*&%, $!",*& t! ASTM #t$&,$", D=17=-<=/ A# $# ,%t%"+*&%, $!",*& t! ASTM #t$&,$", D=174-<4/ $&, !)$t*)% +$tt%" $# ,%t%"+*&%, $!",*& t! ASTM #t$&,$", D =175-<9 ASTM St$&,$",#/ 9<<4.
;32 PRO>IM/TE /N/YSIS: T%#t +%t!, $& % u#%, t! %#t$)*# t% "$&' !( !$)#/ #! t% "$t*! !( !+u#t*)% t! *&!+u#t*)% !&#t*tu%&t#/ 0"!*,% t% $#*# (!" u3*& $&, #%))*&/ $&, %$)u$t% (!" %&%*$t*!& !" (!" !t%" 0u"0!#%#. M!*#tu"% !&t%&t# %"% $&$)3%, $!",*& t! ASTM #t$&,$", D=17=-<=. A# !&t%&t# %"% $&$)3%, $!",*& t! ASTM #t$&,$", D=174-<4. V!)$t*)% +$tt%"# %"% $&$)3%, $!",*& t! ASTM #t$&,$", D=175-<9 ASTM St$&,$",#/ 9<<4 .
;3231 MOISTURE:M!*#tu"% *# $& *+0!"t$&t 0"!0%"t3 !( !$)/ $# $)) !$)# $"% +*&%, %t. G"!u&,$t%" $&, !t%" %t"$&%!u# +!*#tu"% *# '&!& $# $,%&t*t*!u# +!*#tu"% $&, *# "%$,*)3 %$0!"$t%,. M!*#tu"% %), *t*& t% !$) *t#%)( *# '&!& $# *&%"%&t +!*#tu"% $&, *# $&$)3%,. M!*#tu"% +$3 !u" *& (!u" 0!##*)% (!"+# *t*& !$)8 •
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Su"($% +!*#tu"%8 $t%" %), !& t% #u"($% !( !$) 0$"t*)%#. H3,"!#!0* +!*#tu"%8 $t%" %), 3 $0*))$"3 $t*!& *t*& t% +*"! ("$tu"%# !( t% !$). D%!+0!#*t*!& +!*#tu"%8 $t%" %), *t*& t% !$)# ,%!+0!#%, !"$&* !+0!u&,#.
M*&%"$) +!*#tu"%8 $t%" * !+0"*#%# 0$"t !( t% "3#t$) #t"utu"% !( 3,"!u# #*)*$t%# #u $# )$3#.
;3232 VO/TIE M/TTER:V!)$t*)% +$tt%" *& !$) "%(%"# t! t% !+0!&%&t# !( !$)/ %%0t (!" +!*#tu"%/ * $"% )*%"$t%, $t * t%+0%"$tu"% *& t% $#%&% !( $*". T*# *# u#u$))3 $ +*tu"% !( #!"t $&, )!& $*& 3,"!$"!&#/ $"!+$t* 3,"!$"!&# $&, #!+% #u)(u". T% !)$t*)% +$tt%" !( !$) *# ,%t%"+*&%, u&,%" "**,)3 !&t"!))%, #t$&,$",#. I& Au#t"$)*$& $&, B"*t*# )$!"$t!"*%# t*# *&!)%# %$t*& t% !$) #$+0)% t! << Q 5 C 165< Q1< F (!" 7 +*&ut%# *& $ 3)*&,"*$) #*)*$ "u*)% *& $ +u% (u"&$%. A+%"*$& St$&,$", 0"!%,u"%# *&!)% %$t*& t! 5< Q 95 C 174< Q 45 F *& $ %"t*$) 0)$t*&u+ "u*)%.
;323; /S7:A# !&t%&t !( !$) *# t% &!&-!+u#t*)% "%#*,u% )%(t $(t%" !$) *# u"&t. It "%0"%#%&t# t% u)' +*&%"$) +$tt%" $(t%" $"!&/ !3%&/ #u)(u" $&, $t%" *&)u,*& ("!+ )$3# $# %%& ,"*%& ! ,u"*& !+u#t*!&. A&$)3#*# *# ($*")3 #t"$*t(!"$",/ *t t% !$) t!"!u)3 u"&t $&, t% $# +$t%"*$) %0"%##%, $# $ 0%"%&t$% !( t% !"**&$) %*t.
;323< )I>ED C/RBON: T% %, $"!& !&t%&t !( t% !$) *# t% $"!& (!u&, *& t% +$t%"*$) * *# )%(t $(t%" !)$t*)% +$t%"*$)#/ $t%" $&, $# $"% ,"*%& !. T*# ,*%"# ("!+ t% u)t*+$t% $"!& !&t%&t !( t% !$) %$u#% #!+% $"!& *# )!#t *& 3,"!$"!&# *t t% !)$t*)%#. F*%, $"!& *# u#%, $# $& %#t*+$t% !( t% $+!u&t !( !'% t$t *)) % 3*%),%, ("!+ $ #$+0)% !( !$). F*%, $"!& *# ,%t%"+*&%, 3 "%+!*& t% +$## !( !)$t*)%# ,%t%"+*&%, 3 t% !)$t*)*t3 t%#t/ $!%/ ("!+ t% !"**&$) +$## !( t% !$) #$+0)%. T% !%t*% !( !$) 0"!*+$t% $&$)3#*# *# t! ,%t%"+*&% t% $+!u&t !( %, $"!& FC/ !)$t*)% +$tt%"# VM/ +!*#tu"%/ $&, $# *t*&
t% !$) #$+0)%. T% $"*$)%# $"% +%$#u"%, *& %*t 0%"%&t t. $&, $"% $)u)$t%, *& #%%"$) ,*%"%&t $#%#. AR $#-"%%*%, $#*# *# t% +!#t *,%)3 u#%, $#*# *& *&,u#t"*$) $00)*$t*!&#. AR $#*# 0ut# $)) $"*$)%# *&t! !&#*,%"$t*!& $&, u#%# t% t!t$) %*t $# t% $#*# !( +%$#u"%+%&t. AD $*"-,"*%, $#*# &%)%t t% 0"%#%&% !( +!*#tu"%# !t%" t$& *&%"%&t +!*#tu"% *)% DB ,"3$#*# )%$%# !ut $)) +!*#tu"%#/ *&)u,*& #u"($% +!*#tu"%/ *&%"%&t +!*#tu"%/ $&, !t%" +!*#tu"%#. DAF ,"3/ $# ("%% $#*# &%)%t $)) +!*#tu"% $&, $# !&#t*tu%&t *& !$) *)% DMMF ,"3/ +*&%"$)+$tt%"-("%% $#*# )%$%# !ut t% 0"%#%&% !( +!*#tu"% $&, +*&%"$) +$tt%"# *& !$)/ (!" %$+0)%8 u$"t/ 03"*t%/ $)*t%/ %t. M*&%"$) +$tt%" *# &!t ,*"%t)3 +%$#u"%, ut +$3 % !t$*&%, 3 !&% !( $ &u+%" !( %+0*"*$) (!"+u)$ $#%, !& t% u)t*+$t% $&, 0"!*+$t% $&$)3#*#.
;3; T7ERMO6R/VIMETRIC /N/YSIS: T%"+!"$*+%t"* TGA $&$)3#*# 0"!*,%# ,%t%"+*&$t*!& !( %&,!t%"+#/ %!t%"+#/ $&, %*t )!## !& %$t*&/ !!)*&/ $&, +!"%. M$t%"*$)# $&$)3%, 3 TGA *&)u,% 0!)3+%"#/ 0)$#t*#/ !+0!#*t%#/ )$+*&$t%#/ $,%#*%#/ (!!,/ !$t*&#/ 0$"+$%ut*$)#/ !"$&* +$t%"*$)#/ "u%"/ 0%t"!)%u+/ %+*$)#/ %0)!#*%# $&, *!)!*$) #$+0)%#.
;3;31 T7E T6/ TEC7NIUE:•
•
•
TGA +%$#u"%# t% $+!u&t !( %*t $&% !( $ +$t%"*$)/ %*t%" $# $ (u&t*!& !( *&"%$#*& t%+0%"$tu"%/ !" *#!t%"+$))3 $# $ (u&t*!& !( t*+%/ *& $& $t+!#0%"% !( &*t"!%&/ %)*u+/ $*"/ !t%" $#/ !" *& $uu+. T%"+$) "$*+%t"* $&$)3#*# $& % *&t%"($%, *t $ +$## #0%t"!+%t%" RGA t! *,%&t*(3 $&, +%$#u"% t% $0!"# %&%"$t%,/ t!u t%"% *# "%$t%" #%&#*t**t3 *& t! #%0$"$t% +%$#u"%+%&t#. I&!"$&* +$t%"*$)#/ +%t$)#/ 0!)3+%"# $&, 0)$#t*#/ %"$+*#/ )$##%#/ $&, !+0!#*t% +$t%"*$)# $& % $&$)3%,.
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T%+0%"$tu"% "$&% ("!+ 95C t! <<C "!ut*&%)3. T% +$*+u+ t%+0%"$tu"% *# 1<<<C. S$+0)% %*t $& "$&% ("!+ 1 + t! 15< +. S$+0)% %*t# !( +!"% t$& 95 + $"% 0"%(%""%,/ ut %%))%&t "%#u)t# $"% #!+%t*+%# !t$*&$)% !& 1 + !( +$t%"*$). ;%*t $&% #%&#*t**t3 !( <.<1 +. S$+0)%# $& % $&$)3%, *& t% (!"+ !( 0!,%" !" #+$)) 0*%%# #! t% *&t%"*!" #$+0)% t%+0%"$tu"% "%+$*&# )!#% t! t% +%$#u"%, $# t%+0%"$tu"%.
;3;32 /PPIC/TIONS O) T7ERMO6R/VIMETRIC /N/YSIS:•
•
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•
•
•
D%t%"+*&%# t%+0%"$tu"% $&, %*t $&% !( ,%!+0!#*t*!& "%$t*!&#/ * !(t%& $))!# u$&t*t$t*% !+0!#*t*!& $&$)3#*#. M$3 % u#%, t! ,%t%"+*&% $t%" !&t%&t. A))!# $&$)3#*# !( "%$t*!&# *t $*"/ !3%&/ !" !t%" "%$t*% $#%# #%% *))u#t"$t*!& %)!. C$& % u#%, t! +%$#u"% %$0!"$t*!& "$t%#/ #u $# t! +%$#u"% t% !)$t*)% %+*##*!&# !( )*u*, +*tu"%#. A))!# ,%t%"+*&$t*!& !( Cu"*% t%+0%"$tu"%# !( +$&%t* t"$&#*t*!&# 3 +%$#u"*& t% t%+0%"$tu"% $t * t% (!"% %%"t%, 3 $ &%$"3 +$&%t ,*#$00%$"# !& %$t*& !" "%$00%$"# !& !!)*&. H%)0# t! *,%&t*(3 0)$#t*# $&, !"$&* +$t%"*$)# 3 +%$#u"*& t% t%+0%"$tu"% !( !&, #*##*!&# *& *&%"t $t+!#0%"%# !" !( !*,$t*!& *& $*" !" !3%&. U#%, t! +%$#u"% t% %*t !( %")$## $&, *&!"$&* )) +$t%"*$)# *& 0)$#t*#/ )$+*&$t%#/ 0$*&t#/ 0"*+%"#/ $&, !+0!#*t% +$t%"*$)# 3 u"&*& ! t% 0!)3+%" "%#*&. T% )) +$t%"*$) $& t%& % *,%&t*%, 3 >PS $&,!" +*"!#!03. T% ))
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+$t%"*$) +$3 % $"!& )$'/ T*O 9/ C$CO=/ MCO=/ A)9O=/ A)OH=/ MOH9/ t$)/ :$!)*& )$3/ !" #*)*$/ (!" *&#t$&%. C$& +%$#u"% t% )) +$t%"*$)# $,,%, t! #!+% (!!,#/ #u $# #*)*$ %)# $&, t*t$&*u+ ,*!*,%. C$& ,%t%"+*&% t% 0u"*t3 !( $ +*&%"$)/ *&!"$&* !+0!u&,/ !" !"$&* +$t%"*$). D*#t*&u*#%# ,*%"%&t +*&%"$) !+0!#*t*!&# ("!+ "!$, +*&%"$) t30%#/ #u $# !"$/ !"* $*,/ $&, #*)*$ %)#.
;3;3; /STM TEST MET7ODS USIN6 T6 /N/YSIS:•
ASTM D2584 – Standard Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced Resins.
•
ASTM E! – Standard Test Method for Co"#ositiona$ Ana$%sis &% Ther"ogra'i"etr%.
•
ASTM E(4 – Standard Test Method for Deco"#osition )inetics &% Ther"ogra'i"etr% *sing the +,a-a/$%nn0a$$ Method.
•
ASTM
E2118
Ther"ogra'i"etr%.
–
Standard
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for
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C7/PTER = 0< RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
<31 PRO>IM/TE /N/YSIS O) C7IR/67 CO/:S/PME NO3 S/MPE NO3 01 02
/VER/6E
MOISTURE
1.?
1.?
1.?
VO/TIE M/TTER
1<.91
.64
.9
/S7
=6.?
=?.9
=7.5
)I>ED C/RBON
5<.?1
5<.=?
5<.5
<32 PRO>IM/TE /N/YSIS O) D/R/ SOU) CO/:S/PME NO3 S/MPE NO3 01 02
/VER/6E
MOISTURE
4.5
4.5
4.5
VO/TIE M/TTER
9.=4
=9.1
=<.77
/S7
15.7
16.=
16.<<
)I>ED C/RBON
5<.<1
46.56
4?.9?
<3; SEECTION O) MOT7ER CO/:A(t%" ,!*& 0"!*+$t% $&$)3#*# !( !t t% !$)# D$"$ S!u( C*"$/ *t *# (!u&, t$t !t !( t%+ $% &%$")3 %u$) !&t%&t# !( %, $"!&/ #! % $% t! ,*#t*&u*# %t%%& t%+ !& t% $#*# !( !)$t*)% +$tt%" $&, $# !&t%&t#. ;% !&)u,%, t$t D$"$ S!u( !$) *# %tt%" t$& C*"$ !$) %$u#% *t $# "%)$t*%)3 )%## !&t%&t# !( $# $&, +!"% !&t%&t# !( !)$t*)% +$tt%". ;% +$,% )%&,# 3 '%%0*& D$"$ S!u( !$) $# +!t%" !$).
<3< BENDIN6 R/TIOS:BENDIN6 MI>TURES
D/R/ SOU) CO/
C7IR/67 CO/
S/MPE 01-
<
1<
S/MPE 02-
7<
=<
S/MPE 0;-
6<
4<
S/MPE 0<-
55
45
<35 PRO>IM/TE /N/YSIS O) BENDS:MOISTUR VO/TIE E M/TTER
/S7
)I>ED C/RBON
S/MPE 01
4.7<
9.<6
15.6=
5<.61
S/MPE 02
4.91
9?.46
14.6
59.=7
S/MPE 0;
4.14
97.?=
14.9?
5=.75
S/MPE 0<
=.?
96.6=
1=.??
55.51
<3? T6/ /N/YSIS O) RESPECTIVE CO/ BENDS:-
<3@ CONCUSION:P"!*+$t% $&$)3#*# *# t% ,%t%"+*&$t*!& !( t% +!*#tu"%/ $#/ $&, !)$t*)% +$tt%". ASTM #t$&,$", +%t!,# $% %%& "*tt%& (!" 0"!*+$t% $&$)3#*#. TGA $& % u#%, t! 0%"(!"+ t% 0"!*+$t% $&$)3#*# !( $ !$) #$+0)%. T% (u"&$% t%+0%"$tu"% *# "$+0%, t! 11<C $&, %), *#!t%"+$))3. T*# %&#u"%# t$t $&3 %*t )!## %0%"*%&%, *# $ ,*"%t %%t !( t% +!*#tu"% !( t% !$). T% t%+0%"$tu"% *# t%& "$+0%, t! <<C $&, %), *#!t%"+$))3. A&3 %*t )!## !u""*& *& t*# *#!t%"+ "%*!& *# $ ,*"%t "%#u)t !( t% )!## !( !)$t*)%#. T% 0"%*!u# t! #t%0# $"% 0%"(!"+%, *& $ &*t"!%& $t+!#0%"%. F!" t% t*", 0$"t/ t% $t+!#0%"% *# $&%, t! !3%&. T*# "%$t%# $& %&*"!&+%&t #u*t$)% (!" !+u#t*!&. O&% t% !$) *# !+0)%t%)3 !+u#t%,/ t% "%#*,u% *# t$'%& $# t% $#. C!$) )%&,# $"% u#%, t! +$'% !$) u"&*& +!"% %&*"!&+%&t$))3 !&#*,%"$t%. C!$)# $*& * #u)(u" !&t%&t# $& % )%&,%, *t )! #u)(u" !$) t! ,%"%$#% SO9 %+*##*!&#/ *)% "%t$*&*& t% %*%&3. TGA *# $ %"3 %"#$t*)% *&#t"u+%&t *& $##%##*& t% (%$#**)*t3 !( u#*& !$) )%&,#. T% )*&%$" $,,*t*% "u)% $& % u#%, t! %#t*+$t% t% t%!"%t*$) !+0!#*t% $)u% !( $ )%&,/ ut TGA +u#t % u#%, t! %#t*+$t% %t%" !" &!t t% 0"!0%"t*%# !( t% )%&, $"% $,,*t*% !" &!t. A 0"!0%"t3 *# $,,*t*% %& t% )%&,# 03#*$) 0"!0%"t3 $& % 0"%,*t%, 3 t% "%)$t*% $+!u&t# !( t% !+0!&%&t !$)# $&, t%*" 03#*$) 0"!0%"t*%#. T% )*&%$" $,,*t*% "u)% *# $ "%)$t*!&#*0 ,%&%, 3 t% 0"!0%"t*%# !( $ !$) *& $ )%&, $&, t% $+!u&t !( t$t !$) *& t% )%&,. A #%"*%# !( !$) )%&,# %"% #tu,*%, u&,%" *#!t%"+$) $&, &!&-*#!t%"+$) !&,*t*!&# *& !",%" t! ,%t%"+*&% $t 03#*$) 0"!0%"t*%# !( #0%* !$) )%&,# $"% $,,*t*% !" &!&-$,,*t*%. C!))%t*%)3 t% TG u"%# #! t$t #!+% TG 0$"$+%t%"# u&,%" &!&-*#!t%"+$) !+u#t*!& !&,*t*!&# $"% $,,*t*% #u $# "%#*,u% $&, %*t )!## *)% !t%"# #u $# 0%$' t%+0%"$tu"% $&, +$*+u+ "$t% $"% &!t. F!" *#!t%"+$) !+u#t*!& t% 0%$' t%+0%"$tu"% $&, +$*+u+ "$t% $"% $,,*t*%/ *)% t% "%#*,u% $&, !+u#t*!& %&, 0!*&t t%+0%"$tu"% *# &!t. TGA *# ut*)*%, t! #u $ "%$t %t%&t %$u#% TGA $&$)3#*# !( !$) )%&,# *# ($#t/
#*+0)%/ $&, 3*%),# 0"%*#% $&, $u"$t% "%#u)t#.
