POLITICAL PAPER COAD – 1.2
COLLECTIVE SECURITY
Submission To: To: -
Submitted By:-
Prof. Rani !"ande#a$
A%&'T S(AR)A
*AC+,T *AC+,T O* PO,'T'CA, PO,'T'CA , SC'E%CE
'' SE) A/ RO,, %O. 10
CERTIFICATE T"is to ertify t"at A%&'T S(AR)A student of B.A ,,.B of S.S 3ain Subod" ,a# Co$$e4e 3ai5ur "as om5$eted "is 5roet on CO,,ECT'6E SEC+R'T SSTE) under t"e 4uidane of Prof. Rani !"ande#a$ Assistant Professor of 5o$itia$ siene Co$$e4e of ,a# S.S 3ain Subod" ,a# Co$$e4e. T"is 5roet is an ori4ina$ inde5endent #or! to t"e best of my !no#$ed4e and "as not been 5ub$is"ed any#"ere and "as been 5ursued so$e$y for aademi interest.
SIGNATURE OF TEACHER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
T"is 5roet is inom5$ete #it"out t"an!in4 a fe# 5eo5$e #"o "a7e been my 5i$$ar of su55ort t"rou4"out t"is #or!. ' o#e my 4ratitude to a$$ t"ose 5eo5$e #"o "a7e made t"is 5roet 5ossib$e. ' ta!e t"is o55ortunity to e85ress our "umb$e 4ratitude and 5ersona$ re4ards to Prof. Rani !"ande#a$ ins5irin4 me and 4uidin4 me durin4 t"e ourse of t"is 5roet #or! and a$so for "is oo5eration and 4uidane from time to time durin4 t"e ourse of t"is 5roet #or! on t"e to5i. *ina$$y ' #ou$d $i!e to t"an! e7erybody #"o #as im5ortant to t"e suessfu$ om5$etion of my dissertation as #e$$ as e85ressin4 my a5o$o4y t"at ' ou$d not mention e7eryone 5ersona$$y.
ANKIT SHARMA SEM: - II
INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………….. 2. COLLECTIVE SECURIT: NATURE ! ESSENTIAL IMPICATIONS…….. ". #ASIC ASSUMPTION ! RE$UIREMENTS………………….. %. O#&ECTIVE RE$UIREMENTS…………………………….. '. COLLECTIVE SECURIT UNDER LEAGUE OF NATIONS………………… (. GUARANTEES AGAINST AGGRESSION……………………………… ). ACTION IN CASE OF WAR OR THREAT OF WAR……………………….. *. DISPUTES TO #E SU#MITTED FOR SETTLEMENT……………………… +. AR#ITRATION OR &UDICIAL SETTLEMENT…………………………….. 1,. SANCTIONS OF PACIFIC SETTLEMENT………………………………… 11. EFFORTS FOR COLLECTIVE SECURIT AFTER ESTA#LISHMENT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS…………………………………………………. 12. CAUSES OF THE FAILURE OF COLLECTIVE SECURIT # THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS……………………………………………………. 1". COLLECTIVE SECURIT UNDER THE UNITED NATIONS…………….. 1%. WORKING OF COLLECTIVE SECURIT UNDER THE UNITED NATIONS…………………………………………………………. 1'. THE CHIFE DEFECTS OF THE COLLECTIVE SECURIT……………….
COLLECTIVE SECURIT SSTEM
INTRODUCTION:
9"i$e o$$eti7e seurity annot be seured in an armed #or$d by uni$atera$ disarmament it is bui$t on arms a$one. Com5etin4 5o#er a$$ianes may for a time deter armed onf$it but o7er a $on4er 5eriod t"ey tend to reate fears and anta4onism #"i" undermine seurity. Co$$eti7e seurity must be $in!ed #it" a re4ime of $a# #"i" as a minimum reuires states to sett$e t"eir dis5utes by 5eaefu$ means and not resort to t"e use of fore #it"out first in7o!in4 5roesses 5ro7ided by a re4ime of $a# to assist in t"e 5eaefu$ sett$ement of dis5utes. 'f t"e 5rob$em of #or$d 5eae annot find its $astin4 so$ution in t"e system of ba$ane of 5o#er as disussed in t"e 5reedin4 "a5ter anot"er and rat"er a more effeti7e #ay it o$$eti7e seurity. 't is for t"is reason t"at t"e $eadin4 statesmen of #or$d not on$y $oo!ed #"it an8iety at t"e fai$ure of t"e ;ba$ane of 5o#er system in t"e first #or$d #ar t"ey a$so $oo! into aount t"e effeti7eness of an a$ternati7e me"anism in t"e form of o$$eti7e seurity and inor5orated it first in t"e o7enant of t"e $ea4ue nations framed in 1<1< and t"en in "arter of t"e united nations draft in 1<=>. A5art from t"is t"e 5ratia$ statesmen of t"e maor 5o#ers not on$y e8amined t"e #ea!ness of t"is arran4ement in t"e o7enant of t"is $ea4ue t"ey made im5ro7ement u5on it so as to on7ert it into a rea$$y ;su55ortin4 5i$$ar of t"e edifie of 5eae. T"e Amerian seretary of state in "is re5ort to t"e 5resident on t"e resu$t of t"e san *raniso onferene of 1<=> onfident$y asserted t"at t"e re7ised arran4ement of o$$eti7e seurity ?5ro7ides t"e teet" of t"e united nations.@
Co/0 S/3r04: N503r 567 E88605 I9/50o68
'n 7ery sim5$e terms t"e term ;o$$eti7e seurity "as been defined as ?a ma"inery for oint ation in order to 5re7ent or ounter any atta! a4ainst an estab$is"ed internationa$ order.@ T"at is it im5$ies a o$$eti7e ation of many 5eae-$o7in4 states to "e! an at of a44ression t"at mi4"t beome a soure of menae to a$$. T"us it su44ests t"e ?onern of a$$ nations #"i" #i$$ ta!e are o$$eti7e$y of t"e seurity of ea" of t"em as t"ou4" t"eir o#n o$$eti7e seurity #ere at sta!e.@'n order #ords a o$$eti7e ation of t"e 5eae-$o7in4 states for t"e 5re7ention of #ar amountin4 to t"e maintenane of internationa$ 5eae is !no#n by t"e name of ;o$$eti7e seurity. ?'n essene o$$eti7e seurity is an arran4ement amon4 states in #"i" a$$ 5romise in t"e e7ent any member of t"e system en4a4es in ertain 5ro"ibited ats a4ainst anot"er member to ome to t"e $atters assistane. 't may in addition aim to 5re7ent or 5unis" atta!s by nonmembers on one anot"er members on non-members and non-members on one of its o#n members.@ 'f so t"e term ;o$$eti7e seurity "as some im5ortant im5$iations t"at may be enumerated as under: 1. T"e ro! bottom 5rini5$e u5on #"i" o$$eti7e seurity is founded 5ro7ides t"at an atta! on any state #i$$ be re4arded as an atta! on a$$ states. 't finds its measure in t"e sim5$e dotrine of one for a$$ and a$$ for one. 2. 't s"ou$d be ob7ious t"at resorts to t"e ourses of eit"er ;se$f-"e$5or neutra$ity are t"e antit"eses of t"e arran4ement of o$$eti7e seurity. T"e states ta!in4 to t"e #ay of neutra$ity are im5artia$ #"en a onf$it brea!s out t"ey may 4i7e b$essin4s to t"e ombatants to fi4"t it out or t"ey may defer t"eir ud4ments re4ardin4 t"e ustie or inustie of t"e ause in7o$7ed. Simi$ar$y t"e reourse to ;se$f-"e$5 as ourred in t"e 5re-9ar 5eriod stands a4ainst t"e 5rini5$e of o$$eti7e seurity. T"e 5eae-$o7in4 states are e85eted to abandon t"e #ays of neutra$ity and se$f-"e$5 in 7ie# of t"e fat t"at in a more inte4ra$ #or$d en7ironment a onf$it ourrin4 any#"ere "as its definite effon t"e onditions of 5eae e7ery#"ere. A disturbane at one 5oint u5sets t"e eui$ibrium at a$$ ot"er 5oints and t"e adustment of a sin4$e onf$it restores t"e foundations of "armony at ot"er 5oints t"rou4"out t"e #or$d. . T"rou4" t"e ation of 5o$ie or ;fire bri4ades on a #or$d sa$e t"e o$$eti7e seurity "as as its 4oa$ t#o om5arab$e obeti7es. 't #ou$d 5re7ent #ar by 5ro7idin4 a deterrent to a44ression. 't #ou$d defend t"e interests of t"e 5eae-$o7in4 states in #ar if it ame by onentratin4 a 5re5onderane of 5o#er a4ainst t"e a44ressor. 'f #ar omes t"e seurity system by 5oo$in4
resoures defends its interests a4ainst any nation #"i" t"reatens to undermine it by s#a$$o#in4 u5 one of its members. Besides su44estin4 t"e in"erent "arateristis of t"e t"eory of o$$eti7e seurity T"om5son a$so te$$s us about its basi assum5tions and reuirements.
#58/ 588390o68 567 r;3r9608 : 1. Co$$eti7e enforement assumes a status uo or a situation of 5eae about #"ie t"e nations #it" 5redominant stren4t" a4ree. 'n 5ratia$ terms t"e 5eae #"i" a o$$eti7e system must defend is t"e territoria$ status uo e8istin4 at t"e time t"e system is brou4"t into bein4. T"ere is not"in4 in 5ast e85eriene to indiate t"at a$$ nations or e7en a ombination suffiient$y 5o#erfu$ to defy t"e rest #i$$ a4ree on t"e meanin4 of a 5artiu$ar status uo. *o$$o#in4 e7ery #ar t"e defeted 5o#ers #"o fee$ t"at t"ey "a7e suffered most by t"e term of 5eae ome to o55ose t"e estab$is"ed status uo. 'n t"e aftermat" of #or$d #ar '' "o#e7er t"e uestion of satisfation or dissatisfation #it" t"e status uo "as $ar4e$y been su5erseded by an ear$ier and 5rior uestion. 2. Co$$eti7e seurity demands t"at nations subsribin4 to t"e status uo s"oui$ be #i$in4 and be ab$e at a$$ times to muster o7er#"e$min4 stren4t" for o$$eti7e defenses at suessi7e 5oints of inf$it. 'n t"eory t"e su55orters of t"e status uo mi4"t be a5ab$e in 5artiu$ar emer4enies of mobi$iin4 effeti7e and deisi7e 5o#er a4ainst t"e sin4$e a44ressor #"o sou4"t to defy t"em. Or by 5oo$in4 t"e resoures of a$$ t"e nations in a 5ermanent$y or4anied internationa$ fore o$$eti7e enforement ou$d be made automati instantaneous and 5re5onderant. T"e former ondition "o#e7er is 5ratia$$y im5ossib$e of fu$fi$$ment inasmu" as t"e t"reat to t"e status uo omes "istoria$$y from more t"an one dissatisfied 5o#er or a44ressor. T"e seond ondition #ou$d a$$ for t"e un5reedented 5ratie of internationa$ ontin4ents o5eratin4 under an internationa$ a4eny em5o#ered to deide on$usi7e$y #"en and "o# t"ey s"ou$d be used. . 't is essentia$ for o$$eti7e seurity in a #or$d of uneua$ 5o#ers t"at at $east t"e maor 5o#ers enoy a minimum of 5o$itia$ so$idarity and mora$ ommunity. 't a$$ boi$s do#n to t"is 5oint t"at t"e basi 5ur5ose of o$$eti7e seurity is to 5re7ent t"e 4ro#t" of a formidab$e onf$it or fai$in4 t"at to 5rotet t"e intended 7itim by means of o$$eti7e ation of t"e 5eae-$o7in4 members of t"e internationa$ ommunity. T"e essene of t"e #"o$e idea is ? a mutua$ insurane ontrat amon4 t"e states. Ea" state underta!es to 4uarantee t"e seurity of a$$ t"e ot"ers and for t"is 5remium 5resumab$y reei7es o7era4e for its may say t"at su" an attem5t of t"e 5eae-$o7in4 states amounts to a #ar a4ainst t"e a44ressor but t"e orret
inter5retation is t"at it is a #ar a4ainst an a44ressor so as to restore t"e onditions of 5eae. As su" it is not a #ar in t"e strit sense of t"e term it may be desribed as ;5o$ie ation ?T"e tem5tation or yie$din4 to tem5tation to em5$oy fore as an instrument of nationa$ 5o$iy #i$$ be deterred or frustrated by t"e o7er#"e$min4 5o#er of t"e ;5eae-$o7in4 members atin4 on be"a$f of t"e seurity ommunity to 5rotet t"e innoent. T"at is not #ar but 5o$ie ation simi$ar to $a# enforement #it"in an order$y domesti soiety.@ 1. A$$ states s"ou$d be$ie7e and 5ratie ;indi7isibi$ity of 5eae #"i" means t"at #ar any#"ere in t"e #or$d is a dan4er to 5eae. 2. T"e states must be 4uided by ;t"e idea of #or$d ommunity. . States must renoune #ar as an instrument of nationa$ 5o$iy but s"ou$d be 5re5ared to #a4e #ar for t"e fu$fi$$ment of internationa$ ob$i4ation =. States must be #i$$in4 to sarifie t"eir freedom of ation. >. *ore s"ou$d be used under internationa$ aut"ority.
O<=/08 R;3r9608 1. *or o$$eti7e seurity t"ere must be many 5o#erfu$ states. 2. Co$$eti7es seurity demands uni7ersa$ members"i5 of a$$ t"e states. . 't demands om5u$sory members"i5 of t"e maor 5o#er. =. 't demands disarmament for eua$ distribution of 5o#er. >. 't demands 4reater eonomi interde5endene amon4 states. . 't demands a $e4a$ institution em5o#ered to enfore o$$eti7e seurity. F. Su" an institution or or4aniation s"ou$d be based on t"e 5rini5$e of 5eae.
Co/0 S/3r04 367r 0> L5?3 of N50o68 T"e dotrine of o$$eti7e seurity #as 4i7en $e4a$ basis by t"e Co7enant of t"e ,ea4ue of %ations #"i" im5osed an ob$i4ation on t"e members to refrain from ation #"i" t"reatened internationa$ 5eae and seurity as #e$$ as ae5t t"e om5etene of internationa$ aut"ority to ta!e onerned ounter measures. T"e 5ro7isions of o$$eti7e seurity in t"e Co7enants of ,ea4ue of %ations are as fo$$o#s:
Co/0 S/3r04 D806?38>7 @0> S4809 of A56/8 567 #556/ of Po@r T"e idea of o$$eti7e seurity stands on t"e assum5tion t"at any at amountin4 to t"e disturbane of internationa$ 5eae by a state on aount of resortin4 to t"e ourse of 7io$ene for t"e a$$e4ed 5rotetion of its ri4"ts or $aims or for any 5$ea #"atsoe7er s"ou$d be treated as an
offene a4ainst t"e #or$d ommunity and t"us a$$ s"ou$d be eua$$y interested in and ommitted to 5ena$isin4 t"e offender. 'n t"e i7i$ied internationa$ soiety it is not e85eted of t"e states to re$y on t"eir o#n 5"ysia$ 5o#er so as to enfore t"eir ri4"ts or to 5rotet t"eir ri4"tfu$ $aims. 'n fat t"e use of 5ri7ate fore for t"e enforement of ones $aims is treated as somet"in4 #"i" is in itse$f a serious rime a4ainst t"e ommunity as it stri!es at t"e root of i7i$ied $ife. ?T"e disturbane of 5ub$i 5eae by resort to 5ri7ate fore #"ate7er t"e ri4"ts and #ron4s of a 5artiu$ar dis5ute may be is an offene a4ainst t"e ommunity.@ *or t"is 7ery sa!e t"e 5rini5$e of o$$eti7e seurity "as been deised t"at in 7ery $ear terms ?im5$ies ommitments to resist a44ression on t"e 5art of a$$ states re4ard$ess of #"et"er t"eir immediate nationa$ interests are affeted. +n$ess t"e a44ressor is faed #it" t"e united o55osition of t"e #"o$e ommunity of nations "e #i$$ not be deterred from a44ression nor an "is a44ression be sto55ed.@ T"e im5$ementation of t"e 5rini5$e of o$$eti7e seurity may assume different forms !ee5in4 #"i" in 7ie# some t"eories "a7e been formu$ated as under. 1 T"e idea$ t"eory of o$$eti7e seurity Gas 4i7en by Om4ans!iH rests on fi7e assum5tions. *irst in any armed onf$it a$$ nations #i$$ a4ree on #"i" ombatant is t"e a44ressor. T"us ra5id and united ation #i$$ fo$$o# a4ainst t"e a44ressor. Seond a$$ nations are eua$$y interested in a to55in4 a44ression from #"ate7er soure it omes. T"ird a$$ nations are eua$$y free and ab$e to oin in ation a4ainst t"e a44ressor. *ourt" ombined 5o#er of o$$eti7ity i.e. of a$$ t"e 5eae$o7in4 states of t"e #or$d s"ou$d be mobi$ied a4ainst t"e a44ressor. ,ast an o7er#"e$min4 5o#er s"ou$d stand ready to be used a4ainst t"e a44ressor. 2 T"e di5$omati t"eory of o$$eti7e seurity defines t"e norms 5roedures and aims in terms of t"e onsensus amon4 t"e ountries. Co$$eti7e seurity is t"us a united onert of t"e maor 5o#ers. )odern attem5ts to dea$ #it" t"e 5rob$ems of #ar by means of o$$eti7e seurity re5resent an a$$iane u5on t"e 5rini5$e of onsensus in internationa$ re$ations. T"is 5rini5$e may be defined as reo4nition t"at onf$it amon4 t"e members of a 4rou5 affets t"e entire 4rou5 and t"at a uni$atera$ resort to 7io$ene a4ainst any member onstitutes an offene a4ainst a$$ members. 't in7o$7es t"e idea of or4aniation to 5reser7e 5 eae.
T"e o5erationa$ t"eory of o$$eti7e seurity si4nifies t"e Ore$ of t"e bar4ainin4 5roess in7o$7in4 ot"er issues as #e$$ in t"is im5ortant tas!. 't $ays em5"asis on internationa$ distribution of 5o#er and on7er4ene of #ide$y onf$itin4 5ri7ate interests.
Co/0 8/3r04 367r 0> L5?3 of N50o68 T"e dotrine of o$$eti7e seurity #as 4i7en $e4a$ basis by t"e Co7enant of t"e ,ea4ue of %ations #"i" im5osed an ob$i4ation on t"e members to refrain from ation #"i" t"reatened internationa$ 5eae and seurity as #e$$ as ae5t t"e om5etene of internationa$ aut"ority to ta!e onerned ounter measures. T"e 5ro7isions of o$$eti7e seurity in t"e o7enants of $ea4ue of nation are as fo$$o#: Iuarantees a4ainst a44ression: T"e member of $ea4ue underta!e to res5et and 5reser7e as a4ainst e8terna$ a44ression t"e territoria$ inte4rity and e8istin4 5o$itia$ inde5endent of a$$ member of t"e $ea4ue. 'n ase of any su" a44ression or in ase of any t"reat or dan4er of su" a44ression t"e ouni$ s"a$$ ad7ise u5on t"e means by #"i" t"is ob$i4ation s"a$$ be fu$fi$$ed. Ation in ase of #ar or t"reat of #ar: 1/ Any #ar of t"reat of #ar #"et"er immediate$y affetin4 any of t"e members of t"e $ea4ue or not is "ereby de$ared a matter of onern to t"e #"o$e $ea4ue and t"e $ea4ue s"a$$ ta!e any ation t"at may be deemed #ise and effetua$ to safe4uard t"e 5eae of nation. 'n ase any su" emer4eny s"ou$d arise t"e seretary-4enera$ s"a$$ on t"e reuest of any member of t"e $ea4ue fort"#it" summon a meetin4 of t"e ouni$. 2/ 't is a$so de$ared to be t"e friend$y ri4"t of ea" )ember of t"e ,ea4ue to brin4 to t"e attention of t"e Assemb$y or of t"e Couni$ any irumstane #"ate7er affetin4 internationa$ 5eae or re$ation #"i" t"reatens to disturb internationa$ 5eae or t"e 4ood understandin4 bet#een nations u5on #"i" 5eae de5ends.
D8308 0o < 83<9007 for S00960 1. T"e )embers of t"e ,ea4ue a4ree t"at if t"ere s"ou$d arise bet#een t"em any dis5ute $i!e$y to $ead to a ru5ture t"ey #i$$ submit t"e matter eit"er to arbitration or udiia$ sett$ement or to
inuiry by t"e Couni$ and t"ey a4ree in no ase to resort to #ar unti$ t"ree mont"s after t"e a#ard by t"e arbitrators or t"e udiia$ deision or t"e re5ort by t"e Couni$. 2. 'n any ase under t"is Arti$e t"e a#ard of t"e arbitrators or t"e udiia$ deision s"a$$ be made #it"in a reasonab$e time and t"e re5ort of t"e Couni$ s"a$$ be made #it"in si8 mont"s after t"e submission of t"e dis5ute.
Ar<0r50o6 or &37/5 S00960 1. T"e )embers of t"e ,ea4ue a4ree t"at #"ene7er any dis5ute s"a$$ arise bet#een t"em #"i" t"ey reo4nie to be suitab$e for submission to arbitration or udiia$ sett$ement and #"i" annot be satisfatori$y sett$ed by di5$omay t"ey #i$$ submit t"e #"o$e subet t"e #"o$e subet matter to arbitration or udiia$ sett$ement. 2. Dis5ute as to t"e inter5retation of a treaty as to any uestion of internationa$ $a# as to t"e e8istene of any fae #"i" if estab$is"ed #ou$d onstitute a brea" of any internationa$ ob$i4ation or as to t"e e8tent and nature of t"e re5aration to be made for any su" brea" are de$ared to be amon4 t"ose #"i" are 4enera$$y suitab$e for submission to arbitration or udiia$ sett$ement. . *or onsideration of any su" dis5ute t"e ourt to #"i" t"e ase is referred s"a$$ be t"e Permanent Court of 'nternationa$ 3ustie estab$is"ed in aordane #it" Arti$e 1= or any tribuna$ a4reed on by 5arties to t"e dis5ute or sti5u$ated in any on7ention e8istin4 bet#een t"em. =. T"e )embers of t"e ,ea4ue a4ree t"at t"ey #i$$ arry out in fu$$ 4ood fait" any a#ard or deision t"at may be rendered and t"at t"ey #i$$ not resort to #ar a4ainst a of any fai$ure to arry out su" an a#ard or deision t"e Couni$ s"a$$ 5ro5ose #"at ste5s s"ou$d be ta!en to 4i7e effet t"ose to.
S56/0o68 of P5/f/ S00960 Ar0 1(B 1. S"ou$d any member of t"e $ea4ue resort to #ar in disre4ard of its Co7enant under Arti$es 12 1 or 1> it s"a$$ i5so fato be deemed to "a7e ommitted on at of #ar a4ainst a$$ ot"er )embers of t"e ,ea4ue #"i" "ereby underta!e immediate$y to subet it to t"e se7erane of a$$ trade or finania$ re$ations t"e 5ro"ibition of a$$ interourse bet#een t"eir nationa$ and t"e nationa$s of t"e Co7enant-brea!in4 State and t"e 5re7ention of a$$ finania$ ommeria$ or
5ersona$ interourse bet#een t"e nationa$s of t"e Co7enant-brea!in4 State and t"e nationa$s of any ot"er State #"et"er a )ember of t"e ,ea4ue or not. 2. 't s"a$$ be t"e duty of t"e Couni$ in su" ase to reommend to t"e se7era$ Io7ernments onerned #"at effeti7e mi$itary na7a$ or air fore t"e )embers of t"e ,ea4ue s"a$$ se7era$$y ontribute to t"e armed fores to be used to 5rotet t"e Co7enants of t"e ,ea4ue. . T"e )embers of t"e ,ea4ue a4ree furt"er t"at t"ey #i$$ mutua$$y su55ort one anot"er in t"e finania$ and eonomi measures #"i" are ta!en under t"is Arti$e in order to minimie t"e $oss and inon7eniene resu$tin4 from t"e abo7e measures and t"at t"ey #i$$ mutua$$y su55ort one anot"er in resistin4 any s5eia$ measures aimed at one of t"eir members by t"e Co7enant brea!in4 state and t"at t"ey #i$$ ta!e t"e neessary ste5s to afford 5assa4e t"rou4" t"eir territory to t"e fores of any of t"e )embers of t"e ,ea4ue #"i" are oo5eratin4 to 5rotet t"e Co7enants of t"e ,ea4ue. =. Any member of $ea4ue #"i" "as 7io$ated any on7ent of t"e $ea4ue may be de$ared to be no $on4er a member of t"e $ea4ue by a 7ote of t"e ouni$ onurred in by t"e re5resentati7e 5f a$$ t"e ot"er t"e member of t"e $ea4ue re5resented t"ereon. T"e ob$i4ations of t"e $ea4ue #ere a$so to a55$y to non-member. 'n ase a non-member did not ae5t t"e 5roedure for 5eaefu$ sett$ement $aid do#n by o7enant t"e ouni$ ou$d ta!e su" measures and ma!e su" reommendations #"i" 5re7ented "osti$ities and resu$ted in sett$ement of dis5utes. T"us t"e o7enant of t"e $ea4ue #as a 5ioneer mo7e in t"e diretion of e7o$7in4 t"e 5rini5a$ of o$$eti7e seurity. 3aob and At"erton 5ointed out t"e fo$$o#in4 t#o s"ortomin4s 1. )embers of t"e $ea4ue strit$y $imited t"e irumstanes in #"i" t"ey #ou$d onsider forefu$ ation by a state a 7io$ation of t"e on7ent and "ene un$a#fu$. T"is $ift $ar4e area of 5ermissib$e "osti$ity e8tendin4 to fu$$-sa$e #ar for #"i" t"e ,ea4ue of %ations "ad no res5onsibi$ity. 2. T"e $ea4ue $a!ed $ear $e4a$ aut"ority to underta!e enforement ation unti$ an at of #ar 7io$atin4 t"e o7enant "ad atua$$y ourred.
Effor08 for /o/0 8/3r04 5f0r 805<8>960 of 0> L5?3 of N50o68: After t"e estab$is"ment of t"e $ea4ue of nation fi7e maor efforts #ere made for estab$is"ment of t"e system of o$$eti7e seurity. 1. T"e assemb$y of t"e $ea4ue a55ro7ed t"e treaty of mutua$ assistane 1<2. T"e treaty de$ared t"at an a44ression #as an internationa$ rime. +nder t"e terms of treaty t"e $ea4ue ouni$ #as
e85eted to name t"e a44ressor #it"in four days of t"e outbrea! of "osti$ities. 't #as a$so to indiate t"e measures of finania$ or mi$itary assistane to be 4i7en to t"e 7itim of a44ression. 2. A 4enera$ 5rotoo$ of 1<2= #as si4ned a4reein4 not to resort to #ar e8e5t #it" t"e onsent of ouni$ or assemb$y. T"e ouni$ of t"e $ea4ue #as to deide t"e a44ressor in doubtfu$ ase and a$so a55$y santions a4ainst t"e a44ressor. . T"e ,oarno 5at of 1<2> 5ro7ided t"at 5o#ers ?o$$eti7e and se7era$$y@ 4uarantee bot" ?t"e maintenane of t"e territoria$ status uo resu$tin4 from t"e frontiers bet#een Iermany and Be$4ium and Iermany and *rane@ as fi8ed by t"e treaty of 6ersai$$es. A$$ t"e si4natories to t"e 5at a$so 5$ed4ed t"emse$7es to "e$5 t"e state #"i" #as t"e 7itim of a44ression. =. T"e &e$$o44-Briand 5at 1<2J/ so$emn$y de$ared ?in t"e name of t"eir res5eti7e 5eo5$e t"at t"ey ondemn reourse to #ar for t"e so$ution of internationa$ ontro7ersies and renoune re$ations #it" one anot"er.@ >. T"e 4enera$ at of 1<2J #as onsidered as t"e most im5ortant sin4$e effort of t"e $ea4ue to estab$is" a system of o$$eti7e seurity. T"e 5rini5a$ of o$$eti7e seurity an be no 5ermanent so$ution to t"e 5rob$em of t"e 5re7ention of #ar. (o#e7er t"e 5rini5a$ of o$$eti7e seurity o5erates to 5re7ent reourse to #ar for t"e so$ution of dis5utes bet#een states and to om5e$ reourse to 5aifi means. T"us o$$eti7e seurity at best is a tem5orary sto55a4e a4ainst t"e immediate menae of ear.
C5388 of 0> f53r of /o/0 8/3r04 <4 0> L5?3 of N50o68 A$t"ou4" t"e 5ro7isions of t"e $ea4ue re4ardin4 o$$eti7e seurity #ere uite bo$d t"ey fai$ed in atua$ o5eration due to t"e fo$$o#in4 auses: 1. T"e $ea4ue fai$ed to ta!e any ation a4ainst 'ta$y #"en s"e atta!ed Corfu in 1<2. 2. T"e $ea4ue #as rendered ineffeti7e and ared not to ta!e any ation a4ainst 3a5an #"en s"e ou5ied entra$ )an"uria in 1<1 #"en "ine demanded ation a4ainst 3a5an. . 9"en "ina a4ain demanded ation a4ainst 3a5an in 1<2 as 3a5an "ad ou5ied s"an4"ai t"e assemb$y 5assed a reso$ution #"i" 3a5an i4nored and !e5t "er ontro$ o7er )an"uria t"ou4" 7aated s"an4"ai. 'n t"is ase too t"e $ea4ue #as to be b$amed for not ta!in4 any ation a4ainst 3a5an. =. T"e $ea4ue fai$ed to "e! Iermany. T"e $ea4ue one a4ain fai$ed to at #it" fore a4ainst 'ta$y #"en s"e atta!ed Et"io5ia. T"ese instanes ma!e it $ear #it"out any doubt t"at t"e $ea4ue suessi7e$y fai$ed to !ee5 5eae and maintain seurity as #as e85eted of it.
>.
T"e seurity 5ro7isions t"e o7enants of t"e $ea4ue #ere ir!some to 4reat 5o#ers t"at #ere not
#i$$in4 to subordinate t"eir nationa$ interests to t"e interests of t"e #or$d-5eae. . T"e s"ortomin4 of t"e struture of $ea4ue itse$f made it ineffeti7e to ta!e ation due to #ea!ness of member states t"at s"o#ed utter $a! of oura4e and determination #"ere t"ey #ere 7ita$.
Co/0 8/3r04 367r 0> U607 N50o68 ,i!e t"e o7enant of t"e ,ea4ue of %ations t"e "arter of +nited %ations too ontains e$aborate 5ro7ision re4ardin4 o$$eti7e seurity. T"ese 5ro7isions are ontained in "a5ter 6'' of t"e "arter. T"ey are: T"e Seurity Couni$ s"a$$ determine t"e e8istene of any t"reat to t"e 5eae brea" of 5eae or at of a44ression and s"a$$ ma!e reommendation or deide #"at measures seurity art.
$oation and t"e nature of t"e fai$ities and assistane to be 5ro7ided. T"e a4reement or a4reement s"a$$ be ne4otiated as soon as 5ossib$e on t"e initiati7e of t"e Seurity Couni$. T"ey s"a$$ be on$uded bet#een t"e Seurity Couni$ and )embers or bet#een t"e Seurity Couni$ and 4rou5s of )embers and s"a$$ be subet to ratifiation by t"e si4natory states in aordane #it" t"eir res5eti7e onstitutiona$ 5roesses. Art.=/. 9"en t"e Seurity Couni$ "as deided to use fore it s"a$$ before a$$in4 u5on a )ember not re5resented on it to 5ro7ide armed fores in fu$fi$$ment of t"e ob$i4ations in7ite t"at )ember if t"e )ember so desires to 5artii5ate in t"e deisions of t"e Seurity Couni$ onernin4 t"e em5$oyment of ontin4ents of t"e )embers armed fores. Art. ==/. 'n order to enab$e t"e +.%. to ta!e ur4ent mi$itary measures )easures )embers s"a$$ "o$d immediate$y a7ai$ab$e nationa$ air fore ontin4ents for ombined internationa$ enforement ation. T"e stren4t" and de4ree of readiness of t"ese ontin4ents and 5$ans for t"eir ombined ation s"a$$ be determined #it"in t"e $imits $aid do#n in t"e s5eia$ a4reement or a4reements by t"e Seurity Couni$ #it" t"e assistane of t"e )i$itary Staff Committee. Art.=>/. P$ans for t"e a55$iation of armed fore s"a$$ be made by t"e Seurity Couni$ #it" t"e assistane of t"e )i$itary Staff Committee. Art.=/. K T"ere s"a$$ be estab$is"ed a )i$itary Staff Committee to ad7ise and assist t"e Seurity Couni$ on a$$ uestions re$atin4 to t"e Seurity Couni$ on a$$ uestions re$atin4 to t"e Seurity Couni$ on a$$ uestions re$atin4 to t"e Seurity Couni$s mi$itary reuirements for t"e maintenane of internationa$ 5eae and seurity t"e em5$oyment and ommand of fores at its dis5osa$ t"e re4u$ation of armaments and 5ossib$e disarmaments. T"e mi$itary Staff Committee s"a$$ onsist of t"e C"ief of Staff of t"e 5ermanent )embers of t"e Seurity Couni$ or t"eir re5resentati7es. Any member of t"e +.%. not 5ermanent$y re5resented on t"e Committee s"a$$ be in7ited by t"e Committee to be assoiated #it" it #"en t"e effiient dis"ar4e of t"e ommittees res5onsibi$ities reuires t"e 5artii5ation of t"at )ember in its #or!. T"e )i$itary Staff Committee s"a$$ be res5onsib$e under t"e Seurity Couni$ for t"e strate4i diretion of any armed fores 5$aed at t"e dis5osa$ of t"e Seurity Couni$. Luestions re$atin4 to t"e ommand of su" fores s"a$$ be #or!ed out subseuent$y. T"e )i$itary Staff Committee #it" t"e aut"oriation of t"e Seurity Couni$ and after onsu$tation #it" a55ro5riate re4iona$ a4enies may estab$is" re4iona$ sub-ommittees. Art.=F/. 'f 5re7enti7e or enforement measures a4ainst any State are ta!en by t"e Seurity Couni$ any ot"er state #"et"er a member of t"e +.%. or not #"i" finds itse$f onfronted #it" s5eia$ eonomi 5rob$ems arisin4 from t"e arryin4 out of t"ose measures s"a$$ "a7e t"e ri4"t to
onsu$t t"e Seurity Couni$ #it" re4ard to a so$ution of t"ose 5rob$ems .Art >0 /. But 5robab$y t"e most im5ortant 5ro7ision of t"e +.%. C"arter re4ardin4 Co$$eti7e Seurity is its Arti$e >1 #"i" $ays do#n %ot"in4 in t"e 5resent C"arter s"a$$ im5air t"e in"erent ri4"t of indi7idua$ or o$$eti7e se$f-defense if an armed atta! ours a4ainst a )ember of t"e +.%. unti$ t"e Seurity Couni$ "as ta!en t"e measures neessary to maintain internationa$ 5eae and seurity. )easures ta!en by )embers in t"e e8erise of t"is ri4"t to se$f-defiane s"a$$ be immediate$y re5orted to t"e Seurity Couni$ and s"a$$ not in any #ay affet t"e aut"ority and res5onsibi$ity of t"e Seurity Couni$ under t"e 5resent C"arter to ta!e at any time su" ation as it deems neessary in order to maintain or restore internationa$ 5eae and seurity.
Wor6? of Co/0 S/3r04 367r 0> U607 N50o68 'n 3u$y 1<>0 t"e Seurity Couni$ set u5 a united Command under t"e +.%. f$a4 as t"e %ort" &orean aut"orities fai$ed to om5$y #it" t"e diretions si8teen states offered fores for t"e +.%. Command. T"is #as a "istori deision beause for t"e first time or4anied ommunity of nations em5$oyed armed fores a4ainst an a44ressor. To ensure t"at a 5ermanent member does not b$o! any ation of Seurity Couni$ a +nitin4 Peae Reso$ution #as 5assed on %o7ember 1<>0 by #"i" it #as deided: 1/ if t"e Seurity Couni$ fai$ed to ta!e any ation t"e Ienera$ Assemb$y ou$d meet #it"in 2= "ours to onsider any situation t"reatenin4 internationa$ 5eae and seurity 2/ a Peae Obser7ation Committee of 1= member states #as onstituted to obser7e and re5ort t"e areas of internationa$ tension / it im5ressed on member states to !ee5 s5eia$ ontin4ents ready to be made a7ai$ab$e to t"e +.%. 5rom5t$y =/ it estab$is"ed a 1= State Co$$eti7e measure Committee to study and ma!e re5ort to t"e Seurity Couni$ and t"e Ienera$ Assemb$y on t"e met"ods #"i" mi4"t be used to maintain 5eae and seurity. >/ 't ur4ed members to meet and disuss 5rob$ems #"i" #ere $i!e$y to t"reaten internationa$ 5eae and seurity. By t"is reso$ution t"e Ienera$ Assemb$y beame t"e u$timate ustodian of o$$eti7e seurity. 'n order ases su" on Sue Cana$ ase Con4o ase (un4er ase t"e +.%. used t"e o$$eti7e seurity measures. T"us on t"e #"o$e o$$eti7e seurity #as effeti7e a4ainst dan4er to 5eae from midd$e 5o#ers and sma$$ states but no ation ou$d be ta!en a4ainst bi4 5o#ers or states ba!ed by bi4 5o#ers.
T> C>f Df/08 of 0> Co/0 S/3r04 S4809 1. %eutra$s "a7e no 5$ae under t"e o$$eti7e seurity beause t"e system 5resumes t"at a$$ 5arties are eit"er sub7erters of 5eaefu$ order or a 5arty to o$$eti7e enforement 2. 't onedes t"e ri4"t of se$f-defense to members #"i" urtai$s t"e need of o$$eti7e seurity. . T"e Co$d 9ar bet#een 9est and East "as made t"e o$$eti7e seurity $ess effeti7e and un#or!ab$e. =. 'n o$$eti7e seurity sma$$ states s"ou$d "a7e 4reater say beause t"ey de5end more on o$$eti7e seurity t"an t"eir o#n fores. T"e bi4 5o#ers on t"e ot"er "and are norma$$y re$utant to 5ut t"eir 5o#er be"ind an effort #"i" does not onform to t"eir nationa$ interests. >. A$$ nations are not ab$e to o55ose a44ression and a$so it is diffiu$t to $oate an a44ression. )or4ent"au onsiders t"e o$$eti7e seurity system as ;un#or!ab$e be $oa$ied t"at e7ery #ar #ou$d beame a 9or$d 9ar. 'n atua$ #or!in4 t"e system of Co$$eti7e Seurity "as fai$ed to #or! effeti7e$y in many ases.
Bib$io4ra5"y
Boo! •
S.R. )eyni
